1
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Clews AC, Ulch BA, Jesionowska M, Hong J, Mullen RT, Xu Y. Variety of Plant Oils: Species-Specific Lipid Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:845-862. [PMID: 37971406 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of triacylglycerol within seeds and their surrounding tissues, which comprises three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Different plant species accumulate unique fatty acids in their oils, serving a range of applications in pharmaceuticals and oleochemicals. To enable the production of these distinctive oils, select plant species have adapted specialized oil metabolism pathways, involving differential gene co-expression networks and structurally divergent enzymes/proteins. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances in our understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants. We compare expression patterns of oil metabolism genes from representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) to showcase the co-expression networks of relevant genes for acyl metabolism. We also review several divergent enzymes/proteins associated with key catalytic steps of unique oil accumulation, including fatty acid desaturases, diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins, highlighting their structural features and preference toward unique lipid substrates. Lastly, we briefly discuss protein interactomes and substrate channeling for oil biosynthesis and the complex regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Clews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon A Ulch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Monika Jesionowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jun Hong
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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2
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Yang Z, Gu J, Zhao M, Fan X, Guo H, Xie Y, Zhang J, Xiong H, Zhao L, Zhao S, Ding Y, Kong F, Sui L, Xu L, Liu L. Genetic Analysis and Fine Mapping of QTL for the Erect Leaf in Mutant mths29 Induced through Fast Neutron in Wheat. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:430. [PMID: 38927310 PMCID: PMC11201221 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The erect leaf plays a crucial role in determining plant architecture, with its growth and development regulated by genetic factors. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive studies on the regulatory mechanisms governing wheat lamina joint development, thus failing to meet current breeding demands. In this study, a wheat erect leaf mutant, mths29, induced via fast neutron mutagenesis, was utilized for QTL fine mapping and investigation of lamina joint development. Genetic analysis of segregating populations derived from mths29 and Jimai22 revealed that the erect leaf trait was controlled by a dominant single gene. Using BSR sequencing and map-based cloning techniques, the QTL responsible for the erect leaf trait was mapped to a 1.03 Mb physical region on chromosome 5A. Transcriptome analysis highlighted differential expression of genes associated with cell division and proliferation, as well as several crucial transcription factors and kinases implicated in lamina joint development, particularly in the boundary cells of the preligule zone in mths29. These findings establish a solid foundation for understanding lamina joint development and hold promise for potential improvements in wheat plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Yang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.Y.); (X.F.); (L.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jiayu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Dry-Land Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.Y.); (X.F.); (L.X.)
| | - Huijun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yongdun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Linshu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shirong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yuping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Fuquan Kong
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; (F.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Li Sui
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; (F.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Le Xu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.Y.); (X.F.); (L.X.)
| | - Luxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, CAEA Research and Development Center on Nuclear Technology Applications for Irradiation Mutation Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (H.G.); (Y.X.); (H.X.); (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.D.)
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3
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Shomo ZD, Mahboub S, Vanviratikul H, McCormick M, Tulyananda T, Roston RL, Warakanont J. All members of the Arabidopsis DGAT and PDAT acyltransferase families operate during high and low temperatures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:685-697. [PMID: 38386316 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in vegetative tissues is necessary to adapt to changing temperatures. It has been hypothesized that TAG accumulation is required as a storage location for maladaptive membrane lipids. The TAG acyltransferase family has five members (DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERSE1/2/3 and PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1/2), and their individual roles during temperature challenges have either been described conflictingly or not at all. Therefore, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) loss of function mutants in each acyltransferase to investigate the effects of temperature challenge on TAG accumulation, plasma membrane integrity, and temperature tolerance. All mutants were tested under one high- and two low-temperature regimens, during which we quantified lipids, assessed temperature sensitivity, and measured plasma membrane electrolyte leakage. Our findings revealed reduced effectiveness in TAG production during at least one temperature regimen for all acyltransferase mutants compared to the wild type, resolved conflicting roles of pdat1 and dgat1 by demonstrating their distinct temperature-specific actions, and uncovered that plasma membrane integrity and TAG accumulation do not always coincide, suggesting a multifaceted role of TAG beyond its conventional lipid reservoir function during temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery D Shomo
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Samira Mahboub
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | | | - Mason McCormick
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tatpong Tulyananda
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rebecca L Roston
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jaruswan Warakanont
- Department of Botany, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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4
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Parchuri P, Bhandari S, Azeez A, Chen G, Johnson K, Shockey J, Smertenko A, Bates PD. Identification of triacylglycerol remodeling mechanism to synthesize unusual fatty acid containing oils. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3547. [PMID: 38670976 PMCID: PMC11053099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Typical plant membranes and storage lipids are comprised of five common fatty acids yet over 450 unusual fatty acids accumulate in seed oils of various plant species. Plant oils are important human and animal nutrients, while some unusual fatty acids such as hydroxylated fatty acids (HFA) are used in the chemical industry (lubricants, paints, polymers, cosmetics, etc.). Most unusual fatty acids are extracted from non-agronomic crops leading to high production costs. Attempts to engineer HFA into crops are unsuccessful due to bottlenecks in the overlapping pathways of oil and membrane lipid synthesis where HFA are not compatible. Physaria fendleri naturally overcomes these bottlenecks through a triacylglycerol (TAG) remodeling mechanism where HFA are incorporated into TAG after initial synthesis. TAG remodeling involves a unique TAG lipase and two diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) that are selective for different stereochemical and acyl-containing species of diacylglycerol within a synthesis, partial degradation, and resynthesis cycle. The TAG lipase interacts with DGAT1, localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (with the DGATs) and to puncta around the lipid droplet, likely forming a TAG remodeling metabolon near the lipid droplet-ER junction. Each characterized DGAT and TAG lipase can increase HFA accumulation in engineered seed oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Parchuri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sajina Bhandari
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Abdul Azeez
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Grace Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Kumiko Johnson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Jay Shockey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, 70124, LA, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Philip D Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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5
