Development of a Nanoparticle-based Lateral Flow Strip Biosensor for Visual Detection of Whole Nervous Necrosis Virus Particles

The CRISPR-Cas system in molecular diagnostics

Robust, sensitive, and rapid molecular detection tools are essential prerequisites for disease diagnosis and epidemiological control. However, the current mainstream tests necessitate expensive equipment and specialized operators, impeding the advancement of molecular diagnostics. The CRISPR-Cas system is an integral component of the bacterial adaptive immune system, wherein Cas proteins recognize PAM sequences by binding to CRISPR RNA, subsequently triggering DNA or RNA cleavage. The discovery of the CRISPR-Cas system has invigorated molecular diagnostics. With further in-depth research on this system, its application in molecular diagnosis is flourishing. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent research progress on the CRISPR-Cas system, specifically focusing on its application in molecular diagnosis.

Recent Advances in Lateral Flow Assays for Viral Protein Detection with Nanomaterial-Based Optical Sensors

Controlling the progression of contagious diseases is crucial for public health management, emphasizing the importance of early viral infection diagnosis. In response, lateral flow assays (LFAs) have been successfully utilized in point-of-care (POC) testing, emerging as a viable alternative to more traditional diagnostic methods. Recent advancements in virus detection have primarily leveraged methods such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Despite their proven effectiveness, these conventional techniques are often expensive, require specialized expertise, and consume a significant amount of time. In contrast, LFAs utilize nanomaterial-based optical sensing technologies, including colorimetric, fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), offering quick, straightforward analyses with minimal training and infrastructure requirements for detecting viral proteins in biological samples. This review describes the composition and mechanism of and recent advancements in LFAs for viral protein detection, categorizing them into colorimetric, fluorescent, and SERS-based techniques. Despite significant progress, developing a simple, stable, highly sensitive, and selective LFA system remains a formidable challenge. Nevertheless, an advanced LFA system promises not only to enhance clinical diagnostics but also to extend its utility to environmental monitoring and beyond, demonstrating its potential to revolutionize both healthcare and environmental safety.

The Nanozyme Revolution: Enhancing the Performance of Medical Biosensing Platforms

Nanozymes represent a class of nanosized materials that exhibit innate catalytic properties similar to biological enzymes. The unique features of these materials have positioned them as promising candidates for applications in clinical sensing devices, specifically those employed at the point-of-care. They notably have found use as a means to amplify signals in nanosensor-based platforms and thereby improve sensor detection limits. Recent developments in the understanding of the fundamental chemistries underpinning these materials have enabled the development of highly effective nanozymes capable of sensing clinically relevant biomarkers at detection limits that compete with "gold-standard" techniques. However, there remain considerable hurdles that need to be overcome before these nanozyme-based sensors can be utilized in a platform ready for clinical use. An overview of the current understandings of nanozymes for disease diagnostics and biosensing applications and the unmet challenges that must be considered prior to their translation in clinical diagnostic tests is provided.

COVID-19 Virus Structural Details: Optical and Electrochemical Detection

The increasing viral species have ruined people's health and the world's economy. Therefore, it is urgent to design bio-responsive materials to provide a vast platform for detecting a different family's passive or active virus. One can design a reactive functional unit for that moiety based on the particular bio-active moieties in viruses. Nanomaterials as optical and electrochemical biosensors have enabled better tools and devices to develop rapid virus detection. Various material science platforms are available for real-time monitoring and detecting COVID-19 and other viral loads. In this review, we discuss the recent advances of nanomaterials in developing the tools for optical and electrochemical sensing COVID-19. In addition, nanomaterials used to detect other human viruses have been studied, providing insights for developing COVID-19 sensing materials. The basic strategies for nanomaterials develop as virus sensors, fabrications, and detection performances are studied. Moreover, the new methods to enhance the virus sensing properties are discussed to provide a gateway for virus detection in variant forms. The study will provide systematic information and working of virus sensors. In addition, the deep discussion of structural properties and signal changes will offer a new gate for researchers to develop new virus sensors for clinical applications.

Pen direct writing of SERRS-based lateral flow assays for detection of penicillin G in milk

Direct pen writing offers versatile opportunities for development of low-cost tests for point-of-care applications. In this work a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test was fabricated by hand "writing" immunoprobes onto hand-cut nitrocellulose strips with a commercial fountain pen. The qualitative capabilities of the test were extended by addition of a Raman reporter and consequent design and fabrication of a Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering (SERRS)-LFIA test. As proof-of-concept, dual detection of penicillin G was achieved in milk with a visual LOD of 20 ppm and a dynamic range of 0.03-97.5 ppm. Evaluation against equivalent tests performed with conventionally prepared LFIA strips showed comparable results, thus demonstrating the validity of the test. These results demonstrate the potential for further decrease in cost and consequent broader use of LFIA tests in remote regions and resource-limited environments.

