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Qiu X, Huang W, Yue W, Li D, Zhi J. Response of the serine/threonine kinase AKT and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to three kinds of foods and their regulation of reproductive function. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:372-386. [PMID: 38450915 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a typical omnivorous insect that feeds on host plants, pollens and mite eggs, and poses a threat to crops worldwide. The insulin signalling pathway (ISP) is a typical nutrient-sensitive pathway that participates in the regulation of various functions in insects. Serine/threonine kinases (AKTs) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinases (PDKs) are key components of the ISP. In this study, the FoAKT and FoPDK genes in F. occidentalis were cloned, and the effects of three foods on their expression were determined. The expression of FoAKT and FoPDK in the thrips fed on kidney bean leaves supplemented with pine pollen or mite eggs was higher than in those primarily fed on leaves alone. Meanwhile, the fecundity of thrips fed on leaves supplemented with pine pollen was highest. In addition, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FoAKT and FoPDK decreased vitellogenin (Vg) content and Vg expression in females, shortened ovariole length, delayed egg development and reduced fecundity and offspring hatching rates. Furthermore, the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) was reduced, and the contents of glucose, trehalose, glycogen and trehalase were affected. These results suggest that FoAKT and FoPDK regulate the reproduction of F. occidentalis by regulating Vg and JH production as well as carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Qiu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wanqing Huang
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, Tongren Branch, Tongren, China
| | - Wenbo Yue
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dingyin Li
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Junrui Zhi
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Ma H, Steede T, Dewey RE, Lewis RS. Engineering Sclareol Production on the Leaf Surface of Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38840459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sclareol, a diterpene alcohol, is the most common starting material for the synthesis of ambrox, which serves as a sustainable substitute for ambergris, a valuable fragrance secreted by sperm whales. Sclareol has also been proposed to possess antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. However, in nature, sclareol is only produced by a few plant species, including Cistus creticus, Cleome spinosa, Nicotiana glutinosa, and Salvia sclarea, which limits its commercial application. In this study, we cloned the two genes responsible for sclareol biosynthesis in S. sclarea, labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate synthase (LPPS) and sclareol synthase (SS), and overexpressed them in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The best transgenic tobacco lines accumulated 4.1 μg/cm2 of sclareol, which is comparable to the sclareol production of N. glutinosa, a natural sclareol producer. Thus, sclareol synthesis in tobacco represents a potential alternative means for the production of this high-value compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tyler Steede
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ralph E Dewey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ramsey S Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Smeda JR, Smith HA, Mutschler MA. The amount and chemistry of acylsugars affects sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) oviposition and development, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus incidence, in field grown tomato plants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275112. [PMID: 38011130 PMCID: PMC10681267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to ascertain the impact of endogenous production of trichome-exuded acylsugars on insects and insect transmitted virus by evaluating tomato lines and their hybrids bred for acylsugar production under field settings on whiteflies and the whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Specifically, we utilized a diverse array of tomato lines and hybrids bred for changes in acylsugar amount or type, grown in three field trials under natural whitefly and virus pressure, to investigate whether the amount of accumulated acylsugars and or the chemical profile of the acylsugars were associated with greater resistance to whiteflies and reduced incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. There was considerable variation in the abundance of whitefly eggs and nymphs and incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus across experiments and between entries. Increasing amount of acylsugars accumulated by the tomato entries was associated with a reduction in the abundance of whitefly eggs and nymphs and a reduction in the incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Additionally, we identified lines with changes in several acylsugar fatty acids that were associated with decreased abundance of whitefly eggs and nymphs and reduced incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. These results inform the utility of acylsugars as a host plant defense system for improving resistance to whiteflies and their transmitted viruses, with potential for reducing insecticides as a control method for whiteflies and provide breeding targets for optimization of existing acylsugar tomato lines to create lines with the most efficacious amount and chemistry of acylsugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Smeda
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hugh A. Smith
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Mutschler MA, Kennedy GG, Ullman DE. Acylsugar-mediated resistance as part of a multilayered defense against thrips, orthotospoviruses, and beyond. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 56:101021. [PMID: 36925103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Resistant varieties are critical tools for crop production, and single-resistance genes providing strong protection against pests or pathogens are deployed in agriculture. Durability of these traits is threatened by emergence of resistance-breaking pests and pathogens. This review focuses on acylsugar-mediated resistance in tomato. Wild tomatoes have type-IV trichomes that exude chemically complex mixtures of acylsugars altering behavior and suppressing multiple pest species, and with thrips and whiteflies (WF), suppressing virus transmission, for example, Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, respectively. Marker-assisted selection and bioassays led to development of advanced cultivated tomato breeding lines rich in acylsugar variations, allowing acylsugar-mediated resistance to be combined with other resistance traits providing a layered defense system that reduces pest populations and virus disease prevalence. This strategy also holds promise for enhancing durability of virus resistance genes by reducing the intensity of selection for resistance-breaking variants.
