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López CAM, Freiberger RN, Sviercz FA, Quarleri J, Delpino MV. HIV-Infected Hepatic Stellate Cells or HCV-Infected Hepatocytes Are Unable to Promote Latency Reversal among HIV-Infected Mononuclear Cells. Pathogens 2024; 13:134. [PMID: 38392872 PMCID: PMC10893349 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to a common mode of transmission through infected human blood, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is relatively prevalent. In alignment with this, HCV co-infection is associated with an increased size of the HIV reservoir in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated individuals. Hence, it is crucial to comprehend the physiological mechanisms governing the latency and reactivation of HIV in reservoirs. Consequently, our study delves into the interplay between HCV/HIV co-infection in liver cells and its impact on the modulation of HIV latency. We utilized the latently infected monocytic cell line (U1) and the latently infected T-cell line (J-Lat) and found that mediators produced by the infection of hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes with HIV and HCV, respectively, were incapable of inducing latency reversal under the studied conditions. This may favor the maintenance of the HIV reservoir size among latently infected mononuclear cells in the liver. Further investigations are essential to elucidate the role of the interaction between liver cells in regulating HIV latency and/or reactivation, providing a physiologically relevant model for comprehending reservoir microenvironments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (C.A.M.L.); (R.N.F.)
| | - María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (C.A.M.L.); (R.N.F.)
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2
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Kun-Varga A, Gubán B, Miklós V, Parvaneh S, Guba M, Szűcs D, Monostori T, Varga J, Varga Á, Rázga Z, Bata-Csörgő Z, Kemény L, Megyeri K, Veréb Z. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Alters the Immunological Properties of Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal-Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11989. [PMID: 37569367 PMCID: PMC10418794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is of paramount importance for the homeostasis of the body. Inflammation and infection can alter the function of MSCs, which can also affect the regenerative potential and immunological status of tissues. It is not known whether human herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2), well-known human pathogens that can cause lifelong infections, can induce changes in MSCs. In non-healing ulcers, HSV infection is known to affect deeper tissue layers. In addition, HSV infection can recur after initially successful cell therapies. Our aim was to study the response of adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) to HSV infection in vitro. After confirming the phenotype and differentiation capacity of the isolated cells, we infected the cells in vitro with HSV1-KOS, HSV1-532 and HSV2 virus strains. Twenty-four hours after infection, we examined the gene expression of the cells via RNA-seq and RT-PCR; detected secreted cytokines via protein array; and determined autophagy via Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy. Infection with different HSV strains resulted in different gene-expression patterns. In addition to the activation of pathways characteristic of viral infections, distinct non-immunological pathways (autophagy, tissue regeneration and differentiation) were also activated according to analyses with QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome and Genome Ontology Enrichment. Viral infections increased autophagy, as confirmed via TEM image analysis, and also increased levels of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3B) II protein. We identified significantly altered accumulation for 16 cytokines involved in tissue regeneration and inflammation. Our studies demonstrated that HSV infection can alter the viability and immunological status of ADMSCs, which may have implications for ADMSC-based cell therapies. Alterations in autophagy can affect numerous processes in MSCs, including the inhibition of tissue regeneration as well as pathological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kun-Varga
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barbara Gubán
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Vanda Miklós
- Biobank, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Shahram Parvaneh
- HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.P.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Melinda Guba
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Diána Szűcs
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Monostori
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Dermatosurgery and Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (J.V.); (Á.V.)
| | - Ákos Varga
- Dermatosurgery and Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (J.V.); (Á.V.)
| | - Zsolt Rázga
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő
- HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.P.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
- HCEMM-SZTE Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.P.); (Z.B.-C.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klára Megyeri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.K.-V.); (B.G.); (M.G.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (L.K.)
