1
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Guallar-Garrido S, Soldati T. Exploring host-pathogen interactions in the Dictyostelium discoideum-Mycobacterium marinum infection model of tuberculosis. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050698. [PMID: 39037280 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a significant global health concern that poses numerous clinical challenges, particularly in terms of finding effective treatments for patients. Throughout evolution, host immune cells have developed cell-autonomous defence strategies to restrain and eliminate mycobacteria. Concurrently, mycobacteria have evolved an array of virulence factors to counteract these host defences, resulting in a dynamic interaction between host and pathogen. Here, we review recent findings, including those arising from the use of the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a model to investigate key mycobacterial infection pathways. D. discoideum serves as a scalable and genetically tractable model for human phagocytes, providing valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. We also highlight certain similarities between M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, and the use of M. marinum to more safely investigate mycobacteria in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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2
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Lyu L, Jia H, Liu Q, Ma W, Li Z, Pan L, Zhang X. Individualized lipid profile in urine-derived extracellular vesicles from clinical patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1409552. [PMID: 38873163 PMCID: PMC11169924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1409552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are a key nutrient source for the growth and reproduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Urine-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), because of its non-invasive sampling, lipid enrichment, and specific sorting character, have been recognized as a promising research target for biomarker discovery and pathogenesis elucidation in tuberculosis (TB). We aim to profile lipidome of Mtb-infected individuals, offer novel lipid signatures for the development of urine-based TB testing, and provide new insights into the lipid metabolism after Mtb infection. Methods Urine-derived extracellular vesicles from 41 participants (including healthy, pulmonary tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis patients, and other lung disease groups) were isolated and individually detected using targeted lipidomics and proteomics technology platforms. Biomarkers were screened by multivariate and univariate statistical analysis and evaluated by SPSS software. Correlation analyses were performed on lipids and proteins using the R Hmisc package. Results Overall, we identified 226 lipids belonging to 14 classes. Of these, 7 potential lipid biomarkers for TB and 6 for latent TB infection (LTBI) were identified, all of which were classified into diacylglycerol (DAG), monoacylglycerol (MAG), free fatty acid (FFA), and cholesteryl ester (CE). Among them, FFA (20:1) was the most promising biomarker target in diagnosing TB/LTBI from other compared groups and also have great diagnostic performance in distinguishing TB from LTBI with AUC of 0.952. In addition, enhanced lipolysis happened as early as individuals got latent Mtb infection, and ratio of raft lipids was gradually elevated along TB progression. Conclusion This study demonstrated individualized lipid profile of urinary EVs in patients with Mtb infection, revealed novel potential lipid biomarkers for TB/LTBI diagnosis, and explored mechanisms by which EV lipid raft-dependent bio-processes might affect pathogenesis. It lays a solid foundation for the subsequent diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Lyu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
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3
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Srivatsav AT, Kapoor S. Biophysical Interaction Landscape of Mycobacterial Mycolic Acids and Phenolic Glycolipids with Host Macrophage Membranes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5555-5562. [PMID: 38015441 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipidic adjuvant formulations consisting of immunomodulatory mycobacterial cell wall lipids interact with host cells following administration. The impact of this cross-talk on the host membrane's structure and function is rarely given enough consideration but is imperative to rule out nonspecific perturbation underlying the adjuvant. In this work, we investigated changes in the plasma membranes of live mammalian cells after exposure to mycobacterial mycolic acid (MA) and phenolic glycolipids, two strong candidates for lipidic adjuvant therapy. We found that phenolic glycolipid 1 softened the plasma membrane, lowering membrane tension and stiffness, but MA did not significantly change the membrane characteristics. Further, phenolic glycolipid 1 had a fluidizing impact on the host plasma membrane, increasing the fluidity and the abundance of fluid-ordered-disordered coexisting lipid domains. Notably, lipid diffusion was not impacted. Overall, MA and, to a lesser extent, phenolic glycolipid 1, due to minor disruption of host cell membranes, may serve as appropriate lipids in adjuvant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin T Srivatsav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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4
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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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5
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Chiu CH, Tan JJY, Mondal S, Lin CH, Mong KKT. Sulfoglycolipids and Related Analogues of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Studies. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300399. [PMID: 37788979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis as one major threat to human health, which has been deteriorated owing to the emerging multidrug resistance. Mtb contains a complex lipophilic cell wall structure that is important for bacterial persistence. Among the lipid components, sulfoglycolipids (SGLs), known to induce immune cell responses, are composed of a trehalose core attached with a conserved sulfate group and 1-4 fatty acyl chains in an asymmetric pattern. At least one of these acyl chains is polymethylated with 3-12 methyl branches. Although Mtb SGL can be isolated from bacterial culture, resulting SGL is still a homologous mixture, impeding accurate research studies. This up-to-date review covers the chemical synthesis and immunological studies of Mtb SGLs and structural analogues, with an emphasis on the development of new glycosylation methods and the asymmetric synthesis of polymethylated scaffolds. Both are critical to advance further research on biological functions of these complicated SGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Chiu
