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Lin CL, Li YL, Chen YW, Kuo CH, Tu TY, Liu YF, Tsai JC, Shyong YJ. Amphiphilic NLC-Gel formulation loaded with Sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester and Nalbuphine for localized postoperative pain management. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124295. [PMID: 38823469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Opioids are powerful analgesics; however, their significant systemic adverse effects and the need for frequent administration restrict their use. Nalbuphine (NA) is a κ-agonist narcotic with limited adverse effects, but needs to be frequently administrated due to its short elimination half-life. Whereas sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester (SDE) is a NA prodrug, which can effectively prolong the analgesic effect, but lacks immediate pain relief. Therefore, in this study, a rapid and sustained local delivery formulation to introduce NA and SDE directly into surgical sites was developed. An amphiphilic nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) poloxamer 407 (P407) gel (NLC-Gel) was developed to permit concurrent delivery of hydrophobic SDE from the NLC core and hydrophilic NA from P407, offering a dual rapid and prolonged analgesic effect. Benefiting from the thermal-sensitive characteristic of P407, the formulation can be injected in liquid phase and instantly transit into gel at wound site. NLC-Gel properties, including particle size, drug release, rheology, and stability, were assessed. In vivo evaluation using a rat spinal surgery model highlighted the effect of the formulation through pain behavior test and hematology analysis. NLC-Gels demonstrated an analgesic effect comparable with that of commercial intramuscular injected SDE formulation (IM SDE), with only 15 % of the drug dosage. The inclusion of supplemental NA in the exterior gel (PA12-Gel + NA) provided rapid drug onset owing to swift NA dispersion, addressing acute pain within hours along with prolonged analgesic effects. Our findings suggest that this amphiphilic formulation significantly enhanced postoperative pain management in terms of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Li Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lian Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Kuo
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Fu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jye Shyong
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Chen Y, Chen L, Ji T, Yu Y, Zhang T, Wang L. The purinergic receptor P2X3 promotes facial pain by activating neurons and cytokines in the trigeminal ganglion. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111801. [PMID: 38442578 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying allodynia/hyperalgesia caused by dental pulpitis has remained enigmatic. This investigation endeavored to characterize the influence of the purinergic receptor P2X3 on pain caused by experimental pulpitis and the mechanism involved. An experimental model of irreversible pulpitis was produced by the drilling and exposure of the dental pulp of the left upper first and second molars in rats, followed by measuring nociceptive responses in the oral and maxillofacial regions. Subsequently, neuronal activity and the expression of P2X3 and pertinent cytokines in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were meticulously examined and analyzed. Histological evidence corroborated that significant pulpitis was produced in this model, which led to a distinct escalation in nociceptive responses in rats. The activation of neurons, coupled with the upregulated expression of c-fos, P2X3, p-p38, TNF-α and IL-1β, was identified subsequent to the pulpitis surgery within the TG. The selective inhibition of P2X3 with A-317491 effectively restrained the abnormal allodynia/hyperalgesia following the pulpitis surgery and concurrently inhibited the upregulation of p-p38, TNF-α and IL-1β within the TG. These findings suggest that the P2X3 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in instigating and perpetuating pain subsequent to the induction of pulpitis in rats, implicating its association with the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Emergency and General Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Ma X, Zhu T, Ke J. Progress in animal models of trigeminal neuralgia. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 154:105765. [PMID: 37480619 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to systematically summarize the methods of establishing various models of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), the scope of application, and current animals used in TN research and the corresponding pain measurements, hoping to provide valuable reference for researchers to select appropriate TN animal models and make contributions to the research of pathophysiology and management of the disease. DESIGN The related literatures of TN were searched through PubMed database using different combinations of the following terms and keywords including but not limited: animal models, trigeminal neuralgia, orofacial neuropathic pain. To find the maximum number of eligible articles, no filters were used in the search. The references of eligible studies were analyzed and reviewed comprehensively. RESULTS This study summarized the current animal models of TN, categorized them into the following groups: chemical induction, photochemical induction, surgery and genetic engineering, and introduced various measurement methods to evaluate animal pain behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Although a variety of methods are used to establish disease models, there is no ideal TN model that can reflect all the characteristics of the disease. Therefore, there is still a need to develop more novel animal models in order to further study the etiology, pathological mechanism and potential treatment of TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Taomin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Jin Ke
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
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4
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Chung MK, Wang S, Alshanqiti I, Hu J, Ro JY. The degeneration-pain relationship in the temporomandibular joint: Current understandings and rodent models. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1038808. [PMID: 36846071 PMCID: PMC9947567 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1038808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a group of musculoskeletal conditions involving the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), the masticatory muscles and associated structures. Painful TMD are highly prevalent and conditions afflict 4% of US adults annually. TMD include heterogenous musculoskeletal pain conditions, such as myalgia, arthralgia, and myofascial pain. A subpopulations of TMD patients show structural changes in TMJ, including disc displacement or degenerative joint diseases (DJD). DJD is a slowly progressing, degenerative disease of the TMJ characterized by cartilage degradation and subchondral bone remodeling. Patients with DJD often develop pain (TMJ osteoarthritis; TMJ OA), but do not always have pain (TMJ osteoarthrosis). Therefore, pain symptoms are not always associated with altered TMJ structures, which suggests that a causal relationship between TMJ degeneration and pain is unclear. Multiple animal models have been developed for determining altered joint structure and pain phenotypes in response to various TMJ injuries. Rodent models of TMJOA and pain include injections to induce inflammation or cartilage destruction, sustained opening of the oral cavity, surgical resection of the articular disc, transgenic approaches to knockout or overexpress key genes, and an integrative approach with superimposed emotional stress or comorbidities. In rodents, TMJ pain and degeneration occur during partially overlapping time periods in these models, which suggests that common biological factors may mediate TMJ pain and degeneration over different time courses. While substances such as intra-articular pro-inflammatory cytokines commonly cause pain and joint degeneration, it remains unclear whether pain or nociceptive activities are causally associated with structural degeneration of TMJ and whether structural degeneration of TMJ is necessary for producing persistent pain. A thorough understanding of the determining factors of pain-structure relationships of TMJ during the onset, progression, and chronification by adopting novel approaches and models should improve the ability to simultaneously treat TMJ pain and TMJ degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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5
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Oliver VL, Pang DSJ. Pain Recognition in Rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:121-149. [PMID: 36402478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Available methods for recognizing and assessing pain in rodents have increased over the last 10 years, including the development of validated pain assessment scales. Much of this work has been driven by the needs of biomedical research, and there are specific challenges to applying these scales in the clinical environment. This article provides an introduction to pain assessment scale validation, reviews current methods of pain assessment, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and makes recommendations for assessing pain in a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Oliver