- Biobank, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Khandelwal V, Sharma T, Gupta S, Singh S, Sharma MK, Parashar D, Kashyap VK. Stem cell therapy: a novel approach against emerging and re-emerging viral infections with special reference to SARS-CoV-2. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2663-2683. [PMID: 36536185 PMCID: PMC9762873 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The past several decades have witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of many infectious viral agents, flaviviruses, influenza, filoviruses, alphaviruses, and coronaviruses since the advent of human deficiency virus (HIV). Some of them even become serious threats to public health and have raised major global health concerns. Several different medicinal compounds such as anti-viral, anti-malarial, and anti-inflammatory agents, are under investigation for the treatment of these viral diseases. These therapies are effective improving recovery rates and overall survival of patients but are unable to heal lung damage caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, there is a critical need to identify effective treatments to combat this unmet clinical need. Due to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, stem cell therapy is considered a novel approach to regenerate damaged lungs and reduce inflammation. Stem cell therapy uses a heterogeneous subset of regenerative cells that can be harvested from various adult tissue types and is gaining popularity due to its prodigious regenerative potential as well as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. These cells retain expression of cluster of differentiation markers (CD markers), interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), reduce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and, show a rapid proliferation rate, which makes them an attractive tool for cellular therapies and to treat various inflammatory and viral-induced injuries. By examining various clinical studies, this review demonstrates positive considerations for the implications of stem cell therapy and presents a necessary approach for treating virally induced infections in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Khandelwal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Tarubala Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Shoorvir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, 224001, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Vivek K Kashyap
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA. .,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA.
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4
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Altamirano-Samaniego F, Enciso-Benavides J, Rojas N, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Enciso N, Fossatti M, Enciso J. First report of canine morbillivirus infection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells from dogs with distemper. Vet World 2022; 15:1835-1842. [PMID: 36185532 PMCID: PMC9394121 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1835-1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ribonucleic acid viruses remain latent in different cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells; however, the distemper virus remains undetected in these cells. This study aimed to determine whether adipose stem cells (ASCs) from dogs with distemper disease are infected with the canine morbillivirus (CM). Materials and Methods: Twelve dogs with the neurological phase of the disease and who were positive for CM by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were studied. ASCs from adipose tissue of the lesser omentum of these infected dogs were isolated and characterized. Direct fluorescence was used to detect the viral antigen in cell cultures. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR identified detectable quantities of the virus in two cultures, while electron microscopy confirmed the CM particles within ASCs. Results: This study revealed that ASCs of the omentum of dogs with distemper disease can be infected with CM, indicating their possible involvement in this virus latency and persistence. This suggests that its detection should be considered within the quality control process of stem cells intended for regenerative medicine. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates that omentum ASCs from dogs with distemper disease can be infected with CM and may be involved in viral latency or persistence. Our study also suggests that the detection of CM should be considered within the quality control process of stem cells intended for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Nathaly Enciso
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Matia Fossatti
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Javier Enciso
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
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5
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Lebeau G, Ah-Pine F, Daniel M, Bedoui Y, Vagner D, Frumence E, Gasque P. Perivascular Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, an Immune Privileged Niche for Viruses? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148038. [PMID: 35887383 PMCID: PMC9317325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a critical role in response to stress such as infection. They initiate the removal of cell debris, exert major immunoregulatory activities, control pathogens, and lead to a remodeling/scarring phase. Thus, host-derived ‘danger’ factors released from damaged/infected cells (called alarmins, e.g., HMGB1, ATP, DNA) as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (LPS, single strand RNA) can activate MSCs located in the parenchyma and around vessels to upregulate the expression of growth factors and chemoattractant molecules that influence immune cell recruitment and stem cell mobilization. MSC, in an ultimate contribution to tissue repair, may also directly trans- or de-differentiate into specific cellular phenotypes such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, lipofibroblasts, myofibroblasts, Schwann cells, and they may somehow recapitulate their neural crest embryonic origin. Failure to terminate such repair processes induces pathological scarring, termed fibrosis, or vascular calcification. Interestingly, many viruses and particularly those associated to chronic infection and inflammation may hijack and polarize MSC’s immune regulatory activities. Several reports argue that MSC may constitute immune privileged sanctuaries for viruses and contributing to long-lasting effects posing infectious challenges, such as viruses rebounding in immunocompromised patients or following regenerative medicine therapies using MSC. We will herein review the capacity of several viruses not only to infect but also to polarize directly or indirectly the functions of MSC (immunoregulation, differentiation potential, and tissue repair) in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégorie Lebeau
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; (G.L.); (F.A.-P.); (M.D.); (Y.B.); (E.F.)
