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Hill R, Stentiford GG, Walker DI, Baker-Austin C, Ward G, Maskrey BH, van Aerle R, Verner-Jeffreys D, Peeler E, Bass D. Realising a global One Health disease surveillance approach: insights from wastewater and beyond. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5324. [PMID: 38909028 PMCID: PMC11193741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
One Health is a recognition of the shared environment inhabited by humans, animals and plants, and the impact of their interactions on the health of all organisms. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a framework of pathogen surveillance in a tractable One Health paradigm to allow timely detection and response to threats to human and animal health. We present case studies centered around the recent global approach to tackle antimicrobial resistance and the current interest in wastewater testing, with the concept of "one sample many analyses" to be further explored as the most appropriate means of initiating this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hill
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Genomics Facility, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Grant G Stentiford
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
| | - Georgia Ward
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | | | - Edmund Peeler
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - David Bass
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
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Ren Y, Shi W, Chen J, Li J. Water quality drives the reconfiguration of riverine planktonic microbial food webs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118379. [PMID: 38331144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The food web is a cycle of matter and energy within river ecosystems. River environmental changes resulting from human activities are increasingly threatening the composition and diversity of global aquatic organisms and the multi-trophic networks. How multiple environmental factors influence food web patterns among multi-trophic microbial communities in rivers remains largely unknown. Using water quality evaluation and meta-omics techniques, we investigated the composition, structure and interaction characteristics, and drivers of food webs of microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists, metazoa, viridiplantae and viruses) at multiple trophic levels in different water quality environments (Classes II, III, and IV). First, water quality deterioration led to significant changes in the composition of the microbial community at multiple trophic levels, which were represented by the enrichment of Euryarchaeota in the archaeal community, the increase of r-strategists in the bacterial community, and the increase of the proportion of predators in the protist community. Second, deteriorating water quality resulted in a significant reduction in the dissimilarity of community structure (homogenization of community structure in Class III and IV waters). Of the symbiotic, parasitic, and predatory networks, the community networks in Class II water all showed the most stable symbiotic, parasitic, and predatory correlations (higher levels of modularity in the networks). In Class III and IV waters, nutrient inputs have led to increased reciprocal symbiosis and decreased competition between communities, which may have the risk of a positive feedback loop driving a system collapse. Finally, inputs of phosphorus and organic matter could be the main drivers of changes in the planktonic microbial food web in the Fen River. Overall, the results indicated the potential ecological risks of exogenous nutrient inputs, which were important for aquatic ecosystem conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Ren
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Junjian Li
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
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3
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Singh S, Varshney N, Singothu S, Bhandari V, Jha HC. Influence of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan and their metabolites on the virulence of Helicobacter pylori. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123676. [PMID: 38442821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF) and endosulfan (ES) have been associated with a plethora of adverse health effects. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can lead to gastrointestinal diseases by regulating several cellular processes. Thus, the current study focuses on the effect of the co-exposure to pesticides and H. pylori on gastric epithelial cells. We have used the in-silico approach to determine the interactive potential of pesticides and their metabolites with H. pylori-associated proteins. Further, various in-vitro methods depict the potential of ES in enhancing the virulence of H. pylori. Our results showed that ES along with H. pylori affects the mitochondrial dynamics, increases the transcript expression of mitochondrial fission genes, and lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential and biomass. They also promote inflammation and lower oxidative stress as predicted by ROS levels. Furthermore, co-exposure induces the multi-nucleated cells in gastric epithelial cells. In addition, ES along with H. pylori infection follows the extrinsic pathway for apoptotic signaling. H. pylori leads to the NF-κB activation which in turn advances the β-catenin expression. The expression was further enhanced in the co-exposure condition and even more prominent in co-exposure with ES-conditioned media. Thus, our study demonstrated that pesticide and their metabolites enhance the pathogenicity of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Nidhi Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Siva Singothu
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India.
