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Bettin L, Darbellay J, van Kessel J, Dhar N, Gerdts V. Porcine γδ T cells express cytotoxic cell-associated markers and display killing activity but are not selectively cytotoxic against PRRSV- or swIAV-infected macrophages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434011. [PMID: 39144143 PMCID: PMC11321972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a major immune cell subset in pigs. Approximately 50% of circulating T cells are γδ T cells in young pigs and up to 30% in adult sows. Despite this abundance, the functions of porcine γδ T cells are mostly unidentified. In humans and mice, activated γδ T cells exhibit broad innate cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of stressed, infected, and cancerous cells through death receptor/ligand-dependent and perforin/granzyme-dependent pathways. However, so far, it is unknown whether porcine γδ T cells have the ability to perform cytotoxic functions. Methods In this study, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of porcine γδ T cells isolated from blood, lung, and nasal mucosa. To further analyze the cytolytic potential of γδ T cells, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed using purified γδ T cells as effector cells and virus-exposed or mock-treated primary porcine alveolar macrophages as target cells. Results Our results show that only CD2+ γδ T cells express cytotoxic markers (CD16, NKp46, perforin) with higher perforin and NKp46 expression in γδ T cells isolated from lung and nasal mucosa. Moreover, we found that γδ T cells can exhibit cytotoxic functions in a cell-cell contact and degranulation-dependent manner. However, porcine γδ T cells did not seem to specifically target Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus or swine Influenza A Virus-infected macrophages, which may be due to viral escape mechanisms. Conclusion Porcine γδ T cells express cytotoxic markers and can exhibit cytotoxic activity in vitro. The specific mechanisms by which porcine γδ T cells recognize target cells are not fully understood but may involve the detection of cellular stress signals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Perforin/metabolism
- Perforin/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Bettin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Oliveira BM, Sidónio B, Correia A, Pinto A, Azevedo MM, Sampaio P, Ferreira PG, Vilanova M, Teixeira L. Cytokine production by bovine adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction cells upon Neospora caninum stimulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8444. [PMID: 38600105 PMCID: PMC11006870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In bovines few studies addressed the contribution of adipose tissue to the host immune response to infection. Here we evaluated the in vitro response of bovine adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells to the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, using live and freeze-killed tachyzoites. Live N. caninum induced the production of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 by SVF cells isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), while in mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) SVF cell cultures only IL-1β and IL-10 production was increased, showing slight distinct responses between adipose tissue depots. Whereas a clear IL-8 increase was detected in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) culture supernatants in response to live N. caninum, no such increase was observed in SAT or MAT SVF cell cultures. Nevertheless, in response to LPS, increased IL-8 levels were detected in all cell cultures. IL-10 levels were always increased in response to stimulation (live, freeze-killed N. caninum and LPS). Overall, our results show that bovine adipose tissue SVF cells produce cytokines in response to N. caninum and can therefore be putative contributors to the host immune response against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Oliveira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Sidónio
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinto
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula G Ferreira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal.
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Bradford BJ, Contreras GA. Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Linking Physiological Stressors to Disease Susceptibility. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:261-281. [PMID: 38064480 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The study of adipose tissue (AT) is enjoying a renaissance. White, brown, and beige adipocytes are being investigated in adult animals, and the critical roles of small depots like perivascular AT are becoming clear. But the most profound revision of the AT dogma has been its cellular composition and regulation. Single-cell transcriptomic studies revealed that adipocytes comprise well under 50% of the cells in white AT, and a substantial portion of the rest are immune cells. Altering the function of AT resident leukocytes can induce or correct metabolic syndrome and, more surprisingly, alter adaptive immune responses to infection. Although the field is dominated by obesity research, conditions such as rapid lipolysis, infection, and heat stress impact AT immune dynamics as well. Recent findings in rodents lead to critical questions that should be explored in domestic livestock as potential avenues for improved animal resilience to stressors, particularly as animals age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
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Review: Following the smoke signals: inflammatory signaling in metabolic homeostasis and homeorhesis in dairy cattle. Animal 2020; 14:s144-s154. [PMID: 32024563 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cascades are a critical component of the immune response to infection or tissue damage, involving an array of signals, including water-soluble metabolites, lipid mediators and several classes of proteins. Early investigation of these signaling pathways focused largely on immune cells and acute disease models. However, more recent findings have highlighted critical roles of both immune cells and inflammatory mediators on tissue remodeling and metabolic homeostasis in healthy animals. In dairy cattle, inflammatory signals in various tissues and in circulation change rapidly and dramatically, starting just prior to and at the onset of lactation. Furthermore, several observations in healthy cows point to homeostatic control of inflammatory tone, which we define as a regulatory process to balance immune tolerance with activation to keep downstream effects under control. Recent evidence suggests that peripartum inflammatory changes influence whole-body nutrient flux of dairy cows over the course of days and months. Inflammatory mediators can suppress appetite, even at levels that do not induce acute responses (e.g. fever), thereby decreasing nutrient availability. On the other hand, inhibition of inflammatory signaling with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, leading to hypoglycemia in some cases. Over the long term, though, peripartum NSAID treatment substantially increases peak and whole-lactation milk synthesis by multiparous cows. Inflammatory regulation of nutrient flux may provide a homeorhetic mechanism to aid cows in adapting to rapid changes in metabolic demand at the onset of lactation, but excessive systemic inflammation has negative effects on metabolic homeostasis through inhibition of appetite and promotion of immune cell activity. Thus, in this review, we provide perspectives on the overlapping regulation of immune responses and metabolism by inflammatory mediators, which may provide a mechanistic underpinning for links between infectious and metabolic diseases in transition dairy cows. Moreover, we point to novel approaches to the management of this challenging phase of the production cycle.
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Oliveira BM, Pinto A, Correia A, Ferreira PG, Vilanova M, Teixeira L. Characterization of Myeloid Cellular Populations in Mesenteric and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Holstein-Friesian Cows. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1771. [PMID: 32019985 PMCID: PMC7000716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells resident in adipose tissue have important functions in local and systemic metabolic homeostasis. Nevertheless, these immune cell populations remain poorly characterized in bovines. Recently, we described diverse lymphocyte subpopulations in adipose tissue of Holstein-Friesian cows. Here, we aimed at characterising myeloid cell populations present in bovine adipose tissue using multicolour flow cytometry, cell sorting and histochemistry/immunohistochemistry. Macrophages, CD14+CD11b+MHC-II+CD45+ cells, were identified in mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue, though at higher proportions in the latter. Mast cells, identified as SSC-AhighCD11b−/+CD14−MHC-II−CH138A−CD45+ cells, were also observed in adipose tissue and found at higher proportions than macrophages in mesenteric adipose tissue. Neutrophils, presenting a CH138A+CD11b+ phenotype, were also detected in mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, at much lower frequencies than in the blood. Our gating strategy allowed identification of eosinophils in blood but not in adipose tissue although being detected by morphological analysis at low frequencies in some animals. A population not expressing CD45 and with the CH138A+ CD11b−MHC-II− phenotype, was found abundant and present at higher proportions in mesenteric than subcutaneous adipose tissue. The work reported here may be useful for further studies addressing the function of the described cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Oliveira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinto
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula G Ferreira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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