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la ZOI (LICE-OI), Pôle de Biologie, CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Franck Ah-Pine
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; (G.L.); (F.A.-P.); (M.D.); (Y.B.); (E.F.)
- Service Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Matthieu Daniel
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; (G.L.); (F.A.-P.); (M.D.); (Y.B.); (E.F.)
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la ZOI (LICE-OI), Pôle de Biologie, CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Yosra Bedoui
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; (G.L.); (F.A.-P.); (M.D.); (Y.B.); (E.F.)
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la ZOI (LICE-OI), Pôle de Biologie, CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Damien Vagner
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHU de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France;
| | - Etienne Frumence
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; (G.L.); (F.A.-P.); (M.D.); (Y.B.); (E.F.)
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la ZOI (LICE-OI), Pôle de Biologie, CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France; (G.L.); (F.A.-P.); (M.D.); (Y.B.); (E.F.)
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de la ZOI (LICE-OI), Pôle de Biologie, CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Sharma A, Kulkarni R, Sane H, Awad N, Bopardikar A, Joshi A, Baweja S, Joshi M, Vishwanathan C, Gokulchandran N, Badhe P, Khan M, Paranjape A, Kulkarni P, Methal AK. Phase 1 clinical trial for intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and placenta in patients with moderate COVID-19 virus pneumonia: results of stage 1 of the study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2022; 11:37-55. [PMID: 35873716 PMCID: PMC9301142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells can serve as a therapeutic option for COVID-19. Their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties can regulate the exaggerated inflammatory response and promote recovery of lung damage. METHOD Phase-1, single-centre open-label, prospective clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and placenta in moderate COVID-19. The study was done in 2 stages with total 20 patients. Herein, the results of stage 1 including first 10 patients receiving 100 million cells on day 1 and 4 with a follow up of 6 months have been discussed. RESULTS No adverse events were recorded immediately after the administration of MSCs or on follow up. There was no deterioration observed in clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters. All symptoms of the study group resolved within 10 days. Levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as NLR, CRP, IL6, ferritin and D-dimer improved in all patients after intervention along with improved oxygenation demonstrated by improvement in the SpO2/FiO2 ratio and PaO2/FiO2 ratio. None of the patients progressed to severe stage. 9 out of 10 patients were discharged within 9 days of their admission. Improvements were noted in chest x-ray and chest CT scan scores at day 7 in most patients. No post-covid fibrosis was observed on chest CT 28 days after intervention and Chest X ray after 6 months of the intervention. CONCLUSION Administration of 100 million mesenchymal stem cells in combination with standard treatment was found to be safe and resulted in prevention of the cytokine storm, halting of the disease progression and acceleration of recovery in moderate COVID-19. This clinical trial has been registered with the Clinical Trial Registry- India (CTRI) as CTRI/2020/08/027043. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical CollegeMumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine InstituteNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Hemangi Sane
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine InstituteNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilkanth Awad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical CollegeSion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Anagha Joshi
- Department of Radiology, LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical CollegeMumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujata Baweja
- Department of Microbiology, LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical CollegeMumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohan Joshi
- Dean, LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical CollegeMumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Nandini Gokulchandran
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine InstituteNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prerna Badhe
- Department of Regenerative Laboratory, NeuroGen Brain and Spine InstituteSeawoods, Navi Maharashtra, India
| | - Mazhar Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical CollegeMumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amruta Paranjape
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine InstituteNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pooja Kulkarni
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine InstituteNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arjun K Methal
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine InstituteNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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7