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Arias CL, García Navarrete LT, Mukundi E, Swanson T, Yang F, Hernandez J, Grotewold E, Alonso AP. Metabolic and transcriptomic study of pennycress natural variation identifies targets for oil improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1887-1903. [PMID: 37335591 PMCID: PMC10440992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, produces seed oil high in erucic acid, suitable for biodiesel and aviation fuel. Although pennycress, a winter annual, could be grown as a dedicated bioenergy crop, an increase in its seed oil content is required to improve its economic competitiveness. The success of crop improvement relies upon finding the right combination of biomarkers and targets, and the best genetic engineering and/or breeding strategies. In this work, we combined biomass composition with metabolomic and transcriptomic studies of developing embryos from 22 pennycress natural variants to identify targets for oil improvement. The selected accession collection presented diverse levels of fatty acids at maturity ranging from 29% to 41%. Pearson correlation analyses, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and biomarker identifications were used as complementary approaches to detect associations between metabolite level or gene expression and oil content at maturity. The results indicated that improving seed oil content can lead to a concomitant increase in the proportion of erucic acid without affecting the weight of embryos. Processes, such as carbon partitioning towards the chloroplast, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and a tight control of nitrogen availability, were found to be key for oil improvement in pennycress. Besides identifying specific targets, our results also provide guidance regarding the best timing for their modification, early or middle maturation. Thus, this work lays out promising strategies, specific for pennycress, to accelerate the successful development of lines with increased seed oil content for biofuel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Lucía Arias
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | | | - Eric Mukundi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Tyler Swanson
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Applied Plant SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
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6
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Lewandowska M, Zienkiewicz A, Feussner K, König S, Kunst L, Feussner I. Wound-induced triacylglycerol biosynthesis is jasmonoy-l-isoleucin and abscisic acid independent. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:509-517. [PMID: 36800436 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) plays a significant role during plant stress - it maintains lipid homeostasis. Upon wounding plants accumulate TAG, likely as a storage form of fatty acids (FAs) that originate from damaged membranes. This study asked if this process depends on the two phytohormones jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and abscisic acid (ABA), which are involved in wound signalling. To analyse regulation of wound-induced TAG accumulation, we used mutants deficient in JA-Ile, with reduced ABA and the myb96 mutant, which is deficient in an ABA-dependent transcription factor. The expression of genes involved in TAG biosynthesis, and TAG content after wounding were analysed via LC-MS and GC-FID, plastidial lipid content in all mentioned mutant lines was also determined. The localization of newly synthesized TAG was investigated using lipid droplet staining. TAG accumulation upon wounding was confirmed as well as the fact that the newly synthesized TAG are mostly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nevertheless, all tested mutant lines were able to accumulate TAG similar to the WT. We observed differences in reduction of plastidial lipids - in WT plants this was higher than in mutant lines. Newly synthesized TAGs were stored in lipid droplets at and around the wounded area. Our results show that TAG accumulation upon wounding is not dependent on JA-Ile or ABA. The newly synthesized TAG species are composed of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane origin, and most likely serves as a transient energy store.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lewandowska
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Zienkiewicz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - K Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - S König
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - L Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - I Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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7
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Zhao Y, Dong Q, Geng Y, Ma C, Shao Q. Dynamic Regulation of Lipid Droplet Biogenesis in Plant Cells and Proteins Involved in the Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087476. [PMID: 37108639 PMCID: PMC10138601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous, dynamic organelles found in almost all organisms, including animals, protists, plants and prokaryotes. The cell biology of LDs, especially biogenesis, has attracted increasing attention in recent decades because of their important role in cellular lipid metabolism and other newly identified processes. Emerging evidence suggests that LD biogenesis is a highly coordinated and stepwise process in animals and yeasts, occurring at specific sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are defined by both evolutionarily conserved and organism- and cell type-specific LD lipids and proteins. In plants, understanding of the mechanistic details of LD formation is elusive as many questions remain. In some ways LD biogenesis differs between plants and animals. Several homologous proteins involved in the regulation of animal LD formation in plants have been identified. We try to describe how these proteins are synthesized, transported to the ER and specifically targeted to LD, and how these proteins participate in the regulation of LD biogenesis. Here, we review current work on the molecular processes that control LD formation in plant cells and highlight the proteins that govern this process, hoping to provide useful clues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qingdi Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yuhu Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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8
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Yan B, Chang C, Gu Y, Zheng N, Fang Y, Zhang M, Wang G, Zhang L. Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analyses of the CsDGAT Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L. and Their Response to Cold Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044078. [PMID: 36835488 PMCID: PMC9963917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hempseed is a nutrient-rich natural resource, and high levels of hempseed oil accumulate within hemp seeds, consisting primarily of different triglycerides. Members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme family play critical roles in catalyzing triacylglycerol biosynthesis in plants, often governing the rate-limiting step in this process. As such, this study was designed to characterize the Cannabis sativa DGAT (CsDGAT) gene family in detail. Genomic analyses of the C. sativa revealed 10 candidate DGAT genes that were classified into four families (DGAT1, DGAT2, DGAT3, WS/DGAT) based on the features of different isoforms. Members of the CsDGAT family were found to be associated with large numbers of cis-acting promoter elements, including plant response elements, plant hormone response elements, light response elements, and stress response elements, suggesting roles for these genes in key processes such as development, environmental adaptation, and abiotic stress responses. Profiling of these genes in various tissues and varieties revealed varying spatial patterns of CsDGAT expression dynamics and differences in expression among C. sativa varieties, suggesting that the members of this gene family likely play distinct functional regulatory functions CsDGAT genes were upregulated in response to cold stress, and significant differences in the mode of regulation were observed when comparing roots and leaves, indicating that CsDGAT genes may play positive roles as regulators of cold responses in hemp while also playing distinct roles in shaping the responses of different parts of hemp seedlings to cold exposure. These data provide a robust basis for further functional studies of this gene family, supporting future efforts to screen the significance of CsDGAT candidate genes to validate their functions to improve hempseed oil composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Yan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chuanyi Chang
- Harbin Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Yingnan Gu
- Remote Sensing Technique Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yuyan Fang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Guijiang Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.)
