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Rio-Tinto A, Costa NS, Alvim DCSS, Oliveira LMA, De Oliveira TLR, Dos Santos KRN, Fracalanzza SEL, Teixeira LM, Marinho P, Taylor S, Thomas S, Pinto TCA. Increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. colonization among pregnant individuals during COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14961. [PMID: 38942787 PMCID: PMC11213943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) has been associated with neonatal infections, with colonization of the anovaginal tract being the main source of vertical transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the frequency of antibiotic usage, potentially contributing to changes in the dynamics of bacterial agents colonizing humans. Here we determined MRS colonization rates among pregnant individuals attending a single maternity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil before (January 2019-March 2020) and during (May 2020-March 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Anovaginal samples (n = 806 [521 samples before and 285 during the pandemic]) were streaked onto chromogenic media. Colonies were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Detection of mecA gene and SCCmec typing were assessed by PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI guidelines. After the onset of the pandemic, MRS colonization rates increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.6% (45) to 54.7% (156). Overall, 215 (26.6%) MRS isolates were detected, of which S. haemolyticus was the most prevalent species (MRSH, 84.2%; 181 isolates). SCCmec type V was the most frequent among MRS (63.3%; 136), and 31.6% (68) of MRS strains had a non-typeable SCCmec, due to new combinations of ccr and mecA complexes. Among MRS strains, 41.9% (90) were resistant to at least 3 different classes of antimicrobial agents, and 60% (54) of them were S. haemolyticus harboring SCCmec V. MRS colonization rates and the emergence of multidrug-resistant variants detected in this study indicate the need for continuing surveillance of this important pathogen within maternal and child populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rio-Tinto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - N S Costa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - D C S S Alvim
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - L M A Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - T L R De Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - K R N Dos Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - S E L Fracalanzza
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - L M Teixeira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - P Marinho
- Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal Do Rio Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - S Taylor
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - S Thomas
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - T C A Pinto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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Alqahtani J, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, Hussein IA, Hassan HS, Alanzi AR, Moglad E, Ahmed R, Ibrahim S, El-Sherbeni SA. Potential Surviving Effect of Cleome droserifolia Extract against Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection: Investigation of the Chemical Content of the Plant. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:450. [PMID: 38786178 PMCID: PMC11118852 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing rates of morbidity and mortality owing to bacterial infections, particularly Staphylococcus aureus have necessitated finding solutions to face this issue. Thus, we elucidated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of Cleome droserifolia extract (CDE). Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the main phytoconstituents of CDE were explored, which were kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-alpha-L-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, kaempferide, kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, quinic acid, isocitrate, mannitol, apigenin, acacetin, and naringenin. The CDE exerted an antibacterial action on S. aureus isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. Also, CDE exhibited antibiofilm action using a crystal violet assay. A scanning electron microscope was employed to illuminate the effect of CDE on biofilm formation, and it considerably diminished S. aureus cell number in the biofilm. Moreover, qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of CDE on biofilm gene expression (cna, fnbA, and icaA). The CDE revealed a downregulating effect on the studied biofilm genes in 43.48% of S. aureus isolates. Regarding the in vivo model, CDE significantly decreased the S. aureus burden in the liver and spleen of CDE-treated mice. Also, it significantly improved the mice's survival and substantially decreased the inflammatory markers (interleukin one beta and interleukin six) in the studied tissues. Furthermore, CDE has improved the histology and tumor necrosis factor alpha immunohistochemistry in the liver and spleen of the CDE-treated group. Thus, CDE could be considered a promising candidate for future antimicrobial drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (W.A.N.); (S.A.E.-S.)
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ismail A. Hussein
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | | | - Abdullah R. Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rehab Ahmed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Suzy A. El-Sherbeni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (W.A.N.); (S.A.E.-S.)
