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Qiu C, Zhai Q, Chen S. Effects of Practicing Closed- vs. Open-Skill Exercises on Executive Functions in Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:499. [PMID: 38920831 PMCID: PMC11200859 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Previous studies have identified discrepancies in improvements in executive functioning in typically developing children when comparing closed- and open-skill exercise interventions. However, there is limited research on executive functioning in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the impact of closed- and open-skill exercises on ADHD populations. (2) Methods: The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed to search seven databases to evaluate and analyze studies published from 2013 to 2023. Prospero: CRD42023460452. (3) Results: A meta-analysis of 578 subjects with ADHD in 11 RCTs (Randomized control trial) and 3 NRS (Non-randomized studies) revealed that closed-skill exercise significantly improved executive function subdomains, including inhibitory control (standardized mean differences (SMD) = -1.00), cognitive flexibility (SMD = -1.33), and working memory (SMD = -0.85). Furthermore, open-skill exercise was found to have a positive effect on inhibitory control (SMD = -1.98) and cognitive flexibility (SMD = -0.97) in ADHD patients. Both types of exercise interventions demonstrated an improvement in executive function compared to controls, with open-skill exercises exhibiting superior effects (Qb = 6.26). (4) Conclusions: The review recommends a 12-week intervention cycle with exercise at least twice a week of moderate or higher intensity as suitable for ADHD individuals. This review also encourages individuals with ADHD to engage in exercises involving multiple motor skill types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qun Zhai
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China; (C.Q.); (S.C.)
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2
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Todzia-Kornaś A, Szczegielniak A, Gondek TM. Suicidality and nonsuicidal self-injury in females diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - a narrative review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:38-42. [PMID: 37972961 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder and is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior, especially in females. The differences in the presentation of ADHD in females, factors contributing to suicidality and the effects of therapeutic interventions are presented in this review to highlight the relationship between ADHD and suicidality and self-harm behavior. RECENT FINDINGS Impulsivity, an inherent symptom of ADHD, commonly acts as a risk factor of suicidality and is associated with both suicidal behavior and nonsuicidal self-injury. The combined subtype of ADHD, which typically is characterized by significant impulsivity, is linked with the highest vulnerability to suicide attempts. Female gender, lower educational attainment, comorbid substance abuse, a history of depression, and experience of childhood maltreatment were singled out as distinct factors that were independently linked to lifetime suicide attempts. SUMMARY The association of the ADHD and suicidality is gaining an increasing interest in recent years. Active suicide prevention is required in this population and it is crucial for clinicians and researchers to have access to the most current information in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Szczegielniak
- Department of Psychoprophylaxis, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice
- Female ADHD Research Group, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Gondek
- Iter Psychology Practices, Wroclaw
- Female ADHD Research Group, Poland
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Meisinger C, Freuer D. Understanding the causal relationships of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with mental disorders and suicide attempt: a network Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 26:e300642. [PMID: 37669871 PMCID: PMC11146378 DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2022-300642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifespan neurodevelopmental condition resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. There is evidence that ADHD is associated with other mental disorders, but it remains unclear whether and in what way a causal relationship exists. OBJECTIVE To investigate the direct and indirect causal paths between ADHD and seven common mental disorders. METHODS Two-sample network Mendelian randomisation analysis was performed to identify psychiatric disorders causally related to ADHD. Total and direct effects were estimated in an univariable and multivariable setting, respectively. Robustness of results was ensured in three ways: a range of pleiotropy-robust methods, an iterative approach identifying and excluding outliers, and use of up to two genome-wide association studies per outcome to replicate results and calculate subsequently pooled meta-estimates. RESULTS Genetic liability to ADHD was independently associated with the risk of anorexia nervosa (OR 1.28 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.47); p=0.001). A bidirectional association was found with major depressive disorder (OR 1.09 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.15); p=0.003 in the forward direction and OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.50 to 2.06); p=4×10-12 in the reverse direction). Moreover, after adjustment for major depression disorder, a direct association with both suicide attempt (OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.547); p=2×10-5) and post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.33); p=0.007) was observed. There was no evidence of a relationship with anxiety, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ADHD is an independent risk factor for a number of common psychiatric disorders. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders in individuals with ADHD needs to be considered both in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Meisinger
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Freuer
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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Fuller-Thomson E, Rivière RN, Carrique L, Agbeyaka S. The Dark Side of ADHD: Factors Associated With Suicide Attempts Among Those With ADHD in a National Representative Canadian Sample. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:1122-1140. [PMID: 33345733 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1856258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the prevalence and odds of suicide attempts among adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to those without and identified factors associated with suicide attempts among adults with ADHD. METHODS Secondary analysis of the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS-MH) (n = 21,744 adults, of whom 529 had ADHD). Respondents were asked whether they received an ADHD diagnosis from a health care professional. Lifetime suicide attempt was based on self-report. RESULTS Adults with ADHD were much more likely to have attempted suicide than those without (14.0% vs. 2.7%). One in four women with ADHD have attempted suicide. Sixty percent of the association between ADHD and attempted suicide was attenuated when lifetime history of depression and anxiety disorders were taken into account. Female gender, lower education attainment, substance abuse, lifetime history of depression, and childhood exposure to chronic parental domestic violence were found to be independent correlates of lifetime suicide attempts among those with ADHD. CONCLUSION These findings can inform targeted screening and outreach to the most vulnerable adults with ADHD.