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Balakrishna Pillai A, JeanPierre AR, Mariappan V, Ranganadin P, S R R. Neutralizing the free radicals could alleviate the disease severity following an infection by positive strand RNA viruses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:189-195. [PMID: 35366756 PMCID: PMC8976658 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical release due to oxidative stress is gaining importance in the field of viral pathogenesis. Recent studies suggest the involvement of oxidative stress and ROS levels in regulating disease virulence during RNA virus infection. Most of the RNA virus infections lead to vascular dysfunction and disease severity. However, the biology of free radicals in maintaining vascular endothelium integrity is not completely understood. In the present review, we discuss some of the common features in positive-strand RNA virus infections such as dengue and SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that anti-oxidant therapy could pave the way to develop therapeutic strategies in combating emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Aashika Raagavi JeanPierre
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), School of Biological Sciences, MGM Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Pajanivel Ranganadin
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
| | - Rao S R
- Research, Innovation & Development, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India
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8
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Scheller SH, Rashad Y, Saleh FM, Willingham KA, Reilich A, Lin D, Izadpanah R, Alt EU, Braun SE. Biallelic, Selectable, Knock-in Targeting of CCR5 via CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Homology Directed Repair Inhibits HIV-1 Replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821190. [PMID: 35386712 PMCID: PMC8978527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplanting HIV-1 positive patients with hematopoietic stem cells homozygous for a 32 bp deletion in the chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) gene resulted in a loss of detectable HIV-1, suggesting genetically disrupting CCR5 is a promising approach for HIV-1 cure. Targeting the CCR5-locus with CRISPR-Cas9 was shown to decrease the amount of CCR5 expression and HIV-1 susceptibility in vitro as well as in vivo. Still, only the individuals homozygous for the CCR5-Δ32 frameshift mutation confer complete resistance to HIV-1 infection. In this study we introduce a mechanism to target CCR5 and efficiently select for cells with biallelic frameshift insertion, using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated homology directed repair (HDR). We hypothesized that cells harboring two different selectable markers (double positive), each in one allele of the CCR5 locus, would carry a frameshift mutation in both alleles, lack CCR5 expression and resist HIV-1 infection. Inducing double-stranded breaks (DSB) via CRISPR-Cas9 leads to HDR and integration of a donor plasmid. Double-positive cells were selected via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and CCR5 was analyzed genetically, phenotypically, and functionally. Targeted and selected populations showed a very high frequency of mutations and a drastic reduction in CCR5 surface expression. Most importantly, double-positive cells displayed potent inhibition to HIV-1 infection. Taken together, we show that targeting cells via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated HDR enables efficient selection of mutant cells that are deficient for CCR5 and highly resistant to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H Scheller
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yasmine Rashad
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Fayez M Saleh
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurtis A Willingham
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Antonia Reilich
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Dong Lin
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Reza Izadpanah
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Eckhard U Alt
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Isar Klinikum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen E Braun
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Medicine/Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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9
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Abstract
The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 into a chronic, well-managed disease. However, these therapies do not eliminate all infected cells from the body despite suppressing viral load. Viral rebound is largely due to the presence of cellular reservoirs which support long-term persistence of HIV-1. A thorough understanding of the HIV-1 reservoir will facilitate the development of new strategies leading to its detection, reduction, and elimination, ultimately leading to curative therapies for HIV-1. Although immune cells derived from lymphoid and myeloid progenitors have been thoroughly studied as HIV-1 reservoirs, few studies have examined whether mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can assume this function. In this review, we evaluate published studies which have assessed whether MSCs contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. MSCs have been found to express the receptors and co-receptors required for HIV-1 entry, albeit at levels of expression and receptor localisation that vary considerably between studies. Exposure to HIV-1 and HIV-1 proteins alters MSC properties in vitro, including their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments investigating whether MSCs can become infected with and harbour latent integrated proviral DNA are lacking. In conclusion, MSCs appear to have the potential to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. However, further studies are needed using techniques such as those used to prove that cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells constitute an HIV-1 reservoir before a reservoir function can definitively be ascribed to MSCs.