Nervous Necrosis Virus Modulation of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) Immune Genes and Transcriptome towards Establishment of Virus Carrier State

Viral infections of teleost fish have great environmental and economic implications in aquaculture. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a pathogen affecting more than 120 different species, causing high mortality and morbidity. Herein, we studied the course of NNV experimental infection of D. labrax, focusing on survivors which indicated viral carrier state. To determine the carrier state of D. labrax head kidney, we performed a gene expression analysis of selected immune-related genes and we profiled its transcriptome 14 days post infection (dpi). All tested genes showed clear differentiations in expression levels while most of them were up-regulated 14 dpi suggesting that their role is not limited in early antiviral responses, but they are also implicated in disease persistence. To gain a better understanding of the fish that survived the acute infection but still maintained a high viral load, we studied the differential expression of 124 up-regulated and 48 down-regulated genes in D. labrax head kidney, at 14 dpi. Concluding, the NNV virus persistent profile was assessed in D. labrax, where immune-related gene modification was intense (14 dpi) and the head kidney transcriptome profile at this time point offered a glimpse into host attempts to control the infection in asymptomatic carriers.

Recent Advances in Biosensor Development for the Detection of Viral Particles in Foods: A Comprehensive Review

Viral foodborne diseases cause serious harm to human health and the economy. Rapid, accurate, and convenient approaches for detecting foodborne viruses are crucial for preventing diseases. Biosensors integrating electrochemical and optical properties of nanomaterials have emerged as effective tools for the detection of viruses in foods. However, they still face several challenges, including substantial sample preparation and relatively poor sensitivity due to complex food matrices, which limit their field applications. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent advances in biosensing techniques, including electrochemical, SERS-based, and colorimetric biosensors, for detecting viral particles in food samples, with emerging techniques for extraction/concentration of virus particles from food samples. Moreover, the principle, design, and advantages/disadvantages of each biosensing method are comprehensively described. This review covers the recent development of rapid and sensitive biosensors that can be used as new standards for monitoring food safety and food quality in the food industry.

Gold Nanotapes and Nanopinecones in a Quantitative Lateral Flow Assay for the Cancer Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. Multiple studies have linked levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in patient serum to poor disease prognosis. Hence, the ability to detect low levels of carcinoembryonic antigen has applications in earlier disease diagnosis, assessment, and recurrence monitoring. Existing carcinoembryonic antigen detection methods often require multiple reagents, trained operators, or complex procedures. A method alleviating these issues is the lateral flow assay, a paper-based platform that allows the detection and quantification of target analytes in complex mixtures. The tests are rapid, are point-of-care, possess a long shelf life, and can be stored at ambient conditions, making them ideal for use in a range of settings. Although lateral flow assays typically use spherical gold nanoparticles to generate the classic red signal, recent literature has shown that alternate morphologies to spheres can improve the limit of detection. In this work, we report the application of alternative gold nanoparticle morphologies, gold nanotapes (∼35 nm in length) and gold nanopinecones (∼90 nm in diameter), in a lateral flow assay for carcinoembryonic antigen. In a comparative assay, gold nanopinecones exhibited a ∼2× improvement in the limit of detection compared to commercially available spherical gold nanoparticles for the same antibody loading and total gold content, whereas the number of gold nanopinecones in each test was ∼3.2× less. In the fully optimized test, a limit of detection of 14.4 pg/mL was obtained using the gold nanopinecones, representing a 24-fold improvement over the previously reported gold-nanoparticle-based carcinoembryonic antigen lateral flow assay.

An Indigenous, Field-Deployable, Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assay Rapidly Detects Infectious Myonecrosis in Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Shrimp farming is an important socioeconomic activity worldwide. Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) is an important shrimp virus responsible for significant mortality (up to 70%) in Litopenaeus vannamei. We produced recombinant capsid protein (r-IMNV31) and obtained a highly specific antibody, anti-r-IMNV31, which was used in WOAH-approved ELISA and Western blot to detect IMNV. Further, anti-r-IMNV31 was employed in an indigenously developed lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) with gold nanoparticles as a visual label. Using LFA, IMNV could be detected rapidly (20 min) from tissue homogenate with high specificity, reproducibility, and sensitivity (LOD = 10³ viral particles). LFA was validated with "gold standard" qRT-PCR using 60 samples with high sensitivity (100%), specificity (86%). A Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.86 suggested "good agreement" between LFA and qRT-PCR. With a shelf-life of ~ 1 year at ambient temperature, the use of LFA in the on-site detection of IMNV by shrimp farmers will be a reality.

