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Craig TV, Rhodes RE, Sui W. Examining and Comparing the Energy Expenditure of Two Modes of a Virtual Reality Fitness Game (Supernatural): Indirect Calorimetry Study. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e53999. [PMID: 38833285 PMCID: PMC11185914 DOI: 10.2196/53999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) fitness games as a form of moderate to vigorous physical activity has yet to be thoroughly quantified through gold standard energy expenditure measures. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the energy expenditure of 2 medium-intensity modes ("Flow and "Boxing") of a VR fitness game, Supernatural, using indirect calorimetry. METHODS Indirect calorimetry was used to examine relative and objective maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), metabolic equivalents of task (METs), and calories burned during medium-intensity bouts of both Flow and Boxing gameplay modes in young (mean age 25.42, SD 3.25 years), active individuals (n=12 female and n=11 male). METs and calories were also compared using a triaxial waist-worn accelerometer, an Apple smartwatch, and a VR headset. Mood states were assessed pre- and postbout using the shortened Profile of Mood States Questionnaire. Paired 2-tailed t tests were used to examine differences in game modes, between sexes, and pre-post exercise sessions. RESULTS Objective and relative VO2 max averaged 1.93 (SD 0.44) L/min and 27.61 (SD 5.60) mL/kg/min, respectively, between modes. Flow (mean 8.2, SD 1.54 METs) and Boxing (mean 7.6, SD 1.66 METs) are both classified as high energy expenditure, vigorous activities. Calorie expenditure data of the accelerometer and VR headset differed significantly from the metabolic cart. Mood changes pre- to post exercise were consistent with expected values for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, with participants reporting that they felt more "active," "full of pep," "vigorous," and "lively" (P<.05) following bouts. Male individuals reported higher objective oxygen consumption (VO2) for both Flow and Boxing modes; no other sex-specific differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Both Flow and Boxing gameplay modes of Supernatural classify as vigorous physical activity and demonstrate the potential to promote mental and physical health benefits. Supernatural may be an effective exercise modality in a VO2 training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha V Craig
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Lab, Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Wuyou Sui
- Behavioural Medicine Lab, Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Accelerometer-based osteogenic indices, moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous physical activity, and bone traits in adolescents. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2022; 22:514-523. [PMID: 36458389 PMCID: PMC9716299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations of accelerometry-derived osteogenic indices (OIs), moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), and vigorous intensity physical activity (VPA) with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pCQT) parameters in 99 adolescents aged 10-13 years. METHODS Bone parameters were assessed at the distal (4%) and shaft (66%) of the tibia using pQCT. Accelerometers were worn on the right hip for 7 consecutive days. OIs were calculated based on acceleration peak histograms either using all of the peaks (OI) or peaks with acceleration ≥5.2 g (HOI). MVPA and VPA were defined using previously published cut-points. RESULTS HOI was positively associated with total area (Partial correlation= 0.22, 95% CI=0.01 to 0.41), cortical area (CoA) (0.33, 95% CI=0.13 to 0.50), and stress strain index (SSI) (0.29, 95% CI=0.09 to 0.47) of tibial shaft and with total density at the distal tibia (0.23, 95% CI=0.02 to 0.42). OI was positively associated with CoA (0.31, 95% CI=0.11 to 0.49) and SSI (0.26, 95% CI=0.05 to 0.44) of tibial shaft. MVPA was positively associated with CoA (0.28, 95% CI=0.07 to 0.46) of the tibial shaft. CONCLUSIONS OI and HOI were positively associated with pQCT parameters while MVPA and VPA demonstrated less consistent associations with them.