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10
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Abstract
As already discussed for T cell lines, also myeloid cell lines as served as the earliest models of chronic HIV infection. They were particularly relevant in the late 1980s and early 1990s when most experimental in vitro infections were based on laboratory-adapted "T-cell tropic" strains of HIV-1, such as LAI/IIIB or others, that later were found to rely upon CXCR4 as coreceptor for viral entry in addition to CD4 as primary receptor. Although primary macrophages do express CXCR4 together with CD4, virus replication is much less efficient than that observed with CCR5-using "macrophage-tropic" strains, as discussed separately in this book. Although different myeloid cell lines have been used to generate models of chronic HIV-1 infection that could be used to investigate features of proviral reactivation, as reviewed in (Cassol et al. J Leukoc Biol 80:1018-1030, 2006), two cell lines in particular have been broadly used and will be here discussed: the U937-derived U1 and HL-60-derived OM-10.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology (H.I.V.) Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
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11
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: an Antimicrobial and Host-Directed Therapy for Complex Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0006421. [PMID: 34612662 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00064-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antimicrobial strategies for treating complex infections and emerging pathogens. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells with antimicrobial properties, mediated through direct bactericidal activity and modulation of host innate and adaptive immune cells. More than 30 in vivo studies have reported on the use of human MSCs for the treatment of infectious diseases, with many more studies of animal MSCs in same-species models of infection. MSCs demonstrate potent antimicrobial effects against the major classes of human pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) across a wide range of infection models. Mechanistic studies have yielded important insight into their immunomodulatory and bactericidal activity, which can be enhanced through various forms of preconditioning. MSCs are being investigated in over 80 clinical trials for difficult-to-treat infectious diseases, including sepsis and pulmonary, intra-abdominal, cutaneous, and viral infections. Completed trials consistently report MSCs to be safe and well tolerated, with signals of efficacy against some infectious diseases. Although significant obstacles must be overcome to produce a standardized, affordable, clinical-grade cell therapy, these studies suggest that MSCs may have particular potential as an adjunct therapy in complex or resistant infections.
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12
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Tanabe R, Morikawa Y. Efficient Transendothelial Migration of Latently HIV-1-Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081589. [PMID: 34452453 PMCID: PMC8402846 DOI: 10.3390/v13081589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A small fraction of HIV-1-infected T cells forms populations of latently infected cells when they are a naive T-cell subset or in transit to a resting memory state. Latently HIV-1-infected cells reside in lymphoid tissues and serve as viral reservoirs. However, whether they systemically recirculate in the body and re-enter the lymphoid nodes are unknown. Here, we employed two in-vitro cell coculture systems mimicking the lymphatic endothelium in lymph nodes and investigated the homing potential, specifically the transendothelial migration (TEM), of two latently HIV-1-infected cell lines (J1.1 and ACH-2). In trans-well coculture systems, J1.1 and ACH-2 showed higher TEM efficiencies than their parental uninfected and acutely infected cells. The efficiency of TEM was enhanced by the presence of stromal cells, such as HS-5 and fibroblastic reticular cells. In an in-vitro reconstituted, three-dimensional coculture system in which stromal cells are embedded in collagen matrices, J1.1 showed slightly higher TEM efficiency in the presence of HS-5. In accordance with these phenotypes, latently infected cells adhered to the endothelial cells more efficiently than uninfected cells. Together, our study showed that latently HIV-1-infected cells enhanced cell adhesion and TEM abilities, suggesting their potential for efficient homing to lymph nodes.