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Olsson P, Wiktorsson S, Strömsten LMJ, Salander Renberg E, Runeson B, Waern M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults who present with self-harm: a comparative 6-month follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:428. [PMID: 35751076 PMCID: PMC9233312 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD is common in psychiatric populations. This study aimed to compare clinical characteristics in adults with and without ADHD who presented with self-harm, and to compare later risk of suicidal behaviour within 6 months. METHODS Eight hundred four adults presented with self-harm (with and without suicidal intent) at psychiatric emergency services at three Swedish hospitals. Persons with a discharge ICD-10 diagnosis F90.0-F90.9 or a prescription for ADHD medication were considered to have ADHD (n = 93). Medical records were reviewed for evidence of subsequent suicide attempts (SA) within 6 months; suicides were identified by national register. RESULTS Recent relationship problems were more prevalent in the ADHD group. While the index episodes of those with ADHD were more often non-suicidal, and actual SAs more often rated as impulsive, medical lethality at presentation did not differ in attempters with and without ADHD. Subsequent SAs (fatal or non-fatal) were observed in 29% of the ADHD group and 20% in all others (P = .005). A logistic regression model showed elevated risk of suicidal behaviour during follow-up in the ADHD group (OR = 1.70, CI 1.05-2.76), although a final regression model suggested that this association was partly explained by age and comorbid emotionally unstable personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the need for clinicians to take self-harm seriously in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Olsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 15, vån 3, SU/S, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Wiktorsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 15, vån 3, SU/S, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychosis Clinic, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lotta M. J. Strömsten
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Salander Renberg
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Runeson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margda Waern
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 15, vån 3, SU/S, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychosis Clinic, Mölndal, Sweden
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Chenini S, Barateau L, Guiraud L, Denis C, Rassu AL, Lopez R, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y. Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Thoughts in Restless Legs Syndrome. Mov Disord 2022; 37:812-825. [PMID: 34985142 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether depression and suicide thoughts relate to restless legs syndrome (RLS) or comorbidities associated with RLS remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine frequency of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in patients with RLS and their change after RLS treatment, associated clinical and polysomnographic factors, and current major depressive episode (MDE) frequency and suicide risk in RLS. METHODS Overall, 549 untreated patients with RLS and 549 age-, sex-, and education level-matched controls completed a standardized evaluation, including the Beck Depression Inventory-II that has one item on suicide thoughts. Patients underwent a polysomnographic recording and completed the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking Impulsive Behavior scale. In a subgroup of 153 patients, current MDE and suicide risk were assessed with the face-to-face Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A subgroup of 152 patients were evaluated in untreated and treated conditions. RESULTS The frequency of depressive symptoms (32.5%) and suicidal thoughts (28%) was 10-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, in patients with RLS than controls. Current MDE (10.5%) and suicidal risk (19.9%) (MINI) were also high. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were associated with young age, female sex, insomnia symptoms, and urgency dimension. The suicide risk was associated with depression, impulsiveness, and RLS severity. RLS treatment improved depressive symptoms but not suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSION The rate of depressive symptoms, depression, and suicidal thoughts/risk was higher in patients with RLS, with key associations with insomnia symptoms, urgency dimension, and RLS severity. These results emphasize the importance of detecting these symptoms in current practice and of evaluating their change after treatment, especially in young women, to improve RLS management. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiene Chenini
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France.,INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France.,INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lily Guiraud
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Denis
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Laura Rassu
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France.,INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Regis Lopez
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France.,INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Jaussent
