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Noguchi J, Watanabe S, Oga T, Isoda R, Nakagaki K, Sakai K, Sumida K, Hoshino K, Saito K, Miyawaki I, Sugano E, Tomita H, Mizukami H, Watakabe A, Yamamori T, Ichinohe N. Altered projection-specific synaptic remodeling and its modification by oxytocin in an idiopathic autism marmoset model. Commun Biol 2024; 7:642. [PMID: 38802535 PMCID: PMC11130163 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the experience-dependent and autonomous elaboration of neural circuits are assumed to underlie autism spectrum disorder (ASD), though it is unclear what synaptic traits are responsible. Here, utilizing a valproic acid-induced ASD marmoset model, which shares common molecular features with idiopathic ASD, we investigate changes in the structural dynamics of tuft dendrites of upper-layer pyramidal neurons and adjacent axons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex through two-photon microscopy. In model marmosets, dendritic spine turnover is upregulated, and spines are generated in clusters and survived more often than in control marmosets. Presynaptic boutons in local axons, but not in commissural long-range axons, demonstrate hyperdynamic turnover in model marmosets, suggesting alterations in projection-specific plasticity. Intriguingly, nasal oxytocin administration attenuates clustered spine emergence in model marmosets. Enhanced clustered spine generation, possibly unique to certain presynaptic partners, may be associated with ASD and be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Noguchi
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Oga
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Risa Isoda
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakagaki
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kayo Sumida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Hoshino
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Izuru Miyawaki
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
- Laboratory for Haptic Perception and Cognitive Physiology, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, CIEM, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
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Reyes-Lizaola S, Luna-Zarate U, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Morales-Medina JC, Flores G. Structural and biochemical alterations in dendritic spines as key mechanisms for severe mental illnesses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110876. [PMID: 37863171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses (SMI) collectively affect approximately 20% of the global population, as estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite having diverse etiologies, clinical symptoms, and pharmacotherapies, these diseases share a common pathophysiological characteristic: the misconnection of brain areas involved in reality perception, executive control, and cognition, including the corticolimbic system. Dendritic spines play a crucial role in excitatory neurotransmission within the central nervous system. These small structures exhibit remarkable plasticity, regulated by factors such as neurotransmitter tone, neurotrophic factors, and innate immunity-related molecules, and other mechanisms - all of which are associated with the pathophysiology of SMI. However, studying dendritic spine mechanisms in both healthy and pathological conditions in patients is fraught with technical limitations. This is where animal models related to these diseases become indispensable. They have played a pivotal role in elucidating the significance of dendritic spines in SMI. In this review, the information regarding the potential role of dendritic spines in SMI was summarized, drawing from clinical and animal model reports. Also, the implications of targeting dendritic spine-related molecules for SMI treatment were explored. Specifically, our focus is on major depressive disorder and the neurodevelopmental disorders schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Abundant clinical and basic research has studied the functional and structural plasticity of dendritic spines in these diseases, along with potential pharmacological targets that modulate the dynamics of these structures. These targets may be associated with the clinical efficacy of the pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reyes-Lizaola
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Licenciatura en Medicina, Universidad Popular del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ulises Luna-Zarate
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Licenciatura en Medicina, Universidad de las Américas Puebla (UDLAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio César Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico.