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13
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Taechangam N, Kol A, Arzi B, Borjesson DL. Multipotent Stromal Cells and Viral Interaction: Current Implications for Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:214-227. [PMID: 34347271 PMCID: PMC8335712 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are widely utilized in therapy for their immunomodulatory properties, but their usage in infectious viral diseases is less explored. This review aimed to collate the current novel use of MSCs in virus-associated conditions, including MSC’s susceptibility to virus infection, antiviral properties of MSCs and their effects on cell-based immune response and implementation of MSC therapy in animal models and human clinical trials of viral diseases. Recent discoveries shed lights on MSC’s capability in suppressing viral replication and augmenting clearance through enhancement of antiviral immunity. MSC therapy may maintain a crucial balance between aiding pathogen clearance and suppressing hyperactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopmanee Taechangam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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14
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Bartonella henselae Persistence within Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhances Endothelial Cell Activation and Infectibility That Amplifies the Angiogenic Process. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0014121. [PMID: 34031126 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00141-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens can manipulate the angiogenic response, suppressing or inducing it for their own ends. In humans, Bartonella henselae is associated with cat-scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders such as bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. Although endothelial cells (ECs) support the pathogenesis of B. henselae, the mechanisms by which B. henselae induces EC activation are not completely clear, as well as the possible contributions of other cells recruited at the site of infection. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are endowed with angiogenic potential and play a dual role in infections, exerting antimicrobial properties but also acting as a shelter for pathogens. Here, we delved into the role of MSCs as a reservoir of B. henselae and modulator of EC functions. B. henselae readily infected MSCs and survived in perinuclearly bound vacuoles for up to 8 days. Infection enhanced MSC proliferation and the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1), proteins that are involved in bacterial internalization and cytokine production. Secretome analysis revealed that infected MSCs secreted higher levels of the proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), placental growth factor (PIGF), serpin E1, thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), interleukin 6 (IL-6), platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8). Supernatants from B. henselae-infected MSCs increased the susceptibility of ECs to B. henselae infection and enhanced EC proliferation, invasion, and reorganization in tube-like structures. Altogether, these results indicate MSCs as a still underestimated niche for persistent B. henselae infection and reveal MSC-EC cross talk that may contribute to exacerbate bacterium-induced angiogenesis and granuloma formation.
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15
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Shetty R, Murugeswari P, Chakrabarty K, Jayadev C, Matalia H, Ghosh A, Das D. Stem cell therapy in coronavirus disease 2019: current evidence and future potential. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:471-482. [PMID: 33257213 PMCID: PMC7649634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The end of 2019 saw the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that soared in 2020, affecting 215 countries worldwide, with no signs of abating. In an effort to contain the spread of the disease and treat the infected, researchers are racing against several odds to find an effective solution. The unavailability of timely and affordable or definitive treatment has caused significant morbidity and mortality. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by an unregulated host inflammatory response toward the viral infection, followed by multi-organ dysfunction or failure, is one of the primary causes of death in severe cases of COVID-19 infection. Currently, empirical management of respiratory and hematological manifestations along with anti-viral agents is being used to treat the infection. The quest is on for both a vaccine and a more definitive management protocol to curtail the spread. Researchers and clinicians are also exploring the possibility of using cell therapy for severe cases of COVID-19 with ARDS. Mesenchymal stromal cells are known to have immunomodulatory properties and have previously been used to treat viral infections. This review explores the potential of mesenchymal stromal cells as cell therapy for ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Ponnalagu Murugeswari
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Chaitra Jayadev
- Department of Vitreo-Retinal Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Himanshu Matalia
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India.