Improvements to the Rapid Detection of the Marine Pathogenic Bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in Combination with SYBR Green

The common methods that are presently used to identify Vibrio harveyi include microscopic examination and biochemical, immunological and PCR-based assays. These methods require technical expertise, and can be time-consuming. A rapid method is required for the high-throughput screening of large number of samples. As such, we have developed a rapid, simple yet sensitive and specific detection method based on the use of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of DNA. A set of six primers, i.e., two outer, two inner and two loop primers, was designed based on the in silico analysis of a large pool of 39 strains of the toxR gene sequence of V. harveyi. The addition of the loop primers decreased the reaction time of the LAMP by more than half. Furthermore, with the application of SYBR Green, the result can be obtained as quickly as in 10 to 15 min without the need of gel electrophoresis. The specificity of the method primers was then determined by performing LAMP with Vibrio and non-Vibrio samples. LAMP has a greater sensitivity than PCR reaction. The sensitivity of PCR was at 0.6 pg concentration of V. harveyi recombinant plasmid DNA standard, while LAMP was able to detect lower amounts even at 0.6 fg. The development of the LAMP assay will provide a valuable tool for the high-throughput rapid detection of V. harveyi contamination both in laboratories and in the field.

Simple and rapid detection of ractopamine in pork with comparison of LSPR and LFIA sensors

This study developed a simple and rapid strategic technique to detect ractopamine (chemical growth-promoting agent) in pork. Two highly sensitive and specific gold nanoparticle-based portable sensors, i.e., localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors, and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips were developed to detect veterinary drug residues in food products, that have detrimental effects on humans. Optimization studies were conducted on several sensor devices to improve sensitivity. Each sensor comprised functionalized gold nanoparticles conjugated with ractopamine antibodies. The LSPR sensor chip achieved excellent detection sensitivity = 1.19 fg/mL and was advantageous for quantitative analysis due to its wide dynamic range. On the other hand, LFIA strips provided visual test confirmation and achieved 2.27 ng/mL detection sensitivity, significantly less sensitive than LSPR. The complementary sensors help overcome each other's shortcomings with both the techniques offering ease of use, affordability and rapid diagnosis. Thus, these sensors can be applied on-site for routine screening of harmful drug residues in pork meat. They also provide useful direction for advanced technologies to enhance assay performance for detecting various other food drug contaminants.

Trace Determination of Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus in Contaminated Larvae and Pond Water Samples Using Label-Free Fiber Optic Nanoplasmonic Biosensor

We developed a fast (<20 min), label-free fiber optic particle plasmon resonance (FOPPR) immunosensing method to detect nervous necrosis virus (NNV), which often infects high-value economic aquatic species, such as grouper. Using spiked NNV particles in a phosphate buffer as samples, the standard calibration curve obtained was linear (R2 = 0.99) and the limit of detection (LOD) achieved was 2.75 × 104 TCID50/mL, which is superior to that obtained using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By using an enhancement method called fiber optic nanogold-linked immunosorbent assay (FONLISA), the LOD can be further improved to <1 TCID50/mL, which is comparable to that found by the conventional qPCR method. Employing the larvae homogenate samples of NNV-infected grouper, the results obtained by the FOPPR biosensor agree with those obtained by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. We also examined pond water samples from an infected container in an indoor aquaculture facility. The lowest detectable level of NNV coat protein was found to be 0.17 μg/mL, which is one order lower than the LOD reported by ELISA. Therefore, we demonstrated the potential of the FOPPR biosensor as an outbreak surveillance tool, which is able to give warning indication even when the trend of larvae death toll increment is still not clear.

Low-cost, point-of-care biomarker quantification

Low-cost, point-of-care (POC) devices that allow fast, on-site disease diagnosis could have a major global health impact, particularly if they can provide quantitative measurement of molecules indicative of a diseased state (biomarkers). Accurate quantification of biomarkers in patient samples is already challenging when research-grade, sophisticated equipment is available; it is even more difficult when constrained to simple, cost-effective POC platforms. Here, we summarize the main challenges to accurate, low-cost POC biomarker quantification. We also review recent efforts to develop and implement POC tools beyond qualitative readouts, and we conclude by identifying important future research directions.