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Eisenstein T, Furman-Haran E, Tal A. Early excitatory-inhibitory cortical modifications following skill learning are associated with motor memory consolidation and plasticity overnight. Nat Commun 2024; 15:906. [PMID: 38291029 PMCID: PMC10828487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Consolidation of motor memories is vital to offline enhancement of new motor skills and involves short and longer-term offline processes following learning. While emerging evidence link glutamate and GABA dynamics in the primary motor cortex (M1) to online motor skill practice, its relationship with offline consolidation processes in humans is unclear. Using two-day repeated measures of behavioral and multimodal neuroimaging data before and following motor sequence learning, we show that short-term glutamatergic and GABAergic responses in M1 within minutes after learning were associated with longer-term learning-induced functional, structural, and behavioral modifications overnight. Furthermore, Glutamatergic and GABAergic modifications were differentially associated with different facets of motor memory consolidation. Our results point to unique and distinct roles of Glutamate and GABA in motor memory consolidation processes in the human brain across timescales and mechanistic levels, tying short-term changes on the neurochemical level to overnight changes in macroscale structure, function, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Eisenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Tal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Sortino R, Cunquero M, Castro-Olvera G, Gelabert R, Moreno M, Riefolo F, Matera C, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Agnetta L, Decker M, Lluch JM, Hernando J, Loza-Alvarez P, Gorostiza P. Three-Photon Infrared Stimulation of Endogenous Neuroreceptors in Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311181. [PMID: 37823736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
To interrogate neural circuits and crack their codes, in vivo brain activity imaging must be combined with spatiotemporally precise stimulation in three dimensions using genetic or pharmacological specificity. This challenge requires deep penetration and focusing as provided by infrared light and multiphoton excitation, and has promoted two-photon photopharmacology and optogenetics. However, three-photon brain stimulation in vivo remains to be demonstrated. We report the regulation of neuronal activity in zebrafish larvae by three-photon excitation of a photoswitchable muscarinic agonist at 50 pM, a billion-fold lower concentration than used for uncaging, and with mid-infrared light of 1560 nm, the longest reported photoswitch wavelength. Robust, physiologically relevant photoresponses allow modulating brain activity in wild-type animals with spatiotemporal and pharmacological precision. Computational calculations predict that azobenzene-based ligands have high three-photon absorption cross-section and can be used directly with pulsed infrared light. The expansion of three-photon pharmacology will deeply impact basic neurobiology and neuromodulation phototherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Sortino
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Cunquero
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gustavo Castro-Olvera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ricard Gelabert
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Moreno
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Fabio Riefolo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Current address: Teamit Institute, Partnerships, Barcelona Health Hub, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Luca Agnetta
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José M Lluch
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Caya-Bissonnette L, Béïque JC. Low throughput screening in neuroscience: using light to study central synapses one at a time. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:044407. [PMID: 37881180 PMCID: PMC10594030 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.4.044407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurophotonic approaches have fostered substantial progress in our understanding of the brain by providing an assortment of means to either monitor or manipulate neural processes. Among these approaches, the development of two-photon uncaging provides a useful and flexible approach to manipulate the activity of individual synapses. In this short piece, we explore how this technique has emerged at the intersection of chemistry, optics, and electrophysiology to enable spatially and temporally precise photoactivation for studying functional aspects of synaptic transmission and dendritic integration. We discuss advantages and limitations of this approach, focusing on our efforts to study several functional aspects of glutamate receptors using uncaging of glutamate. Among other advancements, this approach has contributed to further our understanding of the subcellular regulation, trafficking, and biophysical features of glutamate receptors (e.g., desensitization and silent synapse regulation), the dynamics of spine calcium, and the integrative features of dendrites, and how these functions are altered by several forms of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Caya-Bissonnette
- University of Ottawa’s Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre of Neural Dynamics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Béïque
- University of Ottawa’s Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre of Neural Dynamics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Jiang F, Bello ST, Gao Q, Lai Y, Li X, He L. Advances in the Electrophysiological Recordings of Long-Term Potentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087134. [PMID: 37108295 PMCID: PMC10138642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding neuronal firing patterns and long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in studying learning, memory, and neurological diseases is critical. However, recently, despite the rapid advancement in neuroscience, we are still constrained by the experimental design, detection tools for exploring the mechanisms and pathways involved in LTP induction, and detection ability of neuronal action potentiation signals. This review will reiterate LTP-related electrophysiological recordings in the mammalian brain for nearly 50 years and explain how excitatory and inhibitory neural LTP results have been detected and described by field- and single-cell potentials, respectively. Furthermore, we focus on describing the classic model of LTP of inhibition and discuss the inhibitory neuron activity when excitatory neurons are activated to induce LTP. Finally, we propose recording excitatory and inhibitory neurons under the same experimental