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Taha AE, Alduraywish AS, Alanazi AA, Alruwaili AH, Alruwaili AL, Alrais MM, Alyousef AA, Alrais AA, Alanazi MA, Alhudaib SN, Alazmi BM. High Bacterial Contamination Load of Self-Service Facilities in Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia, with Reduced Sensitivity to Some Antimicrobials. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2937. [PMID: 38138082 PMCID: PMC10745763 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although self-service facilities (SSFs) have been used on a large scale worldwide, they can be easily contaminated by microorganisms from the hands of their sequential users. This research aimed to study the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance of bacteria contaminating SSFs in Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. We randomly swabbed the surfaces of 200 SSFs, then used the suitable culture media, standard microbiological methods, and the MicroScan WalkAway Microbiology System, including the identification/antimicrobial susceptibility testing-combo panels. A high SSFs' bacterial contamination load was detected (78.00%). Ninety percent of the samples collected in the afternoon, during the maximum workload of the SSFs, yielded bacterial growth (p < 0.001 *). Most of the contaminated SSFs were supermarket payment machines, self-pumping equipment at gas stations (p = 0.004 *), online banking service machines (p = 0.026 *), and barcode scanners in supermarkets. In the antiseptic-deficient areas, 55.1% of the contaminated SSFs were detected (p = 0.008 *). Fifty percent of the contaminated SSFs were not decontaminated. The most common bacterial contaminants were Escherichia coli (70 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (66 isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (34 isolates), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (18 isolates), and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (14 isolates), representing 31.53%, 29.73%, 15.32%, 8.11%, and 6.31% of the isolates, respectively. Variable degrees of reduced sensitivity to some antimicrobials were detected among the bacterial isolates. The SSFs represent potential risks for the exchange of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria between the out-hospital environment and the hospitals through the hands of the public. As technology and science advance, there is an urgent need to deploy creative and automated techniques for decontaminating SSFs and make use of recent advancements in materials science for producing antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Taha
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali A. Alanazi
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mmdoh M. Alrais
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | - Bandar M. Alazmi
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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Sharma S, Bakht A, Jahanzaib M, Kim M, Lee H, Park C, Park D. Characterization of bacterial species and antibiotic resistance observed in Seoul, South Korea's popular Gangnam-gu area. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21751. [PMID: 38053859 PMCID: PMC10694155 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Public transportation facilities, especially road crossings, which raise the pathogenic potential of urban environments, are the most conducive places for the transfer of germs between people and the environment. It is necessary to study the variety of the microbiome and describe its unique characteristics to comprehend these relationships. In this investigation, we used 16 S rRNA gene sample sequencing to examine the biological constituents and inhalable, thoracic, and alveolar particles in aerosol samples collected from busy areas in the Gangnam-gu district of the Seoul metropolitan area using a mobile vehicle. We also conducted a comparison analysis of these findings with the previously published data and tested for antibiotic resistance to determine the distribution of bacteria related to the human microbiome and the environment. Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the top five phyla in the bacterial 16 S rRNA libraries, accounting for >90 % of all readings across all examined locations. The most prevalent classes among the 12 found bacterial classes were Bacilli (45.812 %), Gammaproteobacteria (25.238 %), Tissierellia (13.078 %), Clostridia (5.697 %), and Alphaproteobacteria (5.142 %). The data acquired offer useful information on the variety of bacterial communities and their resistance to antibiotic drugs on the streets of Gangnam-gu, one of the most significant social centers in the Seoul metropolitan area. This work emphasizes the relevance of biological particles and particulate matter in the air, and it suggests more research is needed to perform biological characterization of the ambient particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Sharma
- Transportation Environmental Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Chleodobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, 16105, Republic of Korea
- Transportation System Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahtesham Bakht
- Kumoh National Institute of Technology (KIT), 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Jahanzaib
- Transportation Environmental Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Chleodobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, 16105, Republic of Korea
- Transportation System Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kim
- Transportation Environmental Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Chleodobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, 16105, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Lee
- Kumoh National Institute of Technology (KIT), 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Choonsoo Park
- Transportation Environmental Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Chleodobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, 16105, Republic of Korea
| | - Duckshin Park
- Transportation Environmental Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Chleodobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, 16105, Republic of Korea
- Transportation System Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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Ni Z, Wan M, Tang G, Sun L. Synthesis of CuO and PAA-Regulated Silver-Carried CuO Nanosheet Composites and Their Antibacterial Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245422. [PMID: 36559789 PMCID: PMC9787518 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aid of a facile and green aqueous solution approach, a variety of copper oxide (CuO) with different shapes and polyacrylic-acid (PAA)-regulated silver-carried CuO (CuO@Ag) nanosheet composites have been successfully produced. The point of this article was to propose a common synergy using Ag-carried CuO nanosheet composites for their potential antibacterial efficiency against three types of bacteria such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. By using various technical means such as XRD, SEM, and TEM, the morphology and composition of CuO and CuO@Ag were characterized. It was shown that both CuO and CuO@Ag have a laminar structure and exhibit good crystallization, and that the copper source and reaction duration have a sizable impact on the morphology and size distribution of the product. In the process of synthesizing CuO@Ag, the appropriate amount of polyacrylic acid (PAA) can inhibit the agglomeration of Ag NPs and regulate the size of Ag at about ten nanometers. In addition, broth dilution, optical density (OD 600), and electron microscopy analysis were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of CuO@Ag against the above three types of bacteria. CuO@Ag exhibits excellent synergistic and antibacterial action, particularly against S. aureus. The antimicrobial mechanism of the CuO@Ag nanosheet composites can be attributed to the destruction of the bacterial cell membrane and the consequent leakage of the cytoplasm by the release of Ag+ and Cu2+. The breakdown of the bacterial cell membrane and subsequent leakage of cytoplasm caused by Ag+ and Cu2+ released from antimicrobial agents may be the cause of the CuO@Ag nanosheet composites' antibacterial action. This study shows that CuO@Ag nanosheet composites have good antibacterial properties, which also provides the basis and ideas for the application research of other silver nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Ni
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Correspondence: (Z.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Menghui Wan
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Gongming Tang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (Z.N.); (L.S.)