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
| | - Janet Jia-Yin Tan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, 11529, Taiwan (China
| | - Soumik Mondal
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, 11529, Taiwan (China
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (China
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
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6
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Mishra M, Gupta AD, Dadhich R, Ahmad MN, Dasgupta A, Chopra S, Kapoor S. Mycobacterial lipid-derived immunomodulatory drug- liposome conjugate eradicates endosome-localized mycobacteria. J Control Release 2023; 360:578-590. [PMID: 37442202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a challenging disease due to the intracellular residence of its pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and modulation of the host bactericidal responses. Lipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulate macrophage immune responses dependent on the infection stage and intracellular location. We show that liposomes constituted with immunostimulatory lipids from mycobacteria modulate the cellular immune response and synergize with sustained drug delivery for effective pathogen eradication. We evaluate the pH-dependent release of Rifampicin from the mycobacterial-lipid-derived liposomes intracellularly and in vitro, their cell viability, long-term stability, and antimicrobial efficacy. Intracellular drug levels were higher following liposome treatment compared with the free drug in a temporal fashion underlying a sustained release. The drug-encapsulated liposomes were taken up by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and elicited a robust pro-inflammatory immune response while localizing in the recycling and late endosomes. Notably, these were the same cellular compartments that contained the pathogen underlying localized intracellular targeting. Our results also imply a lipid-centric and species-specific selectivity of the liposomal drug formulations. This work provides a proof-of-concept for the dual-action of liposomes derived from the pathogen itself for their effective eradication, in conjunction with the attuned host immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Aishi Das Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mohammad Naiyaz Ahmad
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arunava Dasgupta
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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7
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Kumar G, Kapoor S. Targeting mycobacterial membranes and membrane proteins: Progress and limitations. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117212. [PMID: 36804747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis continues to hold center stage. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses robust defense mechanisms against most front-line antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. It is now well-established that bacteria change their membrane composition to optimize their environment to survive and elude drug action. Thus targeting membrane or membrane components is a promising avenue for exploiting the chemical space focussed on developing novel membrane-centric anti-bacterial small molecules. These approaches are more effective, non-toxic, and can attenuate resistance phenotype. We present the relevance of targeting the mycobacterial membrane as a practical therapeutic approach. The review highlights the direct and indirect targeting of membrane structure and function. Direct membrane targeting agents cause perturbation in the membrane potential and can cause leakage of the cytoplasmic contents. In contrast, indirect membrane targeting agents disrupt the function of membrane-associated proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis or energy production. We discuss the chronological chemical improvements in various scaffolds targeting specific membrane-associated protein targets, their clinical evaluation, and up-to-date account of their ''mechanisms of action, potency, selectivity'' and limitations. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work have emerged from target-based identification, cell-based phenotypic screening, drug repurposing, and natural products. We believe this review will inspire the exploration of uncharted chemical space for informing the development of new scaffolds that can inhibit novel mycobacterial membrane targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Departemnt of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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8
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Gisch N, Utpatel C, Gronbach LM, Kohl TA, Schombel U, Malm S, Dobos KM, Hesser DC, Diel R, Götsch U, Gerdes S, Shuaib YA, Ntinginya NE, Khosa C, Viegas S, Kerubo G, Ali S, Al-Hajoj SA, Ndung'u PW, Rachow A, Hoelscher M, Maurer FP, Schwudke D, Niemann S, Reiling N, Homolka S. Sub-Lineage Specific Phenolic Glycolipid Patterns in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lineage 1. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:832054. [PMID: 35350619 PMCID: PMC8957993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.832054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
“Ancestral” Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains of Lineage 1 (L1, East African Indian) are a prominent tuberculosis (TB) cause in countries around the Indian Ocean. However, the pathobiology of L1 strains is insufficiently characterized. Here, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 312 L1 strains from 43 countries to perform a characterization of the global L1 population structure and correlate this to the analysis of the synthesis of phenolic glycolipids (PGL) – known MTBC polyketide-derived virulence factors. Our results reveal the presence of eight major L1 sub-lineages, whose members have specific mutation signatures in PGL biosynthesis genes, e.g., pks15/1 or glycosyltransferases Rv2962c and/or Rv2958c. Sub-lineage specific PGL production was studied by NMR-based lipid profiling and strains with a completely abolished phenolphthiocerol dimycoserosate biosynthesis showed in average a more prominent growth in human macrophages. In conclusion, our results show a diverse population structure of L1 strains that is associated with the presence of specific PGL types. This includes the occurrence of mycoside B in one sub-lineage, representing the first description of a PGL in an M. tuberculosis lineage other than L2. Such differences may be important for the evolution of L1 strains, e.g., allowing adaption to different human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Utpatel
