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Gómez-Hernández A, de las Heras N, Gálvez BG, Fernández-Marcelo T, Fernández-Millán E, Escribano Ó. New Mediators in the Crosstalk between Different Adipose Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4659. [PMID: 38731880 PMCID: PMC11083914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a multifunctional organ that regulates many physiological processes such as energy homeostasis, nutrition, the regulation of insulin sensitivity, body temperature, and immune response. In this review, we highlight the relevance of the different mediators that control adipose tissue activity through a systematic review of the main players present in white and brown adipose tissues. Among them, inflammatory mediators secreted by the adipose tissue, such as classical adipokines and more recent ones, elements of the immune system infiltrated into the adipose tissue (certain cell types and interleukins), as well as the role of intestinal microbiota and derived metabolites, have been reviewed. Furthermore, anti-obesity mediators that promote the activation of beige adipose tissue, e.g., myokines, thyroid hormones, amino acids, and both long and micro RNAs, are exhaustively examined. Finally, we also analyze therapeutic strategies based on those mediators that have been described to date. In conclusion, novel regulators of obesity, such as microRNAs or microbiota, are being characterized and are promising tools to treat obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Natalia de las Heras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Tamara Fernández-Marcelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Elisa Fernández-Millán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Barone I, Gelsomino L, Accattatis FM, Giordano F, Gyorffy B, Panza S, Giuliano M, Veneziani BM, Arpino G, De Angelis C, De Placido P, Bonofiglio D, Andò S, Giordano C, Catalano S. Analysis of circulating extracellular vesicle derived microRNAs in breast cancer patients with obesity: a potential role for Let-7a. J Transl Med 2023; 21:232. [PMID: 37004031 PMCID: PMC10064709 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of obesity, a known risk factor for several metabolic and chronic diseases, including numerous malignancies, has risen sharply in the world. Various clinical studies demonstrate that excessive Body Mass Index (BMI) may worsen the incidence, prognosis, and mortality rates of breast cancer. Thus, understanding the link tying up obesity and breast cancer onset and progression is critically important, as it can impact patients' survival and quality of life. Recently, circulating extracellular vesicle (EV) derived miRNAs have attracted much attention for their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential in oncology research. Although the potential role of EV-derived miRNAs in the early detection of breast cancer has been repeatedly mentioned, screening of miRNAs packaged within serum EVs has not yet been reported in patients with obesity. METHODS Circulating EVs were isolated from normal weight (NW), and overweight/obese (OW/Ob) breast cancer patients and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and protein marker expression. Evaluation of EV-associated miRNAs was conducted in a screening (RNA-seq) and a validation (qRT-PCR) cohort. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to uncover significantly enriched biological processes, molecular functions and pathways. ROC and Kaplain-Meier survival analyses were used for clinical significance. RESULTS Comparison of serum EV-derived miRNAs from NW and OW/Ob patients detected seven differentially expressed miRNAs (let-7a-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-30d-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-4772-3p, and miR-10a-5p) in the screening cohort. GO analysis revealed the enrichment of protein phosphorylation, intracellular signal transduction, signal transduction, and vesicle-mediated transport among the top biological processes. In addition, the target genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to PI3K/Akt, growth hormones, and insulin signalings, which are all involved in obesity-related diseases and/or breast cancer progression. In the validation cohort, qRT-PCR confirmed a significant down-regulation of EV-derived let-7a in the serum of OW/Ob breast cancer patients compared to NW patients. Let-7a levels also exhibited a negative correlation with BMI values. Importantly, decreased let-7a miRNA expression was associated with higher tumor grade and poor survival in patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSION These results suggest that serum-EV derived miRNAs may reflect a differential profile in relation to a patient's BMI, which, once validated in larger cohorts of patients, could provide insights into novel specific biomarkers and innovative targets to prevent the progression of obesity-mediated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Luca Gelsomino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Felice Maria Accattatis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Balazs Gyorffy
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
- TTK Cancer Biomarker Research Group, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Salvatore Panza
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Mario Giuliano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Veneziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Arpino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata Di Rende (CS), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y. Thermogenic Brown Fat in Humans: Implications in Energy Homeostasis, Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. World J Mens Health 2023:41.e26. [PMID: 36792089 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals including humans, there are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown adipose tissues (BATs). White adipose tissue is the primary site of energy storage, while BAT is a specialized tissue for non-shivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. Although BAT research has long been limited mostly in small rodents, the rediscovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has dramatically promoted the translational