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Elbehiry A, Marzouk E, Abalkhail A, El-Garawany Y, Anagreyyah S, Alnafea Y, Almuzaini AM, Alwarhi W, Rawway M, Draz A. The Development of Technology to Prevent, Diagnose, and Manage Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare-Associated Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2100. [PMID: 36560510 PMCID: PMC9780923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) having an adverse effect on the healthcare system, which results in higher healthcare costs, failed treatments and a higher death rate. A quick diagnostic test that can spot infections resistant to antibiotics is essential for antimicrobial stewardship so physicians and other healthcare professionals can begin treatment as soon as possible. Since the development of antibiotics in the last two decades, traditional, standard antimicrobial treatments have failed to treat healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). These results have led to the development of a variety of cutting-edge alternative methods to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens in healthcare settings. Here, we provide an overview of AMR as well as the technologies being developed to prevent, diagnose, and control healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). As a result of better cleaning and hygiene practices, resistance to bacteria can be reduced, and new, quick, and accurate instruments for diagnosing HAIs must be developed. In addition, we need to explore new therapeutic approaches to combat diseases caused by resistant bacteria. In conclusion, current infection control technologies will be crucial to managing multidrug-resistant infections effectively. As a result of vaccination, antibiotic usage will decrease and new resistance mechanisms will not develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32511, Egypt
| | - Eman Marzouk
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Abalkhail
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmine El-Garawany
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman Anagreyyah
- Department of Preventive Medicine, King Fahad Armed Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Alnafea
- Department of Statistics, King Fahad Armed Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Alwarhi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rawway
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Abdelmaged Draz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
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Passenger Pathogens on Physicians. Am J Infect Control 2022:S0196-6553(22)00759-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Phumthanakorn N, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Kurilung A, Prapasarakul N. Novel Organization of the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Composite Island in Clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis Subspecies hominis Isolates from Dogs. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0099722. [PMID: 35862947 PMCID: PMC9430635 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00997-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis are common coagulase-negative staphylococcus opportunistic pathogens. In Thailand, the clinical strains S. haemolyticus 1864 and 48 and S. hominis subsp. hominis 384 and 371 have been recovered from sick dogs. These strains were methicillin resistant with the nontypeable staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (NT-SCCmec). The SCCmec element distribution in the clinical isolates from dogs was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing, which revealed the presence of different SCCmec composite islands (CIs) and gene structure. The SCCmec-CIs of ψSCCmec1864 (13 kb) and ψSCC1864 (11 kb) with a class C1 mec complex but no ccr gene were discovered in S. haemolyticus 1864. The CIs of ψSCCmec48 with a C1 mec complex (28 kb), SCC48 with ccrA4B4 (23 kb), and ψSCC48 (2.6 kb) were discovered in S. haemolyticus 48. In SCC48, insertion sequence IS256 contained an aminoglycoside-resistant gene [aph(2″)-Ia]. Two copies of IS431 containing the tetracycline-resistant gene tet(K) were found downstream of ψSCC48. In S. hominis subsp. hominis, the SCCmec-CI in strain 384 had two separate sections: ψSCCmec384 (20 kb) and SCCars (23 kb). ψSCCmec384 lacked the ccr gene complex but carried the class A mec complex. Trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (dfrC) was discovered on ψSCCmec384 between two copies of IS257. In strain 371, SCCmec VIII (4A) (37 kb) lacking a direct repeat at the chromosomal end was identified. This study found SCCmec elements in clinical isolates from dogs that were structurally complex and varied in their genetic content, with novel organization. IMPORTANCE In Thailand, the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element, which causes methicillin resistance through acquisition of the mec gene, has been studied in clinical coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from various companion animals, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis were found to have the most nontypeable (NT)-SCCmec elements. These species are more prone to causing illness and more resistant to a variety of antimicrobials than other coagulase-negative staphylococci. However, full characterization of NT-SCCmec in clinical S. haemolyticus and S. hominis subsp. hominis isolates from such animals has been limited. Our findings support the use of full nucleotide sequencing rather than PCR designed for Staphylococcus aureus in further research of novel SCCmec elements. Moreover, several antimicrobial resistance and heavy metal resistance genes were identified on the SCCmec elements; these are important as they could limit the therapeutic options available in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathita Phumthanakorn
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Diagnostic and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Research Group and Research Network Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Research Group and Research Network Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Kurilung