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lisa M Gronbach
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kohl
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ursula Schombel
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sven Malm
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Danny C Hesser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Roland Diel
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Disease Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Udo Götsch
- Municipal Health Authority Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Gerdes
- Municipal Health Authority Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Yassir A Shuaib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.,WHO-Supranational Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine (IML Red), Gauting, Germany
| | - Nyanda E Ntinginya
- National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania - Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Celso Khosa
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Sofia Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Glennah Kerubo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sahal A Al-Hajoj
- Mycobacteriology Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perpetual W Ndung'u
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrea Rachow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian P Maurer
- National and WHO Supranational Reference Centre for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany.,Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Susanne Homolka
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
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9
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Sharma PR, Dravid AA, Kalapala YC, Gupta VK, Jeyasankar S, Goswami A, Agarwal R. Cationic inhalable particles for enhanced drug delivery to M. tuberculosis infected macrophages. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 133:112612. [PMID: 35527151 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhalable microparticle-based drug delivery platforms are being investigated extensively for Tuberculosis (TB) treatment as they offer efficient deposition in lungs and improved pharmacokinetics of the encapsulated cargo. However, the effect of physical parameters of microcarriers on interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infected mammalian cells is underexplored. In this study, we report that Mtb-infected macrophages are highly phagocytic and microparticle surface charge plays a major role in particle internalization by infected cells. Microparticles of different sizes (0.5-2 μm) were internalized in large numbers by Mtb-infected THP-1 macrophages and murine primary Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages in vitro. Drastic improvement in particle uptake was observed with cationic particles in vitro and in mice lungs. Rapid uptake of rifampicin-loaded cationic microparticles allowed high intracellular accumulation of the drug and led to enhanced anti-bacterial function when compared to non-modified rifampicin-loaded microparticles. Cytocompatibility assay and histological analysis in vivo confirmed that the formulations were safe and did not elicit any adverse reaction. Additionally, pulmonary delivery of cationic particles in mice resulted in two-fold higher uptake in resident alveolar macrophages compared to non-modified particles. This study provides a framework for future design of drug carriers to improve delivery of anti-TB drugs inside Mtb-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Raj Sharma
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ameya Atul Dravid
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | | - Vishal K Gupta
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sharumathi Jeyasankar
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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10
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Agarwala PK, Aneja R, Kapoor S. Lipidomic landscape in cancer: Actionable insights for membrane-based therapy and diagnoses. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:983-1018. [PMID: 34719798 DOI: 10.1002/med.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display altered cellular lipid metabolism, including disruption in endogenous lipid synthesis, storage, and exogenous uptake for membrane biogenesis and functions. Altered lipid metabolism and, consequently, lipid composition impacts cellular function by affecting membrane structure and properties, such as fluidity, rigidity, membrane dynamics, and lateral organization. Herein, we provide an overview of lipid membranes and how their properties affect cellular functions. We also detail how the rewiring of lipid metabolism impacts the lipidomic landscape of cancer cell membranes and influences the characteristics of cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss how the altered cancer lipidome provides cues for developing lipid-inspired innovative therapeutic and diagnostic strategies while improving our limited understanding of the role of lipids in cancer initiation and progression. We also present the arcade of membrane characterization techniques to cement their relevance in cancer diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema K Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.,Depertment of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Sarno A, Bitencourt J, Queiroz A, Arruda S. In silico comparisons of lipid-related genes between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and BCG vaccine strains. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20210024. [PMID: 34699585 PMCID: PMC8547388 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite highly variable efficacy, BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is the only vaccine available to prevent the tuberculosis (TB). Genomic heterogeneity between attenuated BCG strains and virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis might help to explain this vaccine’s impaired capacity to induce long-term protection. Here, we investigate the lipid-related genes absent in attenuated BCG strains in order to correlate changes in both lipid metabolism and cell-wall lipid content to vaccine impairment. Whole genome sequences of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and the six most used BCG strains worldwide were aligned and the absent regions functionally categorized. Genomes of the BCG strains showed a total of 14 non-homologous lipid-related genes, including those belonging to mce3 operon, as well as the gene echaA1, which encodes an enoyl-CoA hydratase, and the genes encoding phospholipases PlcA, PlcB and PlcC. Taken together, the depletion of these M. tuberculosis H37Rv genomic regions were associated with marked alterations in lipid-related genes of BCG strains. Such alterations may indicate a dormant-like state and can be determining factors to the vaccine’s inability to induce long-term protection. These lipids can be further evaluated as an adjuvant to boost the current BCG-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sarno
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado em Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Julia Bitencourt
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado em Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado em Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sergio Arruda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado em Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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12
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Mishra M, Kapoor S. Modulation of a host's cell membrane nano-environment by mycobacterial glycolipids: involvement of PI(4,5)P 2 signaling lipid? Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:295-316. [PMID: 34542111 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Virulence-associated glycolipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) act as effector molecules during infection-in addition to proteins. Upon insertion, they alter the host cell's membrane properties modifying the host's functions to aid Mtb survival and disease course. Here we combine tether force experiments and microscopy to reveal previously unknown insights on the potential involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) lipid in the Mtb lipid-host interaction landscape. Our data shows that Mtb lipids, having different structural and chemical make-up, distinctly alter a host's PI(4,5)P2 membrane abundance/organization and PI(4,5)P2-actin colocalization, thus impacting the plasma membrane-cytoskeletal adhesion forces. Combined with our previous findings that underscore the role of exogenous Mtb lipids in remodeling host plasma membrane organization and mechanics, this work builds upon a lipid-centric view of tubercular infections. Dynamically changing a host's plasma membrane lipid content - in response to virulent lipids - might represent a so far unexplored mechanism invoked by Mtb to modulate the host cell's adhesive properties to escape immune surveillance. These findings will deepen our collective understanding of the functional role of Mtb lipids in hijacking the host cell processes amenable to pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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13
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Claude-Taupin A, Jia J, Bhujabal Z, Garfa-Traoré M, Kumar S, da Silva GPD, Javed R, Gu Y, Allers L, Peters R, Wang F, da Costa LJ, Pallikkuth S, Lidke KA, Mauthe M, Verlhac P, Uchiyama Y, Salemi M, Phinney B, Tooze SA, Mari MC, Johansen T, Reggiori F, Deretic V. ATG9A protects the plasma membrane from programmed and incidental permeabilization. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:846-858. [PMID: 34257406 PMCID: PMC8276549 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The integral membrane protein ATG9A plays a key role in autophagy. It displays a broad intracellular distribution and is present in numerous compartments, including the plasma membrane (PM). The reasons for the distribution of ATG9A to the PM and its role at the PM are not understood. Here, we show that ATG9A organizes, in concert with IQGAP1, components of the ESCRT system and uncover cooperation between ATG9A, IQGAP1 and ESCRTs in protection from PM damage. ESCRTs and ATG9A phenocopied each other in protection against PM injury. ATG9A knockouts sensitized the PM to permeabilization by a broad spectrum of microbial and endogenous agents, including gasdermin, MLKL and the MLKL-like action of coronavirus ORF3a. Thus, ATG9A engages IQGAP1 and the ESCRT system to maintain PM integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Claude-Taupin
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traoré
- Cell Imaging Platform, INSERM US24 Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gustavo Peixoto Duarte da Silva
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yuexi Gu
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ryan Peters
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Pallikkuth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Muriel C Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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14
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ASAP1 regulates the uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra in THP1-derived macrophages by remodeling actin cytoskeleton. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 129:102090. [PMID: 34058694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is initiated by the entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) into macrophages in the lungs. A study of the cellular factors responsible for the entry of Mtb into host cells will potentially benefit the development of therapeutic treatments or preventive agents against Mtb infection. Using human THP1-derived macrophages as a model, we found that infection of Mtb H37Ra transiently reduced the level of ASAP1, an ADP ribosylation factor (Arf)-GTPase activating protein. Furthermore, knockdown of ASAP1 increased the efficiency of H37Ra entry into the cell and altered the status of actin remodeling as indicated by the enhanced aggregation of F-actin and the increased numbers of vinculin- and paxillin-rich puncta. Collectively, the results in this report identified ASAP1 as a regulator controlling the entry of Mtb H37Ra into macrophage by remodeling actin cytoskeleton.