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France.,INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France.,INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Bulik CM, Bertoia ML, Lu M, Seeger JD, Spalding WM. Suicidality risk among adults with binge-eating disorder. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:897-906. [PMID: 34080227 PMCID: PMC8597150 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate relative suicidality risk associated with binge-eating disorder (BED). METHODS Retrospective study of patients identified as having BED (N = 1042) and a matched general population cohort (N = 10,420) from the Optum electronic health record database between January 2009 and September 2015. Patients had ≥1 outpatient encounter with a provider who recognized BED during the 12-month baseline preceding entry date. Incidence and relative risk of suicidality were assessed. RESULTS Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, respectively, was 31.1 (23.1, 41.0) and 12.7 (7.9, 19.4) in the BED cohort and 5.8 (4.7, 7.1) and 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) in the comparator cohort. Risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was greater in the BED cohort (HR [95% CIs], 6.43 [4.42, 9.37]) than in the comparator cohort (HR [95% CI], 9.47 [4.99, 17.98]) during follow-up. After adjusting for psychiatric comorbidities, associations of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts with BED remained elevated in patients with BED having histories of suicidality. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that history of suicidality may result in an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with BED relative to the general population. Psychiatric comorbidity burden may explain the elevated risk of these conditions in BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA,Department of NutritionGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA,Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals USALexingtonMAUSA
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Geoffroy MC, Orri M, Girard A, Perret LC, Turecki G. Trajectories of suicide attempts from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: prospective 11-year follow-up of a Canadian cohort. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1933-1943. [PMID: 32290876 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of mortality in youth, yet the course of suicide attempts is poorly documented. We explored the vulnerable transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood to identify group trajectories and risk factors. METHODS The National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth is a prospective representative cohort of Canadian children. We followed participants aged 7-11 years in 1994-95 to age 23 (2008-09). We modelled self-reported past-year suicide attempts (ages 12 to 23 years) using growth mixture models. We analysed risk factors from self- and parent-report questionnaires at pre-adolescence (ages 10-11) and early adolescence (ages 12-13) using multinomial logistic regressions. Analyses were adjusted for sample non-response and attrition. RESULTS In 2233 participants answering questions on teen and adult suicide attempts, we identified three trajectories: never attempted (96.0%), adolescence-limited (2.0%) and persisting into adulthood (2.0%). Adolescent girls aged 12-13 with depression/anxiety symptoms, and with mothers experiencing depression had higher risks of adolescence-limited than never-attempted [relative risk RR 9.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.73-49.82); 2.03 (1.02-3.32), for each standard deviation increase; 1.07 (1.00-1.15); respectively]. Preteen ADHD symptoms increased the risk of attempts persisting into adulthood as compared to never-attempted [RR 2.05 (1.29-3.28) for each standard deviation increase]. Suicide death of schoolmate/acquaintance increased risks of an adulthood trajectory as compared to never-attempted and adolescence-limited [RR 8.41 (3.04-23.27) and 6.63 (1.29-34.06), respectively]. CONCLUSION In half the participants attempting suicide, attempts continued into adulthood. We stress the need for preventive strategies in early adolescence and differential clinical/educational interventions as identified for each trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, France
| | - Alain Girard
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montrea
| | - Lea C Perret
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Altered behaviour, dopamine and norepinephrine regulation in stressed mice heterozygous in TPH2 gene. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110155. [PMID: 33127424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environment interaction (GxE) determines the vulnerability of an individual to a spectrum of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased impulsivity, excessive aggression, and other behavioural characteristics are associated with variants within the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) gene, a key enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. This phenotype is recapitulated in naïve mice with complete, but not with partial Tph2 inactivation. Tph2 haploinsufficiency in animals reflects allelic variation of Tph2 facilitating the elucidation of respective GxE mechanisms. Recently, we showed excessive aggression and altered serotonin brain metabolism in heterozygous Tph2-deficient male mice (Tph2+/-) after predator stress exposure. Here, we sought to extend these studies by investigating aggressive and anxiety-like behaviours, sociability, and the brain metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline. Separately, Tph2+/- mice were examined for exploration activity in a novel environment and for the potentiation of helplessness in the modified swim test (ModFST). Predation stress procedure increased measures of aggression, dominancy, and suppressed sociability in Tph2+/- mice, which was the opposite of that observed in control mice. Anxiety-like behaviour was unaltered in the mutants and elevated in controls. Tph2+/- mice exposed to environmental novelty or to the ModFST exhibited increased novelty exploration and no increase in floating behaviour compared to controls, which is suggestive of resilience to stress and despair. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed significant genotype-dependent differences in the metabolism of dopamine, and norepinephrine within the brain tissue. In conclusion, environmentally challenged Tph2+/- mice exhibit behaviours that resemble the behaviour of non-stressed null mutants, which reveals how GxE interaction studies can unmask latent genetically determined predispositions.