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Animal Health Unit, VP Research, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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6
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The Impact of Activity-Based Interventions on Neuropathic Pain in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193087. [PMID: 36231048 PMCID: PMC9563089 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity-based rehabilitative interventions represent the main treatment concept for people suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). The role such interventions play in the relief of neuropathic pain (NP) states is emerging, along with underlying mechanisms resulting in SCI-induced NP (SCI-NP). Animal models have been used to investigate the benefits of activity-based interventions (ABI), such as treadmill training, wheel running, walking, swimming, and bipedal standing. These activity-based paradigms have been shown to modulate inflammatory-related alterations as well as induce functional and structural changes in the spinal cord gray matter circuitry correlated with pain behaviors. Thus far, the research available provides an incomplete picture of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in this beneficial effect. Continued research is essential for understanding how such interventions benefit SCI patients suffering from NP and allow the development of individualized rehabilitative therapies. This article reviews preclinical studies on this specific topic, goes over mechanisms involved in SCI-NP in relation to ABI, and then discusses the effectiveness of different activity-based paradigms as they relate to different forms, intensity, initiation times, and duration of ABI. This article also summarizes the mechanisms of respective interventions to ameliorate NP after SCI and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D, Hernández-Avalos I, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Casas-Alvarado A, Whittaker AL. The neurobiology of pain and facial movements in rodents: Clinical applications and current research. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1016720. [PMID: 36246319 PMCID: PMC9556725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1016720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most controversial aspects of the use of animals in science is the production of pain. Pain is a central ethical concern. The activation of neural pathways involved in the pain response has physiological, endocrine, and behavioral consequences, that can affect both the health and welfare of the animals, as well as the validity of research. The strategy to prevent these consequences requires understanding of the nociception process, pain itself, and how assessment can be performed using validated, non-invasive methods. The study of facial expressions related to pain has undergone considerable study with the finding that certain movements of the facial muscles (called facial action units) are associated with the presence and intensity of pain. This review, focused on rodents, discusses the neurobiology of facial expressions, clinical applications, and current research designed to better understand pain and the nociceptive pathway as a strategy for implementing refinement in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Master in Science Program “Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias”, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assesment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Daniel Mota-Rojas
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assesment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexandra L. Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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8
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Carvalho JRG, Trindade PHE, Conde G, Antonioli ML, Funnicelli MIG, Dias PP, Canola PA, Chinelatto MA, Ferraz GC. Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182400. [PMID: 36139260 PMCID: PMC9495041 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Facial expression (FE) has been used for pain diagnosis in horses. The current study aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing under-skin polylactide-based polymer implantation. Five statistical methods for analyzing FE were used, including conventional and new approaches. First, we scored the seven FEs separately. Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Afterwards, weights were created for each FE based on each variable’s contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Finally, we applied a general score to the animal’s face (GFS). The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. The tissue sensitivity to mechanical stimulation and skin temperature of the horses were assessed at the same time points. The results show no changes in the FEs analyzed separately or jointly. The horses with incision and suture but no polymer implant displayed a higher pain-related FE 48 h after implantation, while the horses implanted with polymers displayed more apparent alterations in the mechanical skin sensitivity and temperature. Our findings show that the five statistical methods used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain. Abstract Facial-expression-based analysis has been widely applied as a pain coding system in horses. Herein, we aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing subcutaneously polylactide-based polymer implantation. The sham group was submitted only to surgical incision. The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. Five statistical methods for evaluating their facial expressions (FEs) were tested. Primarily, three levels of scores (0, 1, and 2) were applied to the seven FEs (ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension, dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension). Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Afterwards, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Subsequently, weights were created for each FE, based on each variable’s contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Lastly, we applied a general score (GFS) to the animal’s face (0 = without pain; 1 = moderate pain; 2 = severe pain). The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and cutaneous temperature (CT) values were collected at the same moments. The results show no intra- or intergroup differences, when evaluating each FE separately or in the GFS. In the intragroup comparison and 48 h after implantation, the control group showed higher values for SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W, although the horses implanted with polymers displayed more obvious alterations in the CT and MNT. Our findings show that the five statistical strategies used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia R. G. Carvalho
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. E. Trindade
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, FMVZ/UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Conde
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina L. Antonioli
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelli I. G. Funnicelli
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula P. Dias
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EESC/USP, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Canola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Chinelatto
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EESC/USP, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Ferraz
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Benbow T, Teja F, Sheikhi A, Exposto FG, Svensson P, Cairns BE. Peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation contributes to monosodium glutamate-induced headache but not nausea behaviours in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13894. [PMID: 35974090 PMCID: PMC9381496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate induces behaviors thought to reflect headache and nausea in rats. We explored the effects of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, the inotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid, and the CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant, on monosodium glutamate-induced increases in nocifensive, headache-like and nausea behaviours. Effects of these antagonists on motor function were examined with a rotarod. The effect of the dopamine receptor antagonist metoclopramide and the serotonin 3 receptor antagonist ondansetron on nausea behaviour was also assessed. (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, and to a lesser extent, kynurenic acid and olcegepant, reduced nocifensive and headache-like behaviours evoked by monosodium glutamate. No alteration in motor function by (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, kynurenic acid or olcegepant was observed. No sex-related differences in the effectiveness of these agents were identified. Nausea behaviour was significantly more pronounced in male than in female rats. Olcegepant, ondansetron and metoclopramide ameliorated this nausea behaviour in male rats. Ondansetron and metoclopramide also reduced headache-like behaviour in male rats. These findings suggest that peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation underlies monosodium glutamate-induced headache-like behaviour but does not mediate the nausea behaviour in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Benbow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Felisha Teja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Afrooz Sheikhi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fernando G Exposto
- Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Svensson
- Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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10
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Shen CL, Wang R, Yakhnitsa V, Santos JM, Watson C, Kiritoshi T, Ji G, Hamood AN, Neugebauer V. Gingerol-Enriched Ginger Supplementation Mitigates Neuropathic Pain via Mitigating Intestinal Permeability and Neuroinflammation: Gut-Brain Connection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:912609. [PMID: 35873544 PMCID: PMC9305072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.912609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Emerging evidence suggests an important role of the gut-brain axis in the development of neuropathic pain (NP). We investigated the effects of gingerol-enriched ginger (GEG) on pain behaviors, as well as mRNA expressions of inflammation via tight junction proteins in GI tissues (colon) and brain tissues (amygdala, both left and right) in animals with NP. Methods: Seventeen male rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham, spinal nerve ligation (SNL, pain model), and SNL+0.375% GEG (wt/wt in diet) for 4 weeks. Mechanosensitivity was assessed by von Frey filament tests and hindpaw compression tests. Emotional responsiveness was measured from evoked audible and ultrasonic vocalizations. Ongoing spontaneous pain was measured in rodent grimace tests. Intestinal permeability was assessed by the lactulose/D-mannitol ratio in urine. The mRNA expression levels of neuroinflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α) in the colon and amygdala (right and left) were determined by qRT-PCR. Data was analyzed statistically. Results: Compared to the sham group, the SNL group had significantly greater mechanosensitivity (von Frey and compression tests), emotional responsiveness (audible and ultrasonic vocalizations to innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli), and spontaneous pain (rodent grimace tests). GEG supplementation significantly reduced mechanosensitivity, emotional responses, and spontaneous pain measures in SNL rats. GEG supplementation also tended to decrease SNL-induced intestinal permeability markers. The SNL group had increased mRNA expression of NF-κB and TNF-α in the right amygdala and colon; GEG supplementation mitigated these changes in SNL-treated rats. Conclusion: This study suggests GEG supplementation palliated a variety of pain spectrum behaviors in a preclinical NP animal model. GEG also decreased SNL-induced intestinal permeability and neuroinflammation, which may explain the behavioral effects of GEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Lubbock, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Chwan-Li Shen,
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Vadim Yakhnitsa
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Carina Watson
- Department of Medical Education, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Takaki Kiritoshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Abdul Naji Hamood
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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11
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Abdus-Saboor I, Luo W. Measuring Mouse Somatosensory Reflexive Behaviors with High-speed Videography, Statistical Modeling, and Machine Learning. NEUROMETHODS 2022; 178:441-456. [PMID: 35783537 PMCID: PMC9249079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2039-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectively measuring and interpreting an animal's sensory experience remains a challenging task. This is particularly true when using preclinical rodent models to study pain mechanisms and screen for potential new pain treatment reagents. How to determine their pain states in a precise and unbiased manner is a hurdle that the field will need to overcome. Here, we describe our efforts to measure mouse somatosensory reflexive behaviors with greatly improved precision by high-speed video imaging. We describe how coupling sub-second ethograms of reflexive behaviors with a statistical reduction method and supervised machine learning can be used to create a more objective quantitative mouse "pain scale." Our goal is to provide the readers with a protocol of how to integrate some of the new tools described here with currently used mechanical somatosensory assays, while discussing the advantages and limitations of this new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmail Abdus-Saboor
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 3740 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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12
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Franklin M, Sperry M, Phillips E, Granquist E, Marcolongo M, Winkelstein BA. Painful temporomandibular joint overloading induces structural remodeling in the pericellular matrix of that joint's chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:348-358. [PMID: 33830541 PMCID: PMC8497636 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important factor in cartilage degeneration, with both clinical and preclinical studies suggesting that repeated TMJ overloading could contribute to pain, inflammation, and/or structural damage in the joint. However, the relationship between pain severity and early signs of cartilage matrix microstructural dysregulation is not understood, limiting the advancement of diagnoses and treatments for temporomandibular joint-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). Changes in the pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes may be early indicators of OA. A rat model of TMJ pain induced by repeated jaw loading (1 h/day for 7 days) was used to compare the extent of PCM modulation for different loading magnitudes with distinct pain profiles (3.5N-persistent pain, 2N-resolving pain, or unloaded controls-no pain) and macrostructural changes previously indicated by Mankin scoring. Expression of PCM structural molecules, collagen VI and aggrecan NITEGE neo-epitope, were evaluated at Day 15 by immunohistochemistry within TMJ fibrocartilage and compared between pain conditions. Pericellular collagen VI levels increased at Day 15 in both the 2N (p = 0.003) and 3.5N (p = 0.042) conditions compared to unloaded controls. PCM width expanded to a similar extent for both loading conditions at Day 15 (2N, p < 0.001; 3.5N, p = 0.002). Neo-epitope expression increased in the 3.5N group over levels in the 2N group (p = 0.041), indicating pericellular changes that were not identified in the same groups by Mankin scoring of the pericellular region. Although remodeling occurs in both pain conditions, the presence of pericellular catabolic neo-epitopes may be involved in the macrostructural changes and behavioral sensitivity observed in persistent TMJ pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Franklin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Megan Sperry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104,Corresponding Author(s): Megan Sperry, PhD, Wyss Institute at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, , 978-387-3763
| | - Evan Phillips
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eric Granquist
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michele Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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13
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Systemic administration of monosodium glutamate induces sexually dimorphic headache- and nausea-like behaviours in rats. Pain 2022; 163:1838-1853. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Drevet S, Favier B, Brun E, Gavazzi G, Lardy B. Mouse Models of Osteoarthritis: A Summary of Models and Outcomes Assessment. Comp Med 2022; 72:3-13. [PMID: 34986927 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multidimensional health problem and a common chronic disease. It has a substantial impact onpatient quality of life and is a common cause of pain and mobility issues in older adults. The functional limitations, lack of curative treatments, and cost to society all demonstrate the need for translational and clinical research. The use of OA models in mice is important for achieving a better understanding of the disease. Models with clinical relevance are needed to achieve 2 main goals: to assess the impact of the OA disease (pain and function) and to study the efficacy of potential treatments. However, few OA models include practical strategies for functional assessment of the mice. OA signs in mice incorporate complex interrelations between pain and dysfunction. The current review provides a comprehensive compilation of mousemodels of OA and animal evaluations that include static and dynamic clinical assessment of the mice, merging evaluationof pain and function by using automatic and noninvasive techniques. These new techniques allow simultaneous recordingof spontaneous activity from thousands of home cages and also monitor environment conditions. Technologies such as videographyand computational approaches can also be used to improve pain assessment in rodents but these new tools must first be validated experimentally. An example of a new tool is the digital ventilated cage, which is an automated home-cage monitor that records spontaneous activity in the cages.