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5
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Wang R, Gao B, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang Q, Zhang M, Li W, Luo C. Acylsugar protection of Nicotiana benthamiana confers mortality and transgenerational fitness costs in Spodoptera litura. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993279. [PMID: 36119595 PMCID: PMC9478178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are secondary metabolites that are produced in the trichomes of some solanaceous species and can help control several herbivorous insect pests. Previously, knockout mutations (asat2 mutants) were shown to significantly reduce the acylsugar content of Nicotiana benthamiana, and significantly improve the fitness of six generalist insect herbivores. The current study compared the significant mortality and fitness costs in Spodoptera litura conferred by acylsugar protection of N. benthamiana (wild-type plants) compared to S. litura strains reared in acylsugar-deficient plants with depleted acylsugar biosynthesis. Acylsugar protection prolonged the developmental duration and decreased viability in the larval stages. Further, the fecundity of females and the hatching rate of eggs significantly decreased under acylsugar protection. For F1 offspring, acylsugar protection still exerted significant negative effects on larval survival rate and fecundity per female. The net reproductive rate and relative fitness of the S. litura strain were strongly affected by acylsugar. Altogether, these results indicate that acylsugar could contribute to plant protection due to toxicity to pests, diffused availability, and low environmental persistence. This could represent a complementary and alternative strategy to control populations of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingli Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yunyi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Qingyi Yang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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de Lima Filho RB, Resende JTV, de Oliveira JRF, Nardi C, Silva PR, Rech C, Oliveira LVB, Ventura MU, Ribeiro Silva ALB. Relationship between Acylsugars and Leaf Trichomes: Mediators of Pest Resistance in Tomato. INSECTS 2022; 13:738. [PMID: 36005363 PMCID: PMC9409249 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants are highly susceptible to pests. Among the control methods, genetic improvement with introgression of resistance genes from wild accessions into commercial tomato lines is the best alternative for an integrated pest management (IPM). Thus, the objective of this study was to select tomato genotypes in advanced populations (F2BC3), with higher levels of acylsugar content, greater recurrent parent genome recovery, and resistance to Tetranychus urticae and Bemisia tabaci inherited from Solanum pennellii. For pest resistance, bioassays were assessed: nine high-acylsugar genotypes, four low-acylsugar genotypes, and the parents, Solanum lycopersicum or 'Redenção', and Solanum pennellii LA-716. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes were quantified. A negative correlation was measured between acylsugar content in the leaflets and pest behavior. Pest resistance was found in the selected F2BC3 genotypes with high-acylsugar content, indicating that this allelochemical was efficient in controlling the arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Barros de Lima Filho
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná–UNICENTRO, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Street, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliano Tadeu Vilela Resende
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná–UNICENTRO, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Street, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paraná, Brazil
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Londrina–UEL, Celso Garcia Cid Roadway (PR-445), Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Ronaldo Freitas de Oliveira
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná–UNICENTRO, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Street, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Nardi
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná–UNICENTRO, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Street, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Silva