conditions by combining various electrophysiological technologies and novel design suggestions for future research. We discussed different types of synaptic plasticity, and the potential of astrocytes to induce LTP also deserves to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixu Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanying Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Kasai H, Ucar H, Morimoto Y, Eto F, Okazaki H. Mechanical transmission at spine synapses: Short-term potentiation and working memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102706. [PMID: 36931116 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Do dendritic spines, which comprise the postsynaptic component of most excitatory synapses, exist only for their structural dynamics, receptor trafficking, and chemical and electrical compartmentation? The answer is no. Simultaneous investigation of both spine and presynaptic terminals has recently revealed a novel feature of spine synapses. Spine enlargement pushes the presynaptic terminals with muscle-like force and augments the evoked glutamate release for up to 20 min. We now summarize the evidence that such mechanical transmission shares critical features in common with short-term potentiation (STP) and may represent the cellular basis of short-term and working memory. Thus, spine synapses produce the force of learning to leave structural traces for both short and long-term memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kasai
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hasan Ucar
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Morimoto
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Eto
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazaki
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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KASAI H. Unraveling the mysteries of dendritic spine dynamics: Five key principles shaping memory and cognition. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:254-305. [PMID: 37821392 PMCID: PMC10749395 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent research extends our understanding of brain processes beyond just action potentials and chemical transmissions within neural circuits, emphasizing the mechanical forces generated by excitatory synapses on dendritic spines to modulate presynaptic function. From in vivo and in vitro studies, we outline five central principles of synaptic mechanics in brain function: P1: Stability - Underpinning the integral relationship between the structure and function of the spine synapses. P2: Extrinsic dynamics - Highlighting synapse-selective structural plasticity which plays a crucial role in Hebbian associative learning, distinct from pathway-selective long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). P3: Neuromodulation - Analyzing the role of G-protein-coupled receptors, particularly dopamine receptors, in time-sensitive modulation of associative learning frameworks such as Pavlovian classical conditioning and Thorndike's reinforcement learning (RL). P4: Instability - Addressing the intrinsic dynamics crucial to memory management during continual learning, spotlighting their role in "spine dysgenesis" associated with mental disorders. P5: Mechanics - Exploring how synaptic mechanics influence both sides of synapses to establish structural traces of short- and long-term memory, thereby aiding the integration of mental functions. We also delve into the historical background and foresee impending challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo KASAI
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Heck N, Santos MD. Dendritic Spines in Learning and Memory: From First Discoveries to Current Insights. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:311-348. [PMID: 37962799 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is composed of neural ensembles, and their activity patterns are neural correlates of cognitive functions. Those ensembles are networks of neurons connected to each other by synapses. Most neurons integrate synaptic signal through a remarkable subcellular structure called spine. Dendritic spines are protrusions whose diverse shapes make them appear as a specific neuronal compartment, and they have been the focus of studies for more than a century. Soon after their first description by Ramón y Cajal, it has been hypothesized that spine morphological changes could modify neuronal connectivity and sustain cognitive abilities. Later studies demonstrated that changes in spine density and morphology occurred in experience-dependent plasticity during development, and in clinical cases of mental retardation. This gave ground for the assumption that dendritic spines are the particular locus of cerebral plasticity. With the discovery of synaptic long-term potentiation, a research program emerged with the aim to establish whether dendritic spine plasticity could explain learning and memory. The development of live imaging methods revealed on the one hand that dendritic spine remodeling is compatible with learning process and, on the other hand, that their long-term stability is compatible with lifelong memories. Furthermore, the study of the mechanisms of spine growth and maintenance shed new light on the rules of plasticity. In behavioral paradigms of memory, spine formation or elimination and morphological changes were found to correlate with learning. In a last critical step, recent experiments have provided evidence that dendritic spines play a causal role in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Heck
- Laboratory Neurosciences Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Righes Marafiga J, Calcagnotto ME. Electrophysiology of Dendritic Spines: Information Processing, Dynamic Compartmentalization, and Synaptic Plasticity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:103-141. [PMID: 37962795 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
