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Gao F. Ease-of-retrieval mediates the relations of negative emotional states and passage of time judgments. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104419. [PMID: 39033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Little research has investigated the relations of emotional states and passage of time judgments over a long period and explored the mechanisms underlying the relations. In this research, we conducted three studies (N = 2010 in total) in the three time points throughout a year including the end of 2020, the beginning and middle of 2021. In each study, we measured participants' negative emotional states that arise in daily life (including loneliness, anxiety, and depression), feelings of how easy/hard to recall the things having done in the last year, and yearly passage of time judgments. The results from the three studies consistently showed that individuals' feelings of ease-of-retrieval mediated the relations of negative emotional states and yearly passage of time judgments. The stronger the negative emotional states, the harder people feel to recall the things from the last year, and the faster people perceive time passing last year. This research provides novel insights for understanding the relations of negative emotional states and passage of time judgments, and importantly, individuals' feelings of ease-of-retrieval plays a significant role on explaining the relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Marketing, Bentley University, 175 Forest St, Waltham, MA 02452, USA.
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2
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Olderbak S, Möckl J, Rauschert C, Schäfer E, Helmer S, Seitz NN, Hoch E. Predictors of changes in marijuana consumption in Germany during the covid-19 pandemic. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01861-5. [PMID: 38969751 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic Germany experienced its first increase in the proportion of heavy cannabis users since 1995. With the expected nationwide decriminalization of cannabis before 2025, we investigate the potential causes for that increase. Data were from the 2021 European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) including 762 12-month marijuana users from Germany (72.9% male, mean age = 29.5 years). Both heavy and regular cannabis consumers reported an increase in marijuana consumption during the pandemic, with infrequent users reporting a decrease. Using multinomial logistic regression, we found younger individuals (OR = 0.95 [95% CI = 0.92, 0.98]) and those not pursuing or completing higher education (OR = 1.86 [1.23, 2.81]) had increased use. Additionally, using cannabis to self-medicate (OR = 2.79 [1.56, 4.99]) and purchasing marijuana (OR = 2.26 [1.35, 3.77]) was associated with increased use. We found, relative to infrequent users, both regular (OR = 4.00 [2.39, 6.72]) and notably heavy users (OR = 31.17 [12.10, 80.32]) were more likely to use cannabis to self-medicate. Both regular (OR = 4.09 [2.47, 6.77]) and especially heavy users (OR = 13.53 [6.74, 27.16]) were also more likely to purchase marijuana. Heavy users were also more likely to be past 30-day tobacco users (OR = 5.92 [2.81, 12.45]). We identified the self-reported motivation of using cannabis to self-medicate as well as act of purchasing marijuana as having the strongest relation to being a heavy user and increasing marijuana use during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Olderbak
- IFT Center for Mental Health & Addiction Research, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Justin Möckl
- IFT Center for Mental Health & Addiction Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Evita Schäfer
- IFT Center for Mental Health & Addiction Research, Munich, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Helmer
- Institute of Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Eva Hoch
- IFT Center for Mental Health & Addiction Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany
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3
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Fabbri M, Pizzini B, Beracci A, Martoni M. Time consciousness: Silence, mindfulness, and subjective time perception. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 287:191-215. [PMID: 39097353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Although recent theories of consciousness have emerged to define what consciousness is, an under-represented aspect within this field remains: time consciousness. However, the subjective passage of time is modulated by changing experiences within different situational contexts and by self-awareness. The experience of silence influences our awareness of self, space, and time, and it impacts on psychological well-being. The present review describes how self and time are influenced by different situations of silence (pure silence indoors and outdoors, the "just thinking" situation, and the combination of silence with deep relaxation). Also, the changes in time experience during a "forced" waiting situation due to the COVID-19 lockdown are presented in order to highlight the role of boredom in waiting situations and in situations in which we are alone with "our thoughts." Finally, in the context of the importance of creating silence through meditation practices, the alterations to one's sense of self and time during mindfulness meditation are reviewed. These studies are discussed within the framework of the cognitive models of prospective time perception, such as the attentional-gate model and the model of self-regulation and self-awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fabbri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy.
