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Moore BF. Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis: Effects on Childhood Obesity and Cardiometabolic Health. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:154-166. [PMID: 38172481 PMCID: PMC10933144 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To consolidate information on the obesogenic and cardiometabolic effects of prenatal exposure to cannabis. RECENT FINDINGS A PubMed search strategy updated from January 1, 2014, through 14 June 2023, produced a total of 47 epidemiologic studies and 12 animal studies. Prenatal exposure to cannabis is consistently associated with small for gestational age and low birth weight. After birth, these offspring gain weight rapidly and have increased adiposity and higher glucose (fat mass percentage) in childhood. More preclinical and prospective studies are needed to deepen our understanding of whether these associations vary by sex, dose, timing, and composition of cannabis (e.g., ratio of delta-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ9-THC] to cannabidiol [CBD]). Addressing these gaps may help to solidify causality and identify intervention strategies. Based on the available data, clinicians and public health officials should continue to caution against cannabis use during pregnancy to limit its potential obesogenic and adverse cardiometabolic effects on the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna F Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
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2
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Weigel EA, Matt GE. When Hotel Guests Complain About Tobacco, Electronic Cigarettes, and Cannabis: Lessons for Implementing Smoking Bans. Tob Use Insights 2022; 15:1179173X221124900. [PMID: 36090650 PMCID: PMC9449509 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x221124900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed reviews on tripadvisor.com from a random
sample of N = 477 hotels in ten large cities in the US to examine how well
existing policies protect guests from exposure to tobacco, electronic cigarette,
and cannabis (TEC) smoke. We examined the association between complaints per 100
reviews with hotel smoking policies, star rating, cost, brand, and location. Of
all TEC complaints, 80% were associated with thirdhand smoke residue lingering
in hotels from previous guests. Compared to the hotel brands with the best
records, the two worst-performing brands had 3.4- and 3.6-times higher complaint
rates (P < .001). Hotels with ≤2-star ratings had twice the
complaints as higher-rated hotels (P < .001). Compared to
100% smokefree hotels, those offering designated smoking rooms had a 35% higher
rate of complaints (P < .05). The success of some hotel
brands demonstrates it is feasible to protect guests by fully committing to,
implementing, and enforcing 100% smokefree building policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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3
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Association between secondhand marijuana smoke and respiratory infections in children. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1769-1774. [PMID: 34321605 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effects of secondhand marijuana smoke on children. We aimed to determine caregiver marijuana use prevalence and evaluate any association between secondhand marijuana smoke, childhood emergency department (ED) or urgent care (UC) visitation, and several tobacco-related illnesses: otitis media, viral respiratory infections (VRIs), and asthma exacerbations. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional, convenience sample survey of 1500 subjects presenting to a pediatric ED. The inclusion criteria were as follows: caregivers aged 21-85 years, English- or Spanish-speaking. The exclusion criteria were as follows: children who were critically ill, medically complex, over 11 years old, or using medical marijuana. RESULTS Of 1500 caregivers, 158 (10.5%) reported smoking marijuana and 294 (19.6%) reported smoking tobacco. Using negative-binomial regression, we estimated rates of reported ED/UC visits and specific illnesses among children with marijuana exposure and those with tobacco exposure, compared to unexposed children. Caregivers who used marijuana reported an increased rate of VRIs in their children (1.31 episodes/year) compared to caregivers with no marijuana use (1.04 episodes/year) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our cohort did not report any difference with ED/UC visits, otitis media episodes, or asthma exacerbations, regardless of smoke exposure. However, caregivers of children with secondhand marijuana smoke exposure reported increased VRIs compared to children with no smoke exposure. IMPACT Approximately 10% of caregivers in our study were regular users of marijuana. Prior studies have shown that secondhand tobacco smoke exposure is associated with negative health outcomes in children, including increased ED utilization and respiratory illnesses. Prior studies have shown primary marijuana use is linked to negative health outcomes in adults and adolescents, including increased ED utilization and respiratory illnesses. Our study reveals an association between secondhand marijuana smoke exposure and increased VRIs in children. Our study did not find an association between secondhand marijuana smoke exposure and increased ED or UC visitation in children.