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Montoye AHK, Westgate BS, Clevenger KA, Pfeiffer KA, Vondrasek JD, Fonley MR, Bock JM, Kaminsky LA. Individual versus Group Calibration of Machine Learning Models for Physical Activity Assessment Using Body-Worn Accelerometers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2691-2701. [PMID: 34310493 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modeling approaches for translating accelerometer data into physical activity metrics are often developed using a group calibration approach. However, it is unknown if models developed for specific individuals will improve measurement accuracy. PURPOSE We sought to determine if individually calibrated machine learning models yielded higher accuracy than a group calibration approach for physical activity intensity assessment. METHODS Participants (n = 48) wore accelerometers on the right hip and non-dominant wrist while performing activities of daily living in a semi-structured laboratory and/or free-living setting. Criterion measures of activity intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous) were determined using direct observation. Data were reintegrated into 30-second epochs, and eight random forest models were created to determine physical activity intensity by using all possible conditions of training data (individual vs. group), protocol (laboratory vs. free-living), and placement (hip vs. wrist). A 2x2x2 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare epoch-level accuracy statistics (% accuracy, kappa [k]) of the models when used to determine activity intensity in an independent sample of free-living participants. RESULTS Main effects were significant for the type of training data (group: accuracy = 80%, k = 0.59; individual: accuracy = 74% [p = 0.02], k = 0.50 [p = 0.01]) and protocol (free-living: accuracy = 81%, k = 0.63; laboratory: accuracy = 74% [p = 0.04], k = 0.47 [p < 0.01]). Main effects were not significant for placement (hip: accuracy = 79%, k = 0.58; wrist: accuracy = 75% [p = 0.18]; k = 0.52 [p = 0.18]). Point estimates for mean absolute error were generally lowest for the group training, free-living protocol, and hip placement. CONCLUSION Contrary to expectations, individually calibrated machine learning models yielded poorer accuracy than a traditional group approach. Additionally, models should be developed in free-living settings when possible to optimize predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H K Montoye
- Alma College, Alma MI Ball State University, Muncie IN National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD Michigan State University, East Lansing MI Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Hartikainen J, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Associations of fitness, motor competence, and adiposity with the indicators of physical activity intensity during different physical activities in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12521. [PMID: 34131258 PMCID: PMC8206084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), muscle strength, motor competence (MC), and adiposity with the indicators of PA intensity during different physical activities used to create absolute PA intensity cut-offs among 35 children 7-11-years-of-age. V̇O2peak was defined as the highest V̇O2 achieved in the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer, self-paced running, or running on a treadmill at 8 km/h. VT was defined from the CPET data. Peak isometric knee extensor and flexor strength was assessed by a dynamometer, MC by the Körperkoordination test für Kinder tests, and body composition by the bioelectrical impedance analysis. PA intensity was assessed using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT, mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry, metabolic equivalent of task (MET), and muscle activity measured by textile electromyography during walking or running on a treadmill at 4, 6, and 8 km/h, playing hopscotch, walking up and down the stairs, self-paced walking, and self-paced running. Children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC operated at higher intensity level during given physical task than their peers with higher fitness and MC when PA intensity was expressed using relative PA intensity using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT (p < 0.05). MAD and METs during different tasks were not able to discriminate PA intensity between children with varying levels of physical fitness or MC. Traditionally used absolute measures of PA intensity based on accelerometry or MET underestimated PA intensity in children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jani Hartikainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Rantalainen T, Ridgers ND, Gao Y, Belavý DL, Haapala EA, Finni T. Physical activity accumulation along the intensity spectrum differs between children and adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2563-2571. [PMID: 34089371 PMCID: PMC8357734 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detailed exploration of physical activity accumulation with fine grading along the intensity spectrum has indicated the potential pragmatic utility of such an approach. However, it is currently unclear what sorts of accumulation patterns along particular intensity bands are found in the children and adult populations. Therefore, we conducted a comparison of activity accumulation in specific intensity bands between four distinct populations: children, adults with sedentary lifestyles, habitual joggers, habitual marathon runners. METHODS Free-living waist-worn accelerometry records from 28 children aged 7 to 11, and 61 adults aged 25 to 35 were analysed. Activity intensity was evaluated in 5 s non-overlapping epochs as mean amplitude deviation (MAD) and normalised to acceleration intensities corresponding