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná–UNICENTRO, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Street, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rech
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná–UNICENTRO, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia Street, 838-Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-167, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Vitor Barbosa Oliveira
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Londrina–UEL, Celso Garcia Cid Roadway (PR-445), Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maurício Ursi Ventura
- Departament of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Londrina–UEL, Celso Garcia Cid Roadway (PR-445), Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
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Chinnaiah S, Varagur Ganesan M, Sevugapperumal N, Mariappan S, Uthandi S, Perumal R. A sequel study on the occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in cut-chrysanthemum by DAS-ELISA using recombinant nucleocapsid protein to produce polyclonal antiserum. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114410. [PMID: 34896121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) belonging to the genus Orthotospovirus, family Tospoviridae, causes severe necrotic disease in field crops and horticultural crops, resulting in considerable yield loss worldwide. The development of protein-based diagnostics is essential to track the virus transmission and prevent its spread in vegetatively propagated crops such as ornamentals. In this study, nucleocapsid (N) gene of TSWV was cloned in pET 28 a (+) expression vector. Expression of the 32 kDa recombinant TSWV-N protein was induced in BL21 (DE3) cells using 1 mM of Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and was confirmed through SDS-PAGE and Western blot by fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody. The bacterial cells expressed recombinant TSWV-N protein up to a concentration of 9.48 μg/mL. The purified protein was used for immunization of a rabbit to produce specific polyclonal antiserum. The TSWV antiserum was conjugated with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Double Antibody Sandwich-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) was developed and validated against TSWV infected hosts. This antiserum specifically reacted with recombinant N protein as well as TSWV infected hosts, but not with groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus (GBNV) as well as capsicum chlorosis orthotospovirus (CaCV) infecting tomato and chilli plants. The coating antibody at 1 μg/mL concentration and 1:500 dilution of enzyme conjugate were found to be effective and economical in the detection of recombinant N protein of TSWV and the virus present naturally in the infected hosts. Using standardized DAS-ELISA protocol, the TSWV titer also was quantified in artificially inoculated assay hosts. Among 11 hosts tested, higher virus titer was recorded in Nicotiana tabacum (0.270 μg/100 μL), followed by Impatiens balsamiana (0.185 μg/100 μL) and Dahlia pinnata at a low virus tire of 0.083 μg/100 μL. The diagnostic reagents and protocol (DAS-ELISA) are further validated by detecting the infection of TSWV in chrysanthemum stem cuttings from six different nurseries in the hill stations of Tamil Nadu, India. The DAS-ELISA assay experimented on six varieties from four different nurseries revealed that the Mum Yellow variety had a higher percentage of TSWV infection (36 %), which was followed by the Mum White variety (33 %); both collected from Kotagiri Nursery. The same variety exhibited a higher virus titer by DAS-ELISA, an A405 value range of 0.733 (̴ 0.115 μg) and 0.711 (̴ 0.111 μg) respectively, and a total of 27 % of TSWV infection was confirmed by screening 800 stem cuttings by DAS-ELISA. The presence of TSWV was also detected in 54 (6.75 %) asymptomatic stem cuttings from different locations, and the A405 value ranged from 0.325 to 0.468. (̴ 0.044-0.069 μg/100 μL); this is the first reported development of immune-based diagnostics for TSWV in India. This protocol and diagnostics will be highly useful for quarantine purposes while trading large quantities of planting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilraja Chinnaiah
- Department of Plant Protection, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, 625 604, India.