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Diagnostic and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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El-Deeb W, Cave R, Fayez M, Alhumam N, Quadri S, Mkrtchyan HV. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Goats and Their Farm Environments in Saudi Arabia Genotypically Linked to Known Human Clinical Isolates: a Pilot Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0038722. [PMID: 35913203 PMCID: PMC9431424 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pilot whole genome sequencing (WGS) study to characterize the genotypes of nine methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolates recovered from goats and their farm environments in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between November 2019 to August 2020. Seven out of nine isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and two were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). All MRSA isolates possessed genotypes previously identified to infect humans, including isolates harboring ST6-SCCmec IV-t304 (n = 4), ST5-SCCmec VI- t688 (n = 2) and ST5-SCCmec V-t311 (n = 1). 2 MRSA isolates possessed plasmids that were genetically similar to those identified in S. aureus isolates recovered from humans and poultry. In contrast, plasmids found in three MRSA isolates and one MRSE isolate were genetically similar to those recovered from humans. All MRSA isolates harbored the host innate modulate genes sak and scn previously associated with human infections. The genotypes of MRSE isolates were determined as ST35, a well-known zoonotic sequence type and ST153, which has been associated with humans. However, the MRSE isolates were untypeable due to extra ccr complexes identified in their SCCmec elements. Moreover, we identified in ST153 isolate SCCmec element also harbored the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) IV. All MRS isolates were phenotypically resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, an antibiotic for the decolonization of MRS. Three isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes in their SCCmec elements that were not previously described, including those encoding fusidic acid resistance (fusC) and trimethoprim resistance (dfrC) incorporated in the MRSA SCCmec VI. IMPORTANCE Our findings demonstrate a possible cross-transmission of methicillin resistant staphylococci between goats and their local environments and between goats and humans. Due to ever increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics, the burden of MRS has a significant impact on livestock farming, public health, and the economy worldwide. This study highlights that implementing a holistic approach to whole genome sequencing surveillance in livestock and farm environments would aid our understanding of the transmission of methicillin resistant staphylococci and, most importantly, allow us to implement appropriate infection control and hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael El-Deeb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rory Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Fayez
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naser Alhumam
- Department of Microbiology and parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Quadri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hermine V. Mkrtchyan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Qin M, Chen P, Deng B, He R, Wu Y, Yang Y, Deng W, Ding X, Yang F, Xie C, Yang Y, Tian GB. The Emergence of a Multidrug-Resistant and Pathogenic ST42 Lineage of Staphylococcus haemolyticus from a Hospital in China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0234221. [PMID: 35579464 PMCID: PMC9241665 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02342-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital-acquired infections. However, the genetic diversity of S. haemolyticus among the patients and the hospital environment is largely unknown. Here, we isolated 311 S. haemolyticus strains from different sampling sites of patients and hospital environment. Genomic analysis showed that ST42 is an emerging clone widely disseminated in the hospital. S. haemolyticus ST42 strains exhibited decreased susceptibilities for multiple antibiotics compared with other STs and carried significantly more antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, ST42 strains harbored more virulence genes per isolate than in other STs, and the capsular biosynthesis genes capDEFG were more prevalent in ST42 strains. Using the Galleria mellonella infection model, we demonstrated that ST42 strains are highly virulent compared with non-ST42 strains. Taken together, our data identified an emerging ST42 clone of S. haemolyticus with aggregated ARGs and virulence determinants in the hospital, representing a significant health threat in terms of both disease and treatment. IMPORTANCES. haemolyticus is an emerging opportunistic pathogen with a high burden of antimicrobial resistance. We performed molecular epidemiological analysis of S. haemolyticus that was isolated from a hospital, and found that the phylogenetic lineages are diverse accompanied by a dominant epidemic clonal lineage ST42. We demonstrated that S. haemolyticus ST42 strains have been disseminated among patients and the hospital environment. The data provide mechanistic insight and indicate that S. haemolyticus ST42 strains are multidrug-resistance and virulent clones via accumulating more ARGs and virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Baoguo Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruowen He
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxian Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chuanbo Xie
- Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Clinical Infections, Antibiotic Resistance, and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061130. [PMID: 35744647 PMCID: PMC9231169 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) constitutes the main part of the human skin microbiota. It is widespread in hospitals and among medical staff, resulting in being an emerging microbe causing nosocomial infections. S. haemolyticus, especially strains that cause nosocomial infections, are more resistant to antibiotics than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. There is clear evidence that the resistance genes can be acquired by other Staphylococcus species through S. haemolyticus. Severe infections are recorded with S. haemolyticus such as meningitis, endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, bacteremia, septicemia, peritonitis, and otitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. In addition, S. haemolyticus species were detected in dogs, breed kennels, and food animals. The main feature of pathogenic S. haemolyticus isolates is the formation of a biofilm which is involved in catheter-associated infections and other nosocomial infections. Besides the biofilm formation, S. haemolyticus secretes other factors for bacterial adherence and invasion such as enterotoxins, hemolysins, and fibronectin-binding proteins. In this review, we give updates on the clinical infections associated with S. haemolyticus, highlighting the antibiotic resistance patterns of these isolates, and the virulence factors associated with the disease development.