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16
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Chandra PK, Rutkai I, Kim H, Braun SE, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D, Busija DW. Latent HIV-Exosomes Induce Mitochondrial Hyperfusion Due to Loss of Phosphorylated Dynamin-Related Protein 1 in Brain Endothelium. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2974-2989. [PMID: 33586027 PMCID: PMC8128843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the cerebral vascular endothelium is a critical initiating event in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. To study the role of mitochondria in cerebral endothelial dysfunction, we investigated how exosomes, isolated from both cell lines with integrated provirus and HIV-1 infected primary cells (HIV-exosomes), accelerate the dysfunction of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) by inducing mitochondrial hyperfusion, and reducing the expression of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS). The quantitative analysis of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) indicates that the isolated EVs were predominantly exosomes. It was further supported by the detection of exosomal markers, and the absence of large EV-related protein in the isolated EVs. The exosomes were readily taken up by primary HBMVECs. HIV-exosomes induce cellular and mitochondrial superoxide production but reduce mitochondrial membrane potential in HBMVECs. HIV-exosomes increase mitochondrial hyperfusion, possibly due to loss of phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 (p-DRP1). HIV-exosomes, containing the HIV-Tat protein, and viral Tat protein reduce the expression of p-DRP1 and p-eNOS, and accelerate brain endothelial dysfunction. Finally, exosomes isolated from HIV-1 infected primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) produce more exosomes than uninfected controls and reduce both p-DRP1 and p-eNOS expressions in primary HBMVECs. Our novel findings reveal the significant role of HIV-exosomes on dysregulation of mitochondrial function, which induces adverse changes in the function of the brain microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Stephen E Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Tulane University National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Asim B Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37932, USA
| | - David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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17
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Tien (田婷怡) TY, Wu (吳懿哲) YJ, Su (蘇正煌) CH, Wang (王學孝) HH, Hsieh (謝金玲) CL, Wang (王博正) BJ, Su (蘇瑀) Y, Yeh (葉宏一) HI. Reduction of Connexin 43 Attenuates Angiogenic Effects of Human Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells via Inactivation of Akt and NF-κB Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:915-930. [PMID: 33356390 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating progenitor cells possess vasculogenesis property and participate in repair of vascular injury. Cx (connexin) 43-a transmembrane protein constituting gap junctions-is involved in vascular pathology. However, the role of Cx43 in smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPCs) remained unclear. Approach and Results: Human SPCs cultured from CD34+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressed smooth muscle cell markers, such as smooth muscle MHC (myosin heavy chain), nonmuscle MHC, calponin, and CD140B, and Cx43 was the most abundant Cx isoform. To evaluate the role of Cx43 in SPCs, short interference RNA was used to knock down Cx43 expression. Cellular activities of SPCs were reduced by Cx43 downregulation. In addition, Cx43 downregulation attenuated angiogenic potential of SPCs in hind limb ischemia mice. Protein array and ELISA of the supernatant from SPCs showed that IL (interleukin)-6, IL-8, and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) were reduced by Cx43 downregulation. Simultaneously, Cx43 downregulation reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and Akt (protein kinase B) pathway and reactivation of NF-κB and Akt using betulinic acid, and SC79 could restore the secretion of growth factors and cytokines. Moreover, FAK (focal adhesion kinase)-Src (proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src) activation was increased by Cx43 downregulation, and inactivation of Akt-NF-κB could be restored by Src inhibitor (PP2), indicating that Akt-NF-κB inactivated by Cx43 downregulation arose from FAK-Src activation. Finally, the depressed cellular activities and secretion of SPCs after Cx43 downregulation were restored by FAK inhibitor PF-562271 or PP2. CONCLUSIONS SPCs possess angiogenic potential to repair ischemic tissue mainly through paracrine effects. Gap junction protein Cx43 plays an important role in regulating cellular function and paracrine effects of SPCs through FAK-Src axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Tien (田婷怡)
- Department of Medical Research (T.-Y.T., C.-L.H., B.-J.W.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science/National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (T.-Y.T., Y.S.)
| | - Yih-Jer Wu (吳懿哲)
- Department of Internal Medicine (Y.-J.W., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Y.-J.W., C.-H.S., H.-H.W.)
| | - Cheng-Huang Su (蘇正煌)
- Department of Internal Medicine (Y.-J.W., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Y.-J.W., C.-H.S., H.-H.W.)
| | - Hsueh-Hsiao Wang (王學孝)
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Y.-J.W., C.-H.S., H.-H.W.)
| | - Chin-Ling Hsieh (謝金玲)
- Department of Medical Research (T.-Y.T., C.-L.H., B.-J.W.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jeng Wang (王博正)
- Department of Medical Research (T.-Y.T., C.-L.H., B.-J.W.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeu Su (蘇瑀)
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science/National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (T.-Y.T., Y.S.)