| | | | - Alessia Beracci
- Department of Psychology Renzo Canestrari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Monica Martoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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4
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Lima Y, Rice S. Mental health symptoms and correlates among amateur football players: a cross-sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1617-1628. [PMID: 35968854 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate mental health problems reported by Turkish amateur football players. A total of 4516 Turkish amateur football players were invited to complete an anonymous online survey including demographic and COVID-19 pandemic related questions, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, and Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire. A total of 1263 players participated in the study (27.9% response rate). Single players reported higher depression and anxiety scores than married players. Higher depression, anxiety, and athletes-specific stress scores were reported by players with an annual income <$5,000 and those reporting an income loss >75% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Players with a sports injury history, psychiatric illness, sleep problems, and perceived inadequate social and/or organizational support reported poorer indices relative to their counterparts. Implementation of mental health screening among amateur football players may assist in detecting vulnerabilities and initiating appropriate timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Lima
- Sports Medicine Department, Balıkesir Atatürk City Hospital, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Simon Rice
- Orygen, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Droit-Volet S, Martinelli N, Dezecache G, Belletier C, Gil S, Chevalère J, Huguet P. Experience and memory of time and emotions two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290697. [PMID: 37729321 PMCID: PMC10511114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this French longitudinal study, we assessed judgment of the passage of time in current life and the predictors of this judgment 2 years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., at a time when there was no lockdown and no protective measures. We then compared these measures with the same participants' passage-of-time judgments assessed during each of the past three French lockdowns. We also assessed their memory representations of the passage of time in the past, i.e., for the various lockdowns. The results showed the persistence of the feeling of time slowing down outside of lockdown. However, this was no longer linked to external factors (lack of activity, disruption of everyday routines) as found in the previous studies conducted during the lockdowns, but to an individual internal factor, namely a high level of depression in the general population. Moreover, the results revealed that the experience of the passage of time for the past lockdowns was compressed in memory, being judged to be faster than it actually was. This time compression tended to be greater in depressed people. It was also associated with a positive bias for all the other examined factors (e.g., sleep quality, life routine, boredom, happiness). We assumed that this time compression would be related to processes involved in the recall of unfolding events, with certain moments being omitted or forgotten during recall, as well as to the process of reconstruction in autobiographical memory. Our study therefore shows the long-lasting effect of lockdowns on mental health of the general population, which was expressed by the persistent feeling of a slowing down of time. It is therefore necessary to take care of this psychologically fragile population and to avoid further lockdowns in response to a new health crisis, that they cannot cope with.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Clément Belletier
- CNRS, LAPSCO, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- CNRS, UMR 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Johann Chevalère
- CNRS, LAPSCO, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Huguet
- CNRS, LAPSCO, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Cannito L, Ceccato I, Annunzi E, Bortolotti A, D’Intino E, Palumbo R, D’Addario C, Di Domenico A, Palumbo R. Bored with boredom? Trait boredom predicts internet addiction through the mediating role of attentional bias toward social networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1179142. [PMID: 37746057 PMCID: PMC10513058 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1179142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction is an emerging issue, impacting people's psychosocial functioning and well-being. However, the prevalence and the mechanisms underlying internet misuse are largely unknown. As with other behavioral addiction disorders, the increase and persistence of internet addiction may be favored by negative affect such as boredom. In this study, we examined the role of boredom susceptibility, as a personality trait, in predicting the risk of internet addiction. Furthermore, we analyzed the attentional mechanisms that may exacerbate dysfunctional internet behaviors. Specifically, we assessed the mediating role of attentional bias toward social media cues on the relation between boredom susceptibility and internet addiction. Sixty-nine young adults were administered a dot-probe task assessing internet-related attentional bias (AB) and questionnaires measuring internet addiction (IAT) and boredom susceptibility (BS-BSSS). Correlation and t-test analyses confirmed that the tendency to experience boredom and selective attention toward social network information was related to internet addiction. Furthermore, the mediation model indicated that AB fully explains the link between BS-BSSS and IAT. The study highlighted the crucial role of selective attentional processing behind internet addiction. The current results are useful for both researchers and clinicians as they suggest that intervention programs for internet addiction should include strategies to cope with dysfunctional cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Cannito