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12
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Fungwithaya P, Boonchuay K, Narinthorn R, Sontigun N, Sansamur C, Petcharat Y, Thomrongsuwannakij T, Wongtawan T. First study on diversity and antimicrobial-resistant profile of staphylococci in sports animals of Southern Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:765-774. [PMID: 35497942 PMCID: PMC9047138 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.765-774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Staphylococci are commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens found on the skin and mucosa. Sports animals are more prone to injury and illness, and we believe that antimicrobial agents might be extensively used for the treatment and cause the existence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and AMR profile of staphylococci in sports animals (riding horses, fighting bulls, and fighting cocks) in South Thailand. Materials and Methods: Nasal (57 fighting bulls and 33 riding horses) and skin swabs (32 fighting cocks) were taken from 122 animals. Staphylococci were cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar and then identified species by biochemical tests using the VITEK® 2 card for Gram-positive organisms in conjunction with the VITEK® 2 COMPACT machine and genotypic identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed with VITEK® 2 AST-GN80 test kit cards and VITEK® 2 COMPACT machine. Detection of AMR genes (mecA, mecC, and blaZ) and staphylococcal chromosomal mec (SCCmec) type was evaluated by PCR. Results: Forty-one colonies of staphylococci were isolated, and six species were identified, including Staphylococcus sciuri (61%), Staphylococcus pasteuri (15%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Staphylococcus warneri (5%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2%). Staphylococci were highly resistant to two drug classes, penicillin (93%) and cephalosporin (51%). About 56% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and the majority was S. sciuri (82%), which is primarily found in horses. Most MRS (82%) were multidrug-resistant. Almost all (96%) of the mecA-positive MRS harbored the blaZ gene. Almost all MRS isolates possessed an unknown type of SCCmec. Interestingly, the AMR rate was notably lower in fighting bulls and cocks than in riding horses, which may be related to the owner’s preference for herbal therapy over antimicrobial drugs. Conclusion: This study presented many types of staphylococci displayed on bulls, cocks, and horses. However, we found a high prevalence of MRS in horses that could be transmitted to owners through close contact activities and might be a source of AMR genotype transmission to other staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punpichaya Fungwithaya
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Kanpapat Boonchuay
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Ruethai Narinthorn
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Yotsapat Petcharat
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
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13
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Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria on Healthcare Workers' Uniforms in Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities in Cyprus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010049. [PMID: 35052926 PMCID: PMC8773169 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers’ (HCW) clothing has been shown to harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) and may contribute to transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate presence of MDRB on HCW uniforms in Cyprus. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 9 hospital wards and 7 long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Nicosia, Cyprus, from April–August 2019. Sampling of HCW uniform pockets was conducted at the end of the first shift. Personal hygiene and other habits were recorded during personal interviews. Among 140 sampled HCW (69 from hospitals, 71 from LTCFs), 37 MDRB were identified, including 16 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 5 extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, and 1 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Presence of MDRB was higher in LTCFs compared to hospitals (p = 0.03). Higher MDRB rates in uniforms were noted in HCWs that worked <1 year (41.7% vs. 21.1%) and in HCWs that opted for home laundering (23.5% vs. 12.5%) or visited the toilet during shifts (38.1% vs. 20.2%). Our findings indicate that HCW uniforms harbor MDRB and relevant interventions may reduce transmission risk. We identified LTCFs as an important area for targeted measures. Additional factors associated with HCW practices, characteristics, and attire laundering practices represent areas for improvement, particularly in LTCFs.