Development of a paper printed colorimetric sensor based on Cu-Curcumin nanoparticles for evolving point-of-care clinical diagnosis of sodium

The homeostatic control of Sodium (Na⁺) ion in the human body assumes paramount relevance owing to its physiological importance. Any deviation from the normal level causes serious health problems like hypernatremia, hyponatremia, stroke, kidney problems etc. Therefore, quantification of Na⁺ levels in body fluids has significant diagnostic and prognostic importance. However, interfering ions like Potassium ion (K⁺) is the major hurdle in sodium detection. In this work, we synthesized the clusters of 3-9 nm-sized highly stable and pure Copper nanoparticles surface functionalised with curcumin, through chemical reduction method. Each cluster of particles is encapsulated in a curcumin layer which is clearly visible in TEM images. The results show that these curcumin functionalized Cu NPs (CuC) are highly selective to the colorimetric detection of Na⁺. The ions like K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ did not interfere with the Na⁺ in this sensing technique. Low-cost paper-based sensor strips are fabricated and calibrated for the sensing of sodium in the physiological range and shade cards were developed as a calorimetric guide for estimation of Na⁺ which makes them ideal point of care diagnostic platform. We demonstrate that the proposed CuC paper strip can be used for detecting Na⁺ concentration within the whole physiological range in both blood serum and urine.

Broad-Spectrum Theranostics and Biomedical Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology is an important branch of science in therapies known as “nanomedicine” and is the junction of various fields such as material science, chemistry, biology, physics, and optics. Nanomaterials are in the range between 1 and 100 nm in size and provide a large surface area to volume ratio; thus, they can be used for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial infections, and diabetes. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in therapy as they can enhance the accumulation and release of pharmacological agents, improve targeted delivery and ultimately decrease the intensity of drug side effects. In this review, we discussthe types of nanomaterials that have various biomedical applications. Biomolecules that are often conjugated with nanoparticles are proteins, peptides, DNA, and lipids, which can enhance biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. In this review, we focus on bioconjugation and nanoparticles and also discuss different types of nanoparticles including micelles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanospheres, dendrimers, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles and their crucial role in various diseases and clinical applications. Additionally, we review the use of nanomaterials for bio-imaging, drug delivery, biosensing tissue engineering, medical devices, and immunoassays. Understandingthe characteristics and properties of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological system can help us to develop novel strategies for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of many diseases including cancer, pulmonary diseases, etc. In this present review, the importance of various kinds of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications are discussed in much detail.

Carbon dots for virus detection and therapy

Recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic should be a lesson learnt with respect to the effort we have to invest in the development of new strategies for the treatment of viral diseases, along with their cheap, easy, sensitive, and selective detection. Since we live in a globalized world where just hours can play a crucial role in the spread of a virus, its detection must be as quick as possible. Thanks to their chemical stability, photostability, and superior biocompatibility, carbon dots are a kind of nanomaterial showing great potential in both the detection of various virus strains and a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. The biosensing and antiviral properties of carbon dots can be tuned by the selection of synthesis precursors as well as by easy post-synthetic functionalization. In this review, we will first summarize current options of virus detection utilizing carbon dots by either electrochemical or optical biosensing approaches. Secondly, we will cover and share the up-to-date knowledge of carbon dots' antiviral properties, which showed promising activity against various types of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of their antiviral actions will be further adressed as well. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and distadvantages of the use of carbon dots in the tangled battle against viral infections in order to provide valuable informations for further research and development of new virus biosensors and antiviral therapeutics.

Surface engineering strategies of gold nanomaterials and their applications in biomedicine and detection

Gold nanomaterials have potential applications in biosensors and biomedicine due to their controllable synthesis steps, high biocompatibility, low toxicity and easy surface modification. However, there are still various limitations including low water solubility and stability, which greatly affect their applications. In addition, some synthetic methods are very complicated and costly. Therefore, huge efforts have been made to improve their properties. This review mainly introduces the strategies for surface modification of gold nanomaterials, such as amines, biological small molecules and organic small molecules as well as the biological applications of these functionalized AuNPs. We aim to provide effective ideas for better functionalization of gold nanomaterials in the future.

Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies for the Development of Potent Diagnosis Platforms

The distinct biophysical and pharmaceutical properties of camelid single-domain antibodies, referred to as VHHs or nanobodies, are associated with their nanometric dimensions, elevated stability, and antigen recognition capacity. These biomolecules can circumvent a number of diagnostic system limitations, especially those related to the size and stability of conventional immunoglobulins currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and point-of-care, electrochemical, and imaging assays. In these formats, VHHs are directionally conjugated to different molecules, such as metallic nanoparticles, small peptides, and radioisotopes, which demonstrates their comprehensive versatility. Thus, the application of VHHs in diagnostic systems range from the identification of cancer cells to the detection of degenerative disease biomarkers, viral antigens, bacterial toxins, and insecticides. The improvements of sensitivity and specificity are among the central benefits resulting from the use of VHHs, which are indispensable parameters for high-quality diagnostics. Therefore, this review highlights the main biotechnological advances related to camelid single-domain antibodies and their use in in vitro and in vivo diagnostic approaches for human health.

Lateral flow device for water fecal pollution assessment: from troubleshooting of its microfluidics using bioluminescence to colorimetric monitoring of generic Escherichia coli

Water is the most important ingredient of life. Water fecal pollution threatens water quality worldwide and has direct detrimental effects on human health and the global economy. Nowadays, assessment of water fecal pollution relies on time-consuming techniques that often require well-trained personnel and highly-equipped laboratories. Therefore, faster, cheaper, and easily-used systems are needed to in situ monitor water fecal pollution. Herein, we have developed colorimetric lateral flow strips (LFS) able to detect and quantify Escherichia coli species in tap, river, and sewage water samples as an indicator of fecal pollution. The combination of LFS with a simple water filtration unit and a commercially available colorimetric reader enhanced the assay sensitivity and enabled more accurate quantification of bacteria concentration down to 104 CFU mL-1 in 10 minutes, yielding recovery percentages between 80% and 90% for all water samples analyzed. Overall, this system allows for monitoring and assessing water quality based on E. coli species as a standard microbiological indicator of fecal pollution. Furthermore, we have developed a novel bioluminescent, bacteria-based method to quickly characterize the performance of a great variety of LFS materials. This new method allows evaluating the flow rate of big analytes such as bacteria through the LFS materials, as a suggestive means for selecting the appropriate materials for fabricating LFS targeting big analytes (≈2 μm). As a whole, the proposed approach can accelerate and reduce the costs of water quality monitoring and pave the way for further improvement of fecal pollution detection systems.

Silver-Assembled Silica Nanoparticles in Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Visual Inspection of Prostate-Specific Antigen

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the best-known biomarker for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. For prostate cancer in particular, the threshold level of PSA <4.0 ng/mL in clinical samples is an important indicator. Quick and easy visual detection of the PSA level greatly helps in early detection and treatment of prostate cancer and reducing mortality. In this study, we developed optimized silica-coated silver-assembled silica nanoparticles (SiO2@Ag@SiO2 NPs) that were applied to a visual lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform for PSA detection. During synthesis, the ratio of silica NPs to silver nitrate changed, and as the synthesized NPs exhibited distinct UV spectra and colors, most optimized SiO2@Ag@SiO2 NPs showed the potential for early prostate cancer diagnosis. The PSA detection limit of our LFIA platform was 1.1 ng/mL. By applying each SiO2@Ag@SiO2 NP to the visual LFIA platform, optimized SiO2@Ag@SiO2 NPs were selected in the test strip, and clinical samples from prostate cancer patients were successfully detected as the boundaries of non-specific binding were clearly seen and the level of PSA was <4 ng/mL, thus providing an avenue for quick prostate cancer diagnosis and early treatment.

Development and evaluation of colloidal gold immunochromatography test strip for rapid diagnosis of nervous necrosis virus in golden grey mullet (Chelon aurata)

A lateral flow immunochromatography strip test, based on antibody-gold nanoparticles specific for nervous necrosis virus (NNV), was developed for rapid, on-site detection of the virus in fish stocks. A monoclonal antibody against NNV was conjugated with colloidal gold as the detector antibody. A rabbit anti-NNV polyclonal antibody and goat anti-mouse IgG antibody were blotted onto the nitrocellulose membrane as the capture antibodies on the test line and control line, respectively. The reaction could be seen by the eye within 15 min and did not cross-react with the other viruses tested. The detection limit of the strip was approximately 10³ TCID₅₀ /ml and had good stability after storage at 4°C for 8 months. When brains of 70 naturally infected golden grey mullet, Chelon aurata, were tested with the strip test, the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the test compared to real-time RT-PCR were 100% and 74%, respectively. Therefore, the one-step test strip developed here had high specificity, reproducibility, and stability. This, together with its simplicity to use and rapid detection, without the requirement of sophisticated equipment or specialized skills, makes the strip suitable for pond-side detection of NNV in farmed fish.