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15
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Kwon M, Jung IY, Cha M, Lee BH. Inhibition of the Nav1.7 Channel in the Trigeminal Ganglion Relieves Pulpitis Inflammatory Pain. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759730. [PMID: 34955831 PMCID: PMC8694709 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpitis causes significant changes in the peripheral nervous system, which induce hyperalgesia. However, the relationship between neuronal activity and Nav1.7 expression following pulpal noxious pain has not yet been investigated in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). The aim of our study was to verify whether experimentally induced pulpitis activates the expression of Nav1.7 peripherally and the neuronal activities of the TGs can be affected by Nav1.7 channel inhibition. Acute pulpitis was induced through allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) application to the rat maxillary molar tooth pulp. Three days after AITC application, abnormal pain behaviors were recorded, and the rats were euthanized to allow for immunohistochemical, optical imaging, and western blot analyses of the Nav1.7 expression in the TG. A significant increase in AITC-induced pain-like behaviors and histological evidence of pulpitis were observed. In addition, histological and western blot data showed that Nav1.7 expressions in the TGs were significantly higher in the AITC group than in the naive and saline group rats. Optical imaging showed that the AITC group showed higher neuronal activity after electrical stimulation of the TGs. Additionally, treatment of ProTxII, selective Nav1.7 blocker, on to the TGs in the AITC group effectively suppressed the hyperpolarized activity after electrical stimulation. These findings indicate that the inhibition of the Nav1.7 channel could modulate nociceptive signal processing in the TG following pulp inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kwon
- Department of Nursing, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Il Young Jung
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Stucky CL, Mikesell AR. Cutaneous pain in disorders affecting peripheral nerves. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136233. [PMID: 34506882 PMCID: PMC8579816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to quickly detect and respond to harmful environmental stimuli is vital for our safety and survival. This inherent acute pain detection is a "gift" because it both protects our body from harm and allows healing of damaged tissues [1]. Damage to tissues from trauma or disease can result in distorted or amplified nociceptor signaling and sensitization of the spinal cord and brain (Central Nervous System; CNS) pathways to normal input from light touch mechanoreceptors. Together, these processes can result in nagging to unbearable chronic pain and extreme sensitivity to light skin touch (allodynia). Unlike acute protective pain, chronic pain and allodynia serve no useful purpose and can severely reduce the quality of life of an affected person. Chronic pain can arise from impairment to peripheral neurons, a phenomenon called "peripheral neuropathic pain." Peripheral neuropathic pain can be caused by many insults that directly affect peripheral sensory neurons, including mechanical trauma, metabolic imbalance (e.g., diabetes), autoimmune diseases, chemotherapeutic agents, viral infections (e.g., shingles). These insults cause "acquired" neuropathies such as small-fiber neuropathies, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and post herpetic neuralgia. Peripheral neuropathic pain can also be caused by genetic factors and result in hereditary neuropathies that include Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, rare channelopathies and Fabry disease. Many acquired and hereditary neuropathies affect the skin, our largest organ and protector of nearly our entire body. Here we review how cutaneous nociception (pain perceived from the skin) is altered following diseases that affect peripheral nerves that innervate the skin. We provide an overview of how noxious stimuli are detected and encoded by molecular transducers on subtypes of cutaneous afferent endings and conveyed to the CNS. Next, we discuss several acquired and hereditary diseases and disorders that cause painful or insensate (lack of sensation) cutaneous peripheral neuropathies, the symptoms and percepts patients experience, and how cutaneous afferents and other peripheral cell types are altered in function in these disorders. We highlight exciting new research areas that implicate non-neuronal skin cells, particularly keratinocytes, in cutaneous nociception and peripheral neuropathies. Finally, we conclude with ideas for innovative new directions, areas of unmet need, and potential opportunities for novel cutaneous therapeutics that may avoid CNS side effects, as well as ideas for improved translation of mechanisms identified in preclinical models to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Alexander R Mikesell
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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17
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de Abreu MS, Demin KA, Giacomini ACVV, Amstislavskaya TG, Strekalova T, Maslov GO, Kositsin Y, Petersen EV, Kalueff AV. Understanding how stress responses and stress-related behaviors have evolved in zebrafish and mammals. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100405. [PMID: 34722834 PMCID: PMC8536782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress response is essential for the organism to quickly restore physiological homeostasis disturbed by various environmental insults. In addition to well-established physiological cascades, stress also evokes various brain and behavioral responses. Aquatic animal models, including the zebrafish (Danio rerio), have been extensively used to probe pathobiological mechanisms of stress and stress-related brain disorders. Here, we critically discuss the use of zebrafish models for studying mechanisms of stress and modeling its disorders experimentally, with a particular cross-taxon focus on the potential evolution of stress responses from zebrafish to rodents and humans, as well as its translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medcial Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Granov Russian Scientific Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medcicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Gleb O Maslov
- Neuroscience Program, Sirius University, Sochi, Russia
| | - Yury Kositsin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Neuroscience Program, Sirius University, Sochi, Russia
| | - Elena V Petersen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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18
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Measurement properties of grimace scales for pain assessment in non-human mammals: a systematic review. Pain 2021; 163:e697-e714. [PMID: 34510132 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace scales for pain assessment. The protocol was registered (SyRF#21-Nov-2019) and the study is reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting the development, validation, and the assessment of measurement properties of grimace scales were included. Data extraction and assessment were performed by two investigators, following the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines. Six categories of measurement properties were assessed: internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, criterion and construct validity, and responsiveness. Overall strength of evidence (high, moderate, low) of each instrument was based on methodological quality, number of studies and studies' findings. Twelve scales for nine species were included (mice, rats, rabbits, horses, piglets, sheep/lamb, ferrets, cats and donkeys). Considerable variability regarding their development and measurement properties was observed. The Mouse, Rat, Horse and Feline Grimace Scales exhibited high level of evidence. The Rabbit, Lamb, Piglet and Ferret Grimace Scales and Sheep Pain Facial Expression Scale exhibited moderate level of evidence. The Sheep Grimace Scale, EQUUS-FAP and EQUUS-Donkey-FAP exhibited low level of evidence for measurement properties. Construct validity was the most reported measurement property. Reliability and other forms of validity have been understudied. This systematic review identified gaps in knowledge on the measurement properties of grimace scales. Further studies should focus on improving psychometric testing, instrument refinement and the use of grimace scales for pain assessment in non-human mammals.