| | - Hung-I. Yeh (葉宏一)
- Department of Internal Medicine (Y.-J.W., C.-H.S., H.-I.Y.), MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S, Alipour S, Ranjbarvan P, Azari A, Babaei G, Golchin A. Critical roles of TLRs on the polarization of mesenchymal stem cells for cell therapy of viral infections: a notice for COVID-19 treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:119-128. [PMID: 33551714 PMCID: PMC7846495 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-021-03209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as one of the leading cell-based therapy, have provided a strong link between clinical investigation and basic research. MSCs have been successfully employed in treating graft versus host disease (GvHD), autoimmune disease, and several other diseases, particularly with high immune activity. Recently, MSCs have attracted attention to treating untreatable viral infections such as severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are directly able to detect internal and external hazard signals, and their stimulation has an intense effect on the ability to grow, differentiate, migrate, and maintain MSCs, it seems stimulation of these receptors can have a direct impact on the interaction of MSCs and immune cells, altering the ability to modify immune system responses. Hence, this mini-review focused on TLRs’ critical roles in the polarization of MSCs for developing MSC-based therapy in viral infections. Consequently, according to the literature review, a polarization process, mediated by TLRs concerning anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory phenotype, may be considered for MSC-therapy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Parviz Ranjbarvan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Arezo Azari
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghader Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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19
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Sleem A, Saleh F. Mesenchymal stem cells in the fight against viruses: Face to face with the invisible enemy. Curr Res Transl Med 2020; 68:105-110. [PMID: 32616467 PMCID: PMC7252154 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative ease of isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different tissues coupled with their culture expansion in vitro and their differentiation capacity to mesodermal, endodermal and ectodermal lineages have made these cells attractive for a large number of therapeutic applications. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the utilization of MSCs in diverse clinical indications both in animal models and human clinical trials. However, the potential of MSCs to control or treat viral diseases is still in its infancy. In this study, we report quantitative data on the MSC-based clinical trials over the last ten years as they appear on the online database of clinical research studies from US National Institutes of Health. In particular, we provide comprehensive review of either completed or ongoing clinical trials using MSCs for virus-associated diseases focusing on HIV, hepatitis B virus and COVID-19 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleen Sleem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon.
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20
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Okutomi T, Minakawa S, Hirota R, Katagiri K, Morikawa Y. HIV Reactivation in Latently Infected Cells With Virological Synapse-Like Cell Contact. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040417. [PMID: 32276457 PMCID: PMC7232209 DOI: 10.3390/v12040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV reactivation from latency is induced by cytokines but also by cell contact with other cells. To better understand this, J1.1 cells, a latent HIV-1-infected Jurkat derivative, were cocultured with its parental Jurkat. J1.1 cells became p17MA-positive and produced a high level of HIV p24CA antigen, only when they were cocultured with stimulated Jurkat with cell-to-cell contact. In contrast, very little p24CA was produced when they were cocultured without cell contact. Similar results were obtained when latent ACH-2 and its parental A3.01 cells were cocultured. Confocal microscopy revealed that not only HIV-1 p17MA and gp120Env but also LFA-1, CD81, CD59, and TCR CD3 accumulated at the cell contact site, suggesting formation of the virological synapse-like structure. LFA-1–ICAM-1 interaction was involved in the cell-to-cell contact. When J1.1 was cocultured with TCR-deficient Jurkat, the p17MA-positive rate was significantly lower, although the cell-to-cell contact was not impaired. Quantitative proteomics identified 54 membrane molecules, one of which was MHC class I, that accumulated at the cell contact site. Reactivation from latency was also influenced by the presence of stromal cells. Our study indicated that latent HIV-1 in J1.1/ACH-2 cells was efficiently reactivated by cell-to-cell contact with stimulated parental cells, accompanying the virological synapse-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okutomi
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Satoko Minakawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Riku Hirota
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan;
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5791-6129
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