For many years, synaptic transmission was considered as information transfer between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic cell. At the synaptic level, it was thought that dendritic arbors were only receiving and integrating all information flow sent along to the soma, while axons were primarily responsible for point-to-point information transfer. However, it is important to highlight that dendritic spines play a crucial role as postsynaptic components in central nervous system (CNS) synapses, not only integrating and filtering signals to the soma but also facilitating diverse connections with axons from many different sources. The majority of excitatory connections from presynaptic axonal terminals occurs on postsynaptic spines, although a subset of GABAergic synapses also targets spine heads. Several studies have shown the vast heterogeneous morphological, biochemical, and functional features of dendritic spines related to synaptic processing. In this chapter (adding to the relevant data on the biophysics of spines described in Chap. 1 of this book), we address the up-to-date functional dendritic characteristics assessed through electrophysiological approaches, including backpropagating action potentials (bAPs) and synaptic potentials mediated in dendritic and spine compartmentalization, as well as describing the temporal and spatial dynamics of glutamate receptors in the spines related to synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Girven KS, Mangieri L, Bruchas MR. Emerging approaches for decoding neuropeptide transmission. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:899-912. [PMID: 36257845 PMCID: PMC9671847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides produce robust effects on behavior across species, and recent research has benefited from advances in high-resolution techniques to investigate peptidergic transmission and expression throughout the brain in model systems. Neuropeptides exhibit distinct characteristics which includes their post-translational processing, release from dense core vesicles, and ability to activate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These complex properties have driven the need for development of specialized tools that can sense neuropeptide expression, cell activity, and release. Current research has focused on isolating when and how neuropeptide transmission occurs, as well as the conditions in which neuropeptides directly mediate physiological and adaptive behavioral states. Here we describe the current technological landscape in which the field is operating to decode key questions regarding these dynamic neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey S Girven
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leandra Mangieri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Dorkenwald S, Turner NL, Macrina T, Lee K, Lu R, Wu J, Bodor AL, Bleckert AA, Brittain D, Kemnitz N, Silversmith WM, Ih D, Zung J, Zlateski A, Tartavull I, Yu SC, Popovych S, Wong W, Castro M, Jordan CS, Wilson AM, Froudarakis E, Buchanan J, Takeno MM, Torres R, Mahalingam G, Collman F, Schneider-Mizell CM, Bumbarger DJ, Li Y, Becker L, Suckow S, Reimer J, Tolias AS, Macarico da Costa N, Reid RC, Seung HS. Binary and analog variation of synapses between cortical pyramidal neurons. eLife 2022; 11:e76120. [PMID: 36382887 PMCID: PMC9704804 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning from experience depends at least in part on changes in neuronal connections. We present the largest map of connectivity to date between cortical neurons of a defined type (layer 2/3 [L2/3] pyramidal cells in mouse primary visual cortex), which was enabled by automated analysis of serial section electron microscopy images with improved handling of image defects (250 × 140 × 90 μm3 volume). We used the map to identify constraints on the learning algorithms employed by the cortex. Previous cortical studies modeled a continuum of synapse sizes by a log-normal distribution. A continuum is consistent with most neural network models of learning, in which synaptic strength is a continuously graded analog variable. Here, we show that synapse size, when restricted to synapses between L2/3 pyramidal cells, is well modeled by the sum of a binary variable and an analog variable drawn from a log-normal distribution. Two synapses sharing the same presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are known to be correlated in size. We show that the binary variables of the two synapses are highly correlated, while the analog variables are not. Binary variation could be the outcome of a Hebbian or other synaptic plasticity rule depending on activity signals that are relatively uniform across neuronal arbors, while analog variation may be dominated by other influences such as spontaneous dynamical fluctuations. We discuss the implications for the longstanding hypothesis that activity-dependent plasticity switches synapses between bistable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dorkenwald
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Computer Science Department, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Nicholas L Turner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Computer Science Department, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Thomas Macrina
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Computer Science Department, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Kisuk Lee
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ran Lu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Jingpeng Wu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Agnes L Bodor
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Nico Kemnitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | | | - Dodam Ih
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Zung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Aleksandar Zlateski
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Ignacio Tartavull
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Szi-Chieh Yu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Sergiy Popovych
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Computer Science Department, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - William Wong
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Manuel Castro
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Chris S Jordan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Alyssa M Wilson
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Emmanouil Froudarakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Marc M Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Russel Torres
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Lynne Becker
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Shelby Suckow
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | | | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - H Sebastian Seung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Computer Science Department, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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13