| | - Malathi Varagur Ganesan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
| | | | - Suganthy Mariappan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
| | - Renukadevi Perumal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
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Wahyuni DSC, Choi YH, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1384. [PMID: 34371587 PMCID: PMC8309351 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinar S. C. Wahyuni
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Center, Postbus 20, 2665ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
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Kortbeek RWJ, Galland MD, Muras A, van der Kloet FM, André B, Heilijgers M, van Hijum SAFT, Haring MA, Schuurink RC, Bleeker PM. Natural variation in wild tomato trichomes; selecting metabolites that contribute to insect resistance using a random forest approach. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:315. [PMID: 34215189 PMCID: PMC8252294 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-produced specialised metabolites are a powerful part of a plant's first line of defence against herbivorous insects, bacteria and fungi. Wild ancestors of present-day cultivated tomato produce a plethora of acylsugars in their type-I/IV trichomes and volatiles in their type-VI trichomes that have a potential role in plant resistance against insects. However, metabolic profiles are often complex mixtures making identification of the functionally interesting metabolites challenging. Here, we aimed to identify specialised metabolites from a wide range of wild tomato genotypes that could explain resistance to vector insects whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). We evaluated plant resistance, determined trichome density and obtained metabolite profiles of the glandular trichomes by LC-MS (acylsugars) and GC-MS (volatiles). Using a customised Random Forest learning algorithm, we determined the contribution of specific specialised metabolites to the resistance phenotypes observed. RESULTS The selected wild tomato accessions showed different levels of resistance to both whiteflies and thrips. Accessions resistant to one insect can be susceptible to another. Glandular trichome density is not necessarily a good predictor for plant resistance although the density of type-I/IV trichomes, related to the production of acylsugars, appears to correlate with whitefly resistance. For type VI-trichomes, however, it seems resistance is determined by the specific content of the glands. There is a strong qualitative and quantitative variation in the metabolite profiles between different accessions, even when they are from the same species. Out of 76 acylsugars found, the random forest algorithm linked two acylsugars (S3:15 and S3:21) to whitefly resistance, but none to thrips resistance. Out of 86 volatiles detected, the sesquiterpene α-humulene was linked to whitefly susceptible accessions instead. The algorithm did not link any specific metabolite to resistance against thrips, but monoterpenes α-phellandrene, α-terpinene and β-phellandrene/D-limonene were significantly associated with susceptible tomato accessions. CONCLUSIONS Whiteflies and thrips are distinctly targeted by certain specialised metabolites found in wild tomatoes. The machine learning approach presented helped to identify features with efficacy toward the insect species studied. These acylsugar metabolites can be targets for breeding efforts towards the selection of insect-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc D Galland
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Muras
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans M van der Kloet
- Data Analysis Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart André
- Enza Zaden Research & Development B.V, Haling 1E, 1602 DB, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Heilijgers
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Radboud University Medical Center, Bacterial Genomics Group, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M Bleeker
- Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mouden S, Leiss KA. Host plant resistance to thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) - current state of art and future research avenues. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:28-34. [PMID: 33278641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is endorsed as the future standard for crop protection worldwide. This holistic concept integrates preventative and curative measures amongst which host plant resistance (HPR) plays an essential role. Up to now HPR has been a somewhat under-utilized tool in pest management due to widespread use of pesticides and technological hindrance. Thrips are key pests in agriculture and horticulture worldwide. Here we provide an overview on the current status of research on constitutive and induced HPR including thrips-host relationships and thrips as virus vectors. We stress modulation of plant defense responses by abiotic and biotic elicitors to increase HPR and provide an outlook on the increasing potential of HPR inspired by the fast advancement of -omics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Wageningen University & Research, Business Unit Horticulture, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Wageningen University & Research, Business Unit Horticulture, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands.