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | - Irene Ceccato
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eugenia Annunzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bortolotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eleonora D’Intino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio D’Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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7
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Hennemann S, Wenzel M, Van den Bergh O, Wessels M, Witthöft M. Emotion dynamics and somatic symptoms in everyday life: Ecological momentary assessment in somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. J Psychosom Res 2023; 172:111429. [PMID: 37406416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Negative affectivity (NA) is associated with the emergence and persistence of physical symptoms with unclear organic pathology. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of NA and somatic symptom burden using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in adults with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and healthy control participants (HC). METHODS Participants underwent a seven-day, smartphone-based EMA, with 6 randomly-stratified time points per day. NA was assessed using a five-item short form of the Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale (PANAS) and somatic symptom burden with two self-constructed items. 22 persons with SSD and 20 HCs were included in multilevel analyses. RESULTS Within-person analyses showed a significantly stronger (positive) association of concurrent NA with somatic symptom burden in participants with SSD than in HCs, β = 0.15, SE = 0.04, p = .001. Time-lagged analyses demonstrated that, across groups, NA at a previous time point t-1 significantly predicted somatic symptom burden at the subsequent timepoint t, β = 0.09, SE = 0.03, p = .005, but not in the other direction (somatic symptom burdent-1→ NAt, β = 0.01, SE = 0.04, p = .79). Between-person analyses showed that both inertia (i.e., persistence of negative affective states), d = 0.74, and instability (i.e., magnitude of moment-to-moment fluctuations), d = 0.76 of NA were significantly higher in participants with SSD than in HCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings sustain the idea of (negative) affect-driven modulation in somatic signal processing and suggest that interoceptive and emotional differentiation training can advance the psychotherapeutic treatment of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Hennemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mario Wenzel
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marlene Wessels
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Germany
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8
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Schröder D, Müllenmeister C, Heinemann S, Hummers E, Klawonn F, Vahldiek K, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Steffens S, Mikuteit M, Niewolik J, Overbeck TR, Kallusky J, Königs G, Heesen G, Schmachtenberg T, Müller F. Social participation during the COVID-19 pandemic in persons with a high risk for a severe course of COVID-19 - results of a longitudinal, multi-center observational study in Germany. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2249534. [PMID: 37645515 PMCID: PMC10461510 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2249534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has affected how people go about their daily lives, often in various and substantial ways. This study aims to prospectively evaluate the changes in social participation during the COVID-19 pandemic in persons with a high risk for a severe COVID-19 course in Germany. Methods A paper-pencil-based survey was conducted starting at March 2021. Participants filled out questionnaires at four time points based on their COVID-19 vaccination status: before COVID-19 vaccination, one month, six months and twelve months after COVID-19 vaccination. Social participation measures included the Pandemic Social Participation Questionnaire (PSP-Q) and the Index for measuring participation restrictions (IMET). Repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test were used to test for changes between time-points. Repeated measures correlation was used to assess the relationship between social participation and local COVID-19 incidences. Results Data from 245 participants was analyzed before and one month after COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, data from 156 participants was analyzed at time points one, six and twelve months after COVID-19. PSP-Q and IMET scores changed significantly after participants received a COVID-19 vaccination. Between one month and twelve months after vaccination, social participation improved significantly measured by PSP-Q. Social participation was negatively correlated with regional COVID-19 incidences before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Social participation was positively correlated with COVID-19 incidences between one month and twelve months after COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusions Social participation improved in persons with a high risk for a severe COVID-19 course during the pandemic. The local COVID-19 incidence showed a negative association with social participation only until the fall of 2021 when it was used as the sole metric to regulate COVID-19 protective measures. Although our data describes the trends in social participation, further studies are needed to identify the influencing factors for the observed increase in social participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schröder
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Heinemann
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Hummers
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infecwetion Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Vahldiek
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Mikuteit
