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Wang T, Sun Q, Zheng Y, Xu Y, Liu B, Li Q. Effects of Red and Blue Light on the Growth, Photosynthesis, and Subsequent Growth under Fluctuating Light of Cucumber Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1668. [PMID: 38931100 PMCID: PMC11207261 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The effects of red and blue light on growth and steady-state photosynthesis have been widely studied, but there are few studies focusing on dynamic photosynthesis and the effects of LED pre-treatment on cucumber seedlings' growth, so in this study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou 365) was chosen as the test material. White light (W), monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B), and mixed red and blue lights with different red-to-blue ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 1:9) were set to explore the effects of red and blue light on cucumber seedlings' growth, steady-state photosynthesis, dynamic photosynthesis, and subsequent growth under fluctuating light. The results showed that compared with R and B, mixed red and blue light was more suitable for cucumber seedlings' growth, and the increased blue light ratios would decrease the biomass of cucumber seedlings under mixed red and blue light; cucumber seedlings under 90% red and 10% blue mixed light (9R1B) grew better than other treatments. For steady-state photosynthesis, blue light decreased the actual net photosynthetic rate but increased the maximum photosynthetic capacity by promoting stomatal development and opening; 9R1B exhibited higher actual net photosynthetic rate, but the maximum photosynthetic capacity was low. For dynamic photosynthesis, the induction rate of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were also accelerated by blue light. For subsequent growth under fluctuating light, higher maximum photosynthetic capacity and photoinduction rate could not promote the growth of cucumber seedlings under subsequent fluctuating light, while seedlings pre-treated with 9R1B and B grew better under subsequent fluctuating light due to the high plant height and leaf area. Overall, cucumber seedlings treated with 9R1B exhibited the highest biomass and it grew better under subsequent fluctuating light due to the higher actual net photosynthetic rate, plant height, and leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengqi Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.W.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiying Sun
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.W.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yinjian Zheng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaliang Xu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Binbin Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qingming Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.)
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2
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Liang Y, Weng X, Ling H, Mustafa G, Yang B, Lu N. Transcriptomic Insights into Molecular Response of Butter Lettuce to Different Light Wavelengths. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1582. [PMID: 38931014 PMCID: PMC11207648 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Lettuce is a widely consumed leafy vegetable; it became popular due to its enhanced nutritional content. Recently, lettuce is also regarded as one of the model plants for vegetable production in plant factories. Light and nutrients are essential environmental factors that affect lettuce growth and morphology. To evaluate the impact of light spectra on lettuce, butter lettuce was grown under the light wavelengths of 460, 525, and 660 nm, along with white light as the control. Plant morphology, physiology, nutritional content, and transcriptomic analyses were performed to study the light response mechanisms. The results showed that the leaf fresh weight and length/width were higher when grown at 460 nm and lower when grown at 525 nm compared to the control treatment. When exposed to 460 nm light, the sugar, crude fiber, mineral, and vitamin concentrations were favorably altered; however, these levels decreased when exposed to light with a wavelength of 525 nm. The transcriptomic analysis showed that co-factor and vitamin metabolism- and secondary metabolism-related genes were specifically induced by 460 nm light exposure. Furthermore, the pathway enrichment analysis found that flavonoid biosynthesis- and vitamin B6 metabolism-related genes were significantly upregulated in response to 460 nm light exposure. Additional experiments demonstrated that the vitamin B6 and B2 content was significantly higher in leaves exposed to 460 nm light than those grown under the other conditions. Our findings suggested that the addition of 460 nm light could improve lettuce's biomass and nutritional value and help us to further understand how the light spectrum can be tuned as needed for lettuce production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Liang
- Shanxi Qingmei Biotechnology Company Limited, Baoji 721000, China
| | - Xinying Weng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hao Ling
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Na Lu
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan
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Bucky A, Pičmanová M, Porley V, Pont S, Austin C, Khan T, McDougall G, Johnstone A, Stewart D. Light manipulation as a route to enhancement of antioxidant properties in red amaranth and red lettuce. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1386988. [PMID: 38899321 PMCID: PMC11186462 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1386988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing global population and climate change, achieving food security is a pressing challenge. Vertical farming has the potential to support local food production and security. As a Total Controlled Environment Agriculture (TCEA) system, vertical farming employs LED lighting which offers opportunities to modulate light spectrum and intensity, and thus can be used to influence plant growth and phytochemical composition, including antioxidants beneficial for human health. In this study, we investigated the effect of four red-to-blue light ratios of LEDs (R:B 1, 2.5, 5 and 9) on the growth and antioxidant components in red amaranth microgreens and red lettuce. Plant growth, total phenols, betalains, anthocyanins, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity (ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) were evaluated. A higher proportion of red light resulted in biometric responses, i.e., stem elongation in red amaranth and longer leaves in red lettuce, while the increase in the blue light fraction led to the upregulation of antioxidative components, especially total phenols, betalains (in red amaranth) and anthocyanins (in red lettuce). The antioxidant capacity of both crops was strongly positively correlated with the levels of these phytochemicals. Optimizing the red-to-blue ratio in LED lighting could be effective in promoting antioxidant-rich crops with potential health benefits for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bucky
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Advanced Plant Growth Centre, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Porley
- Intelligent Growth Solutions, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Pont
- Advanced Plant Growth Centre, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Austin
- Advanced Plant Growth Centre, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tanveer Khan
- Intelligent Growth Solutions, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Advanced Plant Growth Centre, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Derek Stewart
- Advanced Plant Growth Centre, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Rehman M, Pan J, Mubeen S, Ma W, Luo D, Cao S, Saeed W, Jin G, Li R, Chen T, Chen P. Morpho-physio-biochemical, molecular, and phytoremedial responses of plants to red, blue, and green light: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20772-20791. [PMID: 38393568 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Light is a basic requirement to drive carbon metabolism in plants and supports life on earth. Spectral quality greatly affects plant morphology, physiology, and metabolism of various biochemical pathways. Among visible light spectrum, red, blue, and green light wavelengths affect several mechanisms to contribute in plant growth and productivity. In addition, supplementation of red, blue, or green light with other wavelengths showed vivid effects on the plant biology. However, response of plants differs in different species and growing conditions. This review article provides a detailed view and interpretation of existing knowledge and clarifies underlying mechanisms that how red, blue, and green light spectra affect plant morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters to make a significant contribution towards improved crop production, fruit quality, disease control, phytoremediation potential, and resource use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammal Rehman
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jiao Pan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Samavia Mubeen
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dengjie Luo
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shan Cao
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wajid Saeed
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Gang Jin
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Ru Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Ramezani M, Thompson D, Moreno M, Joshi V. Biochemical repercussions of light spectra on nitrogen metabolism in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea) under a controlled environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1283730. [PMID: 38179482 PMCID: PMC10765523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1283730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Selecting appropriate light spectra of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optimal nutrient composition fertilizers has become integral to commercial controlled environment agriculture (CEA) platforms. Methods This study explored the impact of three LED light regimes (BR: Blue17%, Green 4%, Red 63%, Far-Red 13% and infrared 3%, BGR; Blue 20%, Green 23%, Red 47%, Far-Red 8% and infrared 2%; and GR; Blue 25%, Green 41%, Red 32%, and Far-Red 2%) and nitrogen levels (3.6 and 14.3 mM N) on spinach (Spinacea oleracea). Results Under limited nitrogen (3.6 mM), BGR light increased the fresh shoot (32%) and root (39%) biomass than BR, suggesting additional green light's impact on assimilating photosynthates under suboptimal nitrogen availability. Reduced chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoid accumulation, electron transport rate (ETR), and higher oxalates under limited nitrogen availability highlighted the adverse effects of red light (BR) on spinach productivity. Increased activities of nitrogen-associated enzymes (GOGAT; Glutamate synthase, GDH; NADH-Glutamate dehydrogenase, NR; Nitrate reductase, and GS; Glutamine synthetase) in spinach plants under BGR light further validated the significance of green light in nitrogen assimilation. Amino acid distributions remained unchanged across the light spectra, although limited nitrogen availability significantly decreased the percent distribution of glutamine and aspartic acid. Conclusion Overall, this study demonstrated the favorable impacts of additional green light on spinach productivity, as demonstrated under BGR, than GR alone in response to nitrogen perturbation. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these impacts still need to be unveiled. Nevertheless, these outcomes provided new insights into our understanding of light spectra on spinach nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazzameh Ramezani
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
| | - Dalton Thompson
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
| | - Matte Moreno
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
| | - Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Soufi HR, Roosta HR, Fatehi F, Ghorbanpour M. Spectral composition of LED light differentially affects biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient profile, and foliar nitrate accumulation of lettuce grown under various replacement methods of nutrient solution. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:8143-8162. [PMID: 38107131 PMCID: PMC10724622 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance crop yield and quality, plant cultivation in controlled-growing systems is an alternative to traditional open-field farming. The use of light-emitting diode (LED) as an adjustable light source represents a promising approach to improve plant growth, metabolism, and function. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different light spectra (red, red/blue (3:1), blue, and white) with an emission peak of around 656, 656, 450, and 449 nm, respectively, under various replacement methods of nutrient solution (complete replacement (CR), EC-based replacement (ECBR), and replacing based on plant needs (RBPN)), on biomass, physiological traits, and macro- and micronutrient contents of two best-known lettuce varieties, Lollo Rossa (LR) and Lollo Bionda (LB), in the nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system. The results indicated that mix of red and blue LED spectra under RBPN method is the most effective treatment to enhance fresh and dry weights of lettuce plants. In addition, red LED spectrum under RBPN, and red and blue light under ECBR nutrient solution significantly increased leaf stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2 concentration of LR variety. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mn) content in LR variety, and iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) content in both varieties increased upon exposure to blue and red LED light spectrum with RBPN method. Our results suggest that exposure to combination of red and blue light along with feeding plants using RBPN and ECBR methods can increase absorption of macro- and micronutrient elements and improve photosynthetic properties, and eventually increase lettuce yield with lower nitrate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Soufi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureVali‐e‐Asr University of RafsanjanRafsanjanIran
| | - Hamid Reza Roosta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesArak UniversityArakIran
| | - Foad Fatehi
- Department of AgriculturePayame Noor University (PNU)TehranIran
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesArak UniversityArakIran
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Liu X, Shi R, Gao M, He R, Li Y, Liu H. Growth of tomato and cucumber seedlings under different light environments and their development after transplanting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1164768. [PMID: 37546262 PMCID: PMC10400448 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1164768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Selecting suitable light conditions according to the plant growth characteristics is one of the important approaches to cultivating high-quality vegetable seedlings. To determine the more favorable LED light conditions for producing high-quality tomato and cucumber seedlings in plant factories with artificial light (PFALS), the growth characteristics of tomato and cucumber seedlings under seven LED light environments (CK, B, UV-A, FR, B+UV-A, UV-A+FR, and B+FR) and the development of these seedlings after transplanting into a plastic greenhouse were investigated. The results showed that the seedling height and hypocotyl length increased in treatments with far-red light supplementation (FR, UV-A+FR, and B+FR), but decreased in the B treatment, in both varieties. The seedling index of tomato seedlings increased in the B+UV-A treatment, while that of cucumber seedlings increased in the FR treatment. After transplanting into a plastic greenhouse, tomato plants that radiated with UV-A had greater flower numbers on the 15th day after transplanting. In cucumber plants of the FR treatment, the flowering time was significantly delayed, and the female flower exhibited at a lower node position. By using a comprehensive scoring analysis of all detected indicators, light environments with UV-A and FR were more beneficial for improving the overall quality of tomato and cucumber seedlings, respectively.
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Soufi HR, Roosta HR, Stępień P, Malekzadeh K, Hamidpour M. Manipulation of light spectrum is an effective tool to regulate biochemical traits and gene expression in lettuce under different replacement methods of nutrient solution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8600. [PMID: 37237093 PMCID: PMC10219983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology represents a promising approach to improve plant growth and metabolic activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light spectra: red (656 nm), blue (450 nm), red/blue (3:1), and white (peak at 449 nm) on biochemical properties, photosynthesis and gene expression in two lettuce cultivars (Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda) grown under different methods of nutrient solution replacement in hydroponics. Complete replacement and EC-based replacement of nutrient solution increased content of proline and soluble sugars and activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX and SOD) under the red/blue LED and red LED light treatments in both cultivars. In addition, the red/blue and the monochromatic red light increased the soluble protein content and the antioxidant activity in the Lollo Rosa cultivar under the replacement method according to the needs of the plant. An increase in flavonoid content in the EC-based method in the Lollo Rosa variety treated with a combination of red and blue light was also observed. The red/blue light had the greatest induction effect on anthocyanin content, expression of the UFGT, CHS, and Rubisco small subunit genes, and the net photosynthetic rate. Data presented here will directly contribute to the development of nutrient solution and LED spectrum management strategies to significantly improve plant growth and metabolism, while avoiding water and nutrient waste, and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Soufi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Roosta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arāk, Iran.
