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Cooper DLM, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Prado PI, Ter Steege H, Barbier N, Slik F, Sonké B, Ewango CEN, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, de Aguiar DPP, Ahuite Reategui MA, Aiba SI, Albuquerque BW, de Almeida Matos FD, Alonso A, Amani CA, do Amaral DD, do Amaral IL, Andrade A, de Andrade Miranda IP, Angoboy IB, Araujo-Murakami A, Arboleda NC, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baider C, Baker TR, Balinga MPB, Balslev H, Banin LF, Bánki OS, Baraloto C, Barbosa EM, Barbosa FR, Barlow J, Bastin JF, Beeckman H, Begne S, Bengone NN, Berenguer E, Berry N, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonyoma B, Boundja P, Bourland N, Boyemba Bosela F, Brambach F, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, Camargo JL, Campelo W, Cano A, Cárdenas S, Cárdenas López D, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carrero Márquez YA, Carvalho FA, Casas LF, Castellanos H, Castilho CV, Cerón C, Chapman CA, Chave J, Chhang P, Chutipong W, Chuyong GB, Cintra BBL, Clark CJ, Coelho de Souza F, Comiskey JA, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Correa DF, Costa FRC, Costa JBP, Couteron P, Culmsee H, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dallmeier F, Damasco G, Dauby G, Dávila N, Dávila Doza HP, De Alban JDT, de Assis RL, De Canniere C, De Haulleville T, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Demarchi LO, Dexter KG, Di Fiore A, Din HHM, Disney MI, Djiofack BY, Djuikouo MNK, Do TV, Doucet JL, Draper FC, Droissart V, Duivenvoorden JF, Engel J, Estienne V, Farfan-Rios W, Fauset S, Feeley KJ, Feitosa YO, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira C, Ferreira J, Ferreira LV, Fletcher CD, Flores BM, Fofanah A, Foli EG, Fonty É, Fredriksson GM, Fuentes A, Galbraith D, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Garcia-Cabrera K, García-Villacorta R, Gomes VHF, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gribel R, Guedes MC, Guevara JE, Hakeem KR, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hart TB, Hector A, Henkel TW, Herbohn J, Hockemba MBN, Hoffman B, Holmgren M, Honorio Coronado EN, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hubau W, Imai N, Irume MV, Jansen PA, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez EM, Jucker T, Junqueira AB, Kalamandeen M, Kamdem NG, Kartawinata K, Kasongo Yakusu E, Katembo JM, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Khaing TT, Killeen TJ, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Labrière N, Laumonier Y, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Laurent F, Le TC, Le TT, Leal ME, Leão de Moraes Novo EM, Levesley A, Libalah MB, Licona JC, Lima Filho DDA, Lindsell JA, Lopes A, Lopes MA, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Lozada JR, Lu X, Luambua NK, Luize BG, Maas P, Magalhães JLL, Magnusson WE, Mahayani NPD, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maniguaje Rincón L, Mansor A, Manzatto AG, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martins MP, Mbayu FM, de Medeiros MB, Mesones I, Metali F, Mihindou V, Millet J, Milliken W, Mogollón HF, Molino JF, Mohd Said MN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Moore S, Mostacedo B, Mozombite Pinto LF, Mukul SA, Munishi PKT, Nagamasu H, Nascimento HEM, Nascimento MT, Neill D, Nilus R, Noronha JC, Nsenga L, Núñez Vargas P, Ojo L, Oliveira AA, de Oliveira EA, Ondo FE, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pansonato MP, Paredes MR, Paudel E, Pauletto D, Pearson RG, Pena JLM, Pennington RT, Peres CA, Permana A, Petronelli P, Peñuela Mora MC, Phillips JF, Phillips OL, Pickavance G, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ploton P, Popelier A, Poulsen JR, Prieto A, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Qie L, Quaresma AC, de Queiroz HL, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Reis NFC, Reitsma J, Revilla JDC, Riutta T, Rivas-Torres G, Robiansyah I, Rocha M, Rodrigues DDJ, Rodriguez-Ronderos ME, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Sabatier D, Sagang LB, Sampaio AF, Samsoedin I, Satdichanh M, Schietti J, Schöngart J, Scudeller VV, Seuaturien N, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silman MR, Silva TSF, da Silva Guimarães JR, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Sist P, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, de Souza Coelho L, Spracklen DV, Stas SM, Steinmetz R, Stevenson PR, Stropp J, Sukri RS, Sunderland TCH, Suzuki E, Swaine MD, Tang J, Taplin J, Taylor DM, Tello JS, Terborgh J, Texier N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Tirado M, Toirambe B, de Toledo JJ, Tomlinson KW, Torres-Lezama A, Tran HD, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Tumaneng RD, Umaña MN, Umunay PM, Urrego Giraldo LE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Van Andel TR, van de Bult M, van de Pol J, van der Heijden G, Vasquez R, Vela CIA, Venticinque EM, Verbeeck H, Veridiano RKA, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Villarroel D, Villa Zegarra BE, Vleminckx J, von Hildebrand P, Vos VA, Vriesendorp C, Webb EL, White LJT, Wich S, Wittmann F, Zagt R, Zang R, Zartman CE, Zemagho L, Zent EL, Zent S. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities. Nature 2024; 625:728-734. [PMID: 38200314 PMCID: PMC10808064 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1-6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L M Cooper
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon L Lewis
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paulo I Prado
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management and Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Daniel P P de Aguiar
- Procuradoria-Geral de Justiça, Ministério Público do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bianca Weiss Albuquerque
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christian A Amani
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Iêda Leão do Amaral
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Ilondea B Angoboy
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Peter Ashton
- Bullard Emeritus Professor of Forestry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Venezuela
| | - Cláudia Baider
- The Mauritius Herbarium, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Reduit, Mauritius
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Olaf S Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Bastin
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Serge Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bonyoma
- Section de la Foresterie, Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomique Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrick Boundja
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Nils Bourland
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
- Forest Resources Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Resources and Synergies Development, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faustin Boyemba Bosela
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fabian Brambach
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wegliane Campelo
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Angela Cano
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda Antunes Carvalho
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Fernanda Casas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Castellanos
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - Carolina V Castilho
- Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Phourin Chhang
- Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (IRD), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Wanlop Chutipong
- Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - George B Chuyong
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernanda Coelho de Souza
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- BeZero, London, UK
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diego F Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Couteron
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Heike Culmsee
- State Agency for Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology, Güstrow, Germany
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Department of International Environmental and Development Studies (NORAGRIC), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Francisco Dallmeier
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gabriel Damasco
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nállarett Dávila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Don T De Alban
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Phillipines Programme, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rafael L de Assis
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charles De Canniere
- Landscape Ecology and Vegetal Production Systems Unit, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Layon O Demarchi
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Hazimah Haji Mohammad Din
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Brice Yannick Djiofack
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Noël K Djuikouo
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tran Van Do
- Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- Forest Is Life, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Freddie C Draper
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vincent Droissart
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joost F Duivenvoorden
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vittoria Estienne
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Yuri Oliveira Feitosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Cid Ferreira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernest G Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Émile Fonty
- Direction Régionale de la Guyane, Office National des Forêts, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alfredo Fuentes
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Karina Garcia-Cabrera
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE), Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA), Tambopata, Peru
- Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Vitor H F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zárate Gómez
- PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Rogerio Gribel
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Ernesto Guevara
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alan C Hamilton
- Honorary Professor, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | | | | | - Terese B Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - John Herbohn
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Milena Holmgren
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Euridice N Honorio Coronado
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
- University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nobuo Imai
- Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Eliana M Jimenez
- Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, Leticia, Colombia
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - André Braga Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narcisse G Kamdem
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kuswata Kartawinata
- Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John M Katembo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Kenfack
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thiri Toe Khaing
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Bente Klitgaard
- Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | - Nicolas Labrière
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Laumonier
- Forest and Environment Program, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Félix Laurent
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tinh Cong Le
- Viet Nature Conservation Centre, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Miguel E Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Moses B Libalah
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Juan Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Aline Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Jon C Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Richard Lowe
- Botany Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - José Rafael Lozada
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Xinghui Lu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Nestor K Luambua
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), Wood Laboratory of Yangambi, Yangambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des sciences Agronomiques, Université Officielle de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bruno Garcia Luize
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paul Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José Leonardo Lima Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorena Maniguaje Rincón
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Asyraf Mansor
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | | | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
- Flamingo Land, Kirby Misperton, UK
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Pires Martins
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Faizah Metali
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Vianet Mihindou
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- Ministère de la Forêt, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jerome Millet
- Office français de la biodiversité, Vincennes, France
| | - William Milliken
- Department for Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond, UK
| | | | - Jean-François Molino
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bonifacio Mostacedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Sharif Ahmed Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pantaleo K T Munishi
- Department of Ecosystems and Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goyatacazes, Brazil
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Laurent Nsenga
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Lucas Ojo
- University of Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Alexandre A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Susamar Pansini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Petratti Pansonato
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ekananda Paudel
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Daniela Pauletto
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Richard G Pearson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Pascal Petronelli
- Cirad UMR Ecofog, AgrosParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Ploton
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Andreas Popelier
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John R Poulsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Hari Priyadi
- Department of Resource and Environmental Economics (ESL), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Lan Qie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Adriano Costa Quaresma
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | - Helder Lima de Queiroz
- Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - José Ferreira Ramos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Neidiane Farias Costa Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Waardenburg Ecology, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- College of Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gonzalo Rivas-Torres
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Iyan Robiansyah
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Center for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Maira Rocha
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - M Elizabeth Rodriguez-Ronderos
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Deparment of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, Museo delle Scienze (MUSE), Trento, Italy
| | - Andes H Rozak
- Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Le Bienfaiteur Sagang
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adeilza Felipe Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Ismayadi Samsoedin
- Forest Research and Development Center, Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Manichanh Satdichanh
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM)-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB1), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miles R Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Murielle Simo-Droissart
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C-105/D, Montpellier, France
| | - Thaiane R Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle de Sousa Farias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Souza Coelho
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Suzanne M Stas
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Pablo R Stevenson
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Biogeography Department, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Rahayu S Sukri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Terry C H Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eizi Suzuki
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michael D Swaine
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jianwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - James Taplin
- UK Research and Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK
| | - David M Taylor
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ida Theilade
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Sean C Thomas
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Toirambe
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Ministère de l'Environnement et Développement Durable, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roven D Tumaneng
- Phillipines Programme, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK
- Emerging Technology Development Division, Department of Science and Technology Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD), Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Maria Natalia Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter M Umunay
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Elvis H Valderrama Sandoval
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, USA
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Tinde R Van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van de Bult
- Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - César I A Vela
- Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, Peru
| | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alberto Vicentini
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Villarroel
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
- Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Antoine Vos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | | | - Edward L Webb
- Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lee J T White
- Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Rastatt, Germany
| | | | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Eugene Zartman
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lise Zemagho
- International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRD-UYI-IRGM, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Egleé L Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Stanford Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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Ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, do Amaral IL, de Souza Coelho L, de Almeida Matos FD, de Andrade Lima Filho D, Salomão RP, Wittmann F, Castilho CV, Guevara JE, Veiga Carim MDJ, Phillips OL, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Revilla JDC, Molino JF, Irume MV, Martins MP, da Silva Guimarães JR, Ramos JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Cárdenas López D, Rodrigues DDJ, Demarchi LO, Schöngart J, Almeida EJ, Barbosa LF, Cavalheiro L, Dos Santos MCV, Luize BG, de Leão Novo EMM, Vargas PN, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Costa FRC, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Castaño Arboleda N, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Assis RL, Baraloto C, do Amaral DD, Engel J, Petronelli P, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Maniguaje Rincón L, Schietti J, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Nascimento HEM, de Queiroz HL, Aymard C GA, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Cintra BBL, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Duivenvoorden JF, Peres CA, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Noronha JC, de Aguiar DPP, Barbosa FR, Bredin YK, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Haugaasen T, Hawes JE, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Barlow J, Berenguer E, da Silva IB, Ferreira MJ, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Levis C, Licona JC, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Durgante FM, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Householder JE, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Pos E, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Dexter KG, Milliken W, Molina GP, Pennington T, Vieira ICG, Weiss Albuquerque B, Campelo W, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Pena JLM, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, de Oliveira Pereira L, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, de Matos Bonates LC, Dávila Doza HP, Zárate Gómez R, Gonzales T, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent EL, Zent S, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Torres Montenegro L, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Pombo MM, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Reategui MAA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Endara MJ, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Cuenca WP, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Gamarra LV, Levesley A, Pickavance G, Melgaço K. Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1130. [PMID: 37938615 PMCID: PMC10632362 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
| | - Iêda Leão do Amaral
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Souza Coelho
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Salomão
- Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Perimetral, s/n, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040, Brazil
| | - Florian Wittmann
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Castilho
- Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, BR 174, km 8 - Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil
| | - Juan Ernesto Guevara