In-silico designing of epitope-based vaccine against the seven banded grouper nervous necrosis virus affecting fish species

Neural necrosis virus (NNV) of family Nodaviridae affect wide range of fish species with viral encephalopathy and retinopathy causing mass mortality up to 100%. Currently there is no effective treatment and depopulation is only suggested recommendation. New avenues and approach are required to control this harmful malady. In this study we developed an epitope-based vaccine (EBV), against NNV using computation approach. We have selected two conserved proteins RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and capsid proteins. Based on more than ~ 1000 epitopes we selected six antigenic epitopes. These were conjugated to adjuvant and linker peptides to generate a full-length vaccine candidate. Biochemical structural properties were analyzed by Phyre2 server. ProtParam, Molprobity. Ramachandran plot results indicate that 98.7% residues are in a favorable region and 93.4% residues in the favored region. The engineered EBV binds to toll like receptor-5 (TLR5) an important elicitor of immune response. Further molecular docking by PatchDock server reveals the atomic contact energy (i.e. − 267.08) for the best docked model of EBV and TLR5 receptor. The molecular simulation results suggest a stable interaction; the RMSD and RMSF values are 1–4 Ǻ and 1–12Ǻ, respectively. Further we have suggested the best possible codon optimized sequence for its cloning and subsequent purification of the protein. Overall, this is a first report to suggest an in-silico method for generation of an EBV candidate against NNV. We surmise that the method and approach suggested could be used as a promising cure for NNVs.

Development of a microarray lateral flow strip test using a luminescent organic compound for multiplex detection of five mycotoxins

While lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a simple technique that offers a rapid, robust, user friendly, and point-of-care test, its capacity for multiplex detection is rather limited. This study therefore combined the multiplexity of microarray technique and the simple and rapid characteristics of LFIA to enable simultaneous and quantitative detection of five mycotoxins, namely aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FUMB1), T-2 toxin (T-2), and zearalenone (ZON). In addition, we have synthesized a novel extra-large Stokes shift and strong fluorescence organic compound to be used as a reporter molecule which can be detected under UV light without light filter requirement. Many parameters including microarray spotting buffer, blocking buffer, and concentrations of mycotoxin antibodies were optimized for the microarray LFIA (μLFIA) construction. With the optimal conditions, the μLFIA could accurately and quantitatively detect multiple mycotoxins at the same time. The limits of detection of AFB1, DON, FUMB1, T-2, and ZON were 1.3, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.9 ppb, respectively. The recoveries of these five mycotoxins were 70.7%-119.5% and 80.4%-124.8% for intra-assay and inter-assay, respectively. Combining the advantages of the novel reporter molecule and the multiplex capability of μLFIA test, this system could simultaneously detect multiple mycotoxins in one sample with high specificity and high sensitivity. Moreover, this system presents a promising affordable point-of-care platform to detect other analytes as well.

Disturbance of cellular homeostasis as a molecular risk evaluation of human endothelial cells exposed to nanoparticles

Even though application of nanoparticles in medicine seems to provide unique solutions for drug delivery and diagnosis diseases, understanding interactions between nanoscale materials and biological systems is imperative. Therefore, this study determined the effect of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) on human endothelial cells and examined the types of toxicity responses they can induce. Four different types of NPs were tested (PLA/MMT/TRASTUZUMAB, PLA/EDTMP, PLGA/MDP, and Pluronic F127 MICELLES), representing three putative areas of application: anticancer therapy, scintigraphy, and cosmetology. The experiments were performed on immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-STs). Light contrast phase microscopy as well as cell viability assays showed that only Pluronic F127 MICELLES decreased the number of HUVEC-STs in contrast to PLA/MMT/TRASTUZUMAB, PLA/EDTMP, and PLGA/MDP NPs, which altered cell morphology, but not their confluency. The tested NPs induced not only DNA strand-breaks and alkali-labile sites, but also internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, visualized as a DNA ladder pattern typical of apoptosis. Moreover, generation of free radicals and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential collapse showed the significance of free radical production during interactions between NPs and endothelial cells. High concentrations of NPs had different degrees of toxicity in human endothelial cells and affected cell proliferation, redox homeostasis, and triggered mitochondrial dysfunction.