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Lee S, Kume H, Urakubo H, Kasai H, Ishii S. Tri-view two-photon microscopic image registration and deblurring with convolutional neural networks. Neural Netw 2022; 152:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Rojvirat CP, Berlin JR, Nguyen TD. Evaluating spatial and network properties of NMDA-dependent neuronal connectivity in mixed cortical cultures. Brain Res 2022; 1787:147919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Shen Y, Luchetti A, Fernandes G, Do Heo W, Silva AJ. The emergence of molecular systems neuroscience. Mol Brain 2022; 15:7. [PMID: 34983613 PMCID: PMC8728933 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems neuroscience is focused on how ensemble properties in the brain, such as the activity of neuronal circuits, gives rise to internal brain states and behavior. Many of the studies in this field have traditionally involved electrophysiological recordings and computational approaches that attempt to decode how the brain transforms inputs into functional outputs. More recently, systems neuroscience has received an infusion of approaches and techniques that allow the manipulation (e.g., optogenetics, chemogenetics) and imaging (e.g., two-photon imaging, head mounted fluorescent microscopes) of neurons, neurocircuits, their inputs and outputs. Here, we will review novel approaches that allow the manipulation and imaging of specific molecular mechanisms in specific cells (not just neurons), cell ensembles and brain regions. These molecular approaches, with the specificity and temporal resolution appropriate for systems studies, promise to infuse the field with novel ideas, emphases and directions, and are motivating the emergence of a molecularly oriented systems neuroscience, a new discipline that studies how the spatial and temporal patterns of molecular systems modulate circuits and brain networks, and consequently shape the properties of brain states and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Luchetti
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giselle Fernandes
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Jenks KR, Tsimring K, Ip JPK, Zepeda JC, Sur M. Heterosynaptic Plasticity and the Experience-Dependent Refinement of Developing Neuronal Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:803401. [PMID: 34949992 PMCID: PMC8689143 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.803401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons remodel the structure and strength of their synapses during critical periods of development in order to optimize both perception and cognition. Many of these developmental synaptic changes are thought to occur through synapse-specific homosynaptic forms of experience-dependent plasticity. However, homosynaptic plasticity can also induce or contribute to the plasticity of neighboring synapses through heterosynaptic interactions. Decades of research in vitro have uncovered many of the molecular mechanisms of heterosynaptic plasticity that mediate local compensation for homosynaptic plasticity, facilitation of further bouts of plasticity in nearby synapses, and cooperative induction of plasticity by neighboring synapses acting in concert. These discoveries greatly benefited from new tools and technologies that permitted single synapse imaging and manipulation of structure, function, and protein dynamics in living neurons. With the recent advent and application of similar tools for in vivo research, it is now feasible to explore how heterosynaptic plasticity contribute to critical periods and the development of neuronal circuits. In this review, we will first define the forms heterosynaptic plasticity can take and describe our current understanding of their molecular mechanisms. Then, we will outline how heterosynaptic plasticity may lead to meaningful refinement of neuronal responses and observations that suggest such mechanisms are indeed at work in vivo. Finally, we will use a well-studied model of cortical plasticity—ocular dominance plasticity during a critical period of visual cortex development—to highlight the molecular overlap between heterosynaptic and developmental forms of plasticity, and suggest potential avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Jenks
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katya Tsimring
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jacque Pak Kan Ip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jose C Zepeda
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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17
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Ucar H, Watanabe S, Noguchi J, Morimoto Y, Iino Y, Yagishita S, Takahashi N, Kasai H. Mechanical actions of dendritic-spine enlargement on presynaptic exocytosis. Nature 2021; 600:686-689. [PMID: 34819666 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission involves cell-to-cell communication at the synaptic junction between two neurons, and chemical and electrical forms of this process have been extensively studied. In the brain, excitatory glutamatergic synapses are often made on dendritic spines that enlarge during learning1-5. As dendritic spines and the presynaptic terminals are tightly connected with the synaptic cleft6, the enlargement may have mechanical effects on presynaptic functions7. Here we show that fine and transient pushing of the presynaptic boutons with a glass pipette markedly promotes both the evoked release of glutamate and the assembly of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins8-12-as measured by Förster resonance transfer (FRET) and fluorescence lifetime imaging-in rat slice culture preparations13. Both of these effects persisted for more than 20 minutes. The increased presynaptic FRET was independent of cytosolic calcium (Ca2+), but dependent on the assembly of SNARE proteins and actin polymerization in the boutons. Notably, a low hypertonic solution of sucrose (20 mM) had facilitatory effects on both the FRET and the evoked release without inducing spontaneous release, in striking contrast with a high hypertonic sucrose solution (300 mM), which induced exocytosis by itself14. Finally, spine enlargement induced by two-photon glutamate uncaging enhanced the evoked release and the FRET only when the spines pushed the boutons by their elongation. Thus, we have identified a mechanosensory and transduction mechanism15 in the presynaptic boutons, in which the evoked release of glutamate is enhanced for more than 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ucar
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Noguchi
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Morimoto
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iino
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Lu H, Gallinaro JV, Normann C, Rotter S, Yalcin I. Time Course of Homeostatic Structural Plasticity in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation in Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1574-1592. [PMID: 34607362 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity is the mechanistic basis of development, aging, learning, and memory, both in healthy and pathological brains. Structural plasticity is rarely accounted for in computational network models due to a lack of insight into the underlying neuronal mechanisms and processes. Little is known about how the rewiring of networks is dynamically regulated. To inform such models, we characterized the time course of neural activity, the expression of synaptic proteins, and neural morphology employing an in vivo optogenetic mouse model. We stimulated pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice and harvested their brains at 1.5 h, 24 h, and $48\,\mathrm{h}$ after stimulation. Stimulus-induced cortical hyperactivity persisted up to 1.5 h and decayed to baseline after $24\,\mathrm{h}$ indicated by c-Fos expression. The synaptic proteins VGLUT1 and PSD-95, in contrast, were upregulated at $24\,\mathrm{h}$ and downregulated at $48\,\mathrm{h}$, respectively. Spine density and spine head volume were also increased at $24\,\mathrm{h}$ and decreased at $48\,\mathrm{h}$. This specific sequence of events reflects a continuous joint evolution of activity and connectivity that is characteristic of the model of homeostatic structural plasticity. Our computer simulations thus corroborate the observed empirical evidence from our animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Júlia V Gallinaro