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri, Quito, Ecuador
- Keller Science Action Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
| | - Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha, Macapá, AP, 68901-025, Brazil
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Juan David Cardenas Revilla
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Molino
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Maria Pires Martins
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | - José Ferreira Ramos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Olaf S Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Dairon Cárdenas López
- Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues
- ICNHS, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78.557-267, Brazil
| | - Layon O Demarchi
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Everton José Almeida
- ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil
| | - Luciane Ferreira Barbosa
- ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cavalheiro
- ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Garcia Luize
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão Novo
- Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto - DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | | | - Eduardo Martins Venticinque
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo Gilberto Manzatto
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
| | - Neidiane Farias Costa Reis
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Katia Regina Casula
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
| | - Euridice N Honorio Coronado
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5, Iquitos, Loreto, 784, Peru
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla, Santa Cruz, 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Adriano Costa Quaresma
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | - Charles Eugene Zartman
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Bonifacio Mostacedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Rafael L Assis
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Chris Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Dário Dantas do Amaral
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040, Brazil
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Pascal Petronelli
- Cirad UMR Ecofog, AgrosParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex, 97379, France
| | - Hernán Castellanos
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fragomeni Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Lorena Maniguaje Rincón
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Thaiane R Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle de Sousa Farias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69060-001, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ, Pav. Arthur Neiva - Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075, Brazil
| | - José Leonardo Lima Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n°, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Helder Lima de Queiroz
- Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69470-000, Brazil
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pablo R Stevenson
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Tim R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Yuri Oliveira Feitosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, 69067, Brazil
| | - Hugo F Mogollón
- Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD, 20901, USA
| | - Joost F Duivenvoorden
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Miles R Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Leandro Valle Ferreira
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040, Brazil
| | - José Rafael Lozada
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Via Chorros de Milla, 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA, 22405, USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
| | - Freddie C Draper
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - José Julio de Toledo
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2, Macapá, AP, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Damasco
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergs gata 22b, Gothenburg, 413 19, Sweden
| | - Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE), Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA), Jr. Cajamarca Cdra. 1 s/n, Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru
- Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Aline Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Alberto Vicentini
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Francisco Dallmeier
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
| | - Vitor H F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Environmental Science Program, Geosciences Department, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Jimenez
- Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia
| | - David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | | | - Janaína Costa Noronha
- ICNHS, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78.557-267, Brazil
| | - Daniel P P de Aguiar
- Procuradoria-Geral de Justiça, Ministério Público do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Coronel Teixeira, 7995, Manaus, AM, 69037-473, Brazil
- Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Flávia Rodrigues Barbosa
- ICNHS, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78.557-267, Brazil
| | - Yennie K Bredin
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, Aas, 1432, Aas, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Sognsveien 68, Oslo, 0855, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainiellen de Sá Carpanedo
- ICNHS, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78.557-267, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes Carvalho
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Coelho de Souza
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA
| | - Rogerio Gribel
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, Aas, 1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Joseph E Hawes
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 9BB, UK
| | - Marcelo Petratti Pansonato
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Marcos Ríos Paredes
- Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Jr. Independencia 405, Iquitos, Loreto, 784, Peru
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Izaias Brasil da Silva
- Postgraduate program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology - Bionorte, Federal University of Acre, Rodovia 364, km 4.5, Distrito industrial, Rio Branco, AC, 69900-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Ferreira
- Postgraduate program in Ethnobiology and Nature Conservation, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Pernambuco, PB, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n°, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Marcelino Carneiro Guedes
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km 5, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Carolina Levis
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário - Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla, Santa Cruz, 6204, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Vincent Antoine Vos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Av. Ejercito, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Carlos Cerón
- Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Ap. Postal, 17.01.2177, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Flávia Machado Durgante