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15
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Ma Y, Gao K, Yu H, Liu W, Qin Y, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. C-coordinated O-carboxymethyl chitosan Cu(II) complex exerts antifungal activity by disrupting the cell membrane integrity of Phytophthora capsici Leonian. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117821. [PMID: 33766331 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the cell membrane is an effective method to prevent drug resistance in plant fungal diseases. Here, we proposed a negative remodeling model of the cell membrane structure induced by the C-coordinated O-carboxymethyl chitosan Cu (II) complex (O-CSLn-Cu). FITC-labeled O-CSLn-Cu (FITC-O-CSLn-Cu) was first synthesized via a nucleophilic substitution reaction and confirmed by FT-IR. FITC-labeled O-CSLn-Cu could pass through the fungal cell membrane, as detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-fluorescence. O-CSLn-Cu treatment led to apparent morphological changes in the membranes of P. capsici Leonian and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, we performed component analysis of the cell membrane from the P. capsici Leonian affected by O-CSLn-Cu with a particular interest in membrane physicochemical properties. Many unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and key enzymes promoting UFA synthesis of the cell membrane were downregulated. Similarly, a large number of membrane proteins responsible for substance transport and biochemical reactions were downregulated. Furthermore, O-CSLn-Cu treatments increased plasma membrane permeability with significant leakage of intercellular electrolytes, soluble proteins and sugars, and lipid peroxidation with decreasing membrane fluidity. Finally, aquaporin 10 was proven to be a potential molecular target sensitive to antimicrobial agents according to composition analysis of membrane structure and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Ma
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kun Gao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Weixiang Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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16
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Strong EJ, Lee S. Targeting Autophagy as a Strategy for Developing New Vaccines and Host-Directed Therapeutics Against Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614313. [PMID: 33519771 PMCID: PMC7840607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial disease is an immense burden worldwide. This disease group includes tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen's disease), Buruli Ulcer, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. The burden of NTM disease, both pulmonary and ulcerative, is drastically escalating globally, especially in developed countries such as America and Australia. Mycobacteria's ability to inhibit or evade the host immune system has contributed significantly to its continued prevalence. Pre-clinical studies have highlighted promising candidates that enhance endogenous pathways and/or limit destructive host responses. Autophagy is a cell-autonomous host defense mechanism by which intracytoplasmic cargos can be delivered and then destroyed in lysosomes. Previous studies have reported that autophagy-activating agents, small molecules, and autophagy-activating vaccines may be beneficial in restricting intracellular mycobacterial infection, even with multidrug-resistant strains. This review will examine how mycobacteria evade autophagy and discusses how autophagy could be exploited to design novel TB treatment strategies, such as host-directed therapeutics and vaccines, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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17
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Kumar G, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Chemical Tools for Illumination of Tuberculosis Biology, Virulence Mechanisms, and Diagnosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15308-15332. [PMID: 33307693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases and begs the scientific community to up the ante for research and exploration of completely novel therapeutic avenues. Chemical biology-inspired design of tunable chemical tools has aided in clinical diagnosis, facilitated discovery of therapeutics, and begun to enable investigation of virulence mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This Perspective highlights chemical tools specific to mycobacterial proteins and the cell lipid envelope that have furnished rapid and selective diagnostic strategies and provided unprecedented insights into the function of the mycobacterial proteome and lipidome. We discuss chemical tools that have enabled elucidating otherwise intractable biological processes by leveraging the unique lipid and metabolite repertoire of mycobacterial species. Some of these probes represent exciting starting points with the potential to illuminate poorly understood aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis, particularly the host membrane-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda 403 401, Goa, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Roy S, Ghatak D, Das P, BoseDasgupta S. ESX secretion system: The gatekeepers of mycobacterial survivability and pathogenesis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:202-209. [PMID: 33174865 PMCID: PMC7753977 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of Tuberculosis has plagued humankind for ages and has surfaced stronger than ever with the advent of drug resistance. Mycobacteria are adept at evading the host immune system and establishing infection by engaging host factors and secreting several virulence factors. Hence these secretion systems play a key role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. The type VII secretion system or ESX (early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) secretion) system is one such crucial system that comprises five different pathways having distinct roles in mycobacterial proliferation, pathogenesis, cytosolic escape within macrophages, regulation of macrophage apoptosis, metal ion homeostasis, etc. ESX 1–5 systems are implicated in the secretion of a plethora of proteins, of which only a few are functionally characterized. Here we summarize the current knowledge of ESX secretion systems of mycobacteria with a special focus on ESX-1 and ESX-5 systems that subvert macrophage defenses and help mycobacteria to establish their niche within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Debika Ghatak
