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Qian K, Deng Y, Krimsky WS, Feng YG, Peng J, Tai YH, Peng H, Jiang LH. Airway Microbiota in Patients With Synchronous Multiple Primary Lung Cancer: The Bacterial Topography of the Respiratory Tract. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811279. [PMID: 35494066 PMCID: PMC9041701 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes and microbiota dysbiosis are correlated with the development of lung cancer; however, the airway taxa characteristics and bacterial topography in synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the microbiota taxa distribution and characteristics in the airways of patients with sMPLC and clarify specimen acquisition modalities in these patients. Using the precise positioning of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB), we analyzed the characteristics of the respiratory microbiome, which were collected from different sites and using different sampling methods. Microbiome predictor variables were bacterial DNA burden and bacterial community composition based on 16sRNA. Eight non-smoking patients with sMPLC in the same pulmonary lobe were included in this study. Compared with other sampling methods, bacterial burden and diversity were higher in surface areas sampled by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Bacterial topography data revealed that the segment with sMPLC lesions provided evidence of specific colonizing bacteria in segments with lesions. After taxonomic annotation, we identified 4863 phylotypes belonging to 185 genera and 10 different phyla. The four most abundant specific bacterial community members detected in the airway containing sMPLC lesions were Clostridium, Actinobacteria, Fusobacterium, and Rothia, which all peaked at the segments with sMPLC lesions. This study begins to define the bacterial topography of the respiratory tract in patients with sMPLC and provides an approach to specimen acquisition for sMPLC, namely BAL fluid obtained from segments where lesions are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - William S Krimsky
- Chief Medical Officer, Gala Therapeutics, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Yong-Geng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Hang Tai
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Hong Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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2
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Pallos D, Sousa V, Feres M, Retamal-Valdes B, Chen T, Curtis M, Boaventura RM, Tanaka MH, Salomão GVDS, Zanella L, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Schwab G, Franco LAM, Sabino EC, Braz-Silva PH, Shibli JA. Salivary Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated With Peri-Implantitis: A Case-Control Study in a Brazilian Population. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:696432. [PMID: 35071026 PMCID: PMC8766799 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.696432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the salivary microbiome in healthy peri-implant sites and those with peri-implantitis. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 21 participants with healthy peri-implant sites and 21 participants with peri-implantitis. The V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Ion Torrent PGM System (Ion 318™ Chip v2 400). The NGS analysis and composition of the salivary microbiome were determined by taxonomy assignment. Downstream bioinformatic analyses were performed in QIIME (v 1.9.1). Results Clinical differences according to peri-implant condition status were found. Alpha diversity metrics revealed that the bacterial communities of participants with healthy peri-implant sites tended to have a richer microbial composition than individuals with peri-implantitis. In terms of beta diversity, bleeding on probing (BoP) may influence the microbial diversity. However, no clear partitioning was noted between the salivary microbiome of volunteers with healthy peri-implant sites or volunteers with peri-implantitis. The highest relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Enterococcus and Leuconostoc genus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Prevotella copri, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides stercoris bacterial species was found in participants with peri-implantitis when compared with those with healthy peri-implant sites. Conclusion Differences in salivary microbiome composition were observed between patients with healthy peri-implant sites and those with peri-implantitis. BoP could affect the diversity (beta diversity) of the salivary microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Pallos
- Department of Dentistry, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Sousa
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Centre for Oral Immunobiology & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Belen Retamal-Valdes
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection & Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mike Curtis
- Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Tower Wing, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Louise Zanella
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Gabriela Schwab
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
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Broderick DTJ, Waite DW, Marsh RL, Camargo CA, Cardenas P, Chang AB, Cookson WOC, Cuthbertson L, Dai W, Everard ML, Gervaix A, Harris JK, Hasegawa K, Hoffman LR, Hong SJ, Josset L, Kelly MS, Kim BS, Kong Y, Li SC, Mansbach JM, Mejias A, O’Toole GA, Paalanen L, Pérez-Losada M, Pettigrew MM, Pichon M, Ramilo O, Ruokolainen L, Sakwinska O, Seed PC, van der Gast CJ, Wagner BD, Yi H, Zemanick ET, Zheng Y, Pillarisetti N, Taylor MW. Bacterial Signatures of Paediatric Respiratory Disease: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711134. [PMID: 35002989 PMCID: PMC8733647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The airway microbiota has been linked to specific paediatric respiratory diseases, but studies are often small. It remains unclear whether particular bacteria are associated with a given disease, or if a more general, non-specific microbiota association with disease exists, as suggested for the gut. We investigated