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Niewolik
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias R. Overbeck
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kallusky
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gloria Königs
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gloria Heesen
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Schmachtenberg
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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9
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Schad DJ, Rabovsky M. Social distancing-induced deceleration can enhance subjective well-being. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:884-900. [PMID: 36349717 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern societies provide an abundance of opportunities, which could lead to acceleration and time poverty, thereby paradoxically limiting well-being. This study examines this issue using social distancing measures introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed a data set of over four million responses, collected by the German online newspaper "ZEIT ONLINE," where people responded to the question "How are you today?" with "good" or "bad," assessing subjective well-being, and an optional self-descriptive adjective of mood. The results showed that subjective well-being significantly increased with the onset of social distancing regulations. This increase was closely accompanied by a rise in adjectives associated with deceleration, the daily usage of which best predicted daily well-being during COVID-19. Factor analysis showed that Factor 1 best predicted daily well-being and was effectively described by adjectives associated with deceleration. An analysis of potential mechanisms of deceleration during the pandemic revealed lower stress levels during workdays and weekends, as well as better sleep. These findings provide large-scale support to theories suggesting that acceleration and time poverty in modern societies may impair well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schad
- Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Tilburg University, Tilburg
- University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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10
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Gallego Hiroyasu EM, Laje R, Nomura K, Spiousas I, Hayashi MJ, Yotsumoto Y. Longitudinal analysis of social isolation effects on finger tapping in the Blursday database. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11277. [PMID: 37438397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Blursday database is a collection of data obtained online from a longitudinal study where participants were asked to participate in several behavioral tasks and questionnaires during the COVID-19 pandemic from their homes. In this study, we analyzed the published data to explore (1) the longitudinal changes in temporal cognition observed from the data collected in the home-based setting (2), the effects of the voluntary quarantine measures implemented in Japan on temporal cognition, (3) whether the participant's temporal cognition is altered by the change in their psychological state or their cognitive abilities, and (4) whether the effects of the quarantine measures depend on the age of the individual. Results show that confinement measures were good predictors for the performance in both spontaneous finger-tapping task and paced finger-tapping task, though these were dependent on the age of the participant. In addition, cognitive scores were good predictors of the performance in the paced finger-tapping task but not the spontaneous finger-tapping task. Overall, this study provides evidence suggesting changes in both psychological, cognitive, and temporal cognition during the pandemic on the Japanese population despite its voluntary measures to deal with the new situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Laje
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Keishi Nomura
- Department of Integrated Educational Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ignacio Spiousas
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Masamichi J Hayashi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Malik L, Shahnawaz MG, Rehman U, Pragyendu, Uniyal R, Griffiths MD. Mediating Roles of Fear of Missing Out and Boredom Proneness on Psychological Distress and Social Media Addiction Among Indian Adolescents. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37362061 PMCID: PMC10242220 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-023-00323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective The closure of schools and other educational institutes around the world has been one of the consequences of the COVID-19 and has resulted in online teaching. To facilitate online teaching, there has been an increase in the use of smartphones and tablets among adolescents. However, such enhancement in technology use may put many adolescents at the risk of problematic use of social media. Consequently, the present study explored the direct relationship of psychological distress with social media addiction. The relationship between the two was also assessed indirectly via the fear of missing out (FoMO) and boredom proneness. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 505 Indian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, studying in grades 7 to 12. Standardized tools (with some modifications to suit the context of the present study) were used to collect data. Results The results showed significant positive associations between psychological distress, social media addiction, FoMO, and boredom proneness. Psychological distress was found to be a significant predictor of social media addiction. Moreover, FoMO and boredom proneness partially mediated the relationships between psychological distress and social media addiction. Discussion The present study is the first to provide evidence for the specific pathways of FoMO and boredom proneness in the relationships between psychological distress and social media addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Malik