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14
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Fritz B, Paschko E, Young W, Böhringer D, Wahl S, Ziemssen F, Egert M. Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of the Slit Lamp Bacteriota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745653. [PMID: 34869057 PMCID: PMC8635730 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit lamps are routinely used to examine large numbers of patients every day due to high throughput. Previous, cultivation-based results suggested slit lamps to be contaminated with bacteria, mostly coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by micrococci, bacilli, but also Staphylococcus aureus. Our study aimed at obtaining a much more comprehensive, cultivation-independent view of the slit lamp bacteriota and its hygienic relevance, as regularly touched surfaces usually represent fomites, particularly if used by different persons. We performed extensive 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyse the bacteriota, of 46 slit lamps from two tertiary care centers at two sampling sites, respectively. 82 samples yielded enough sequences for downstream analyses and revealed contamination with bacteria of mostly human skin, mucosa and probably eye origin, predominantly cutibacteria, staphylococci and corynebacteria. The taxonomic assignment of 3369 ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) revealed 19 bacterial phyla and 468 genera across all samples. As antibiotic resistances are of major concern, we screened all samples for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using qPCR, however, no signals above the detection limit were detected. Our study provides first comprehensive insight into the slit lamp microbiota. It underlines that slit lamps carry a highly diverse, skin-like bacterial microbiota and that thorough cleaning and disinfection after use is highly recommendable to prevent eye and skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Fritz
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Edita Paschko
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Informatics Team, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Egert
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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15
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Cave R, Cole J, Mkrtchyan HV. Surveillance and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from public settings within urban built environments: Challenges and opportunities for hygiene and infection control. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106836. [PMID: 34479136 PMCID: PMC8443212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria present one of the biggest threats to public health; this must not be forgotten while global attention is focussed on the COVID-19 pandemic. Resistant bacteria have been demonstrated to be transmittable to humans in many different environments, including public settings in urban built environments where high-density human activity can be found, including public transport, sports arenas and schools. However, in comparison to healthcare settings and agriculture, there is very little surveillance of AMR in the built environment outside of healthcare settings and wastewater. In this review, we analyse the existing literature to aid our understanding of what surveillance has been conducted within different public settings and identify what this tells us about the prevalence of AMR. We highlight the challenges that have been reported; and make recommendations for future studies that will help to fill knowledge gaps present in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Health Studies, United Kingdom
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16
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Shaw ZL, Kuriakose S, Cheeseman S, Dickey MD, Genzer J, Christofferson AJ, Crawford RJ, McConville CF, Chapman J, Truong VK, Elbourne A, Walia S. Antipathogenic properties and applications of low-dimensional materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3897. [PMID: 34162835 PMCID: PMC8222221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A major health concern of the 21st century is the rise of multi-drug resistant pathogenic microbial species. Recent technological advancements have led to considerable opportunities for low-dimensional materials (LDMs) as potential next-generation antimicrobials. LDMs have demonstrated antimicrobial behaviour towards a variety of pathogenic bacterial and fungal cells, due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review provides a critical assessment of current LDMs that have exhibited antimicrobial behaviour and their mechanism of action. Future design considerations and constraints in deploying LDMs for antimicrobial applications are discussed. It is envisioned that this review will guide future design parameters for LDM-based antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sruthi Kuriakose
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, MicroNano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Chris F McConville
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, MicroNano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
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17
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Lienen T, Schnitt A, Hammerl JA, Marino SF, Maurischat S, Tenhagen BA. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus urealyticus isolates from German dairy farms exhibit resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and divergent penicillin-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6075. [PMID: 33727647 PMCID: PMC7966787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci are commonly found on dairy farms. Two rarely investigated species are Staphylococcus (S.) cohnii and S. urealyticus. Since multidrug-resistant S. cohnii and S. urealyticus are known, they may serve as an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene reservoir for harmful staphylococcal species. In our study, nine S. cohnii and six S. urealyticus isolates from German dairy farms were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing and AMR testing. The isolates harbored various AMR genes (aadD1, str, mecA, dfrC/K, tetK/L, ermC, lnuA, fexA, fusF, fosB6, qacG/H) and exhibited non-wildtype phenotypes (resistances) against chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tiamulin and trimethoprim. Although 14/15 isolates lacked the blaZ, mecA and mecC genes, they showed reduced susceptibility to a number of beta-lactam antibiotics including cefoxitin (MIC 4-8 mg/L) and penicillin (MIC 0.25-0.5 mg/L). The specificity of cefoxitin susceptibility testing for mecA or mecC gene prediction in S. cohnii and S. urealyticus seems to be low. A comparison with penicillin-binding protein (PBP) amino acid sequences of S. aureus showed identities of only 70-80% with regard to PBP1, PBP2 and PBP3. In conclusion, S. cohnii and S. urealyticus from selected German dairy farms show multiple resistances to antimicrobial substances and may carry unknown antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lienen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Arne Schnitt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen F Marino