studies on BAT in health and diseases. It is now established that BAT, through its thermogenic and energy dissipating activities, plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, whole-body energy expenditure, and body fatness. Moreover, increasing evidence has demonstrated that BAT secretes various paracrine and endocrine factors, which influence other peripheral tissues and control systemic metabolic homeostasis, suggesting BAT as a metabolic regulator, other than for thermogenesis. In fact, clinical studies have revealed an association of BAT not only with metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver, but also with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Thus, BAT is an intriguing tissue combating obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on human BAT, focusing its patho-physiological roles in energy homeostasis, obesity and related metabolic disorders. The effects of aging and sex on BAT are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Corral A, Alcala M, Carmen Duran-Ruiz M, Arroba AI, Ponce-Gonzalez JG, Todorčević M, Serra D, Calderon-Dominguez M, Herrero L. Role of long non-coding RNAs in adipose tissue metabolism and associated pathologies. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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miR-375 is cold exposure sensitive and drives thermogenesis in visceral adipose tissue derived stem cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9557. [PMID: 35688898 PMCID: PMC9187663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of brown adipose tissue may increase energy expenditure by non-shivering thermogenesis. Cold exposure is one of the options to activate brown adipocytes. To link changes in energy metabolism with microRNA expression (miRNAs), we analyzed 158 miRNAs in serum of 169 healthy individuals before and after cold exposure. Validating the results of a miRNA array, a significant down-regulation of miR-375 after cold exposure (P < 0.0001) was detected. These changes went along with a significant negative correlation between miR-375 and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (P < 0.0001), implicating a specific function of miR-375 in this depot. Significantly higher expression levels of miR-375 were found in VAT in comparison to subcutaneous fat (SAT). Using in silico prediction, we identified putative miR-375 target genes involved in the thermogenesis pathway. Cold-stimulation of subcutaneous and visceral pre-adipocytes (PACs) led to significantly higher expression levels of FABP4, FGF21, PPARGC1A and PRDM16 in VC-PACs. Analyzing miR-375 knock down and cold stimulated VC-PACs revealed a significant up-regulation of thermogenesis associated genes PPARGC1A, ELOVL3 and PRDM16. In summary, our findings identified miR-375 as a potential adipogenic and thermogenesis-associated miRNA exclusively acting in visceral adipose tissue.
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Huang XY, Chen JX, Ren Y, Fan LC, Xiang W, He XJ. Exosomal miR-122 promotes adipogenesis and aggravates obesity through the VDR/SREBF1 axis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:666-679. [PMID: 35170865 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of miR-122-enriched exosomes on the expression of vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and their roles during adipogenesis. METHODS The roles of miR-122, SREBF1, and VDR were investigated during adipogenesis. The relationships between VDR and miR-122 or SREBF1 were assessed by dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. The potential role of miR-122/VDR/SREBF1 was evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese male mice. RESULTS High levels of miR-122 were found only in adipose tissue-derived exosomes (Exo-AT) and Exo-AT-treated cells. Overexpression of miR-122 promoted adipogenesis, and inhibition of miR-122 prevented adipogenesis by regulating VDR, SREBF1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, lipoprotein lipase, and adiponectin. Knockdown of Srebf1 or overexpression of VDR could inhibit adipogenesis. However, exosomal miR-122 could reverse their inhibitory effects. The dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that VDR was a direct target of miR-122. It could bind to the BS1 region of the SREBF1 promoter and inhibit SREBF1 expression. Moreover, miR-122 inhibition could alleviate obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese male mice, possibly through upregulating the VDR/SREBF1 axis. CONCLUSION MiR-122-enriched Exo-AT promoted adipogenesis by regulating the VDR/SREBF1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Huang
- Department of Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Ji-Xiong Chen
- Department of Medical Care Center, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Haikou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Li-Chun Fan
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jie He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Laboratory of Pediatrics Nephrology, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Current understanding of the role of microRNAs from adipose-derived extracellular vesicles in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 50:447-457. [PMID: 34940800 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, including diabetes, insulin resistance, and inflammation, are rapidly becoming a global health concern. Moreover, obese individuals are more likely to be infected with COVID-19. New research on adipose tissue is required to help us understand these metabolic diseases and their regulatory processes. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as novel intercellular vectors with a wide range of regulatory functions. The miRNAs carried by EVs participate in the regulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. In addition, EV miRNAs demonstrate great potential for helping elucidating the mechanism of metabolic diseases, and for advancing their prevention and treatment. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying the regulation of adipose differentiation and metabolic diseases by adipose-derived EV miRNAs. Understanding the role of these miRNAs should enrich our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases caused by obesity.