- Department of Psychology, Amity University, Mumbai, India
| | - Md Ghazi Shahnawaz
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Usama Rehman
- Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India 20022
| | - Pragyendu
- Department of Applied Psychology, Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Uniyal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Fabbri M. Mindfulness, Subjective Cognitive Functioning, Sleep Timing and Time Expansion during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study in Italy. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:313-332. [PMID: 37366659 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 lockdown, a distortion of time passage has been widely reported in association with a change in daily rhythm. However, several variables related to these changes have not been considered. The purpose of the present study was to assess the changes in dispositional mindfulness, time experience, sleep timing and subjective memory functioning. A longitudinal study was conducted on 39 Italian adults (53.85% males; 35.03 ± 14.02 years) assessing mindfulness, ad hoc questions of sleep habits during workdays and free days, chronotypes, subjective time experience, and memory functioning before (December 2019-March 2020) and during (April 2020-May 2020) the first Italian COVID-19 lockdown. Participants reported delayed sleep timing, a slowdown in the perception of the present time, a decrease of time pressure, and an increase in the feeling of time expansion/boredom. In addition to correlations between mindfulness, memory functioning, and subjective sleep duration during workdays, a mediation model showed that changes in the dispositional mindfulness determined a delay of bedtime during workdays through the mediation effect of increased feeling of time expansion/boredom. This finding highlighted the role of mindfulness in reducing the feeling of time expansion/boredom for regulating the sleep timing. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fabbri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, CE, Italy
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13
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Hughes E. Meaninglessness and monotony in pandemic boredom. PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES 2023; 22:1-15. [PMID: 36713814 PMCID: PMC9857899 DOI: 10.1007/s11097-023-09888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Boredom is an affective experience that can involve pervasive feelings of meaninglessness, emptiness, restlessness, frustration, weariness and indifference, as well as the slowing down of time. An increasing focus of research in many disciplines, interest in boredom has been intensified by the recent Covid-19 pandemic, where social distancing measures have induced both a widespread loss of meaning and a significant disturbance of temporal experience. This article explores the philosophical significance of this aversive experience of 'pandemic boredom.' Using Heidegger's work as a unique vantage point, this article draws on survey data collected by researchers in an ongoing project titled 'Experiences of Social Distancing During the Covid-19 Pandemic' to give an original phenomenological interpretation of the meaninglessness and monotony of pandemic boredom. On a Heideggerian interpretation, pandemic boredom involves either a situative confrontation with relative meaninglessness that upholds our absorption in the everyday world, or an existential confrontation with absolute meaninglessness that forces us to take up the question of our existence. Arguing that boredom during the pandemic makes this distinction difficult to sustain, I consider some of the ways in which pandemic boredom might be seen to expose and then exceed the distinctive methodological limitations of Heidegger's philosophical interpretation of boredom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hughes
- Department of Philosophy, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
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14
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Bambrah V, Wyman A, Eastwood JD. A longitudinal approach to understanding boredom during pandemics: The predictive roles of trauma and emotion dysregulation. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1050073. [PMID: 36710786 PMCID: PMC9880451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research during the COVID-19 pandemic and prior outbreaks suggest that boredom is linked to poor compliance with critical lifesaving social distancing and quarantine guidelines, as well as to numerous mental health difficulties. As such, continued understanding on what contributes to boredom is imperative. Extending beyond the roles of constraint, monotony, and trait dispositions (e.g., individual differences in boredom propensity), and informed by prior theories on the emotional contributors of boredom, the current longitudinal study examined the predictive role of "pandemic trauma" on people's boredom, with a focus on how emotion dysregulation mediates this relationship. Community participants (N = 345) completed questionnaires three times across an average of 3 1/2 weeks, rating their pandemic trauma, emotion dysregulation, and boredom over the past week each time. Pandemic trauma was assessed with items querying exposure to coronavirus, as well as the financial, resource-related, and interpersonal pandemic stressors that participants experienced. Emotion dysregulation was assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Boredom was assessed with the short-form Multidimensional State Boredom Scale. The results of a theory-informed mediation model showed that participants' pandemic trauma at Time 1 positively and modestly predicted their boredom at Time 3 and that this relationship was partially and moderately mediated by participants' lack of emotional clarity and difficulties with engaging in goal-directed behaviors at Time 2. When people experience pandemic-related trauma, they subsequently struggle to understand their feelings and engage in goal-oriented actions, and, in turn, feel more bored. Theoretical and clinical implications as related to the emotional underpinnings of boredom are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerpal Bambrah