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9
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Peng Z, Zheng L, Tian H, Wang J, Liu W, Meng J, Zhang J, Li X, Wan S. Newly identified essential amino acids affecting peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) DGAT2 enzyme activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12878. [PMID: 36711321 PMCID: PMC9876841 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols is the major storage lipid in most crop seeds. As the key enzyme catalyzing the final step of triacylglycerols biosynthesis, the activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferases directly related to oil content. It has been shown that certain amino acids are very important for enzyme activity, one amino acid variation will greatly change the enzyme activity. In this study, we identified three amino acid point mutations that affect the Arachis hypogaea diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 enzyme activity, T107M, K251R and L316P. According to the three amino acid variations, three single-nucleotide-mutant sequences of Arachis hypogaea diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2a were constructed and transformed into yeast strain H1246 for function verification. Results showed that T107M and K251R could change the fatty acid content and composition of the transformed yeast strains, whereas L316P led to the loss of enzyme activity. By analyzing the 2D and 3D structures of the three variants, we found that the changes of spatial structure of T107M, K251R and L316P caused the changes of the enzyme activity. Our study could provide a theoretical basis for changing the enzyme activity of DGAT by genetic engineering, and provide a new idea for increasing the oil content of the crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Peng
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Haiying Tian
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shubo Wan
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Behera J, Rahman MM, Shockey J, Kilaru A. Acyl-CoA-dependent and acyl-CoA-independent avocado acyltransferases positively influence oleic acid content in nonseed triacylglycerols. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1056582. [PMID: 36714784 PMCID: PMC9874167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1056582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) catalyze the terminal step of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in acyl-CoA-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. Avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp, a nonseed tissue, accumulates significant amounts of TAG (~70% by dry weight) that is rich in heart-healthy oleic acid (18:1). The oil accumulation stages of avocado mesocarp development coincide with high expression levels for type-1 DGAT (DGAT1) and PDAT1, although type-2 DGAT (DGAT2) expression remains low. The strong preference for oleic acid demonstrated by the avocado mesocarp TAG biosynthetic machinery represents lucrative biotechnological opportunities, yet functional characterization of these three acyltransferases has not been explored to date. We expressed avocado PaDGAT1, PaDGAT2, and PaPDAT1 in bakers' yeast and leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. PaDGAT1 complemented the TAG biosynthesis deficiency in the quadruple mutant yeast strain H1246, and substantially elevated total cellular lipid content. In vitro enzyme assays showed that PaDGAT1 prefers oleic acid compared to palmitic acid (16:0). Both PaDGAT1 and PaPDAT1 increased the lipid content and elevated oleic acid levels when expressed independently or together, transiently in N. benthamiana leaves. These results indicate that PaDGAT1 and PaPDAT1 prefer oleate-containing substrates, and their coordinated expression likely contributes to sustained TAG synthesis that is enriched in oleic acid. This study establishes a knowledge base for future metabolic engineering studies focused on exploitation of the biochemical properties of PaDGAT1 and PaPDAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Behera
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- dNTP Laboratory, Teaneck, NJ, United States
| | - Jay Shockey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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11
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Zhao S, Yan F, Liu Y, Sun M, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Yang X, Wang Q. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes in soybean ( Glycine max). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14941. [PMID: 36968000 PMCID: PMC10035420 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soybean (Glycine max) is a major protein and vegetable oil source. In plants, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) can exert strong flux control, which is rate-limiting for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in seed oil formation. Methods Here, we identified soybean DGAT genes via a bioinformatics method, thereby laying a solid foundation for further research on their function. Based on our bioinformatics analyses, including gene structure, protein domain characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis, 26 DGAT putative gene family members unevenly distributed on 12 of the 20 soybean chromosomes were identified and divided into the following four groups: DGAT1, DGAT2, WS/DGAT, and cytoplasmic DGAT. Results The Ka/Ks ratio of most of these genes indicated a significant positive selection pressure. DGAT genes exhibited characteristic expression patterns in soybean tissues. The differences in the structure and expression of soybean DGAT genes revealed the diversity of their functions and the complexity of soybean fatty acid metabolism. Our findings provide important information for research on the fatty acid metabolism pathway in soybean. Furthermore, our results will help identify candidate genes for potential fatty acid-profile modifications to improve soybean seed oil content. Conclusions This is the first time that in silico studies have been used to report the genomic and proteomic characteristics of DGAT in soybean and the effect of its specific expression on organs, age, and stages.
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12
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Panigrahi R, Glover JNM, Nallusamy S. A look into DGAT1 through the EM lenses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184069. [PMID: 36216097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of modern detectors and robust structure solution pipeline, cryogenic electron microscopy has recently proved to be game changer in structural biology. Membrane proteins are challenging targets for structural biologists. This minireview focuses a membrane embedded triglyceride synthesizing machine, DGAT1. Decades of research had built the foundational knowledge on this enzyme's activity. However, recently solved cryo-EM structures of this enzyme, in apo and bound form, has provided critical mechanistic insights. The flipping of the catalytic histidine is critical of enzyme catalysis. The structures explain why the enzyme has preference to long fatty acyl chains over the short forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Panigrahi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Saranya Nallusamy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India.
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13
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Trenz TS, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Margis R, Margis-Pinheiro M, Maraschin FDS. Functional analysis of alternative castor bean DGAT enzymes. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 46:e20220097. [PMID: 36512712 PMCID: PMC9747089 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) indicates alternative roles for these enzymes in plant metabolism besides triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. In this work, we functionally characterized castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) DGATs assessing their subcellular localization, expression in seeds, capacity to restore triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in mutant yeast and evaluating whether they provide tolerance over free fatty acids (FFA) in sensitive yeast. RcDGAT3 displayed a distinct subcellular localization, located in vesicles outside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in most leaf epidermal cells. This enzyme was unable to restore TAG biosynthesis in mutant yeast; however, it was able to outperform other DGATs providing higher tolerance over FFA. RcDAcTA subcellular localization was associated with the ER membranes, resembling RcDGAT1 and RcDGAT2, but it failed to rescue the long-chain TAG biosynthesis in mutant yeast, even with fatty acid supplementation. Besides TAG biosynthesis, our results suggest that RcDGAT3 might have alternative functions and roles in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz Stumpf Trenz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogério Margis
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biofísica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe dos Santos Maraschin
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Han L, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Shi X, Xu Y, Gao S, Zhang M, Luo J, Zhang Q. Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 3(DGAT3) Is Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Vegetative Organs of Paeonia rockii. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214390. [PMID: 36430868 PMCID: PMC9692848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
'Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)' acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the de novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). The study was to characterize the function of the DGAT3 gene in Paeonia rockii, which is known for its accumulation of high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). We identified a DGAT3 gene which encodes a soluble protein that is located within the chloroplasts of P. rockii. Functional complementarity experiments in yeast demonstrated that PrDGAT3 restored TAG synthesis. Linoleic acid (LA, C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3) are essential unsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body. Through the yeast lipotoxicity test, we found that the yeast cell density was largely increased by adding exogenous LA and, especially, ALA to the yeast medium. Further ectopic transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that PrDGAT3 significantly enhanced the accumulation of the TAG and UFAs. In contrast, we observed a significant decrease in the total fatty acid content and in several major fatty acids in PrDGAT3-silenced tree peony leaves. Overall, PrDGAT3 is important in catalyzing TAG synthesis, with a substrate preference for UFAs, especially LA and ALA. These results suggest that PrDGAT3 may have practical applications in improving plant lipid nutrition and increasing oil production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyan Han
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuhui Zhai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiangrui Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shuguang Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Man Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jianrang Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology, Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8708-2878; Fax: +86-29-8708-0269
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15
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Xu H, Li D, Hao Y, Guo X, Lu J, Zhang T. Genome-wide analysis of DGAT gene family in Perilla frutescens and functional characterization of PfDGAT2-2 and PfDGAT3-1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111426. [PMID: 35998725 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, however, members of DGAT gene family of Perilla frutescens has not yet been identified and characterized. In this study, a total of 20 PfDGAT genes were identified from the genome of Perilla frutescens and were divided into four groups (PfDGAT1, PfDGAT2, PfDGAT3, PfWS/DGAT) according to their phylogenetic relationships. These were unevenly distributed across the 12 chromosomes. Sequence analysis revealed that PfDGAT members of the same subfamily have highly conserved gene structures, protein motifs and cis-acting elements in their promoters. Gene duplication analysis showed that random duplication and segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of the DGAT family in P. frutescens. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that they may play a role in the growth and development of Perilla, especially in the accumulation of seed oil. Compared with the wild-type, seed length, width, and 1000-seed weight of transgenic PfDGAT2-2 and PfDGAT3-1 Arabidopsis were significantly increased, as well as the seed oil content increased by 7.36-15.83 %. Over-expression of PfDGAT2-2 could significantly increase the content of C18:3 and C20:1 in Arabidopsis, while over-expression of PfDGAT3-1 could significantly enhance the content of C18:2 and C18:3. In conclusion, in this study the characteristics and potential functions of the PfDGAT family members were elucidated. Our findings provided basic information for further functional studies and helped to increase the yield and quality of Perilla oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Youjin Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Xi Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Junxing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
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16
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The pathway for coenzyme M biosynthesis in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207190119. [PMID: 36037354 PMCID: PMC9457059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207190119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercaptoethane sulfonate or coenzyme M (CoM) is the smallest known organic cofactor and is most commonly associated with the methane-forming step in all methanogenic archaea but is also associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane to CO2 in anaerobic methanotrophic archaea and the oxidation of short-chain alkanes in Syntrophoarchaeum species. It has also been found in a small number of bacteria capable of the metabolism of small organics. Although many of the steps for CoM biosynthesis in methanogenic archaea have been elucidated, a complete pathway for the biosynthesis of CoM in archaea or bacteria has not been reported. Here, we present the complete CoM biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, revealing distinct chemical steps relative to CoM biosynthesis in methanogenic archaea. The existence of different pathways represents a profound instance of convergent evolution. The five-step pathway involves the addition of sulfite, the elimination of phosphate, decarboxylation, thiolation, and the reduction to affect the sequential conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to CoM. The salient features of the pathway demonstrate reactivities for members of large aspartase/fumarase and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme families.