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Cave R, Misra R, Chen J, Wang S, Mkrtchyan HV. Comparative Genomics Analysis Demonstrated a Link Between Staphylococci Isolated From Different Sources: A Possible Public Health Risk. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:576696. [PMID: 33716994 PMCID: PMC7947369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.576696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have been recovered from different ecological niches, however, little is known about the genetic relatedness of these isolates. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to compare mecA positive (mecA +) Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis isolates recovered from hand-touched surfaces from general public settings in East and West London with data of isolates deposited to European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) by other research groups. These included isolates associated with hospital settings (including those recovered from patients), healthy humans, livestock, pets, plants and natural, and other public environments. Using core and accessory phylogenetic analyses we were able to identify that the mecA+ S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates recovered from general public settings were genetically related to isolates recovered from the bloodstream, urinary tract and eye infections. S. epidermidis isolates recovered in our study were also shown to be genetically related to isolates previously recovered from livestock/livestock housing, whereas S. haemolyticus isolates were genetically related to isolates recovered from a dog and kefir (fermented cow milk drink). MecA + S. hominis isolates were not genetically related to any isolates recovered from clinical samples but were genetically related to isolates recovered from mosquitoes, air samples (residential areas) and kefir. All three species showed to have genetic relatedness to isolates recovered from healthy humans. These results show that CoNS isolates in this study share genetic similarities with those of different lineages and that mecA+ S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates found in general public settings in this study may pose a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Cave
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raju Misra
- Natural History Museum, Core Research Laboratories, Molecular Biology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hermine V Mkrtchyan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Shokravi Z, Haseli M, Mehrad L, Ramazani A. Distribution of Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mecA (SCCmec) types among coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates from healthcare workers in the North-West of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1489-1493. [PMID: 33235707 PMCID: PMC7671417 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.48481.11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are recognized as one of the major causes of healthcare-associated infections in hospitals. The present investigation aimed to study the prevalence of Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, along with aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) genes in the nasal carriage of MR-CoNS in the north-west of Iran. Materials and Methods To assess the potential of coagulase-negative Staphylococci as hidden reservoirs for antibiotic resistance, we analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibility of MR-CoNS using the disk diffusion method. In addition, PCR and multiplex PCR assays were performed to determine the prevalence of AME encoding genes and SCCmec types in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates. Results A total of 51 MR-CoNS isolates were recovered from the anterior nares of healthcare workers. The observed resistance rates to tobramycin, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, kanamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were 74.5%, 68.5%, 57%, 53%, 51%, 49%, and 8%, respectively. Of the 51 tested MR-CoNS isolates, 2(4%) were harboring SCCmec type I, four (8%) were type II, six (12%) type III, eleven (21.6%) type IVa, two (4%) type IVb, two (4%) type IVc, six (12%) type IVd, and two (4%) type V. The rates of prevalence of the aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes were as follows: aac (6')/aph (2'') (28 cases, 55 %), ant (4')-Ia (20 cases, 39%), and the aph (3´)-IIIa gene (9 cases, 17.6 %). Conclusion Subtypes IVa and IVd were the most prevalent SCC elements, and aac (6')/aph (2'') was the most common AME gene detected among the MR-CoNS isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shokravi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Markazi, Iran
| | - Mehdi Haseli
- Biotechnology Department, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Laleh Mehrad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Markazi, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Biotechnology Department, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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20
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Maillard JY, Bloomfield SF, Courvalin P, Essack SY, Gandra S, Gerba CP, Rubino JR, Scott EA. Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A position paper. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1090-1099. [PMID: 32311380 PMCID: PMC7165117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to threaten global health. Although global and national AMR action plans are in place, infection prevention and control is primarily discussed in the context of health care facilities with home and everyday life settings barely addressed. As seen with the recent global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, everyday hygiene measures can play an important role in containing the threat from infectious microorganisms. This position paper has been developed following a meeting of global experts in London, 2019. It presents evidence that home and community settings are important for infection transmission and also the acquisition and spread of AMR. It also demonstrates that the targeted hygiene approach offers a framework for maximizing protection against colonization and infections, thereby reducing antibiotic prescribing and minimizing selection pressure for the development of antibiotic resistance. If combined with the provision of clean water and sanitation, targeted hygiene can reduce the circulation of resistant bacteria in homes and communities, regardless of a country's Human Development Index (overall social and economic development). Achieving a reduction of AMR strains in health care settings requires a mirrored reduction in the community. The authors call upon national and international policy makers, health agencies, and health care professionals to further recognize the importance of targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings for preventing and controlling infection, in a unified quest to tackle AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, Somerset, UK.
| | | | | | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sumanth Gandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Departments of Soil, Water and Environmental Science and Environmental Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph R Rubino
- Research & Development, Home Hygiene, Lysol/Harpic, Reckitt Benckiser LLC., One Philips Parkway, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Scott
- College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Muddala NP, White JC, Nammalwar B, Pratt I, Thomas LM, Bunce RA, Berlin KD, Bourne CR. Inhibitor design to target a unique feature in the folate pocket of Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112412. [PMID: 32502861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) is a serious concern due to increasing resistance to antibiotics. The bacterial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme is effectively inhibited by trimethoprim, a compound with antibacterial activity. Previously, we reported a trimethoprim derivative containing an acryloyl linker and a dihydophthalazine moiety demonstrating increased potency against S. aureus. We have expanded this series and assessed in vitro enzyme inhibition (Ki) and whole cell growth inhibition properties (MIC). Modifications were focused at a chiral carbon within the phthalazine heterocycle, as well as simultaneous modification at positions on the dihydrophthalazine. MIC values increased from 0.0626-0.5 μg/mL into the 0.5-1 μg/mL range when the edge positions were modified with either methyl or methoxy groups. Changes at the chiral carbon affected Ki measurements but with little impact on MIC values. Our structural data revealed accommodation of predominantly the S-enantiomer of the inhibitors within the folate-binding pocket. Longer modifications at the chiral carbon, such as p-methylbenzyl, protrude from the pocket into solvent and result in poorer Ki values, as do modifications with greater torsional freedom, such as 1-ethylpropyl. The most efficacious Ki was 0.7 ± 0.3 nM, obtained with a cyclopropyl derivative containing dimethoxy modifications at the dihydrophthalazine edge. The co-crystal structure revealed an alternative placement of the phthalazine moiety into a shallow surface at the edge of the site that can accommodate either enantiomer of the inhibitor. The current design, therefore, highlights how to engineer specific placement of the inhibitor within this alternative pocket, which in turn maximizes the enzyme inhibitory properties of racemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prasad Muddala
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - John C White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Baskar Nammalwar
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Ian Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Leonard M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Richard A Bunce
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - K Darrell Berlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Christina R Bourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
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22
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Christoff AP, Sereia AFR, Cruz GNF, de Bastiani DC, Silva VL, Hernandes C, Nascente APM, dos Reis AA, Viessi RG, Marques ADSP, Braga BS, Raduan TPL, Martino MDV, de Menezes FG, de Oliveira LFV. One year cross-sectional study in adult and neonatal intensive care units reveals the bacterial and antimicrobial resistance genes profiles in patients and hospital surfaces. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234127. [PMID: 32492060 PMCID: PMC7269242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown the ubiquitous presence of bacteria in hospital surfaces, staff, and patients. Frequently, these bacteria are related to HAI (healthcare-associated infections) and carry antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These HAI-related bacteria contribute to a major public health issue by increasing patient morbidity and mortality during or after hospital stay. Bacterial high-throughput amplicon gene sequencing along with identification of AMR genes, as well as whole genome sequencing (WGS), are biotechnological tools that allow multiple-sample screening for a diversity of bacteria. In this paper, we used these methods to perform a one-year cross sectional profiling of bacteria and AMR genes in adult and neonatal intensive care units (ICU and NICU) in a Brazilian public, tertiary hospital. Our results showed high abundances of HAI-related bacteria such as S. epidermidis, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii complex, E. coli, E. faecalis, and P. aeruginosa in patients and hospital surfaces. Most abundant AMR genes detected throughout ICU and NICU were mecA, blaCTX-M-1 group, blaSHV-like, and blaKPC-like. We found that NICU environment and patients were more widely contaminated with pathogenic bacteria than ICU. Patient samples, despite the higher bacterial load, have lower bacterial diversity than environmental samples in both units. Finally, we also identified contamination hotspots in the hospital environment showing constant frequencies of bacterial and AMR contamination throughout the year. Whole genome sequencing (WGS), 16S rRNA oligotypes, and AMR identification allowed a high-resolution characterization of the hospital microbiome profile.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
- Bacteria/drug effects
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Load
- Brazil
- Cross Infection/microbiology
- Cross Infection/pathology
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Intensive Care Units
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/genetics
- Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Tertiary Care Centers
- Whole Genome Sequencing
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23
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Fritz B, Schäfer K, März M, Wahl S, Ziemssen F, Egert M. Eye-Catching Microbes-Polyphasic Analysis of the Microbiota on Microscope Oculars Verifies Their Role as Fomites. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051572. [PMID: 32455878 PMCID: PMC7290821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopes are used in virtually every biological and medical laboratory. Previous cultivation-based studies have suggested that direct contact with microscope eyepieces increases the risk of eye infections. To obtain a deeper insight into the microbiota on oculars, we analysed 10 recently used university microscopes. Their left oculars were used for a cultivation-based approach, while the right oculars served for massive gene sequencing. After cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, the oculars were re-sampled and analysed again. All oculars were found to be contaminated with bacteria, with a maximum load of 1.7 × 103 CFU cm-2. MALDI Biotyping revealed mainly Cutibacterium (68%), Staphylococcus (14%) and Brevibacterium (10%), with the most abundant species being Cutibacterium acnes (13%) and Staphylococcus capitis (6%). Cleaning reduced the microbial load by up to 2 log scales. Within 10 uncleaned and 5 cleaned samples, 1480 ASVs were assigned to 10 phyla and 262 genera. The dominant genera before cleaning were Cutibacterium (78%), Paracoccus (13%), Pseudomonas (2%) and Acinetobacter (1%). The bacteriota composition on the cleaned oculars was similar; however, it probably largely represented dead bacteria. In summary, used oculars were significantly contaminated with skin and environmental bacteria, including potential pathogens. Regular cleaning is highly recommended to prevent eye and skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Fritz
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (B.F.); (K.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Karin Schäfer
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (B.F.); (K.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Melanie März
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (B.F.); (K.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany;
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Markus Egert
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (B.F.); (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7720-307-4554
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