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19
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Liu W, Jiang H, Liu X, Hu S, Li H, Feng Y, Ke J, Long X. Melatonin Abates TMJOA Chronic Pain by MT 2R in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons. J Dent Res 2021; 101:111-119. [PMID: 34315312 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211026551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is one of the most common diseases causing chronic pain in the oral and maxillofacial region. So far, there are few ways to relieve the pain of TMJOA. Melatonin (MT) has a good analgesic effect in many diseases, including fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, chronic headache, and burn pain, with very low acute toxicity and side effects. This study was to investigate the role and mechanism of MT in TMJOA chronic pain. In rats TMJOA chronic pain occurred at day 14 after an intra-temporomandibular joint injection of monosodium iodoacetate, which we previously reported. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that MT levels were higher in the synovial fluid from patients and rats with TMJOA as compared with those from control. Fluorescent retrograde tracing (Dil) identified that upregulation of MT type 2 receptor (MT2R) in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons innervating rat temporomandibular joints was accompanied by TMJOA chronic pain. Nociceptive behavior as assessed by von Frey and the Rat Grimace Scale demonstrated that exogenous administration of MT relieved chronic pain in TMJOA rats, whereas blocking MT2R with 4P-PDOT reversed the analgesic effect of MT. Immunofluorescence analysis also confirmed that MT inhibited CGRP and IB4 expression of TG neurons, and this inhibition was reversed by administering the MT2R antagonist in TMJOA rats. By using Fluo-3 AM-based calcium imaging in vitro, MT elicited calcium transients in Dil+ TG neurons, which were significantly abolished by 4P-PDOT. Collectively, this study suggested that MT relieves the TMJOA chronic pain of rats through downregulation of sensitized CGRP+ and IB4+ neurons in TG via MT2R. This will be helpful for health care professionals utilizing MT as an option against TMJOA chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - H Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - S Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - H Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y Feng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J Ke
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X Long
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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20
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Kankowski S, Grothe C, Haastert-Talini K. Neuropathic pain: Spotlighting anatomy, experimental models, mechanisms, and therapeutic aspects. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4475-4496. [PMID: 33942412 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The International Association for the Study of Pain defines neuropathic pain as "pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system". The associated changes can be observed in the peripheral as well as the central nervous system. The available literature discusses a wide variety of causes as predisposing for the development and amplification of neuropathic pain. Further, key interactions within sensory pathways have been discovered, but no common molecular mechanism leading to neuropathic pain has been identified until now. In the first part of this review, the pain mediating lateral spinothalamic tract is described. Different in vivo models are presented that allow studying trauma-, chemotherapy-, virus-, and diabetes-induced neuropathic pain in rodents. We furthermore discuss approaches to assess neuropathic pain in these models. Second, the current knowledge about cellular and molecular mechanisms suggested to underlie the development of neuropathic pain is presented and discussed. A summary of established therapies that are already applied in the clinic and novel, promising approaches closes the paper. In conclusion, the established animal models are able to emulate the diversity of neuropathic pain observed in the clinics. However, the assessment of neuropathic pain in the presented in vivo models should be improved. The determination of common molecular markers with suitable in vitro models would simplify the assessment of neuropathic pain in vivo. This would furthermore provide insights into common molecular mechanisms of the disease and establish a basis to search for satisfying therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kankowski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZNS) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZNS) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Early changes in brain network topology and activation of affective pathways predict persistent pain in the rat. Pain 2021; 162:45-55. [PMID: 32773593 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations in brain communication are associated with multiple pain disorders and are hypothesized to promote the transition from acute to chronic pain. Despite known increases in brain synaptic activity, it is unknown if and how changes in pathways and networks contribute to persistent pain. A tunable rat model that induces transient or persistent temporomandibular joint pain was used to characterize brain network and subcircuit changes when sensitivity is detected in both transient and persistent pain groups and later when sensitivity is present only for the persistent pain group. Brain activity was measured by F-FDG positron emission tomography imaging and used to construct intersubject correlation networks; network connectivity distributions, diagnostics, and community structure were assessed. Activation of subcircuits was tested by structural equation modeling. Findings reveal differences in the brain networks at day 7 between the persistent and transient pain groups, a time when peripheral sensitivity is detected in both groups, but spontaneous pain occurs only in the persistent pain group. At day 7, increased (P ≤ 0.01) clustering, node strength, network segregation, and activation of prefrontal-limbic pathways are observed only in the group that develops persistent pain. Later, increased clustering and node strength are more pronounced with persistent pain, particularly within the limbic system, and decrease when pain resolves. Pretreatment with intra-articular etanercept to attenuate pain confirms that these adaptations are associated with pain onset. Results suggest that early and sustained brain changes can differentiate persistent and transient pain, implying they could be useful as prognostic biomarkers for persistent pain and in identifying therapeutic targets.