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17
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Park ME, Kim HU. Applications and prospects of genome editing in plant fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969844. [PMID: 36119569 PMCID: PMC9471015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG), which is a neutral lipid, has a structure in which three molecules of fatty acid (FA) are ester-bonded to one molecule of glycerol. TAG is important energy source for seed germination and seedling development in plants. Depending on the FA composition of the TAG, it is used as an edible oil or industrial material for cosmetics, soap, and lubricant. As the demand for plant oil is rising worldwide, either the type of FA must be changed or the total oil content of various plants must be increased. In this review, we discuss the regulation of FA metabolism by Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, a recent genome-editing technology applicable to various plants. The development of plants with higher levels of oleic acid or lower levels of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in seeds are discussed. In addition, the current status of research on acyltransferases, phospholipases, TAG lipases, and TAG synthesis in vegetative tissues is described. Finally, strategies for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in lipid metabolism studies are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mid-Eum Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Chen G, Harwood JL, Lemieux MJ, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101181. [PMID: 35820474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in membrane-bound DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of livestock traits is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada
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19
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Xue J, Gao H, Xue Y, Shi R, Liu M, Han L, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Zhang H, Jia X, Li R. Functional Characterization of Soybean Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 3 in Yeast and Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:854103. [PMID: 35693158 PMCID: PMC9174931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.854103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) function as the key rate-limiting enzymes in de novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) by transferring an acyl group from acyl-CoA to sn-3 of diacylglycerol (DAG) to form TAG. Here, two members of the type 3 DGAT gene family, GmDGAT3-1 and GmDGAT3-2, were identified from the soybean (Glycine max) genome. Both of them were predicted to encode soluble cytosolic proteins containing the typical thioredoxin-like ferredoxin domain. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that GmDGAT3-2 expression was much higher than GmDGAT3-1's in various soybean tissues such as leaves, flowers, and seeds. Functional complementation assay using TAG-deficient yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant H1246 demonstrated that GmDGAT3-2 fully restored TAG biosynthesis in the yeast and preferentially incorporated monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially oleic acid (C18:1) into TAGs. This substrate specificity was further verified by fatty-acid feeding assays and in vitro enzyme activity characterization. Notably, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) data showed that heterogeneous expression of GmDGAT3-2 resulted in a significant increase in seed oil and C18:1 levels but little change in contents of protein and starch compared to the EV-transformed tobacco plants. Taken together, GmDGAT3-2 displayed a strong enzymatic activity to catalyze TAG assembly with high substrate specificity for MUFAs, particularly C18:1, playing an important role in the cytosolic pathway of TAG synthesis in soybean. The present findings provide a scientific reference for improving oil yield and FA composition in soybean through gene modification, further expanding our knowledge of TAG biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism in oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinai Xue
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yinghong Xue
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Ruixiang Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Haerbin, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lijun Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University (Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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20
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Yin X, Guo X, Hu L, Li S, Chen Y, Wang J, Wang RRC, Fan C, Hu Z. Genome-Wide Characterization of DGATs and Their Expression Diversity Analysis in Response to Abiotic Stresses in Brassica napus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1156. [PMID: 35567157 PMCID: PMC9104862 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important storage lipid for oil plant seeds. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are a key group of rate-limiting enzymes in the pathway of TAG biosynthesis. In plants, there are three types of DGATs, namely, DGAT1, DGAT2 and DGAT3. Brassica napus, an allotetraploid plant, is one of the most important oil plants in the world. Previous studies of Brassica napus DGATs (BnaDGATs) have mainly focused on BnaDGAT1s. In this study, four DGAT1s, four DGAT2s and two DGAT3s were identified and cloned from B. napus ZS11. The analyses of sequence identity, chromosomal location and collinearity, phylogenetic tree, exon/intron gene structures, conserved domains and motifs, and transmembrane domain (TMD) revealed that BnaDGAT1, BnaDGAT2 and BnaDGAT3 were derived from three different ancestors and shared little similarity in gene and protein structures. Overexpressing BnaDGATs showed that only four BnaDGAT1s can restore TAG synthesis in yeast H1246 and promote the accumulation of fatty acids in yeast H1246 and INVSc1, suggesting that the three BnaDGAT subfamilies had greater differentiation in function. Transcriptional analysis showed that the expression levels of BnaDGAT1s, BnaDGAT2s and BnaDGAT3s were different during plant development and under different stresses. In addition, analysis of fatty acid contents in roots, stems and leaves under abiotic stresses revealed that P starvation can promote the accumulation of fatty acids, but no obvious relationship was shown between the accumulation of fatty acids with the expression of BnaDGATs under P starvation. This study provides an extensive evaluation of BnaDGATs and a useful foundation for dissecting the functions of BnaDGATs in biochemical and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xupeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lizong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jingqiao Wang
- Institute of Economical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural Academy, Kunming 650205, China;
| | - Richard R.-C. Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300, USA;
| | - Chengming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zanmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.Y.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Carro MDLM, Gonorazky G, Soto D, Mamone L, Bagnato C, Pagnussat LA, Beligni MV. Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 is induced by light in concert with triacylglycerol accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:262-276. [PMID: 35043497 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made towards the understanding of triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in algae. One key aspect is finding conditions that trigger TAG production without reducing cell division. Previously, we identified a soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), related to plant DGAT3, with heterologous DGAT activity. In this work, we demonstrate that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DGAT3 localizes to the chloroplast and that its expression is induced by light, in correspondence with TAG accumulation. Dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs increase in both wild-type and starch-deficient cells grown with acetate upon transferring them from dark or low light to higher light levels, albeit affected by the particularities of each strain. The response of dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs to light depends on the pre-existing levels of TAGs, suggesting the existence of a negative regulatory loop in the synthesis pathway, although an effect of TAG turnover cannot be ruled out. Altogether, these results hint towards a possible role of DGAT3 in light-dependent TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Mercedes Carro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Débora Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Leandro Mamone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Bagnato