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Payel Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Somdeb BoseDasgupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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19
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Augenstreich J, Briken V. Host Cell Targets of Released Lipid and Secreted Protein Effectors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595029. [PMID: 33194845 PMCID: PMC7644814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful pathogen, strictly adapted to humans and the cause of tuberculosis. Its success is associated with its ability to inhibit host cell intrinsic immune responses by using an arsenal of virulence factors of different nature. It has evolved to synthesize a series of complex lipids which form an outer membrane and may also be released to enter host cell membranes. In addition, secreted protein effectors of Mtb are entering the host cell cytosol to interact with host cell proteins. We briefly discuss the current model, involving the ESX-1 type seven secretion system and the Mtb lipid phthiocerol dimycoserosate (PDIM), of how Mtb creates pores in the phagosomal membrane to allow Mtb proteins to access to the host cell cytosol. We provide an exhaustive list of Mtb secreted proteins that have effector functions. They modify (mostly inhibit but sometimes activate) host cell pathways such as: phagosome maturation, cell death, cytokine response, xenophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) response via NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), nitric oxide (NO) response via NO Synthase 2 (NOS2) and antigen presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules. We discuss the host cell targets for each lipid and protein effector and the importance of the Mtb effector for virulence of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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20
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Mishra M, Dadhich R, Mogha P, Kapoor S. Mycobacterium Lipids Modulate Host Cell Membrane Mechanics, Lipid Diffusivity, and Cytoskeleton in a Virulence-Selective Manner. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2386-2399. [PMID: 32786287 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipids play a critical role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by modulating the host cell membrane properties, including lipid/protein diffusion and membrane organization. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) synthesizes various chemically distinct lipids that are exposed on its outer membrane and interact with host cell membranes. However, the effects of the structurally diverse Mtb lipids on the host cell membrane properties to fine-tune the host cellular response remain unknown. In this study, we employed membrane biophysics and cell biology to assess the effects of different Mtb lipids on cell membrane mechanics, lipid diffusion, and the cytoskeleton of THP-1 macrophages. We found that Mtb lipids modulate macrophage membrane properties, actin cytoskeleton, and biochemical processes, such as protein phosphorylation and lipid peroxidation, in a virulence lipid-selective manner. These results emphasize that Mtb can fine-tune its interactions with the host cells governed by modulating the lipid profile on its surface. These observations provide a novel lipid-centric paradigm of Mtb pathogenesis that is amenable to pharmacological inhibition and could promote the development of robust biomarkers of Mtb infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Mogha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Dadhich R, Kapoor S. Various Facets of Pathogenic Lipids in Infectious Diseases: Exploring Virulent Lipid-Host Interactome and Their Druggability. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:399-423. [PMID: 32833058 PMCID: PMC7443855 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids form an integral, structural, and functional part of all life forms. They play a significant role in various cellular processes such as membrane fusion, fission, endocytosis, protein trafficking, and protein functions. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed their more impactful and critical involvement in infectious diseases, starting with the manipulation of the host membrane to facilitate pathogenic entry. Thereafter, pathogens recruit specific host lipids for the maintenance of favorable intracellular niche to augment their survival and proliferation. In this review, we showcase the lipid-mediated host pathogen interplay in context of life-threatening viral and bacterial diseases including the recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluate the emergent lipid-centric approaches adopted by these pathogens, while delineating the alterations in the composition and organization of the cell membrane within the host, as well as the pathogen. Lastly, crucial nexus points in their interaction landscape for therapeutic interventions are identified. Lipids act as critical determinants of bacterial and viral pathogenesis by altering the host cell membrane structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
- Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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22
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Augenstreich J, Haanappel E, Sayes F, Simeone R, Guillet V, Mazeres S, Chalut C, Mourey L, Brosch R, Guilhot C, Astarie-Dequeker C. Phthiocerol Dimycocerosates From Mycobacterium tuberculosis Increase the Membrane Activity of Bacterial Effectors and Host Receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:420. [PMID: 32923411 PMCID: PMC7456886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) synthesizes a variety of atypical lipids that are exposed at the cell surface and help the bacterium infect macrophages and escape elimination by the cell's immune responses. In the present study, we investigate the mechanism of action of one family of hydrophobic lipids, the phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM/PDIM), major lipid virulence factors. DIM are transferred from the envelope of Mtb to host membranes during infection. Using the polarity-sensitive fluorophore C-Laurdan, we visualized that DIM decrease the membrane polarity of a supported lipid bilayer put in contact with mycobacteria, even beyond the site of contact. We observed that DIM activate the complement receptor 3, a predominant receptor for phagocytosis of Mtb by macrophages. DIM also increased the activity of membrane-permeabilizing effectors of Mtb, among which the virulence factor EsxA. This is consistent with previous observations that DIM help Mtb disrupt host cell membranes. Taken together, our data show that transferred DIM spread within the target membrane, modify its physical properties and increase the activity of host cell receptors and bacterial effectors, diverting in a non-specific manner host cell functions. We therefore bring new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which DIM increase Mtb's capability to escape the cell's immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Augenstreich
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Evert Haanappel
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Guillet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Mazeres
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-UPS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
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23
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Sachdeva K, Goel M, Sudhakar M, Mehta M, Raju R, Raman K, Singh A, Sundaramurthy V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) lipid mediated lysosomal rewiring in infected macrophages modulates intracellular Mtb trafficking and survival. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9192-9210. [PMID: 32424041 PMCID: PMC7335774 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens commonly manipulate the host lysosomal system for their survival. However, whether this pathogen-induced alteration affects the organization and functioning of the lysosomal system itself is not known. Here, using in vitro and in vivo infections and quantitative image analysis, we show that the lysosomal content and activity are globally elevated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected macrophages. We observed that this enhanced lysosomal state is sustained over time and defines an adaptive homeostasis in the infected macrophage. Lysosomal alterations are caused by mycobacterial surface components, notably the cell wall-associated lipid sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), which functions through the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-transcription factor EB (TFEB) axis in the host cells. An Mtb mutant lacking SL-1, MtbΔpks2, shows attenuated lysosomal rewiring compared with the WT Mtb in both in vitro and in vivo infections. Exposing macrophages to purified SL-1 enhanced the trafficking of phagocytic cargo to lysosomes. Correspondingly, MtbΔpks2 exhibited a further reduction in lysosomal delivery compared with the WT. Reduced trafficking of this mutant Mtb strain to lysosomes correlated with enhanced intracellular bacterial survival. Our results reveal that global alteration of the host lysosomal system is a defining feature of Mtb-infected macrophages and suggest that this altered lysosomal state protects host cell integrity and contributes to the containment of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sachdeva
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manisha Goel
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Malvika Sudhakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India; Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBC-DSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mansi Mehta
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rajmani Raju
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Karthik Raman
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India; Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBC-DSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Ly A, Liu J. Mycobacterial Virulence Factors: Surface-Exposed Lipids and Secreted Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113985. [PMID: 32498243 PMCID: PMC7312605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinically important Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and related mycobacterial pathogens use various virulence mechanisms to survive and cause disease in their hosts. Several well-established virulence factors include the surface-exposed lipids in the mycobacterial outer membrane, as well as the Esx family proteins and the Pro-Glu (PE)/ Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family proteins secreted by type VII secretion systems (T7SS). Five ESX T7SS exist in M. tb and three—EsxA secretion system-1 (ESX-1), ESX-3, and ESX-5—have been implicated in virulence, yet only the structures of ESX-3 and ESX-5 have been solved to date. Here, we summarize the current research on three outer membrane lipids—phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids, and sulfolipids—as well as the secretion machinery and substrates of three mycobacterial T7SS—ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-5. We propose a structural model of the M. tb ESX-1 system based on the latest structural findings of the ESX-3 and ESX-5 secretion apparatuses to gain insight into the transport mechanism of ESX-associated virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-946-5067