to walking at 3 metabolic equivalents of a task (METs). Adult data were normalised to 0.091 g MAD based on literature, and data from children to 0.170 g MAD based on laboratory experimentation. The normalised epoch values were divided into 100 intensity gradations. RESULTS Children accumulated more activity in 0.74 to 1.58 normalised acceleration intensities (all p < 0.005) compared to adults. Adult joggers/runners accumulated more activity in normalised acceleration intensities from 7.1 to 11.1 compared to the other groups (p < 0.008). CONCLUSION The primary bulk of children's free-living activities are of relatively low intensity not likely to provoke cardiometabolic improvement. These sorts of explorations could be used in informing intervention development aiming at optimising healthy development. Evidence is mounting to justify randomised controlled trials based on intervention targets identified based on exploring the intensity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (viv 289), 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland. .,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel L Belavý
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Hochschule für Gesundheit (University of Applied Sciences), Division of Physiotherapy, Gesundheitscampus 6-8, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (viv 289), 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Associations of age, body size, and maturation with physical activity intensity in different laboratory tasks in children. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1428-1435. [PMID: 33467987 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1876328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the associations of age, sex, body size, body composition, and maturity with measures of physical activity (PA) intensity in children. PA intensity was assessed using VO2 as % of VO2reserve or VO2 at ventilatory threshold (VT), muscle activity measured by textile electromyography, mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry, and metabolic equivalent of task (MET) during laboratory activities.Age, stature, and muscle mass were inversely associated with VO2 as % of VO2reserve and % of VT, during walking or running on a treadmill for 4, 6, and 8 km/h (Spearman r = -0.645 to -0.358). Age was inversely associated with MAD during walking on treadmill for 4 km/h (r = -0.541) and positively associated with MAD during running on a treadmill for 8 km/h, playing hopscotch, and during self-paced running (r = 0.368 to 0.478). Fat mass was positively associated with VO2 as % of VO2reserve and VO2 as % of VO2 at VT and waist circumference was positively associated with VO2 as a % of VO2reserve and muscle activity during stair climbing (r = 0.416 to 0.519).Fixed accelerometry cut-offs used to define PA intensities should be adjusted for age, sex, body size, and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Dumuid D, Wake M, Burgner D, Tremblay MS, Okely AD, Edwards B, Dwyer T, Olds T. Balancing time use for children's fitness and adiposity: Evidence to inform 24-hour guidelines for sleep, sedentary time and physical activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245501. [PMID: 33465128 PMCID: PMC7815105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Daily time spent on one activity cannot change without compensatory changes in others, which themselves may impact on health outcomes. Optimal daily activity combinations may differ across outcomes. We estimated optimal daily activity durations for the highest fitness and lowest adiposity. METHODS Cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint data (1182 11-12-year-olds; 51% boys) from the population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used. Daily activity composition (sleep, sedentary time, light physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) was from 8-day, 24-hour accelerometry. We created composite outcomes for fitness (VO2max; standing long jump) and adiposity (waist-to-height ratio; body mass index; fat-to-fat-free log-ratio). Adjusted compositional models regressed activity log-ratios against each outcome. Best activity compositions (optimal time-use zones) were plotted in quaternary tetrahedrons; the overall optimal time-use composition was the center of the overlapping area. RESULTS Time-use composition was associated with fitness and adiposity (all measures p<0.001). Optimal time use differed for fitness and adiposity. While both maximized MVPA and minimized sedentary time, optimal fitness days had higher LPA (3.4 h) and shorter sleep (8.25 h), but optimal adiposity days had lower LPA (1.0 h) and longer sleep (10.9 h). Balancing both outcomes, the overall optimal time-use composition was (mean [range]): 10.2 [9.5; 10.5] h sleep, 9.9 [8.8; 11.2] h sedentary time, 2.4 [1.8; 3.2] h LPA and 1.5 [1.5; 1.5] h MVPA. CONCLUSION Optimal time use for children's fitness and adiposity involves trade-offs. To best balance both outcomes, estimated activity durations for sleep and LPA align with, but for MVPA exceed, 24-h guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Edwards
- Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Lintu N, Väistö J, Vanhala A, Tompuri T, Lakka TA, Finni T. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, motor competence, and adiposity in children. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eero A. Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Sports Science College of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Anssi Vanhala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Education Faculty of Educational Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuomo Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine Kuopio Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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