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable (IEDS), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Luciana A Pagnussat
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7620EMA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Beligni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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22
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Pathogens and Elicitors Induce Local and Systemic Changes in Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Roots and in Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090920. [PMID: 34571797 PMCID: PMC8465621 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Abiotic and biotic stress conditions result in profound changes in plant lipid metabolism. Vegetable oil consists of triacylglycerols, which are important energy and carbon storage compounds in seeds of various plant species. These compounds are also present in vegetative tissue, and levels have been reported to increase with different abiotic stresses in leaves. This work shows that triacylglycerols accumulate in roots and in distal, non-treated leaves upon treatment with a fungal pathogen or lipopolysaccharide (a common bacterial-derived elicitor in animals and plants). Treatment of leaves with a bacterial pathogen or a bacterial effector molecule results in triacylglycerol accumulation in leaves, but not systemically in roots. These results suggest that elicitor molecules are sufficient to induce an increase in triacylglycerol levels, and that unidirectional long-distance signaling from roots to leaves is involved in pathogen and elicitor-induced triacylglycerol accumulation. Abstract Interaction of plants with the environment affects lipid metabolism. Changes in the pattern of phospholipids have been reported in response to abiotic stress, particularly accumulation of triacylglycerols, but less is known about the alteration of lipid metabolism in response to biotic stress and leaves have been more intensively studied than roots. This work investigates the levels of lipids in roots as well as leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to pathogens and elicitor molecules by UPLC-TOF-MS. Triacylglycerol levels increased in roots and systemically in leaves upon treatment of roots with the fungus Verticillium longisporum. Upon spray infection of leaves with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, triacylglycerols accumulated locally in leaves but not in roots. Treatment of roots with a bacterial lipopolysaccharide elicitor induced a strong triacylglycerol accumulation in roots and leaves. Induction of the expression of the bacterial effector AVRRPM1 resulted in a dramatic increase of triacylglycerol levels in leaves, indicating that elicitor molecules are sufficient to induce accumulation of triacylglycerols. These results give insight into local and systemic changes to lipid metabolism in roots and leaves in response to biotic stresses.
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23
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Evolution and Characterization of Acetyl Coenzyme A: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Genes in Cotton Identify the Roles of GhDGAT3D in Oil Biosynthesis and Fatty Acid Composition. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071045. [PMID: 34356061 PMCID: PMC8306077 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and serves as an edible oil in human nutrition. Reports suggest that acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) and wax ester synthase/DGAT (WSD1) genes encode a key group of enzymes that catalyze the final step for triacylglycerol biosynthesis and enable an important rate-limiting process. However, their roles in oil biosynthesis and the fatty acid profile of cotton seed are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize DGAT and WSD1 genes in cotton plants and examine their roles in oil biosynthesis, the fatty acid profile of cotton seeds, and abiotic stress responses. In this study, 36 GhDGAT and GhWSD1 genes were identified in upland cotton (G. hirsutum) and found to be clustered into four groups: GhDGAT1, GhDGAT2, GhDGAT3, and GhWSD1. Gene structure and domain analyses showed that the GhDGAT and GhWSD1 genes in each group are highly conserved. Gene synteny analysis indicated that segmental and tandem duplication events occurred frequently during cotton evolution. Expression analysis revealed that GhDGAT and GhWSD1 genes function widely in cotton development and stress responses; moreover, several environmental stress and hormone response-related cis-elements were detected in the GhDGAT and GhWSD1 promoter regions. The predicted target transcription factors and miRNAs imply an extensive role of GhDGAT and GhWSD1 genes in stress responses. Increases in GhDGAT3 gene expression with increases in cottonseed oil accumulation were observed. Transformation study results showed that there was an increase in C18:1 content and a decrease in C18:2 and C18:3 contents in seeds of Arabidopsis transgenic plants overexpressing GhDGAT3D compared with that of control plants. Overall, these findings contributed to the understanding of the functions of GhDGAT and GhWSD1 genes in upland cotton, providing basic information for further research.
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Wang L, Chen K, Zhang M, Ye M, Qiao X. Catalytic function, mechanism, and application of plant acyltransferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:125-144. [PMID: 34151663 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1931015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acyltransferases (ATs) are important tailoring enzymes that contribute to the diversity of natural products. They catalyze the transfer of acyl groups to the skeleton, which improves the lipid solubility, stability, and pharmacological activity of natural compounds. In recent years, a number of ATs have been isolated from plants. In this review, we have summarized 141 biochemically characterized ATs during the period July 1997 to October 2020, including their function, heterologous expression systems, and catalytic mechanisms. Their catalytic performance and application potential has been further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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25
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Guéguen N, Le Moigne D, Amato A, Salvaing J, Maréchal E. Lipid Droplets in Unicellular Photosynthetic Stramenopiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639276. [PMID: 33968100 PMCID: PMC8100218 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Heterokonta or Stramenopile phylum comprises clades of unicellular photosynthetic species, which are promising for a broad range of biotechnological applications, based on their capacity to capture atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis and produce biomolecules of interest. These molecules include triacylglycerol (TAG) loaded inside specific cytosolic bodies, called the lipid droplets (LDs). Understanding TAG production and LD biogenesis and function in photosynthetic stramenopiles is therefore essential, and is mostly based on the study of a few emerging models, such as the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and eustigmatophytes, such as Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis species. The biogenesis of cytosolic LD usually occurs at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, stramenopile cells contain a complex plastid deriving from a secondary endosymbiosis, limited by four membranes, the outermost one being connected to the endomembrane system. Recent cell imaging and proteomic studies suggest that at least some cytosolic LDs might be associated to the surface of the complex plastid, via still uncharacterized contact sites. The carbon length and number of double bonds of the acyl groups contained in the TAG molecules depend on their origin. De novo synthesis produces long-chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA, MUFA), whereas subsequent maturation processes lead to very long-chain polyunsaturated FA (VLC-PUFA). TAG composition in SFA, MUFA, and VLC-PUFA reflects therefore the metabolic context that gave rise to the formation of the LD, either via an early partitioning of carbon following FA de novo synthesis and/or a recycling of FA from membrane lipids, e.g., plastid galactolipids or endomembrane phosphor- or betaine lipids. In this review, we address the relationship between cytosolic LDs and the complex membrane compartmentalization within stramenopile cells, the metabolic routes leading to TAG accumulation, and the physiological conditions that trigger LD production, in response to various environmental factors.