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25
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Dadhich R, Mishra M, Ning S, Jana S, Sarpe VA, Mahato J, Duan M, Kulkarni SS, Kapoor S. A Virulence-Associated Glycolipid with Distinct Conformational Attributes: Impact on Lateral Organization of Host Plasma Membrane, Autophagy, and Signaling. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:740-750. [PMID: 32078292 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) serves as the epitome of how lipids-next to proteins-are utilized as central effectors in pathogenesis. It synthesizes an arsenal of structurally atypical lipids (C60-C90) to impact various membrane-dependent steps involved in host interactions. There is a growing precedent to support insertion of these exposed lipids into the host membrane as part of their mode of action. However, the vital role of specific virulence-associated lipids in modulating cellular functions by altering the host membrane organization and associated signaling pathways remain unanswered questions. Here, we combined chemical synthesis, biophysics, cell biology, and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate host membrane structure modifications and modulation of membrane-associated signaling using synthetic Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfoglycolipids (Mtb SL). We reveal that Mtb SL reorganizes the host cell plasma membrane domains while showing higher preference for fluid membrane regions. This rearrangement is governed by the distinct conformational states sampled by SL acyl chains. Physicochemical assays with SL analogues reveal insights into their structure-function relationships, highlighting specific roles of lipid acyl chains and headgroup, along with effects on autophagy and cytokine profiles. Our findings uncover a mechanism whereby Mtb uses specific chemical moieties on its lipids to fine-tune host lipid interactions and confer control of the downstream functions by modifying the cell membrane structure and function. These findings will inspire development of chemotherapeutics against Mtb by counteracting their effects on the host-cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Manjari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shangbo Ning
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Vikram A. Sarpe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jaladhar Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mojie Duan
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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26
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Bah A, Sanicas M, Nigou J, Guilhot C, Astarie-Dequeker C, Vergne I. The Lipid Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exert Multilayered Control over Autophagy-Related Pathways in Infected Human Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030666. [PMID: 32182946 PMCID: PMC7140614 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important innate immune defense mechanism that controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth inside macrophages. Autophagy machinery targets Mtb-containing phagosomes via xenophagy after damage to the phagosomal membrane due to the Type VII secretion system Esx-1 or via LC3-associated phagocytosis without phagosomal damage. Conversely, Mtb restricts autophagy-related pathways via the production of various bacterial protein factors. Although bacterial lipids are known to play strategic functions in Mtb pathogenesis, their role in autophagy manipulation remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that the lipid virulence factors sulfoglycolipids (SLs) and phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIMs) control autophagy-related pathways through distinct mechanisms in human macrophages. Using knock-out and knock-in mutants of Mtb and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) and purified lipids, we found that (i) Mtb mutants with DIM and SL deficiencies promoted functional autophagy via an MyD88-dependent and phagosomal damage-independent pathway in human macrophages; (ii) SLs limited this pathway by acting as TLR2 antagonists; (iii) DIMs prevented phagosomal damage-independent autophagy while promoting Esx-1-dependent xenophagy; (iv) and DIMs, but not SLs, limited the acidification of LC3-positive Mtb compartments. In total, our study reveals an unexpected and intricate role for Mtb lipid virulence factors in controlling autophagy-related pathways in human macrophages, thus providing further insight into the autophagy manipulation tactics deployed by intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïcha Bah
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (C.G.)
| | - Merlin Sanicas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (C.G.)
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (C.G.)
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (C.G.)
| | - Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.-D.); (I.V.)
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (J.N.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.-D.); (I.V.)
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