- Boredom Lab, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Fernandez Velasco P, Perroy B, Gurchani U, Casati R. Experiencing a slow passage of time was an indicator of social and temporal disorientation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22338. [PMID: 36572680 PMCID: PMC9792449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Time dilation was experienced in most countries and across the several years of the Covid-19 crisis: the passage of time was deemed slower than before the pandemic, and the distance to the beginning of the pandemic seemed longer than it really was. An outstanding question is how these two aspects of time judgements relate to other temporal, social and affective disturbances. We developed and validated a 59-item questionnaire to explore these questions. 3306 participants completed the questionnaire in France in May and June 2021. Here, we analyse group differences and find that both slow passage of time and long distance judgements were associated with larger disturbances across all domains under study. These included temporal disruptions-the aptness to project oneself into the future, the sense of a rift between pre-pandemic and pandemic time, the ability to locate oneself in time, the capacity to recall the order of past events-, as well as an overall sense of social disorientation, and trauma-specific disturbances. In contrast, both fast passage of time and short distance judgements were associated with beneficial effects across all of the mentioned domains. Our results indicate that perceived passage of time and temporal distance judgements are key indicators of social and temporal disorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bastien Perroy
- grid.483425.cInstitut Jean Nicod (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Umer Gurchani
- grid.483425.cInstitut Jean Nicod (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Roberto Casati
- grid.483425.cInstitut Jean Nicod (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Paris, France
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16
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Rioux PA, Chaumon M, Demers A, Fitzback-Fortin H, Kübel SL, Lebrun C, Mendoza-Duran E, Micillo L, Racine C, Thibault N, van Wassenhove V, Grondin S. Psychological Time during the COVID-19 Lockdown: Canadian Data. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated measures have affected routines and mental well-being of people around the world. Research also shows distorted time perception during lockdowns which can partially be explained by compromised well-being. The present study investigates Canadians’ temporal experience and mental well-being at two periods of national lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic (spring 2020: n = 66; beginning of 2021: n = 100). As results indicate, the only difference between these periods on the investigated variables was the strictness of lockdown measures. Our findings show associations between anxiety, depression, confinement indicators, and time perception (future temporal distance, passage of time judgments). Stepwise regression models indicated that depression and strictness of measures predicted the impression that the next week appeared farther away; one’s loneliness appraisal was associated with a perceived slower time flow. Our findings give a preliminary idea about time perception and mental well-being in the Canadian lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilien Chaumon
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Unversité, Centre MEG-EEG, Centre de NeuroImagerie Recherche (CENIR), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Demers
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Sebastian L. Kübel
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, 79100 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Catherine Lebrun
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Luigi Micillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Charles Racine
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicola Thibault
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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17
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Thomas L, von Castell C, Hecht H. How facial masks alter the interaction of gaze direction, head orientation, and emotion recognition. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:937939. [PMID: 36213742 PMCID: PMC9533556 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.937939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the way we interact with each other: mandatory mask-wearing obscures facial information that is crucial for emotion recognition. Whereas the influence of wearing a mask on emotion recognition has been repeatedly investigated, little is known about the impact on interaction effects among emotional signals and other social signals. Therefore, the current study sought to explore how gaze direction, head orientation, and emotional expression interact with respect to emotion perception, and how these interactions are altered by wearing a face mask. In two online experiments, we presented face stimuli from the Radboud Faces Database displaying different facial expressions (anger, fear, happiness, neutral, and sadness), gaze directions (−13°, 0°, and 13°), and head orientations (−45°, 0°, and 45°) – either without (Experiment 1) or with mask (Experiment 2). Participants categorized the displayed emotional expressions. Not surprisingly, masks impaired emotion recognition. Surprisingly, without the mask, emotion recognition was unaffected by averted head orientations and only slightly affected by gaze direction. The mask strongly interfered with this ability. The mask increased the influence of head orientation and gaze direction, in particular for the emotions that were poorly recognized with mask. The results suggest that in case of uncertainty due to ambiguity or absence of signals, we seem to unconsciously factor in extraneous information.