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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19
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Kasai H, Ziv NE, Okazaki H, Yagishita S, Toyoizumi T. Spine dynamics in the brain, mental disorders and artificial neural networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:407-422. [PMID: 34050339 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, most synapses are formed on minute protrusions known as dendritic spines. Unlike their artificial intelligence counterparts, spines are not merely tuneable memory elements: they also embody algorithms that implement the brain's ability to learn from experience and cope with new challenges. Importantly, they exhibit structural dynamics that depend on activity, excitatory input and inhibitory input (synaptic plasticity or 'extrinsic' dynamics) and dynamics independent of activity ('intrinsic' dynamics), both of which are subject to neuromodulatory influences and reinforcers such as dopamine. Here we succinctly review extrinsic and intrinsic dynamics, compare these with parallels in machine learning where they exist, describe the importance of intrinsic dynamics for memory management and adaptation, and speculate on how disruption of extrinsic and intrinsic dynamics may give rise to mental disorders. Throughout, we also highlight algorithmic features of spine dynamics that may be relevant to future artificial intelligence developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Noam E Ziv
- Technion Faculty of Medicine and Network Biology Research Labs, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hitoshi Okazaki
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoizumi
- Laboratory for Neural Computation and Adaptation, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Obashi K, Taraska JW, Okabe S. The role of molecular diffusion within dendritic spines in synaptic function. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:e202012814. [PMID: 33720306 PMCID: PMC7967910 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spines are tiny nanoscale protrusions from dendrites of neurons. In the cortex and hippocampus, most of the excitatory postsynaptic sites reside in spines. The bulbous spine head is connected to the dendritic shaft by a thin membranous neck. Because the neck is narrow, spine heads are thought to function as biochemically independent signaling compartments. Thus, dynamic changes in the composition, distribution, mobility, conformations, and signaling properties of molecules contained within spines can account for much of the molecular basis of postsynaptic function and regulation. A major factor in controlling these changes is the diffusional properties of proteins within this small compartment. Advances in measurement techniques using fluorescence microscopy now make it possible to measure molecular diffusion within single dendritic spines directly. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms of diffusion in spines by local intra-spine architecture and discuss their implications for neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Obashi
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Justin W. Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Ji B, Skup M. Roles of palmitoylation in structural long-term synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:8. [PMID: 33430908 PMCID: PMC7802216 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are important cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent LTP and LTD play especially crucial roles in these functions, and their expression depends on changes in the number and single channel conductance of the major ionotropic glutamate receptor α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) located on the postsynaptic membrane. Structural changes in dendritic spines comprise the morphological platform and support for molecular changes in the execution of synaptic plasticity and memory storage. At the molecular level, spine morphology is directly determined by actin cytoskeleton organization within the spine and indirectly stabilized and consolidated by scaffold proteins at the spine head. Palmitoylation, as a uniquely reversible lipid modification with the ability to regulate protein membrane localization and trafficking, plays significant roles in the structural and functional regulation of LTP and LTD. Altered structural plasticity of dendritic spines is also considered a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders, while genetic evidence strongly links abnormal brain function to impaired palmitoylation. Numerous studies have indicated that palmitoylation contributes to morphological spine modifications. In this review, we have gathered data showing that the regulatory proteins that modulate the actin network and scaffold proteins related to AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission also undergo palmitoylation and play roles in modifying spine architecture during structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjun Ji
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Lu J, Zuo Y. Shedding light on learning and memory: optical interrogation of the synaptic circuitry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 67:138-144. [PMID: 33279804 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the quest for the physical substrate of learning and memory, a consensus gradually emerges that memory traces are stored in specific neuronal populations and the synaptic circuits that connect them. In this review, we discuss recent progresses in understanding the reorganization of synaptic circuits and neuronal assemblies associated with learning and memory, with an emphasis on optical techniques for in vivo interrogations. We also highlight some open questions on the missing link between synaptic modifications and neuronal coding, and how stable memory persists despite synaptic and neuronal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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