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Yeh K, Li L, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate, and human exposure in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107063. [PMID: 34954646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A source of chemical exposure to humans, thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to the contamination that persists indoors following the cessation of a smoking event. The composition of thirdhand smoke depends on the type of substance from which it originates. Although past studies have investigated the effects of tobacco THS on indoor air quality and human health, few have focused on the chemical composition and health impacts of other sources and components of THS. Here we review the state of knowledge of the composition and partitioning behavior of various types of indoor THS, with a focus on THS from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and illicit substances (methamphetamine and cocaine). The discussion is supplemented by estimates of human exposure to THS components made with a chemical fate and exposure model. The modeling results show that while very volatile THS compounds (i.e., aromatics) are likely to be taken up by inhalation, highly water-soluble compounds tended to be dermally absorbed. Conversely, minimally volatile THS compounds with low solubility are predicted to be ingested through hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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5
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Wade NE, McCabe CJ, Wallace AL, Gonzalez MR, Hoh E, Infante MA, Mejia MH, Haist F. Clouding up cognition?: Secondhand cannabis and tobacco exposure related to cognitive functioning in youth. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 3:233-242. [PMID: 37124351 PMCID: PMC10140452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing legalization of cannabis, in addition to longstanding rates of tobacco use, raises concerns for possible cognitive decrements from secondhand smoke or environmental exposure, although little research exists. We investigate the relation between cognition and secondhand and environmental cannabis and tobacco exposure in youth. Methods The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study year 2 follow-up (N = 5580; 48% female) cognitive performance and secondhand or environmental cannabis or tobacco exposure data were used. Principal components analysis identified a global cognition factor. Linear mixed-effects models assessed global cognition and individual cognitive task performance by cannabis and/or tobacco environmental exposure. Sociodemographics and other potential confounds were examined. p values were adjusted using the false discovery rate method. Results Global cognition was not related to any exposure group after testing corrections and considering confounds. Beyond covariates and family- and site-level factors, secondhand tobacco was related to poorer visual memory (p = .02), and environmental tobacco was associated with poorer visuospatial (p = .02) and language (p = .008) skills. Secondhand cannabis was related to cognition, but not after controlling for potential confounders (p > .05). Environmental cannabis was related to better oral reading (p = .01). Including covariates attenuated effect sizes. Conclusions Secondhand tobacco exposure was associated with poorer visual memory, while environmental tobacco exposure was related to poorer language and visuospatial skills. Secondhand cannabis was not related to cognition after controlling for sociodemographic factors, but environmental cannabis exposure was related to better reading. Because, to our knowledge, this is the first known study of its kind and thus preliminary, secondhand cannabis should continue to be investigated to confirm results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Address correspondence to Natasha E. Wade, Ph.D.
| | - Connor J. McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexander L. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Marybel R. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - M. Alejandra Infante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Margie Hernandez Mejia
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Frank Haist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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6
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Khachatoorian C, McWhirter KJ, Luo W, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Tracing the movement of electronic cigarette flavor chemicals and nicotine from refill fluids to aerosol, lungs, exhale, and the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131494. [PMID: 34392198 PMCID: PMC8787941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high concentrations of nicotine and flavor chemicals in EC (electronic cigarette) fluids, it is important to determine how efficiently they transfer to aerosols, how well they are retained by users (exposure), and if they are exhaled into the environment where they settle of surfaces forming ECEAR (EC exhaled aerosol residue). OBJECTIVES To quantify the flavor chemicals and nicotine in refill fluids, inhaled aerosols, and exhaled aerosols. Then deduce their retention and contribution to ECEAR. METHODS Flavor chemicals and nicotine were identified and quantified by GC-MS in two refill fluids, smoking machine-generated