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22
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Ferreira-Duarte M, Rodrigues-Pinto T, Menezes-Pinto D, Esteves-Monteiro M, Gonçalves-Monteiro S, Capas-Peneda S, Magro F, Dias-Pereira P, Morato M, Duarte-Araújo M. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in Rattus norgevicus: a categorization proposal. Exp Anim 2021; 70:245-256. [PMID: 33536378 PMCID: PMC8150238 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility in animal research is crucial for its reliance and translational relevance. The 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is widely used but inconsistently and incompletely characterized throughout the literature. This hinders comparisons between studies and influences the low rate of translation of effective preclinical molecules. The purpose of this study was to categorize TNBS-induced colitis, based on macroscopic and microscopic scoring systems, and to identify basic routine parameters that could anticipate those categories. We retrospectively analysed male Wistar Rattus norvegicus (n=28 for the control group and n=87 for the TNBS group) and categorized TNBS-induced colitis in three phenotypes: Mild, Moderate and Severe colitis, as for human IBD. Also, we showed that the time course of food intake and fecal excretion (but not body weight, fluid intake or welfare scores) could foresee those categories. So, routine evaluation of food intake and fecal excretion may guide researchers in planning their experiments, selecting the animals with the severity of colitis that better matches their aims, or applying early humane endpoints to animals that will not be used in the experiments. In conclusion, categorizing TNBS-induced colitis enhances the reproducibility of data gathered with this experimental model and strengths its translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira-Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues-Pinto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Daniela Menezes-Pinto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marisa Esteves-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Salomé Gonçalves-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Sara Capas-Peneda
- Laboratory Animal Science, IBMC, University of Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte-Araújo
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS-UP, 4050-313, Portugal
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23
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Increased substance P and synaptic remodeling occur in the trigeminal sensory system with sustained osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint sensitivity. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e911. [PMID: 33977183 PMCID: PMC8104398 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Increased substance P and a loss of inhibitory synapses occurs within the brain's trigeminal sensory system with persistent, but not transient, temporomandibular joint sensitivity. Introduction: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain is among the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions and can result from atypical joint loading. Although TMJ pain is typically self-resolving, 15% of patients develop chronic TMJ pain that is recalcitrant to therapy and may be attributed to changes in pain processing centers. Although TMJ overloading induces pain and osteoarthritis, whether neuronal modifications in the trigeminal sensory system contribute to persistent TMJ pain is unknown. Objective: This study investigates changes in excitatory neuropeptides and synaptic transmission proteins in cases of transient and persistent TMJ sensitivity in a rat model. Methods: Rats underwent repeated jaw loading that produces transient (2N-load) or persistent (3.5N-load) sensitivity. In both groups, immunolabeling was used to assess substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) and glutamate transporter 1 in the ventroposteriomedial thalamus early after loading. Synaptosomal Western blots were used to measure synaptic proteins in the caudal medulla and thalamus at a later time after loading. Results: Substance P increases transiently in the Sp5C early after loading that induces persistent sensitivity. However, glutamate transporter 1 is unchanged in the ventroposteriomedial thalamus. At a later time, synaptosomal Western blots show loss of the presynaptic tethering protein, synapsin, and the inhibitory scaffolding protein, gephyrin, in the thalamus with persistent, but not transient, sensitivity. No changes are identified in synapsin, phosphorylated synapsin, homer, or gephyrin in the caudal medulla. Conclusions: Substance P in the Sp5C and later loss of inhibitory synapses in the thalamus likely contribute to, or indicate, persistent TMJ pain.
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Nicot R, Barry F, Chijcheapaza-Flores H, Garcia-Fernandez MJ, Raoul G, Blanchemain N, Chai F. A Systematic Review of Rat Models With Temporomandibular Osteoarthritis Suitable for the Study of Emerging Prolonged Intra-Articular Drug Delivery Systems. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 79:1650-1671. [PMID: 33775650 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2021.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of minimally invasive therapies for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) has focused on drug intra-articular injections to avoid the systemic adverse effects experienced when these substances are administered orally. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to answer the question "Which method of induction of a TMJOA-related pain model in rats leads to prolonged painful symptoms, allowing the best assessment of a sustained drug delivery system?" MATERIALS AND METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched MEDLINE for papers published from 1994 to July 2020 on a TMJ arthritis model using rats. We identified the means of pain induction and of nociception assessment. We assessed protocol bias using an adaptation of the QUADAS-2 tool. Animal selection, the reference standard method of pain assessment, applicability of a statistical assessment, and flow and timing were assessed. RESULTS Of the 59 full papers we reviewed, 41 performed no pain assessment after the first 7 days following induction of the TMJ-related pain model. We eventually identified 18 long-term TMJOA-related pain models. Pain was induced by injection of toxic substances, most commonly Freund's complete adjuvant (50 μg per 50 μl), formalin at various concentrations, or monosodium iodoacetate (0,5 mg per 50 μl), into the TMJ, or by physical methods. Few studies reported data on pain after 21 days of follow-up. Heterogeneity of induction methods, pain assessment methods, and flow and timing biases precluded a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Given that pain is 1 of the main symptoms of TMJOA, experimental study protocols should include long-term pain assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Associate Professor, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France.