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Rahi V, Kumar P. Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:107-124. [PMID: 33428802 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by three primary symptoms hyperactivity, attention deficit, and impulsiveness, observed in both children and adults. In childhood, this disorder is more common in boys than in girls, and at least 75% will continue to suffer from the disorder until adulthood. Individuals with ADHD generally have poor academic, occupational, and social functioning resulting from developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity, as well as impaired ability to maintain attention on motivationally relevant tasks. Very few drugs available in clinical practice altogether abolish the symptoms of ADHD, therefore, to find new drugs and target it is essential to understand the neuropathological, neurochemical, and genetic alterations that lead to the progression of ADHD. With this contrast, an animal study is the best approach because animal models provide relatively fast invasive manipulation, rigorous hypothesis testing, as well as it provides a better angle to understand the pathological mechanisms involved in disease progression. Moreover, animal models, especially for ADHD, serve with good predictive validity would allow the assessment and development of new therapeutic interventions, with this aim, the present review collect the various animal models on a single platform so that the research can select an appropriate model to pursue his study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Yang CM, Kim BN. The Association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and the Number of Suicide Attempts among Male Young Adults with Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2020; 31:88-93. [PMID: 32595347 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mood disorder is highly comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and comorbid ADHD symptoms are associated with suicide risk. The aim of this study was to examine the association between comorbid ADHD symptoms and the number of suicide attempts among patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with either unipolar or bipolar depression constituted the final sample. Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between comorbid ADHD symptoms and suicide risk. Results Among patients with bipolar depression, the number of suicide attempts was significantly correlated with ADHD symptoms (r=0.324, p<0.01). ADHD symptoms significantly predicted the number of suicide attempts (β=0.249, p<0.05). Conclusion Our findings underscore the importance of screening and assessing ADHD symptoms in male young adults with depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Mo Yang
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Lee H, Chen VCH, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Lin TC, Wu SI, Kao KL, Weng JC, Kelsen BA, Liang SHY. Decreased Risk of Influenza in Child and Adolescent Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Following Methylphenidate Treatment: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1309-1319. [PMID: 32547034 PMCID: PMC7247598 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s242519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have an elevated risk of influenza because of the difficulty in complying with the behavioral procedures that help protect against influenza. Moreover, the effects of sufficient methylphenidate treatment on influenza have received little attention. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the association between ADHD medication usage and influenza and assessed the effect of duration of ADHD treatment on the risk of influenza using a nationwide population-based database. METHODS This study investigated methylphenidate usage and the risk of influenza among children and adolescents with ADHD. We identified 5259 young individuals aged less than 18 years who were diagnosed as having ADHD between 1996 and 2013 from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, and we tested whether methylphenidate use affects influenza risk using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS After controlling for confounding factors, the results indicated that influenza risk significantly reduced in the group of ADHD patients who were prescribed methylphenidate for 90 days and more (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-0.75, p<0.001), demonstrating a 38% reduction in the risk of influenza in this group. However, this was not observed in the group of ADHD patients who used methylphenidate for 1-90 days (HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.89-1.05, p=0.12). CONCLUSION The lower incidence of influenza observed in the group prescribed with methylphenidate for a longer period highlights the importance of compliance to medication and psychoeducation with regard to ADHD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi,Chiayi,Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi,Taiwan.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Kuo
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi,Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chin Lin
- Bethel Psychiatric Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Science, Technology and Society, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-I Wu
- Mackay Memorial Hospital, Section of Psychiatry, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Liang Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Industrial Management, Oriental Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Cheng Weng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi,Chiayi,Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Brent Allan Kelsen
- Language Center, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophie Hsin-Yi Liang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Öhlund L, Ott M, Lundqvist R, Sandlund M, Salander Renberg E, Werneke U. Suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour in patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after initiation of central stimulant treatment: a mirror-image study based on the LiSIE retrospective cohort. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320947502. [PMID: 32843959 PMCID: PMC7418477 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320947502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, our understanding regarding treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) co-occurring with bipolar disorder (BD) remains limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of central stimulant (CS) treatment on suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour in patients with a pre-existing diagnosis of BD or schizoaffective disorder (SZD). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that CS treatment significantly decreased the number of suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury events. METHODS A mirror-image study in patients with a dual diagnosis of BD or SZD and ADHD, comparing suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury events within 6 months and 2 years before and after CS initiation. This study was part of a retrospective cohort study (LiSIE) into effects and side-effects of lithium for maintenance treatment of BD as compared with other mood stabilisers. RESULTS Of 1564 eligible patients, 206 patients met the inclusion criteria. Within the 6 months after CS initiation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury events decreased significantly, both in terms of numbers of patients having such events (p = 0.013) and numbers of events experienced (p = 0.004). These effects were preserved 2 years after CS initiation. CONCLUSIONS CS treatment may reduce the risk of suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury events in patients with a dual diagnosis of BD or SZD and ADHD. Based on our findings, clinicians should not withhold CS treatment from patients with concomitant ADHD for fear of deterioration of the underlying BD. However, to minimise the risk of manic episodes concomitant mood stabiliser treatment and close monitoring remains warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Lundqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sandlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ursula Werneke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Luleå, Sweden
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