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11
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Kormelink R, Verchot J, Tao X, Desbiez C. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050842. [PMID: 34066457 PMCID: PMC8148189 DOI: 10.3390/v13050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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12
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Zabel S, Brandt W, Porzel A, Athmer B, Bennewitz S, Schäfer P, Kortbeek R, Bleeker P, Tissier A. A single cytochrome P450 oxidase from Solanum habrochaites sequentially oxidizes 7-epi-zingiberene to derivatives toxic to whiteflies and various microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1309-1325. [PMID: 33617106 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Secretions from glandular trichomes potentially protect plants against a variety of aggressors. In the tomato clade of the Solanum genus, glandular trichomes of wild species produce a rich source of chemical diversity at the leaf surface. Previously, 7-epi-zingiberene produced in several accessions of Solanum habrochaites was found to confer resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and other insect pests. Here, we report the identification and characterisation of 9-hydroxy-zingiberene (9HZ) and 9-hydroxy-10,11-epoxyzingiberene (9H10epoZ), two derivatives of 7-epi-zingiberene produced in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites LA2167. Using a combination of transcriptomics and genetics, we identified a gene coding for a cytochrome P450 oxygenase, ShCYP71D184, that is highly expressed in trichomes and co-segregates with the presence of the zingiberene derivatives. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ShCYP71D184 carries out two successive oxidations to generate 9HZ and 9H10epoZ. Bioactivity assays showed that 9-hydroxy-10,11-epoxyzingiberene in particular exhibits substantial toxicity against B. tabaci and various microorganisms including Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea. Our work shows that trichome secretions from wild tomato species can provide protection against a wide variety of organisms. In addition, the availability of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway of 7-epi-zingiberene derivatives makes it possible to introduce this trait in cultivated tomato by precision breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zabel
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
- IDT Biologika Deutschland, Am Pharmapark, Dessau-Rosslau, 06861, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Benedikt Athmer
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Stefan Bennewitz
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Petra Schäfer
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Ruy Kortbeek
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
- VERROVACCiNES GmbH, Blücherstraße 26, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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13
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Marchant WG, Legarrea S, Smeda JR, Mutschler MA, Srinivasan R. Evaluating Acylsugars-Mediated Resistance in Tomato against Bemisia tabaci and Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120842. [PMID: 33260730 PMCID: PMC7760652 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major pest of cultivated tomato. Whitefly feeding-related injuries and transmission of viruses including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) cause serious losses. Management strategy includes planting resistant cultivars/hybrids. However, TYLCV resistance is incomplete and whiteflies on TYLCV-resistant cultivars/hybrids are managed by insecticides. Acylsugars'-mediated resistance against whiteflies has been introgressed from wild solanums into cultivated tomato. This study evaluated acylsugar-producing tomato lines with quantitative trait loci (QTL) containing introgressions from Solanum pennellii LA716, known to alter acylsugars' levels or chemistry. Evaluated acylsugar-producing lines were the benchmark line CU071026, QTL6/CU071026-a CU071026 sister line with QTL6, and three other CU071026 sister lines with varying QTLs-FA2/CU71026, FA7/CU071026, and FA2/FA7/CU071026. Non-acylsugar tomato hybrid Florida 47 (FL47) was also evaluated. Acylsugars' amounts in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 were 1.4 to 2.2 times greater than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Short chain fatty acid, i-C5, was dominant in all acylsugar-producing lines. Long chain fatty acids, n-C10 and n-C12, were more abundant in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies preferentially settled on non-acylsugar hybrid FL47 leaves over three out of five acylsugar-producing lines, and whiteflies settled 5 to 85 times more on abaxial than adaxial leaf surface of FL47 than on acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies' survival was 1.5 to 1.9 times lower on acylsugar-producing lines than in FL47. Nevertheless, whiteflies' developmental time was up to 12.5% shorter on acylsugar-producing lines than on FL47. TYLCV infection following whitefly-mediated transmission to acylsugar-producing lines was 1.4 to 2.8 times lower than FL47, and TYLCV acquisition by whiteflies from acylsugar-producing lines was up to 77% lower than from FL47. However, TYLCV accumulation in acylsugar-producing lines following infection and TYLCV loads in whiteflies upon acquisition from acylsugar-producing lines were not different from FL47. Combining TYLCV resistance with acylsugars'-mediated whitefly resistance in cultivated tomato could substantially benefit whiteflies and TYLCV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - John R. Smeda
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 310223, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +770-229-3099
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14