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Émile Fonty
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- Direction régionale de la Guyane, Office national des forêts, Cayenne, 97300, French Guiana
| | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - John Ethan Householder
- Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany
| | - Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco
- Herbario HAG, Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios (UNAMAD), Av. Jorge Chávez, 1160, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Edwin Pos
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University Botanic Gardens, P.O. Box 80162, Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rodovia BR 364, Km 4, s/n, Distrito Industrial, Rio Branco, AC, 69915-559, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), C. de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Doug Daly
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York, NY, 10458-5126, USA
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - William Milliken
- Department for Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Guido Pardo Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final, Av. Ejercito, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Toby Pennington
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040, Brazil
| | - Bianca Weiss Albuquerque
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Wegliane Campelo
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2, Macapá, AP, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Fuentes
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central, La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO, 63166-0299, USA
| | - Bente Klitgaard
- Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - José Luis Marcelo Pena
- Universidad Nacional de Jaén, Carretera Jaén San Ignacio Km 23, Jaén, Cajamarca, 06801, Peru
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO, 63166-0299, USA
| | - Corine Vriesendorp
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5174 EDB, Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Renato Richard Hilário
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2, Macapá, AP, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Oliveira Pereira
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Gonzalo Rivas-Torres
- Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tinde R van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | | | - William Balee
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 101 Dinwiddie Hall, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Edelcilio Marques Barbosa
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Matos Bonates
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Zárate Gómez
- PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5, Iquitos, Loreto, 784, Peru
| | - Therany Gonzales
- ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco N° 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | | | - Bruce Hoffman
- Amazon Conservation Team, 4211 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA, 22203, USA
| | - André Braga Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, England, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado, 7945, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado, 7945, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Ademir R Ruschel
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n°, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil
| | - Natalino Silva
- Instituto de Ciência Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Belém, PA, 66.077-830, Brazil
| | - César I A Vela
- Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Jirón San Martín 451, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Egleé L Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas, DC, 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Stanford Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas, DC, 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Angela Cano
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Cambridge University, 1 Brookside, Cambridge, CB2 1JE, UK
| | | | - Diego F Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science CBCS, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Janaina Barbosa Pedrosa Costa
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km 5, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Monteiro Flores
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário - Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Milena Holmgren
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, Lumen, building number 100, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Guilherme Lobo
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-867, Brazil
| | - Luis Torres Montenegro
- Herbarium Amazonense (AMAZ), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Calle Pebas/Nanay, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-620, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maihyra Marina Pombo
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Maira Rocha
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB1, Av General Rodrigo Octavio 6200, Manaus, AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Sierra
- GeoIS, El Día 369y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Milton Tirado
- GeoIS, El Día 369y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Maria Natalia Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Geertje van der Heijden
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY, 10460, USA
| | | | - Cláudia Baider
- Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- The Mauritius Herbarium, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Reduit, 80835, Mauritius
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Building 1540, Aarhus C, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Casas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia
| | - María José Endara
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri, Quito, Ecuador
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Cid Ferreira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo Linares-Palomino
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia
- FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Germaine Alexander Parada
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia, 1027, Colombia
| | - Daniel Villarroel
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
- Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN), Km. 7 1/2 Doble Vía La Guardia, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Roderick Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Horaplantsoen 12, Ede, 6717 LT, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel N Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Karina Garcia-Cabrera
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Lionel Hernandez
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela
| | | | - Susamar Pansini
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pauletto
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA, 68015-110, Brazil
| | - Freddy Ramirez Arevalo
- Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Adeilza Felipe Sampaio
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
| | - Elvis H Valderrama Sandoval
- Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | | | - Aurora Levesley
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Georgia Pickavance
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Karina Melgaço
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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