| | - Florent Barry
- Resident, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Henry Chijcheapaza-Flores
- Research Assistant, Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Maria José Garcia-Fernandez
- Associate Professor, Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Gwénaël Raoul
- Professor, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchemain
- Professor, Department Head, Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Feng Chai
- Research engineer, Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
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Fisher AS, Lanigan MT, Upton N, Lione LA. Preclinical Neuropathic Pain Assessment; the Importance of Translatability and Bidirectional Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:614990. [PMID: 33628181 PMCID: PMC7897667 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.614990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For patients suffering with chronic neuropathic pain the need for suitable novel therapies is imperative. Over recent years a contributing factor for the lack of development of new analgesics for neuropathic pain has been the mismatch of primary neuropathic pain assessment endpoints in preclinical vs. clinical trials. Despite continuous forward translation failures across diverse mechanisms, reflexive quantitative sensory testing remains the primary assessment endpoint for neuropathic pain and analgesia in animals. Restricting preclinical evaluation of pain and analgesia to exclusively reflexive outcomes is over simplified and can be argued not clinically relevant due to the continued lack of forward translation and failures in the clinic. The key to developing new analgesic treatments for neuropathic pain therefore lies in the development of clinically relevant endpoints that can translate preclinical animal results to human clinical trials. In this review we discuss this mismatch of primary neuropathic pain assessment endpoints, together with clinical and preclinical evidence that supports how bidirectional research is helping to validate new clinically relevant neuropathic pain assessment endpoints. Ethological behavioral endpoints such as burrowing and facial grimacing and objective measures such as electroencephalography provide improved translatability potential together with currently used quantitative sensory testing endpoints. By tailoring objective and subjective measures of neuropathic pain the translatability of new medicines for patients suffering with neuropathic pain will hopefully be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Fisher
- Transpharmation Ltd., The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Lanigan
- Transpharmation Ltd., The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Upton
- Transpharmation Ltd., The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Lione
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Ita ME, Ghimire P, Welch RL, Troche HR, Winkelstein BA. Intra-articular collagenase in the spinal facet joint induces pain, DRG neuron dysregulation and increased MMP-1 absent evidence of joint destruction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21965. [PMID: 33319791 PMCID: PMC7738551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration is a hallmark of painful joint disease and is mediated by many proteases that degrade joint tissues, including collagenases. We hypothesized that purified bacterial collagenase would initiate nociceptive cascades in the joint by degrading the capsular ligament's matrix and activating innervating pain fibers. Intra-articular collagenase in the rat facet joint was investigated for its effects on behavioral sensitivity, joint degeneration, and nociceptive pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems. In parallel, a co-culture collagen gel model of the ligament was used to evaluate effects of collagenase on microscale changes to the collagen fibers and embedded neurons. Collagenase induced sensitivity within one day, lasting for 3 weeks (p < 0.001) but did not alter ligament structure, cartilage health, or chondrocyte homeostasis. Yet, nociceptive mediators were increased in the periphery (substance P, pERK, and MMP-1; p ≤ 0.039) and spinal cord (substance P and MMP-1; p ≤ 0.041). The collagen loss (p = 0.008) induced by exposing co-cultures to collagenase was accompanied by altered neuronal activity (p = 0.002) and elevated neuronal MMP-1 (p < 0.001), suggesting microscale collagen degradation mediates sensitivity in vivo. The induction of sustained sensitivity and nociception without joint damage may explain the clinical disconnect in which symptomatic joint pain patients present without radiographic evidence of joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E Ita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6392, USA
| | - Prabesh Ghimire
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6392, USA
| | - Rachel L Welch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6392, USA
| | - Harrison R Troche
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6392, USA
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6392, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Chronic pain impact on rodents’ behavioral repertoire. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:101-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Grimace Scores: Tools to Support the Identification of Pain in Mammals Used in Research. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101726. [PMID: 32977561 PMCID: PMC7598254 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, is a framework to ensure the ethical and justified use of animals in research. The implementation of refinements is required to alleviate and minimise the pain and suffering of animals in research. Public acceptability of animal use in research is contingent on satisfying ethical and legal obligations to provide pain relief along with humane endpoints. To fulfil this obligation, staff, researchers, veterinarians, and technicians must rapidly, accurately, efficiently and consistently identify, assess and act on signs of pain. This ability is paramount to uphold animal welfare, prevent undue suffering and mitigate possible negative impacts on research. Identification of pain may be based on indicators such as physiological, behavioural, or physical ones. Each has been used to develop different pain scoring systems with potential benefits and limitations in identifying and assessing pain. Grimace scores are a promising adjunctive behavioural technique in some mammalian species to identify and assess pain in research animals. The use of this method can be beneficial to animal welfare and research outcomes by identifying animals that may require alleviation of pain or humane intervention. This paper highlights the benefits, caveats, and potential applications of grimace scales.
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Sperry MM, Yu YH, Kartha S, Ghimire P, Welch RL, Winkelstein BA, Granquist EJ. Intra-articular etanercept attenuates pain and hypoxia from TMJ loading in the rat. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1316-1326. [PMID: 31903618 PMCID: PMC9118642 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical overloading of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and biochemical changes, like inflammation and hypoxia, contribute to cartilage degeneration and pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Yet, how overloading contributes to early dysregulation of chondrocytes is not understood, limiting the development of diagnostics and treatments for TMJ OA. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1α/2α in chondrocytes were evaluated at Days 8 and 15 in a rat TMJ pain model induced by jaw loading (1 h/day for 7 days) using immunohistochemistry and compared between cases that induce persistent (3.5 N), acute (2 N), or no (0 N) sensitivity. Hypoxia was measured on Day 8 by immunolabeling of the tracer EF5 and 18 F-EF5 PET imaging. To assess the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in painful TMJ loading, intra-articular etanercept was given before loading. Orofacial sensitivity was evaluated during and after loading. Facial grimace, TNF-α, HIF-2α, and hypoxia levels in the TMJ were measured after loading. HIF-2α was elevated (P = .03) after 3.5 N loading at Day 8, but HIF-1α was unchanged. EF5 uptake increased on Day 8 in the 3.5 N group (P < .048) by tissue assay and 18 F-EF5 PET. At Day 8, both HIF-2α (P = .01) and EF5 uptake (P = .005) were correlated with loading magnitude. Etanercept attenuated sensitivity (P < .01) and the facial grimace on Day 7 (P = .01). It also reduced (P < .01) HIF-2α and EF5 uptake on Day 8; but TNF-α levels were not different from controls at that time. Findings suggest that TMJ loading that induces persistent sensitivity upregulates the catabolic factor HIF-2α and reduces oxygen levels in the cartilage, which may be TNF-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Hsin Yu
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine
| | - Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Eric J. Granquist
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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Evoked and spontaneous pain assessment during tooth pulp injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2759. [PMID: 32066827 PMCID: PMC7026088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury of the tooth pulp is excruciatingly painful and yet the receptors and neural circuit mechanisms that transmit this form of pain remain poorly defined in both the clinic and preclinical rodent models. Easily quantifiable behavioral assessment in the mouse orofacial area remains a major bottleneck in uncovering molecular mechanisms that govern inflammatory pain in the tooth. In this study we sought to address this problem using the Mouse Grimace Scale and a novel approach to the application of mechanical Von Frey hair stimuli. We use a dental pulp injury model that exposes the pulp to the outside environment, a procedure we have previously shown produces inflammation. Using RNAscope technology, we demonstrate an upregulation of genes that contribute to the pain state in the trigeminal ganglia of injured mice. We found that mice with dental pulp injury have greater Mouse Grimace Scores than sham within 24 hours of injury, suggestive of spontaneous pain. We developed a scoring system of mouse refusal to determine thresholds for mechanical stimulation of the face with Von Frey filaments. This method revealed that mice with a unilateral dental injury develop bilateral mechanical allodynia that is delayed relative to the onset of spontaneous pain. This work demonstrates that tooth pain can be quantified in freely behaving mice using approaches common for other types of pain assessment. Harnessing these assays in the orofacial area during gene manipulation should assist in uncovering mechanisms for tooth pulp inflammatory pain and other forms of trigeminal pain.