aerosols, and aerosols exhaled by 10 human participants (average age 21; 7 males). Machine generated aerosols were made with varying puff durations and two wattages (40 and 80). Participants generated exhale ad libitum; their exhale was quantified, and chemical retention and contribution to ECEAR was modeled. RESULTS "Dewberry Cream" had five dominant (≥1 mg/mL) flavor chemicals (maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, furaneol), while "Cinnamon Roll" had one (cinnamaldehyde). Nicotine transferred well to aerosols irrespective of topography; however, transfer efficiencies of flavor chemicals depended on the chemical, puff volume, puff duration, pump head, and EC power. Participants could be classified as "mouth inhalers" or "lung inhalers" based on their exhale of flavor chemicals and nicotine and retention. Lung inhalers had high retention and exhaled low concentrations of EC chemicals. Only mouth inhalers exhaled sufficient concentrations of flavor chemicals/nicotine to contribute to chemical deposition on environmental surfaces (ECEAR). CONCLUSION These data help distinguish two types of EC users, add to our knowledge of chemical exposure during vaping, and provide information useful in regulating EC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Careen Khachatoorian
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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7
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Lappas NT, Lappas CM. Cannabinoids. Forensic Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819286-3.00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Clawson AH, Ruppe NM, Nwankwo CN, Blair AL. Profiles of Nicotine and Cannabis Exposure among Young Adults with Asthma. Behav Med 2022; 48:18-30. [PMID: 32703091 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2020.1763904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on nicotine and cannabis use among young adults (YAs) with asthma. This study aimed to do the following among YAs with asthma: (1) describe YAs' active and passive exposure to nicotine and cannabis; (2) identify latent classes of active use of nicotine and cannabis; and (3) explore predictors of class membership (i.e., demographics, parental and friend use of nicotine and cannabis, and hours of environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, e-cigarette vapor, and marijuana smoke). YAs with asthma (N = 178) self-reported on nicotine and cannabis exposure and the included covariates. Latent class analysis was used to identify latent classes of lifetime nicotine and cannabis use. High rates of nicotine and cannabis use among YAs with asthma were found: 37% reporting a lifetime history of using both nicotine and cannabis. Regarding past year use, 25% had smoked cigarettes, 40% had used e-cigarettes, and 35% had used cannabis. Five classes of lifetime use were identified. The largest class was a non-user class (53%); the other four classes indicate concerning patterns of nicotine and cannabis use. The most consistent predictor of being in a class characterized by more nicotine and cannabis exposure (versus being in the non-user class) was past week exposure to cannabis smoke. This is the first study to identify classes of lifetime nicotine and cannabis use, and examine predictors of class membership, among YAs with asthma. There is a critical need to address environmental and active tobacco and marijuana exposure among YAs with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley H Clawson
- Center for Pediatric Psychology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicole M Ruppe
- Center for Pediatric Psychology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cara N Nwankwo
- Center for Pediatric Psychology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alexandra L Blair
- Center for Pediatric Psychology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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9
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Abstract
Understanding of the levels of psychoactive drugs in air is important for assessing both occupational and environmental exposure. Intelligence on the usage and manufacture of illegal drugs can also be gained. Environmental analysis and determination of air quality has recently expanded from its traditional focus to new pollutant categories that include illicit and psychoactive drugs. This is attributed to a greater part on the development of new, advanced techniques, such as liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), allowing for the trace determination of such compounds down to the parts-per-trillion (ng/L) levels generally reported in air. Studies have also investigated the effects of firsthand and secondhand smoking of drugs, such as cocaine, cannabis and opium. Generally, these have shown secondhand smoke effects to be limited, apart from in the case of opium. Some studies have highlighted ill effects resulting through the exposure of vapors and dusts from the storage of drugs, but this has been shown to result from mould and other fungal contaminates. Investigations into the possible occupational exposures resulting from the use of anesthetic drugs in surgery and accident and emergency have focused on nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, propofol and fentanyl. This review focuses on developments and applications for the determination of psychoactive drugs in air.