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26
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Boussardon C, Law SR, Rouhier N, Keech O. Gene atlas of iron-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:258-274. [PMID: 33423341 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for the development and physiology of plants, owing to its presence in numerous proteins involved in central biological processes. Here, we established an exhaustive, manually curated inventory of genes encoding Fe-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, and summarized their subcellular localization, spatiotemporal expression and evolutionary age. We have currently identified 1068 genes encoding potential Fe-containing proteins, including 204 iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins, 446 haem proteins and 330 non-Fe-S/non-haem Fe proteins (updates of this atlas are available at https://conf.arabidopsis.org/display/COM/Atlas+of+Fe+containing+proteins). A fourth class, containing 88 genes for which iron binding is uncertain, is indexed as 'unclear'. The proteins are distributed in diverse subcellular compartments with strong differences per category. Interestingly, analysis of the gene age index showed that most genes were acquired early in plant evolutionary history and have progressively gained regulatory elements, to support the complex organ-specific and development-specific functions necessitated by the emergence of terrestrial plants. With this gene atlas, we provide a valuable and updateable tool for the research community that supports the characterization of the molecular actors and mechanisms important for Fe metabolism in plants. This will also help in selecting relevant targets for breeding or biotechnological approaches aiming at Fe biofortification in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clément Boussardon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | - Simon R Law
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | | | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
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27
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Gao Y, Sun Y, Gao H, Chen Y, Wang X, Xue J, Jia X, Li R. Ectopic overexpression of a type-II DGAT (CeDGAT2-2) derived from oil-rich tuber of Cyperus esculentus enhances accumulation of oil and oleic acid in tobacco leaves. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:76. [PMID: 33757551 PMCID: PMC7986309 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineering triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in vegetative tissues of non-food crops has become a promising way to meet our increasing demand for plant oils, especially the renewable production of biofuels. The most important target modified in this regard is diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme responsible for the final rate-limiting step in TAG biosynthesis. Cyperus esculentus is a unique plant largely accumulating oleic acid-enriched oil in its underground tubers. We speculated that DGAT derived from such oil-rich tubers could function more efficiently than that from oleaginous seeds in enhancing oil storage in vegetative tissues of tobacco, a high-yielding biomass crops. RESULTS Three CeDGAT genes namely CeDGAT1, CeDGAT2-1 and CeDGAT2-2 were identified in C. esculentus by mining transcriptome of developing tubers. These CeDGATs were expressed in tissues tested, with CeDGAT1 highly in roots, CeDGAT2-1 abundantly in leaves, and CeDGAT2-2 predominantly in tubers. Notably, CeDGAT2-2 expression pattern was in accordance with oil dynamic accumulation during tuber development. Overexpression of CeDGAT2-2 functionally restored TAG biosynthesis in TAG-deficient yeast mutant H1246. Oleic acid level was significantly increased in CeDGAT2-2 transgenic yeast compared to the wild-type yeast and ScDGA1-expressed control under culture with and without feeding of exogenous fatty acids. Overexpressing CeDGAT2-2 in tobacco led to dramatic enhancements of leafy oil by 7.15- and 1.7-fold more compared to the wild-type control and plants expressing Arabidopsis seed-derived AtDGAT1. A substantial change in fatty acid composition was detected in leaves, with increase of oleic acid from 5.1% in the wild type to 31.33% in CeDGAT2-2-expressed tobacco and accompanied reduction of saturated fatty acids. Moreover, the elevated accumulation of oleic acid-enriched TAG in transgenic tobacco exhibited no significantly negative impact on other agronomic traits such as photosynthesis, growth rates and seed germination except for small decline of starch content. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that CeDGAT2-2 has a high enzyme activity to catalyze formation of TAG and a strong specificity for oleic acid-containing substrates, providing new insights into understanding oil biosynthesis mechanism in plant vegetative tissues. Overexpression of CeDGAT2-2 alone can significantly increase oleic acid-enriched oil accumulation in tobacco leaves without negative impact on other agronomy traits, showing CeDGAT2-2 as the desirable target gene in metabolic engineering to enrich oil and value-added lipids in high-biomass plants for commercial production of biofuel oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinai Xue
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Gao H, Gao Y, Zhang F, Liu B, Ji C, Xue J, Yuan L, Li R. Functional characterization of an novel acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3-3 (CsDGAT3-3) gene from Camelina sativa. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110752. [PMID: 33487340 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) catalyze the final committed step of de novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) in plant seeds. This study was to functionally characterize DGAT3 genes in Camelina sativa, an important oil crops accumulating high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in seeds. Three camelina DGAT3 genes (CsDGAT3-1, CsDGAT3-2 and CsDGAT3-3) were identified, and the encoded proteins were predicted to be cytosolic-soluble proteins present as a homodimer containing the 2Fe-2S domain. They had divergent expression patterns in various tissues, suggesting that they may function in tissue-specific manner with CsDGAT3-1 in roots, CsDGAT3-2 in flowers and young seedlings, and CsDGAT3-3 in developing seeds. Functional complementation assay in yeast demonstrated that CsDGAT3-3 restored TAG synthesis. TAG content and UFAs, particularly eicosenoic acid (EA, 20:1n-9) were largely increased by adding exogenous UFAs in the yeast medium. Further heterogeneously transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves and seed-specific expression in tobacco seeds indicated that CsDGAT3-3 significantly enhanced oil and UFA accumulation with much higher level of EA. Overall, CsDGAT3-3 exhibited a strong abilty catalyzing TAG synthesis and high substrate preference for UFAs, especially for 20:1n-9. The present data provide new insights for further understanding oil biosynthesis mechanism in camelina seeds, indicating that CsDGAT3-3 may have practical applications for increasing both oil yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Gao
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Baoling Liu
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunli Ji
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinai Xue
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
| | - Lixia Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China.
| | - Runzhi Li
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.