overarching patterns of bacterial association with acute and chronic paediatric respiratory disease in an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences from published respiratory microbiota studies. Methods: We obtained raw microbiota data from public repositories or via communication with corresponding authors. Cross-sectional analyses of the paediatric (<18 years) microbiota in acute and chronic respiratory conditions, with >10 case subjects were included. Sequence data were processed using a uniform bioinformatics pipeline, removing a potentially substantial source of variation. Microbiota differences across diagnoses were assessed using alpha- and beta-diversity approaches, machine learning, and biomarker analyses. Results: We ultimately included 20 studies containing individual data from 2624 children. Disease was associated with lower bacterial diversity in nasal and lower airway samples and higher relative abundances of specific nasal taxa including Streptococcus and Haemophilus. Machine learning success in assigning samples to diagnostic groupings varied with anatomical site, with positive predictive value and sensitivity ranging from 43 to 100 and 8 to 99%, respectively. Conclusion: IPD meta-analysis of the respiratory microbiota across multiple diseases allowed identification of a non-specific disease association which cannot be recognised by studying a single disease. Whilst imperfect, machine learning offers promise as a potential additional tool to aid clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. Waite
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robyn L. Marsh
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Carlos A. Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul Cardenas
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anne B. Chang
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William O. C. Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenkui Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mark L. Everard
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alain Gervaix
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J. Kirk Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucas R. Hoffman
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Matthew S. Kelly
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shuai C. Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan M. Mansbach
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Laura Paalanen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Melinda M. Pettigrew
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maxime Pichon
- CHU Poitiers, Infectious Agents Department, Poitiers, France
- University of Poitiers, INSERM U1070, Poitiers, France
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Patrick C. Seed
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Brandie D. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hana Yi
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edith T. Zemanick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | | | - Michael W. Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Gourmelon
- IFREMER, ODE-DYNECO-Pelagos, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Pélagique, Plouzané, France
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg H Reischer
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Fritz B, Paschko E, Young W, Böhringer D, Wahl S, Ziemssen F, Egert M. Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of the Slit Lamp Bacteriota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745653. [PMID: 34869057 PMCID: PMC8635730 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit lamps are routinely used to examine large numbers of patients every day due to high throughput. Previous, cultivation-based results suggested slit lamps to be contaminated with bacteria, mostly coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by micrococci, bacilli, but also Staphylococcus aureus. Our study aimed at obtaining a much more comprehensive, cultivation-independent view of the slit lamp bacteriota and its hygienic relevance, as regularly touched surfaces usually represent fomites, particularly if used by different persons. We performed extensive 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyse the bacteriota, of 46 slit lamps from two tertiary care centers at two sampling sites, respectively. 82 samples yielded enough sequences for downstream analyses and revealed contamination with bacteria of mostly human skin, mucosa and probably eye origin, predominantly cutibacteria, staphylococci and corynebacteria. The taxonomic assignment of 3369 ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) revealed 19 bacterial phyla and 468 genera across all samples. As antibiotic resistances are of major concern, we screened all samples for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using qPCR, however, no signals above the detection limit were detected. Our study provides first comprehensive insight into the slit lamp microbiota. It underlines that slit lamps carry a highly diverse, skin-like bacterial microbiota and that thorough cleaning and disinfection after use is highly recommendable to prevent eye and skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Fritz
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Edita Paschko
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Informatics Team, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Egert