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Rotenberg D, Baumann AA, Ben-Mahmoud S, Christiaens O, Dermauw W, Ioannidis P, Jacobs CGC, Vargas Jentzsch IM, Oliver JE, Poelchau MF, Rajarapu SP, Schneweis DJ, Snoeck S, Taning CNT, Wei D, Widana Gamage SMK, Hughes DST, Murali SC, Bailey ST, Bejerman NE, Holmes CJ, Jennings EC, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot A, Hervey K, Schneweis BA, Cheng S, Childers C, Simão FA, Dietzgen RG, Chao H, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dugan S, Han Y, Lee SL, Muzny DM, Qu J, Worley KC, Benoit JB, Friedrich M, Jones JW, Panfilio KA, Park Y, Robertson HM, Smagghe G, Ullman DE, van der Zee M, Van Leeuwen T, Veenstra JA, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Werren JH, Whitfield AE, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests. BMC Biol 2020; 18:142. [PMID: 33070780 PMCID: PMC7570057 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a globally invasive pest and plant virus vector on a wide array of food, fiber, and ornamental crops. The underlying genetic mechanisms of the processes governing thrips pest and vector biology, feeding behaviors, ecology, and insecticide resistance are largely unknown. To address this gap, we present the F. occidentalis draft genome assembly and official gene set. RESULTS We report on the first genome sequence for any member of the insect order Thysanoptera. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) assessments of the genome assembly (size = 415.8 Mb, scaffold N50 = 948.9 kb) revealed a relatively complete and well-annotated assembly in comparison to other insect genomes. The genome is unusually GC-rich (50%) compared to other insect genomes to date. The official gene set (OGS v1.0) contains 16,859 genes, of which ~ 10% were manually verified and corrected by our consortium. We focused on manual annotation, phylogenetic, and expression evidence analyses for gene sets centered on primary themes in the life histories and activities of plant-colonizing insects. Highlights include the following: (1) divergent clades and large expansions in genes associated with environmental sensing (chemosensory receptors) and detoxification (CYP4, CYP6, and CCE enzymes) of substances encountered in agricultural environments; (2) a comprehensive set of salivary gland genes supported by enriched expression; (3) apparent absence of members of the IMD innate immune defense pathway; and (4) developmental- and sex-specific expression analyses of genes associated with progression from larvae to adulthood through neometaboly, a distinct form of maturation differing from either incomplete or complete metamorphosis in the Insecta. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the F. occidentalis genome offers insights into the polyphagous behavior of this insect pest that finds, colonizes, and survives on a widely diverse array of plants. The genomic resources presented here enable a more complete analysis of insect evolution and biology, providing a missing taxon for contemporary insect genomics-based analyses. Our study also offers a genomic benchmark for molecular and evolutionary investigations of other Thysanoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Aaron A Baumann
- Virology Section, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, A239 VTH, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris G C Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan E Oliver
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA, 31793-5737, USA
| | | | - Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Derek J Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Simon Snoeck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Clauvis N T Taning
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dong Wei
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Samuel T Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - Andrew Rosselot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Kaylee Hervey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brandi A Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sammy Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - Felipe A Simão
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diane E Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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15
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Zhao K, Rosa C. Thrips as the Transmission Bottleneck for Mixed Infection of Two Orthotospoviruses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040509. [PMID: 32326567 PMCID: PMC7238027 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mixed infections provide opportunities for viruses to increase genetic diversity by facilitating genomic reassortment or recombination, and they may lead to the emergence of new virus species. Mixed infections of two economically important orthotospoviruses, Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus (INSV), were found in recent years, but no natural reassortants between INSV and TSWV were ever reported. The goal of this study was to establish how vector preferences and the ability to transmit INSV and TSWV influence transmission and establishment of mixed infections. Our results demonstrate that thrips prefer to oviposit on TSWV and INSV mixed-infected plants over singly infected or healthy plants, providing young nymphs with the opportunity to acquire both viruses. Conversely, we observed that thrips served as a bottleneck during transmission and favored transmission of one of the two viruses over the second one, or over transmission of both viruses simultaneously. This constraint was relaxed in plants, when transmission of TSWV and INSV occurred sequentially, demonstrating that plants serve as orthotospovirus permissive hosts, while thrips serve as a bottleneck. Viral fitness, as measured by virus replication, transmission, and competition with other viral strains, is not well studied in mixed infection. Our study looks at the success of transmission during mixed infection of orthotopoviruses, enhancing the understanding of orthotospovirus epidemiology and evolution.
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