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10
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Kwok A, Hong C, Kwok E. Evaluation of nano-confined catalytic oxidation air purification technology on eliminating marijuana chemicals and odour. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 3:808. [PMID: 34604703 PMCID: PMC8475299 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel air purification technology, Nano-Confined Catalytic Oxidation (NCCO), has been proven to be effective at eliminating air pollutants. With the increasing legalization and decriminalization of medicinal and recreational cannabis and related products, respectively, in many countries and jurisdictions around the world, concerns have been raised about indoor air quality from smoking cannabis products, such as marijuana, which produce gaseous pollutants and intense odour. In this study, NCCO technology has been evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing key marijuana concentrations in polluted indoor air by direct measurements and odour intensity assessments by human volunteers. For the odour intensity measurements, 20 non-cannabis adults participated in the odour assessment. The results are remarkable and statistically significant. The reduction in Dronabinol, a pharmaceutical form of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabinol, averages 93.4%, whereas that in airborne marijuana compounds with no air purification only averages 6.2%. The technology also demonstrates statistically significant reductions in PM2.5, PM10 and total volatile organic compounds generated from marijuana smoke. The technology was able to restore high levels of harmful particulate matter to normal baseline levels. Furthermore, the odour assessment conducted by a group of 20 volunteers also confirmed statistically significant reductions in marijuana odour by 55.6% after 50 min of air purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiel Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Christopher Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Ezra Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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11
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Sangmo L, Liu B, Elaiho C, Boguski L, Yaker M, Resnick M, Malbari A, Wilson KM. Reported Marijuana and Tobacco Smoke Incursions Among Families Living in Multiunit Housing in New York City. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21:670-676. [PMID: 33460815 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While public knowledge on the prevalence and adverse health effects of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure is well established, information on the prevalence of secondhand marijuana smoke (SHMS) exposure is limited. METHODS A convenience sample of parents of children attending 1 of 4 pediatric practices in the Mount Sinai Health System completed an anonymous questionnaire assessing demographics, housing characteristics, and the child's health status, as well as smoke incursions and household smoking behaviors. RESULTS About 450 parents completed the survey between 2018 and 2019; those with incomplete data were excluded, and 382 surveys were included in the analysis. Approximately 40% of the children were white; the median age was 15 months (interquartile range: 5-40 months). About 30.9% (n = 118) of participants reported marijuana incursions in their home while with their child, while 33.5% (n = 122) reported tobacco smoke incursions. SHMS exposure differed by race (P = .0043); and by housing types (P < .0001). Participants in New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) developments were more likely to report smelling SHMS (adjusted odds ratio = 3.45, 95% confidence interval = 1.18, 10.10], P = .02). Those in Section 8 housing were also more likely to report smelling SHMS, but the association was not significant (adjusted odds ratio = 3.29, 95% confidence interval = 0.94, 11.55, P = .06). Approximately two thirds of the participants reported viewing marijuana smoke as being harmful to their child. CONCLUSIONS About one third of the families enrolled in the study reported smelling SHMS while at home with their child. Reported marijuana smoke exposure was associated with living in NYCHA housing. Policies that limit all smoke in multiunit housing should be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodoe Sangmo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (L Sangmo), New York City, NY
| | - Bian Liu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (B Liu), New York City, NY
| | - Cordelia Elaiho
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (C Elaiho, L Boguski, M Yaker, M Resnick, A Malbari, and KM Wilson), New York City, NY
| | - Lisa Boguski
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (C Elaiho, L Boguski, M Yaker, M Resnick, A Malbari, and KM Wilson), New York City, NY
| | - Michael Yaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (C Elaiho, L Boguski, M Yaker, M Resnick, A Malbari, and KM Wilson), New York City, NY
| | - Micah Resnick
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (C Elaiho, L Boguski, M Yaker, M Resnick, A Malbari, and KM Wilson), New York City, NY
| | - Alefiyah Malbari
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (C Elaiho, L Boguski, M Yaker, M Resnick, A Malbari, and KM Wilson), New York City, NY
| | - Karen M Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (C Elaiho, L Boguski, M Yaker, M Resnick, A Malbari, and KM Wilson), New York City, NY.