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Bhunia RK, Sinha K, Chawla K, Randhawa V, Sharma TR. Functional characterization of two type-1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) genes from rice (Oryza sativa) embryo restoring the triacylglycerol accumulation in yeast. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:247-262. [PMID: 33089420 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two OsDGAT1 genes showed the ability to restore TAG and LB synthesis in yeast H1246. Alterations in the N-terminal region of OsDGAT1-1 gene revealed its regulatory role in gene function. Accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) or oil in vegetative tissues has emerged as a promising approach to meet the global needs of food, feed, and fuel. Rice (Oryza sativa) has been recognized as an important cereal crop containing nutritional rice bran oil with high economic value for renewable energy production. To identify the key component involved in storage lipid biosynthesis, two type-1 diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT1) from rice were characterized for its in vivo function in the H1246 (dga1, lro1, are1 and are2) yeast quadruple mutant. The ectopic expression of rice DGAT1 (designated as OsDGAT1-1 and OsDGAT1-2) genes restored the capability of TAG synthesis and lipid body (LB) formation in H1246. OsDGAT1-1 showed nearly equal substrate preferences to C16:0-CoA and 18:1-CoA whereas OsDGAT1-2 displayed substrate selectivity for C16:0-CoA over 18:1-CoA, indicating that these enzymes have contrasting substrate specificities. In parallel, we have identified the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) at the N-terminal domains of OsDGAT1 proteins. The regulatory role of the N-terminal domain was dissected. Single point mutations at the phosphorylation sites and truncations of the N-terminal region highlighted reduced lipid accumulation capabilities among different OsDGAT1-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Kshitija Sinha
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kirti Chawla
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vinay Randhawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
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Chen GQ, Kim WN, Johnson K, Park ME, Lee KR, Kim HU. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Lipid Genes in Physaria lindheimeri, a Genetic Resource for Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Seed Oil. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020514. [PMID: 33419225 PMCID: PMC7825617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) have numerous industrial applications but are absent in most vegetable oils. Physaria lindheimeri accumulating 85% HFA in its seed oil makes it a valuable resource for engineering oilseed crops for HFA production. To discover lipid genes involved in HFA synthesis in P. lindheimeri, transcripts from developing seeds at various stages, as well as leaf and flower buds, were sequenced. Ninety-seven percent clean reads from 552,614,582 raw reads were assembled to 129,633 contigs (or transcripts) which represented 85,948 unique genes. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that 60% of the contigs matched proteins involved in biological process, cellular component or molecular function, while the remaining matched unknown proteins. We identified 42 P. lindheimeri genes involved in fatty acid and seed oil biosynthesis, and 39 of them shared 78-100% nucleotide identity with Arabidopsis orthologs. We manually annotated 16 key genes and 14 of them contained full-length protein sequences, indicating high coverage of clean reads to the assembled contigs. A detailed profiling of the 16 genes revealed various spatial and temporal expression patterns. The further comparison of their protein sequences uncovered amino acids conserved among HFA-producing species, but these varied among non-HFA-producing species. Our findings provide essential information for basic and applied research on HFA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Q. Chen
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
- Correspondence: (G.Q.C.); (H.U.K.)
| | - Won Nyeong Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Kumiko Johnson
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Mid-Eum Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54974, Korea;
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
- Correspondence: (G.Q.C.); (H.U.K.)
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Regmi A, Shockey J, Kotapati HK, Bates PD. Oil-Producing Metabolons Containing DGAT1 Use Separate Substrate Pools from those Containing DGAT2 or PDAT. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:720-737. [PMID: 32732347 PMCID: PMC7536707 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis involves a metabolic network containing multiple different diacylglycerol (DAG) and acyl donor substrate pools. This network of pathways overlaps with those for essential membrane lipid synthesis and utilizes multiple different classes of TAG biosynthetic enzymes. Acyl flux through this network ultimately dictates the final oil fatty acid composition. Most strategies to alter seed oil composition involve the overexpression of lipid biosynthetic enzymes, but how these enzymes are assembled into metabolons and which substrate pools are used by each is still not well understood. To understand the roles of different classes of TAG biosynthetic acyltransferases in seed oil biosynthesis, we utilized the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) diacylglycerol acyltransferase mutant dgat1-1 (in which phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtPDAT1) is the major TAG biosynthetic enzyme), and enhanced TAG biosynthesis by expression of Arabidopsis acyltransferases AtDGAT1 and AtDGAT2, as well as the DGAT2 enzymes from soybean (Glycine max), and castor (Ricinus communis), followed by isotopic tracing of glycerol flux through the lipid metabolic network in developing seeds. The results indicate each acyltransferase has a unique effect on seed oil composition. AtDGAT1 produces TAG from a rapidly produced phosphatidylcholine-derived DAG pool. However, AtPDAT1 and plant DGAT2 enzymes utilize a different and larger bulk phosphatidylcholine-derived DAG pool that is more slowly turned over for TAG biosynthesis. Based on metabolic fluxes and protein:protein interactions, our model of TAG synthesis suggests that substrate channeling to select enzymes and spatial separation of different acyltransferases into separate metabolons affect efficient TAG production and oil fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushobha Regmi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Jay Shockey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124
| | - Hari Kiran Kotapati
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Philip D Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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Jeppson S, Mattisson H, Demski K, Lager I. A predicted transmembrane region in plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 regulates specificity toward very-long-chain acyl-CoAs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15398-15406. [PMID: 32873712 PMCID: PMC7650248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are the main constituent of seed oil. The specific fatty acid composition of this oil is strongly impacted by the substrate specificities of acyltransferases involved in lipid synthesis, such as the integral membrane enzyme diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Two forms of DGAT, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are thought to contribute to the formation of seed oil, and previous characterizations of various DGAT2 enzymes indicate that these often are associated with the incorporation of unusual fatty acids. However, the basis of DGAT2's acyl-donor specificity is not known because of the inherent challenges of predicting structural features of integral membrane enzymes. The recent characterization of DGAT2 enzymes from Brassica napus reveals that DGAT2 enzymes with similar amino acid sequences exhibit starkly contrasting acyl-donor specificities. Here we have designed and biochemically tested a range of chimeric enzymes, substituting parts of these B. napus DGAT2 enzymes with each other, allowing us to pinpoint a region that dramatically affects the specificity toward 22:1-CoA. It may thus be possible to redesign the acyl-donor specificity of DGAT2 enzymes, potentially altering the fatty acid composition of seed oil. Further, the characterization of a DGAT2 chimera between Arabidopsis and B. napus demonstrates that the specificity regulated by this region is transferrable across species. The identified region contains two predicted transmembrane helices that appear to reoccur in a wide range of plant DGAT2 orthologues, suggesting that it is a general feature of plant DGAT2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Helena Mattisson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Chawla K, Sinha K, Kaur R, Bhunia RK. Identification and functional characterization of two acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) genes from forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) embryo. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112405. [PMID: 32473393 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevating the lipid content in high-biomass forage crops has emerged as a new research platform for increasing energy density and improving livestock production efficiency associated with improved human health beneficial meat and milk quality. To gain insights of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in forage sorghum, two type-1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase (designated as SbDGAT1-1 and SbDGAT1-2) were characterized for its in vivo function. SbDGAT1-2 is more abundantly expressed in embryo and bran during the early stage of the grain development in comparison to SbDGAT1-1. Heterologous expression of SbDGAT1 genes in TAG deficient H1246 strain restored the TAG accumulation capability with high substrate predilection towards 16:0, 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids (FA). In parallel, we have identified N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in SbDGAT1 proteins. To test the efficacy of the N-terminal region, truncated variants of SbDGAT1-1 (designated as SbDGAT1-1(39-515) and SbDGAT1-1(89-515)) were generated and expressed in yeast H1246 strain. Deletion in the N-terminal region resulted in decreased accumulation of TAG and FA (16:0 and 18:0) when compared to the SbDGAT1-1 variant expressed in yeast H1246 strain. The present study provides significant insight in forage sorghum DGAT1 gene function, useful for enhancing the green-forage TAG content through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Chawla