| | - Piotr Stępień
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Soil Science, Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Khalil Malekzadeh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hamidpour
- Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Lee JH, Kwon YB, Roh YH, Choi IL, Kim J, Kim Y, Yoon HS, Kang HM. Effect of Various LED Light Qualities, Including Wide Red Spectrum-LED, on the Growth and Quality of Mini Red Romaine Lettuce (cv. Breen). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2056. [PMID: 37653973 PMCID: PMC10223557 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, LEDs with various light qualities have been used in closed plant factories, and they are known to have different effects on the growth and quality of crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the change in growth and quality in mini red romaine lettuce using LEDs with various light qualities. Wide red spectrum (WRS)-LEDs, blue (B)-LEDs, blue + red (BR)-LEDs, red (R)-LEDs, and white (W)-LEDs were used as the artificial light sources. Regarding growth, the R-LED treatment showed the most positive effect, but the leaf shape was not normal and the Hunter b* value was not suitable because it was higher than that of the other treatments. The Hunter a*, SPAD, and NDVI values of the B- and BR-LED treatments were effective, but this was not the case for those of the R- and W-LED treatments. The anthocyanin reflectance index 1 (ARI1) was 20 times higher in the B-LED treatment than in the R-LED treatment, and the ascorbic acid content was the highest in the WRS-LED treatment. In the sensory evaluation, bitterness and sweetness showed opposite tendencies. Regarding the overall preference, the BR-LED treatment received the highest score. Correlation analysis showed that the bitterness was closely correlated with the anthocyanin content and leaf color. Taken together, BR-LEDs provided a good top fresh weight, dark red leaves, and high anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents, with the highest overall preference; therefore, BR-LEDs were the most suitable for the cultivation of mini red romaine lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.B.K.); (Y.H.R.)
| | - Yong Beom Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.B.K.); (Y.H.R.)
| | - Yoo Han Roh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.B.K.); (Y.H.R.)
| | - In-Lee Choi
- Agricultural and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jidong Kim
- FutureGreen Co., Ltd., Yongin 17095, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongduk Kim
- Cheorwon Plasma Research Institute, Cheorwon 24062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyuk Sung Yoon
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ho-Min Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (J.H.L.); (Y.B.K.); (Y.H.R.)
- Agricultural and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
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Yudina L, Sukhova E, Gromova E, Mudrilov M, Zolin Y, Popova A, Nerush V, Pecherina A, Grishin AA, Dorokhov AA, Sukhov V. Effect of Duration of LED Lighting on Growth, Photosynthesis and Respiration in Lettuce. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:442. [PMID: 36771527 PMCID: PMC9921278 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parameters of illumination including the spectra, intensity, and photoperiod play an important role in the cultivation of plants under greenhouse conditions, especially for vegetables such as lettuce. We previously showed that illumination by a combination of red, blue, and white LEDs with a high red light intensity, was optimal for lettuce cultivation; however, the effect of the photoperiod on lettuce cultivation was not investigated. In the current work, we investigated the influence of photoperiod on production (total biomass and dry weight) and parameters of photosynthesis, respiration rate, and relative chlorophyll content in lettuce plants. A 16 h (light):8 h (dark) illumination regime was used as the control. In this work, we investigated the effect of photoperiod on total biomass and dry weight production in lettuce plants as well as on photosynthesis, respiration rate and chlorophyll content. A lighting regime 16:8 h (light:dark) was used as control. A shorter photoperiod (8 h) decreased total biomass and dry weight in lettuce, and this effect was related to the suppression of the linear electron flow caused by the decreasing content of chlorophylls and, therefore, light absorption. A longer photoperiod (24 h) increased the total biomass and dry weight, nevertheless an increase in photosynthetic processes, light absorption by leaves and chlorophyll content was not recorded, nor were differences in respiration rate, thus indicating that changes in photosynthesis and respiration are not necessary conditions for stimulating plant production. A simple model to predict plant production was also developed to address the question of whether increasing the duration of illumination stimulates plant production without inducing changes in photosynthesis and respiration. Our results indicate that increasing the duration of illumination can stimulate dry weight accumulation and that this effect can also be induced using the equal total light integrals for day (i.e., this stimulation can be also caused by increasing the light period while decreasing light intensity). Increasing the duration of illumination is therefore an effective approach to stimulating lettuce production under artificial lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gromova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Yuriy Zolin
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alyona Popova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Nerush
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna Pecherina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Grishin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem A. Dorokhov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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11