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Turner PV, Pang DS, Lofgren JL. A Review of Pain Assessment Methods in Laboratory Rodents. Comp Med 2019; 69:451-467. [PMID: 31896391 PMCID: PMC6935698 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents requires accurate assessments of the presence or absence of pain to the extent possible. This can be challenging some situations because laboratory rodents are prey species that may show subtle signs of pain. Although a number of standard algesiometry assays have been used to assess evoked pain responses in rodents for many decades, these methods likely represent an oversimplification of pain assessment and many require animal handling during testing, which can result in stress-induced analgesia. More recent pain assessment methods, such as the use of ethograms, facial grimace scoring, burrowing, and nest-building, focus on evaluating changes in spontaneous behaviors or activities of rodents in their home environments. Many of these assessment methods are time-consuming to conduct. While many of these newer tests show promise for providing a more accurate assessment of pain, most require more study to determine their reliability and sensitivity across a broad range of experimental conditions, as well as between species and strains of animals. Regular observation of laboratory rodents before and after painful procedures with consistent use of 2 or more assessment methods is likely to improve pain detection and lead to improved treatment and care-a primary goal for improving overall animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Charles River, Wilmington , Massachusetts Dept of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada;,
| | - Daniel Sj Pang
- Dept of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Sperry MM, Kartha S, Winkelstein BA, Granquist EJ. Experimental Methods to Inform Diagnostic Approaches for Painful TMJ Osteoarthritis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:388-397. [PMID: 30819041 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519828731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joint that can produce persistent orofacial pain as well as functional and structural changes to its bone, cartilage, and ligaments. Despite advances in the clinical utility and reliability of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, clinical tools inadequately predict which patients will develop chronic TMJ pain and degeneration, limiting clinical management. The challenges of managing and treating TMJ OA are due, in part, to a limited understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of TMJ pain. OA is initiated by multiple factors, including injury, aging, abnormal joint mechanics, and atypical joint shape, which can produce microtrauma, remodeling of joint tissues, and synovial inflammation. TMJ microtrauma and remodeling can increase expression of cytokines, chemokines, and catabolic factors that damage synovial tissues and can activate free nerve endings in the joint. Although studies have separately investigated inflammation-driven orofacial pain, acute activity of the trigeminal nerve, or TMJ tissue degeneration and/or damage, the temporal mechanistic factors leading to chronic TMJ pain are undefined. Limited understanding of the interaction between degeneration, intra-articular chemical factors, and pain has further restricted the development of targeted, disease-modifying drugs to help patients avoid long-term pain and invasive procedures, like TMJ replacement. A range of animal models captures features of intra-articular inflammation, joint overloading, and tissue damage. Although those models traditionally measure peripheral sensitivity as a surrogate for pain, recent studies recognize the brain's role in integrating, modulating, and interpreting nociceptive inputs in the TMJ, particularly in light of psychosocial influences on TMJ pain. The articular and neural contributors to TMJ pain, imaging modalities with clinical potential to identify TMJ OA early, and future directions for clinical management of TMJ OA are reviewed in the context of evidence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Sperry
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Kartha
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B A Winkelstein
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E J Granquist
- 3 Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chaves RHDF, Souza CCD, Furlaneto IP, Teixeira RKC, Oliveira CPD, Rodrigues EDM, Santos DASD, Silva RC, Penha NEAD, Lima ARD. Influence of tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 33:1087-1094. [PMID: 30624514 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180120000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS Ten rats were divided into two groups (n = 5). All animals were submitted by a laminectomy and spinal cord injury at eighth thoracic vertebra. In control group, the rats didn't receive any analgesic. In tramadol group, the rats received tramadol 4mg/Kg at 12/12h until 5 days by subcutaneous. Animals were following by fourteen days. Was evaluated the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scale (locomotor evaluation) and Rat Grimace Scale (pain evaluation) at four periods. RESULTS There no difference between the groups in locomotor evaluation in all periods evaluated (p>0.05) and in both groups there was a partial recover of function. The tramadol group show a lower pain levels at the first, third and seventh postoperatively days when comparing to the control group. CONCLUSION The tramadol as an analgesic agent don't influence on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Helena de Figueiredo Chaves
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Health and Animal Production in Amazon, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; interpretation of data; manuscript writing
| | - Celice Cordeiro de Souza
- PhD, Associate Professor, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará (CESUPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation data, manuscript writing
| | - Ismari Perini Furlaneto
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology at Amazon, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Interpretation of data
| | - Renan Kleber Costa Teixeira
- MD, MS, Department of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Interpretation of data, statistical analysis, manuscript writing
| | | | | | | | - Renata Cunha Silva
- Graduate student, School of Occupational Therapy, UEPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation of data
| | - Nelson Elias Abrahão da Penha
- PhD, Associate Professor, School of Medicine, CESUPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; critical revision; final approval
| | - Ana Rita de Lima
- PhD, Full Professor, Institute of Health and Animal Production, UFRA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; critical revision, final approval
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