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kshitija Sinha
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110026, India
| | - Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
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Lager I, Jeppson S, Gippert AL, Feussner I, Stymne S, Marmon S. Acyltransferases Regulate Oil Quality in Camelina sativa Through Both Acyl Donor and Acyl Acceptor Specificities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1144. [PMID: 32922411 PMCID: PMC7456936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Camelina sativa is an emerging biotechnology oil crop. However, more information is needed regarding its innate lipid enzyme specificities. We have therefore characterized several triacylglycerol (TAG) producing enzymes by measuring in vitro substrate specificities using different combinations of acyl-acceptors (diacylglycerol, DAG) and donors. Specifically, C. sativa acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 and 2 (which both use acyl-CoA as acyl donor) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT, with phosphatidylcoline as acyl donor) were studied. The results show that the DGAT1 and DGAT2 specificities are complementary, with DGAT2 exhibiting a high specificity for acyl acceptors containing only polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), whereas DGAT1 prefers acyl donors with saturated and monounsaturated FAs. Furthermore, the combination of substrates that resulted in the highest activity for DGAT2, but very low activity for DGAT1, corresponds to TAG species previously shown to increase in C. sativa seeds with downregulated DGAT1. Similarly, the combinations of substrates that gave the highest PDAT1 activity were also those that produce the two TAG species (54:7 and 54:8 TAG) with the highest increase in PDAT overexpressing C. sativa seeds. Thus, the in vitro data correlate well with the changes in the overall fatty acid profile and TAG species in C. sativa seeds with altered DGAT1 and PDAT activity. Additionally, in vitro studies of C. sativa phosphatidycholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PDCT), another activity involved in TAG biosynthesis, revealed that PDCT accepts substrates with different desaturation levels. Furthermore, PDCT was unable to use DAG with ricineoleyl groups, and the presence of this substrate also inhibited PDCT from using other DAG-moieties. This gives insights relating to previous in vivo studies regarding this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Gippert
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sofia Marmon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sofia Marmon,
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Yoshitomi T, Kaminaga S, Sato N, Toyoshima M, Moriyama T, Yoshimoto K. Formation of Spherical Palmelloid Colony with Enhanced Lipid Accumulation by Gel Encapsulation of Chlamydomonas debaryana NIES-2212. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:158-168. [PMID: 31589321 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulate triacylglycerol (TAG), which is a potential source of biofuels, under stress conditions such as nitrogen deprivation, whereas Chlamydomonas debaryana NIES-2212 has previously been identified and characterized as one of the rare species of Chlamydomonas, which massively accumulates TAG in the stationary phase without external stress. As the high density of the cells in the stationary phase was supposed to act as a trigger for the accumulation of TAG in C. debaryana, in this study, C. debaryana was encapsulated in a Ca2+-alginate gel for the culture with high cell density. We discovered that the growth of the encapsulated cells resulted in the formation of spherical palmelloid colonies with high cell density, where daughter cells with truncated flagella remained wrapped within the mother cell walls. Interestingly, gel encapsulation markedly promoted proliferation of C. debaryana cells, and the encapsulated cells reached the stationary phase earlier than that of the free-living cells. Gel encapsulation also enhanced TAG accumulation. Gene expression analysis revealed that two genes of acyltransferases, DGAT1 and DGTT3, were upregulated in the stationary phase of free-living C. debaryana. In addition, the gene expression of these acyltransferases increased earlier in the encapsulated cells than that in the free-living cells. The enhanced production of TAG by alginate gel encapsulation was not found in C. reinhardtii which is known to use a different repertoire of acyltransferases in lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Saeko Kaminaga
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Takashi Moriyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Keitaro Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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Demski K, Jeppson S, Lager I, Misztak A, Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz K, Waleron M, Stymne S, Banaś A. Isoforms of Acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase2 Differ Substantially in Their Specificities toward Erucic Acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1468-1479. [PMID: 31619508 PMCID: PMC6878005 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In most oilseeds, two evolutionarily unrelated acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are the main contributors to the acylation of diacylglycerols in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. DGAT1 and DGAT2 are both present in the important crop oilseed rape (Brassica napus), with each type having four isoforms. We studied the activities of DGAT isoforms during seed development in microsomal fractions from two oilseed rape cultivars: edible, low-erucic acid (22:1) MONOLIT and nonedible high-erucic acid MAPLUS. Whereas the specific activities of DGATs were similar with most of the tested acyl-CoA substrates in both cultivars, MAPLUS had 6- to 14-fold higher activity with 22:1-CoA than did MONOLIT. Thus, DGAT isoforms with different acyl-CoA specificities are differentially active in the two cultivars. We characterized the acyl-CoA specificities of all DGAT isoforms in oilseed rape in the microsomal fractions of yeast cells heterologously expressing these enzymes. All four DGAT1 isoforms showed similar and broad acyl-CoA specificities. However, DGAT2 isoforms had much narrower acyl-CoA specificities: two DGAT2 isoforms were highly active with 22:1-CoA, while the ability of the other two isoforms to use this substrate was impaired. These findings elucidate the importance, which a DGAT isoform with suitable acyl-CoA specificity may have, when aiming for high content of a particular fatty acid in plant triacylglycerol reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Misztak
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Waleron
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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Jeppson S, Demski K, Carlsson AS, Zhu LH, Banaś A, Stymne S, Lager I. Crambe hispanica Subsp. abyssinica Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Specificities Towards Diacylglycerols and Acyl-CoA Reveal Combinatorial Effects That Greatly Affect Enzymatic Activity and Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1442. [PMID: 31798607 PMCID: PMC6863138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Crambe is an oil crop suitable for industrial purposes due to the high content of erucic acid (22:1) in the seed oil. The final acylation of diacylglycerols (DAG) with acyl-CoA in the production of triacylglycerols (oil) is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes. We identified eight forms of DGATs in crambe and characterized them in microsomal preparations of yeast expressing the enzymes using various acyl-CoAs and both di-6:0-DAG and long-chain DAG species as acyl acceptors. All DGATs accepted 22:1-CoA when using di-6:0-DAG as acyl acceptor. When di-22:1-DAG was the acyl acceptor, the DGAT1 type of enzyme utilized 22:1-CoA at a much-reduced rate compared to assays with sn-1-22:1-sn-2-18:1(oleoyl)-DAG, the most frequently available DAG precursor in crambe seeds. None of the DGAT2 enzymes was able to acylate di-22:1-DAG. Our results indicate that formation of trierucin by crambe DGATs is a limiting step for further increasing the levels of 22:1 in the previously developed transgenic crambe lines due to their poor abilities to acylate di-22:1-DAG. We also show that the acyl-CoA specificities and the enzymatic activities are highly influenced by the fatty acid composition of the DAG acyl acceptor. This finding implies that the use of artificial acyl acceptors (e.g. di-6:0-DAG) may not always reflect the actual acyl-CoA specificities of DGATs in planta. The relevance of the here reported pronounced specificities for specific DAG species exerted by DGAT enzymes is discussed in the context of the findings of DAG pools of distinct catalytic origin in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in the seed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Simon Jeppson,
| | - Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anders S. Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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