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Ahmadi T, Shabani L, Sabzalian MR. Light emitting diodes improved the metabolism of rosmarinic acid and amino acids at the transcriptional level in two genotypes of Melissa officinalis L. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:1055-1069. [PMID: 36043232 DOI: 10.1071/fp21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we used different LEDs to evaluate their effect on metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming of two genotypes (Ilam and Isfahan) of lemon balm grown under narrow-band LED lighting. Lemon balm plants were grown in four incubators equipped with artificial lighting and subjected to four LED lamps [White, Blue, Red, and mixed RB (Red+Blue) (70%:30%)] and in greenhouse conditions for 7weeks. The results showed significant increases in leaf number, pigment and soluble sugar contents, secondary metabolites, and calcium, magnesium, potassium and amino acid contents achieved in growth under mixed RB LEDs. As observed for the content of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, and amino acids, the expression of genes involved in their production, including TAT , RAS , and DAHPS were also enhanced due to the mixed RB LED lighting. The best condition for both the plant growth and expression of genes was under the mixture of Red+Blue LED lamps. These observations indicate that the increase in secondary metabolites under mixed Red+Blue lights may be due to the increase in primary metabolites synthesis and the increased expression of genes that play an essential role in the production of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Ahmadi
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Shabani
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; and Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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12
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de Carbonnel M, Stormonth-Darling JM, Liu W, Kuziak D, Jones MA. Realising the Environmental Potential of Vertical Farming Systems through Advances in Plant Photobiology. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:922. [PMID: 35741444 PMCID: PMC9220163 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture is essential to feed increasing populations, yet requires large amounts of pesticide, fertiliser, and water to maintain productivity. One solution to mitigate these issues is the adoption of Vertical Farming Systems (VFS). The self-contained operation of these facilities offers the potential to recycle agricultural inputs, as well as sheltering crops from the effects of climate change. Recent technological advancements in light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology have enabled VFS to become a commercial reality, although high electrical consumption continues to tarnish the environmental credentials of the industry. In this review, we examine how the inherent use of electricity by VFS can be leveraged to deliver commercial and environmental benefits. We propose that an understanding of plant photobiology can be used to vary VFS energy consumption in coordination with electrical availability from the grid, facilitating demand-side management of energy supplies and promoting crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weiqi Liu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Dmytro Kuziak
- Oxfarm Developments, 4125 Riehen, Switzerland; (M.d.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Matthew Alan Jones
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
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13
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Liang Y, Cossani CM, Sadras VO, Yang Q, Wang Z. The Interaction Between Nitrogen Supply and Light Quality Modulates Plant Growth and Resource Allocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864090. [PMID: 35599862 PMCID: PMC9115566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen availability and light quality affect plant resource allocation, but their interaction is poorly understood. Herein, we analyzed the growth and allocation of dry matter and nitrogen using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as a plant model in a factorial experiment combining three light regimes (100% red light, R; 50% red light + 50% blue light, RB; 100% blue light, B) and two nitrogen rates (low, 0.1 mM N; high, 10 mM N). Red light increased shoot dry weight in relation to both B and RB irrespective of nitrogen supply. Blue light favored root growth under low nitrogen. Allometric analysis showed lower allocation to leaf in response to blue light under low nitrogen and similar leaf allocation under high nitrogen. A difference in allometric slopes between low nitrogen and high nitrogen in treatments with blue light reflected a strong interaction effect on root-to-shoot biomass allocation. Shoot nitrate concentration increased with light exposure up to 14 h in both nitrogen treatments, was higher under blue light with high nitrogen, and varied little with light quality under low nitrogen. Shoot nitrogen concentration, nitrogen nutrition index, and shoot NR activity increased in response to blue light. We conclude that the interaction between blue light and nitrogen supply modulates dry mass and nitrogen allocation between the shoot and root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Variety Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - C. Mariano Cossani
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Victor O. Sadras
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
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14
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Tarakanov IG, Tovstyko DA, Lomakin MP, Shmakov AS, Sleptsov NN, Shmarev AN, Litvinskiy VA, Ivlev AA. Effects of Light Spectral Quality on Photosynthetic Activity, Biomass Production, and Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:441. [PMID: 35161422 PMCID: PMC8840441 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of plant-specific LED lighting protocols for indoor plant growing systems needs both basic and applied research. Experiments with lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., plants using artificial lighting based on narrow-band LEDs were carried out in a controlled environment. We investigated plant responses to the exclusion of certain spectral ranges of light in the region of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); in comparison, the responses to quasimonochromatic radiation in the red and blue regions were studied separately. The data on plant phenotyping, photosynthetic activity determination, and PAM fluorometry, indicating plant functional activity