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12
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Kennedy HR, Moran MB, Thrul J. Household Rules regarding Cannabis Use and Tobacco Smoking in Denver Airbnb Venues. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 53:195-200. [PMID: 33399521 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1856454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis legalization threatens to undermine clean indoor air norms. We investigated the prevalence and nature of tobacco and cannabis use rules in Airbnb venues in Denver, Colorado, where recreational cannabis was legalized in 2014. The study used publicly available Inside Airbnb data for all Denver listings (N = 4,511) collected on 06/29/2019. We analyzed reported tobacco smoking and cannabis use house rules. Tobacco smoking with or without conditions was allowed in 9.7% of venues. Of all venues, 23.7% included details about cannabis use. Of these, 75.9% allowed cannabis use without or with conditions. Of the venues that allowed cannabis use, 30.5% also allowed tobacco smoking. Of the venues that did not allow cannabis use, 0.4% allowed tobacco smoking. Additional multilevel regression models revealed that venues in higher income neighborhoods were less likely to allow cannabis and tobacco use. A substantial number of Airbnb listings in Denver, Colorado permit cannabis use and venues permitting cannabis use may be more likely to also permit tobacco smoking. Findings support the idea that cannabis legalization threatens clean indoor air norms. Airbnb should consider including cannabis use in house rules in jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis to help guests identify spaces with clean air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson R Kennedy
- River Hill High School, Howard County Board of Education, Clarksville, MD, USA
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Sangmo L, Braune T, Liu B, Wang L, Zhang L, Sosnoff CS, Blount BC, Wilson KM. Secondhand marijuana exposure in a convenience sample of young children in New York City. Pediatr Res 2020; 89:905-910. [PMID: 32403116 PMCID: PMC7882144 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure to marijuana smoke can be detected in the urine of children with exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke, but the prevalence is unclear. METHODS We studied children between the ages of 0 to 3 years who were coming in for well-child visits or hospitalized on the inpatient general pediatric unit between 2017 and 2018 at Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai. Parents completed an anonymous survey, and urine samples were analyzed for cotinine and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (COOH-THC), a metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. RESULTS Fifty-three children had urine samples available for analysis. COOH-THC was detectable in 20.8% of the samples analyzed and urinary cotinine was detectable in 90.2%. High levels of tobacco exposure (defined as cotinine ≥2.0 ng/ml) were significantly associated with COOH-THC detection (p < 0.01). We found that 34.8% of children who lived in attached housing where smoking was allowed within the property had detectable COOH-THC compared to 13.0% of children who lived in housing where smoking was not allowed at all. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the growing evidence that children are being exposed to marijuana smoke, even in places where recreational marijuana use is illegal. It is critical that more research be done on the impact of marijuana smoke exposure on children's health and development. IMPACT We found that 20.8% of the 53 children recruited from Mount Sinai Hospital had detectable marijuana metabolites in their urine. Children with household tobacco smoke exposure and children who lived in attached housing where smoking was allowed on the premises were more likely to have detectable marijuana smoke metabolites. This study adds to the growing evidence that children are being exposed to marijuana smoke, even in places where marijuana remains illegal by state law. As states consider marijuana legalization, it is critical that the potential adverse health effects from marijuana exposure in children be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodoe Sangmo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tanya Braune
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bian Liu
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory SciencesNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory SciencesNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie S. Sosnoff
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory SciencesNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory SciencesNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen M. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Zakarian JM, Dodder NG, Record RA, Hovell MF, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, Markman L, Watanabe K, Novotny TE. Persistent tobacco smoke residue in multiunit housing: Legacy of permissive indoor smoking policies and challenges in the implementation of smoking bans. Prev Med Rep 2020; 18:101088. [PMID: 32368436 PMCID: PMC7186560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a common indoor pollutant in multiunit housing (MUH). It is also the precursor of thirdhand smoke (THS), the toxic mixture of tobacco smoke residue that accumulates in indoor environments where tobacco has been used. This study examined the levels, distribution, and factors associated with THS pollution in low-income MUH. Interviews were conducted 2016-2018 in a cross-sectional study of N = 220 MUH homes in San Diego, California. Two surface wipe samples were collected per home and analyzed for nicotine, a THS marker, using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Nicotine was detected in all homes of nonsmokers with indoor smoking bans (Geo Mean = 1.67 µg/m2; 95% CI = [1.23;2.30]) and smokers regardless of an indoor ban (Geo Mean = 4.80 µg/m2; 95% CI = [1.89;12.19]). Approximately 10% of nonsmokers' homes with smoking bans showed nicotine levels higher than the average level in homes of smokers without smoking bans from previous studies (≥30 µg/m2). Housing for seniors, smoking bans on balconies, indoor tobacco use, difficult to reach surfaces, and self-reported African-American race/ethnicity were independently associated with higher THS levels. Individual cases demonstrated that high levels of surface nicotine may persist in nonsmoker homes for years after tobacco use even in the presence of indoor smoking bans. To achieve MUH free of tobacco smoke pollutants, attention must be given to identifying and remediating highly polluted units and to implementing smoking policies that prevent new accumulation of THS. As THS is a form of toxic tobacco product waste, responsibility for preventing and mitigating harmful impacts should include manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachael A Record
- San Diego State University School of Communication, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura Markman
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
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