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18
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Peng X, Huang J, Liang K, Chi X. The Association of Social Emotions, Perceived Efficiency, Transparency of the Government, Concerns about COVID-19, and Confidence in Fighting the Pandemic under the Week-Long Lockdown in Shenzhen, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11173. [PMID: 36141442 PMCID: PMC9517605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have had a far-reaching impact. The present study investigated the factors primarily affecting the execution of the control measures, including social emotions, concerns about the pandemic, perceived efficiency, transparency of the government in publishing the pandemic-related information, and confidence in fighting the pandemic. Specifically, we examined the differences in these factors across four areas (i.e., lockdown area, control area, prevention area, and safe area) according to different COVID control measures under the week-long lockdown in Shenzhen. We found that social emotions, concerns about the pandemic, perceived efficiency of the government, and confidence in fighting the pandemic were more negative in the lockdown area than that in other areas. More importantly, after controlling for areas and education level of participants, the emotion of optimism, concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived efficiency, and perceived transparency of the government in releasing COVID-19 relevant information positively predicted confidence in fighting the pandemic, while anger negatively predicted confidence in fighting the pandemic. Therefore, the government and communities could make efforts at effective communication and find innovative approaches to make individuals (especially in the lockdown area) maintain social connections, reduce negative emotions, and enhance confidence in combating the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases, Center for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kaixin Liang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinli Chi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases, Center for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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19
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Weiss ER, Todman M, Maple E, Bunn RR. Boredom in a Time of Uncertainty: State and Trait Boredom's Associations with Psychological Health during COVID-19. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080298. [PMID: 36004869 PMCID: PMC9405470 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have demonstrated increases in boredom and its negative impact on mental health. This cross-sectional study examines state and trait boredom at four different points of the pandemic using an online sample of participants from the United States (n = 783). The results showed significant increases in boredom proneness, state boredom, substance use, loneliness, and distress. Boredom was associated with increases in each of these variables and a greater likelihood of testing positive for COVID-19. Moreover, the increases in distress, loneliness, and substance use became non-significant when controlling for boredom. Boredom proneness remained associated with all adverse outcomes when accounting for state boredom. In contrast, the relationships between state boredom and most adverse outcomes lost significance when controlling for boredom proneness, and state boredom was positively associated with increased hope for the future. Overall, the results suggest that high boredom proneness is an important vulnerability factor for poor psychological health and risky behaviors during the pandemic. However, high levels of recent state boredom, independent of boredom proneness, do not predict similarly negative outcomes. State boredom may indicate the extent to which one remains hopeful that circumstances will improve without resorting to risky, potentially maladaptive coping strategies.
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20
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Weybright EH, Doering EL, Perone S. Difficulties with Emotion Regulation during COVID-19 and Associations with Boredom in College Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:296. [PMID: 36004867 PMCID: PMC9404998 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 related restrictions resulted in a significant lifestyle change for many young adults in the United States. Although boredom and emotional self-regulation are clearly connected in empirical research, the question remains of what this association looks like in unique circumstances, such as early in COVID-19 pandemic at the height of restrictions. The purpose of the current study is to identify the association between boredom proneness and emotion regulation in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. College students who completed a Boredom Coping Survey between October and December 2019 (n = 481) were recruited for a follow-up COVID-19 Boredom Survey in April 2020. Data from this sub-sample (n = 58) were used in a hierarchical regression predicting the role of boredom proneness on COVID-19 pandemic emotion regulation difficulties while controlling for age, sex, and COVID-19 related lifestyle changes. Findings indicated higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties were associated with higher levels of boredom proneness above and beyond demographic variables and COVID-19 lifestyle changes. Results are in line with prior theory and research on the importance of the environment or situational factors to the experience of boredom.