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Thibonnier M, Ghosh S, Blanchard A. Effects of a short-term cold exposure on circulating microRNAs and metabolic parameters in healthy adult subjects. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:548-562. [PMID: 34921497 PMCID: PMC8743656 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This discovery study investigated in healthy subjects whether a short‐term cold exposure may alter circulating microRNAs and metabolic parameters and if co‐expression networks between these factors could be identified. This open randomized crossover (cold vs no cold exposure) study with blind end‐ point evaluation was conducted at 1 center with 10 healthy adult male volunteers. Wearing a cooling vest perfused at 14°C for 2 h reduced the local skin temperature without triggering shivering, increased norepinephrine and blood pressure while decreasing copeptin, C‐peptide and heart rate. Circulating microRNAs measured before and after wearing the cooling vest twice (4 time points) identified 196 mature microRNAs with excellent reproducibility over 72 h. Significant correlations of microRNA expression with copeptin, norepinephrine and C‐peptide were found. A co‐expression‐based microRNA‐microRNA network, as well as microRNA pairs displaying differential correlation as a function of temperature were also detected. This study demonstrates that circulating miRNAs are differentially expressed and coregulated upon cold exposure in humans, supporting their use as predictive and dynamic biomarkers of cardio‐metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Clinical Investigation Center, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Human Brown Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Health: Potential for Therapeutic Avenues. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113030. [PMID: 34831253 PMCID: PMC8616549 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities comprise a cluster of conditions including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases that has affected more than 650 million people all over the globe. Obesity results from the accumulation of white adipose tissues mainly due to the chronic imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. A variety of approaches to treat or prevent obesity, including lifestyle interventions, surgical weight loss procedures and pharmacological approaches to reduce energy intake and increase energy expenditure have failed to substantially decrease the prevalence of obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), the primary source of thermogenesis in infants and small mammals may represent a promising therapeutic target to treat obesity by promoting energy expenditure through non-shivering thermogenesis mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Since the confirmation of functional BAT in adult humans by several groups, approximately a decade ago, and its association with a favorable metabolic phenotype, intense interest on the significance of BAT in adult human physiology and metabolic health has emerged within the scientific community to explore its therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. A substantially decreased BAT activity in individuals with obesity indicates a role for BAT in the setting of human obesity. On the other hand, BAT mass and its prevalence correlate with lower body mass index (BMI), decreased age and lower glucose levels, leading to a lower incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases. The increased cold exposure in adult humans with undetectable BAT was associated with decreased body fat mass and increased insulin sensitivity. A deeper understanding of the role of BAT in human metabolic health and its interrelationship with body fat distribution and deciphering proper strategies to increase energy expenditure, by either increasing functional BAT mass or inducing white adipose browning, holds the promise for possible therapeutic avenues for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Yuko OO, Saito M. Brown Fat as a Regulator of Systemic Metabolism beyond Thermogenesis. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:840-852. [PMID: 34176254 PMCID: PMC8640153 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue for nonshivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. Although BAT research has long been limited mostly in small rodents, the rediscovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has dramatically promoted the translational studies on BAT in health and diseases. Moreover, several remarkable advancements have been made in brown fat biology over the past decade: The molecular and functional analyses of inducible thermogenic adipocytes (socalled beige adipocytes) arising from a developmentally different lineage from classical brown adipocytes have been accelerated. In addition to a well-established thermogenic activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), several alternative thermogenic mechanisms have been discovered, particularly in beige adipocytes. It has become clear that BAT influences other peripheral tissues and controls their functions and systemic homeostasis of energy and metabolic substrates, suggesting BAT as a metabolic regulator, other than for thermogenesis. This notion is supported by discovering that various paracrine and endocrine factors are secreted from BAT. We review the current understanding of BAT pathophysiology, particularly focusing on its role as a metabolic regulator in small rodents and also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayuki Saito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author: Masayuki Saito https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3058-3003 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan E-mail:
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Pan R, Chen Y. Fat biology and metabolic balance: On the significance of sex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111336. [PMID: 34090969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have become prevalent and fatal, which are faced by the entire human beings since decades. An energy equilibrium is urgently important for human metabolic health, which requires the participation of multiple organs, such as adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles. It seems that both sex and age play a role in the above processes. In this review, we focus on the sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism mediated by adipose tissues, including white and thermogenic (brown/beige) adipose tissues. Remarkably, past investigations have focused on targeting brown/beige adipose tissues to combat obesity because of their contributions to non-shivering thermogenesis. However, sex differences in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism are likely overlooked. Particularly, increasing data show that males display more visceral fat than females, and females show increased visceral fat after menopause. Visceral adiposity is more deleterious and closely related to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss current findings on sexual dimorphism in WAT and BAT biology for a better metabolic balance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, PR China.