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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Khadka VD, Key FM, Romo-González C, Martínez-Gayosso A, Campos-Cabrera BL, Gerónimo-Gallegos A, Lynn TC, Durán-McKinster C, Coria-Jiménez R, Lieberman TD, García-Romero MT. The Skin Microbiome of Patients With Atopic Dermatitis Normalizes Gradually During Treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:720674. [PMID: 34631601 PMCID: PMC8498027 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.720674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by an altered skin microbiome dominantly colonized by S. aureus. Standard treatment includes emollients, anti-inflammatory medications and antiseptics. Objectives To characterize changes in the skin microbiome during treatment for AD. Methods The skin microbiomes of children with moderate-to-severe AD and healthy children were investigated in a longitudinal prospective study. Patients with AD were randomized to receive either standard treatment with emollients and topical corticosteroids or standard treatment with the addition of dilute bleach baths (DBB) and sampled at four visits over a three-month period. At each visit, severity of AD was measured, swabs were taken from four body sites and the composition of the microbiome at those sites was assessed using 16S rRNA amplification. Results We included 14 healthy controls and 28 patients. We found high relative abundances of S. aureus in patients, which correlated with AD severity and reduced apparent alpha diversity. As disease severity improved with treatment, the abundance of S. aureus decreased, gradually becoming more similar to the microbiomes of healthy controls. After treatment, patients who received DBB had a significantly lower abundance of S. aureus than those who received only standard treatment. Conclusions There are clear differences in the skin microbiome of healthy controls and AD patients that diminish with treatment. After three months, the addition of DBB to standard treatment had significantly decreased the S. aureus burden, supporting its use as a therapeutic option. Further study in double-blinded trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda D. Khadka
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Felix M. Key
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Carolina Romo-González
- Experimental Bacteriology Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Tucker C. Lynn
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Rafael Coria-Jiménez
- Experimental Bacteriology Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tami D. Lieberman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Zhang Y, Kang JD, Zhao D, Ghosh SS, Wang Y, Tai Y, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Lippman HR, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS. Hepatic Branch Vagotomy Modulates the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis in Murine Cirrhosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702646. [PMID: 34248683 PMCID: PMC8268007 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are linked with an altered gut-liver-brain axis, however, the relative contribution of hepatic vagal innervation is unclear. We aimed to determine the impact of hepatic vagotomy on the gut microbiome, brain, and liver in murine cirrhosis. METHODS 10-15-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with and without hepatic vagotomy underwent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) gavage for 8 weeks. Frontal cortex [inflammation, glial/microglial activation, BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)], liver [histology including inflammation and steatosis, fatty acid synthesis (sterol-responsive binding protein-1) SREBP-1, insulin-induced gene-2 (Insig2) and BDNF], and colonic mucosal microbiota (16srRNA microbial sequencing) were evaluated on sacrifice. Conventional mice with and without cirrhosis were compared to vagotomized counterparts. RESULTS Conventional control vs. cirrhosis: Cirrhosis resulted in dysbiosis, hepatic/neuro-inflammation with glial/microglial activation, and low brain BDNF vs. controls. Conventional control vs. vagotomy controls: Vagotomized control mice had a lower colonic dysbiosis than conventional mice but the rest of the hepatic/brain parameters were similar. Conventional cirrhosis vs. vagotomized cirrhosis: After vagotomy + cirrhosis, we found lower dysbiosis but continuing neuroinflammation in the absence of glial/microglial activation vs. conventional cirrhosis. Vagotomy + Cirrhosis groups showed higher hepatic steatosis due to higher SREBP1 and low Insig2 protein and altered activation of key genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. BDNF levels in the brain were higher but low in the liver in vagotomy + cirrhosis, likely a protective mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic vagal innervation affects the gut microbial composition, hepatic inflammation and steatosis, and cortical inflammation and BDNF expression and could be a critical modulator of the gut-liver-brain axis with consequences for HE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jason D. Kang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Siddartha S. Ghosh
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yunling Tai
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - H. Robert Lippman
- Department of Pathology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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8
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Abstract
Mounting evidence suggested that the gut microbiota has a significant role in the metabolism and disease status of the host. In particular, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), which has a complex etiology that includes obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation, is modulated by the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Current literature supports that unbalanced gut microbial composition (dysbiosis) is a risk factor for T2D. In this review, we critically summarize the recent findings regarding the role of gut microbiota in T2D. Beyond these associative studies, we focus on the causal relationship between microbiota and T2D established using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or probiotic supplementation, and the potential underlying mechanisms such as byproducts of microbial metabolism. These microbial metabolites are small molecules that establish communication between microbiota and host cells. We critically summarize the associations between T2D and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO). Additionally, we comment on how host genetic architecture and the epigenome influence the microbial composition and thus how the gut microbiota may explain part of the missing heritability of T2D found by GWAS analysis. We also discuss future directions in this field and how approaches such as FMT, prebiotics, and probiotics supplementation are being considered as potential therapeutics for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Myungsuk Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
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