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21
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Drody AC, Hicks LJ, Danckert J. Boredom Proneness and Rule-Breaking: A Persistent Relation One Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:251. [PMID: 35892351 PMCID: PMC9394241 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted within the first year of the pandemic demonstrated that boredom prone individuals were more likely to break rules (e.g., social distancing) aimed at preventing the spread of COVID-19. It is of interest whether this relation persisted deeper into the pandemic, given that initial results may have reflected the extraordinary nature of the early stages of the pandemic on one hand, or more stable dispositions on the other. Therefore, in the Summer of 2021, we administered an online survey to investigate whether boredom proneness predicted COVID-19 rule-breaking over one year into the pandemic (and approximately one year after the earlier studies). We found that boredom prone individuals remained more likely to engage in COVID-19 rule-breaking. Our results suggest that a trait disposition towards boredom exerts a persistent, long-term influence on behaviour, one that is detrimental to personal well-being during the pandemic. Adherence to public health measures might be improved by encouraging individuals to find adaptive ways of coping with boredom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Drody
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Lydia J. Hicks
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University at Thunder Bay, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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22
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Kosak F, Schelhorn I, Wittmann M. The subjective experience of time during the pandemic in Germany: The big slowdown. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267709. [PMID: 35511928 PMCID: PMC9070960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several COVID-19 studies on the felt passage of time have been conducted due to the strong feeling of time distortion many people have experienced during the pandemic. Overall, a relative decelaration of time passage was generally associated with negative affect and social isolation; a relative acceleration was associated with an increase in routine in daily life. There is some variability in results depending on the country of study and COVID-19 restrictions introduced, participants' demographics, and questionnaire items applied. Here we present a study conducted in May 2021 in Germany including n = 500 participants to assess time perception, emotional reactions, and attitudes towards the countermeasures. The passage of time judgments (POTJ) for the preceding 12 months during the pandemic were compared to data addressing the same question posed in previous studies conducted before the outbreak of COVID-19. The previous year was rated as having passed relatively slower during the pandemic compared to the ratings from before the pandemic. The duration judgments (DJ) of the 14 months since the start of the pandemic showed a bimodal distribution with both relatively shorter and relatively longer DJs. Higher levels of several negative emotions, as well as less social satisfaction, were associated with prolonged DJs and partially slower POTJs. Fear for health was not linked with the subjective experience of time, but exploratory analyses suggested that higher levels of fear were linked to more positive evaluations and approval of the governmental countermeasures. Those who reported higher levels of negative, agitated-aggressive emotions showed lower levels of consent with these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Kosak
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Iris Schelhorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Mental Health Symptoms of Amateur Association Football Referees: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although referees who officiate in the amateur football leagues are exposed to various stressors that can negatively affect their mental health (MH), little is known about their MH symptoms. The purpose of the study was to evaluate MH symptoms of referees who officiate in the Turkish amateur football leagues. An online survey was sent to all referees in the Turkish amateur football leagues (n = 4,900) incorporating standardized scales assessing depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 1,279 referees participated in the study. Female referees reported higher depression (p < .01) and anxiety (p = .02) scores than males. Younger referees (23–27 years) reported higher depression (p = .01) and anxiety (p < .01) scores than older (>38 years) referees. Results showed that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress scores were associated with marital status (being single), lower incomes, severe sports injury history, and inadequate social support. In light of these results, MH assessments should be undertaken to detect which referees are at greater risk of MH problems and facilitate appropriate and timely MH interventions. Further study is needed to inform MH risk reduction strategies and/or programming.
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