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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka-Fuse S, Sugimoto M, Kurosawa Y, Aita Y, Tomita A, Anjo M, Tanaka R, Endo T, Kime R, Hamaoka T. Correlation of Plasma Amino Acid and Anthropometric Profiles with Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112339. [PMID: 34071816 PMCID: PMC8199240 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, including branched-chain AAs, and brown adipose tissue density (BAT-d). One hundred and seventy-three subjects (69 men, 104 women) aged 22-68 years were recruited during the winter season. AAs were comprehensively quantified using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region ([total-Hb]sup), an indicator of BAT-d, was assessed using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Anthropometric parameters, including age, percentage of body fat, and visceral fat, were evaluated. Factors associated with higher (≥74 µM) or lower (<74 µM) [total-Hb]sup were investigated by multiple logistic regression models that included AA concentrations alone (model 1) or AA concentrations and anthropometric parameters (model 2) as independent variables. When adjusted for the false discovery rate, [total-Hb]sup was positively correlated with glycine and asparagine levels in men and with the serine level in both men and women and was negatively correlated with the branched-chain AA concentration in men. Models 1 and 2 correlated with higher or lower BAT-d for men (r = 0.73, p = 0.015) and women (r = 0.58, p = 0.079) and for men (r = 0.82, p = 0.0070) and women (r = 0.70, p = 0.020), respectively. A combination of anthropometric parameters and plasma AA concentrations could be a reliable biomarker for higher and lower BAT-d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka-Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Yasuko Aita
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Atsumi Tomita
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Mikiko Anjo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Chung HH. The Noticeable Crosslink between miR-122 and Metabolic Dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1881-1882. [PMID: 33387526 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Hui Chung
- Department of Pharmacy & Clinical Trial Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City; Preventive Medicine Program, Center for General Education, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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14
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Gómez-Serrano M, Ponath V, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E. Beyond the Extracellular Vesicles: Technical Hurdles, Achieved Goals and Current Challenges When Working on Adipose Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073362. [PMID: 33805982 PMCID: PMC8036456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue and its crosstalk with other organs plays an essential role in the metabolic homeostasis of the entire body. Alteration of this communication (i.e., due to obesity) is related to the development of several comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer. Within the adipose depot, adipocytes are the main cell type and thus the main source of secreted molecules, which exert modulating effects not only at a local but also at a systemic level. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as important mediators in cell–cell communication and account for part of the cellular secretome. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (Ad-EVs). However, there is still a lack of standardized methodological approaches, especially regarding primary adipocytes. In this review, we will provide an outline of crucial aspects when working on adipose-derived material, with a special focus on primary adipocytes. In parallel, we will point out current methodological challenges in the EV field and how they impact the transcriptomic, proteomic and functional evaluations of Ad-EVs.