and stress responses to anomalous light environments, are presented. The study on carbon isotopic composition of photoassimilates in the diel cycle made it possible to characterize the balance of carboxylation and photorespiration processes in the leaves, using a previously developed oscillatory model of photosynthesis. Thus, the share of plant photorespiration (related to plant biomass enrichment with 13C) increased in response to red-light action, while blue light accelerated carboxylation (related to 12C enrichment). Blue light also reduced water use efficiency. These data are supported by the observations from the light environments missing distinct PAR spectrum regions. The fact that light of different wavelengths affects the isotopic composition of total carbon allowed us to elucidate the nature of its action on the organization of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G. Tarakanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Daria A. Tovstyko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Maxim P. Lomakin
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander S. Shmakov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sleptsov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander N. Shmarev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Vladimir A. Litvinskiy
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123, Profsoyuznaya Str., 117647 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Ivlev
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
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15
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Yudina L, Sukhova E, Mudrilov M, Nerush V, Pecherina A, Smirnov AA, Dorokhov AS, Chilingaryan NO, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Ratio of Intensities of Blue and Red Light at Cultivation Influences Photosynthetic Light Reactions, Respiration, Growth, and Reflectance Indices in Lettuce. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:60. [PMID: 35053058 PMCID: PMC8772897 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LED illumination can have a narrow spectral band; its intensity and time regime are regulated within a wide range. These characteristics are the potential basis for the use of a combination of LEDs for plant cultivation because light is the energy source that is used by plants as well as the regulator of photosynthesis, and the regulator of other physiological processes (e.g., plant development), and can cause plant damage under certain stress conditions. As a result, analyzing the influence of light spectra on physiological and growth characteristics during cultivation of different plant species is an important problem. In the present work, we investigated the influence of two variants of LED illumination (red light at an increased intensity, the "red" variant, and blue light at an increased intensity, the "blue" variant) on the parameters of photosynthetic dark and light reactions, respiration rate, leaf reflectance indices, and biomass, among other factors in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The same light intensity (about 180 µmol m-2s-1) was used in both variants. It was shown that the blue illumination variant increased the dark respiration rate (35-130%) and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (18-26% at the maximal intensity of the actinic light) in comparison to the red variant; the effects were dependent on the duration of cultivation. In contrast, the blue variant decreased the rate of the photosynthetic linear electron flow (13-26%) and various plant growth parameters, such as final biomass (about 40%). Some reflectance indices (e.g., the Zarco-Tejada and Miller Index, an index that is related to the core sizes and light-harvesting complex of photosystem I), were also strongly dependent on the illumination variant. Thus, our results show that the red illumination variant contributes a great deal to lettuce growth; in contrast, the blue variant contributes to stress changes, including the activation of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimir Nerush
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Anna Pecherina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Alexandr A. Smirnov
- Lighting Laboratory, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey S. Dorokhov
- Department of Closed Artificial Agroecosystems, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Narek O. Chilingaryan
- Agricultural Materials Laboratory, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
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16
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Optimization of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density and Light Quality for Increasing Radiation-Use Efficiency in Dwarf Tomato under LED Light at the Vegetative Growth Stage. PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010121. [PMID: 35009123 PMCID: PMC8796024 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dwarf tomatoes are advantageous when cultivated in a plant factory with artificial light because they can grow well in a small volume. However, few studies have been reported on cultivation in a controlled environment for improving productivity. We performed two experiments to investigate the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 300, 500, and 700 μmol m−2 s−1) with white light and light quality (white, R3B1 (red:blue = 3:1), and R9B1) with a PPFD of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 on plant growth and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) of a dwarf tomato cultivar (‘Micro-Tom’) at the vegetative growth stage. The results clearly demonstrated that higher PPFD leads to higher dry mass and lower specific leaf area, but it does not affect the stem length. Furthermore, high PPFD increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of individual leaves but decreased RUE. A higher blue light proportion inhibited dry mass production with the same intercepted light because the leaves under high blue light proportion had low Pn and photosynthetic light-use efficiency. In conclusion, 300 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD and R9B1 are the recommended proper PPFD and light quality, respectively, for ‘Micro-Tom’ cultivation at the vegetative growth stage to increase the RUE.
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