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15
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Nishinari K, Fang Y. Molar mass effect in food and health. Food Hydrocoll 2021; 112:106110. [PMID: 32895590 PMCID: PMC7467918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is demanded to supply foods with good quality for all the humans. With the advent of aging society, palatable and healthy foods are required to improve the quality of life and reduce the burden of finance for medical expenditure. Food hydrocolloids can contribute to this demand by versatile functions such as thickening, gelling, stabilising, and emulsifying, controlling texture and flavour release in food processing. Molar mass effects on viscosity and diffusion in liquid foods, and on mechanical and other physical properties of solid and semi-solid foods and films are overviewed. In these functions, the molar mass is one of the key factors, and therefore, the effects of molar mass on various health problems related to noncommunicable diseases or symptoms such as cancer, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, constipation, high blood pressure, knee pain, osteoporosis, cystic fibrosis and dysphagia are described. Understanding these problems only from the viewpoint of molar mass is limited since other structural characteristics, conformation, branching, blockiness in copolymers such as pectin and alginate, degree of substitution as well as the position of the substituents are sometimes the determining factor rather than the molar mass. Nevertheless, comparison of different behaviours and functions in different polymers from the viewpoint of molar mass is expected to be useful to find a common characteristics, which may be helpful to understand the mechanism in other problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Nishinari
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-6565, Japan
| | - Yapeng Fang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
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16
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In silico analysis of non-coding RNAs and putative target genes implicated in metabolic syndrome. Comput Biol Med 2021; 130:104229. [PMID: 33516961 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is vital to maintain normal cellular functions and its dysregulation leads to molecular pathogenesis of many diseases and disorders. Non-coding RNAs regulate the expression of approximately 60% of protein-coding genes and their malfunction contribute to the development of numerous diseases. The involvement of variant forms of circulating non-coding RNAs in diseases has been established. However, their function as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in metabolic disorders are underexploited. The aim of this study was to predict therapeutic targets and construction of biomarker panel for early detection of metabolic syndrome (MS). Non-coding RNAs including circular RNAs (circRNAs), long chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and micro RNAs (miRNAs) were extracted from intensive literature search and experimentally supported databases. Raw data of gene expression profiles of MS were obtained from the GEO dataset and analyzed to get differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis, network illustration of non-coding RNAs and predicted target DEGs were performed. Furthermore, a few numbers of miRNAs targeted DEGs were subjected to homology study. The strong association of hsa-miR-548c-3p, hsa-miR-579-3p, hsa-miR-17-5p and hsa-miR-320a was observed with the pathogenesis of MS. It includes the regulation of genes in glucose and lipid homeostasis, MAPKK activity, regulation of inflammatory responses and many signaling pathways such as insulin resistance, JAK/STAT and mTOR. Finally, interactions of hsa-miR-17-5p:STAT3, hsa-miR-320:JAK2, hsa-miR-320:S6K and hsa-let-7:DVL hybrids were predicted. Results of this study suggest the designing of a biomarker panel to detect early onset and molecular approach for the management of MS.
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17
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Pan R, Zhu X, Maretich P, Chen Y. Metabolic Improvement via Enhancing Thermogenic Fat-Mediated Non-shivering Thermogenesis: From Rodents to Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 33013706 PMCID: PMC7511774 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues play a large role in non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in mammals, and subsequently have been studied for decades as potential therapeutic targets to treat obesity and its related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanistic regulation of brown/beige adipose tissue induction and maintenance in humans is very limited due to the ethical reasons. In fact, metabolic signaling has primarily been investigated using rodent models. A better understanding of non-shivering thermogenesis in humans is thus vital and urgent in order to treat obesity by targeting human brown adipose tissue (BAT). In this review, we summarize the anatomical and physiological differences between rodent and human BAT, current useful and mostly non-invasive methods in studying human BAT, as well as recent advancements targeting thermogenic adipocytes as a means to combat metabolic diseases in humans. Furthermore, we also discuss several novel relevant strategies of therapeutic interventions, which has been attempted in rodent experiments, and possible future investigations in humans in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pema Maretich
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Chen
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18
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Lorente-Cebrián S, Herrera K, I. Milagro F, Sánchez J, de la Garza AL, Castro H. miRNAs and Novel Food Compounds Related to the Browning Process. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5998. [PMID: 31795191 PMCID: PMC6928892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. With the discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, BAT activation has emerged as a potential strategy for increasing energy expenditure. Recently, the presence of a third type of fat, referred to as beige or brite (brown in white), has been recognized to be present in certain kinds of white adipose tissue (WAT) depots. It has been suggested that WAT can undergo the process of browning in response to stimuli that induce and enhance the expression of thermogenesis: a metabolic feature typically associated with BAT. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small transcriptional regulators that control gene expression in a variety of tissues, including WAT and BAT. Likewise, it was shown that several food compounds could influence miRNAs associated with browning, thus, potentially contributing to the management of excessive adipose tissue accumulation (obesity) through specific nutritional and dietetic approaches. Therefore, this has created significant excitement towards the development of a promising dietary strategy to promote browning/beiging in WAT to potentially contribute to combat the growing epidemic of obesity. For this reason, we summarize the current knowledge about miRNAs and food compounds that could be applied in promoting adipose browning, as well as the cellular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lorente-Cebrián
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology/Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.-C.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Katya Herrera
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico; (K.H.)
- Nutrition Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology/Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.-C.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07020 Palma, Spain
| | - Ana Laura de la Garza
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico; (K.H.)
- Nutrition Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico; (K.H.)
- Nutrition Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico
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