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4
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Peng ZX, He Y, Yu LJ, Hao ZY, Li TM, Gu LK, Wang L. The influence of in situ purification system on pathogen in the river fed by the drainage of sewage plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29930-29938. [PMID: 38598157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
An in situ integrated system, consisting of ecological floating islands (EFI), ecological riverbeds (ER), and ecological filter dams (EFD), was built in a ditch only receiving the effluent of sewage plant; the effect of in situ technologies on the distribution of aquatic pathogen was investigated. The results showed the aquatic pathogen decreased along the ditch. Specifically, the relative abundance of Legionella, Aeromonas, and Acinetobacter decreased from 0.032, 0.035, and 0.26 to 0.026%, 0.012%, and 0.08%, respectively. Sedimentation, filtration, and sorption (provided by plant roots and biofilms on substrates) were principal processes for the removal. The nitrogen removal bacteria to prevent the potential risk of eutrophication were also evaluated. The EFI and ER were the dominant sites for Nitrosomonas (34.96%, 32.84%) and Nitrospira (35.74%, 54.73%) enrichment, while EFI and EFD facilitated the enrichment of denitrification bacteria. Notably, the relative abundance of endogenous denitrifiers (DNB-en) (including Dechloromonas at 9.72%, Thermomonas at 0.58%, and Saccharibacteria at 2.55%) exceeded those of exogenous denitrifiers (DNB-ex) (Thauera at 0.20%, Staphylococcus at 0.005%, and Rhodobacter at 0.27%). This study demonstrated that the in situ integrated system was effective in reducing the abundance of pathogens in the drainage channel, and the deficiency of DNB-ex and carbon sources made nitrate removal difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xu Peng
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lu-Ji Yu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zi-Yao Hao
- Research Center for Environmental Planning and Assessment of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ting-Mei Li
- Research Center for Environmental Planning and Assessment of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li-Kun Gu
- Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Karunakaran E, Battarbee R, Tait S, Brentan BM, Berney C, Grinham J, Herrero MA, Omolo R, Douterelo I. Integrating molecular microbial methods to improve faecal pollution management in rivers with designated bathing waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168565. [PMID: 37979848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are at risk from a variety of pollution sources. Faecal pollution is of particular concern since it disperses pathogenic microorganisms in the aquatic environment. Currently, faecal pollution levels in rivers is monitored using faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) that do not offer information about pollution sources and associated risks. This study used a combined molecular approach, along with measurements of water quality, to gain information on pollution sources, and risk levels, in a newly designated recreational bathing site in the River Wharfe (UK). Physico-chemical parameters were monitored in situ, with water quality multiparameter monitoring sondes installed during the 2021 bathing season. The molecular approach was based on quantitative PCR (qPCR)-aided Microbial Source Tracking (MST) and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to obtain a fingerprint of bacterial communities and identify potential bioindicators. The analysis from the water quality sondes showed that ammonium was the main parameter determining the distribution of FIB values. Lower faecal pollution levels were detected in the main river when compared to tributaries, except for samples in the river located downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. The faecal pollution type (anthropogenic vs. zoogenic) changed the diversity and the structure of bacterial communities, giving a distinctive fingerprint that can be used to inform source. DNA-based methods showed that the presence of human-derived bacteria was associated with Escherichia coli spikes, coinciding with higher bacterial diversity and the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria mainly of the genus Mycobacterium, Aeromonas and Clostridium. Samples collected after a heavy rainfall event were associated with an increase in Bacteroidales, which are markers of faecal pollution, including Bacteroides graminisolvens, a ruminant marker associated with surface run-off from agricultural sources. The combined use of qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing was able to identify pollution sources, and novel bacterial indicators, thereby aiding decision-making and management strategies in recreational bathing rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Rick Battarbee
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Addingham Environment Group, Addingham, West Yorkshire LS29 0PD, UK
| | - Simon Tait
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Bruno Melo Brentan
- Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resource Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, Brazil
| | - Cathal Berney
- Addingham Environment Group, Addingham, West Yorkshire LS29 0PD, UK
| | - James Grinham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Maria Angeles Herrero
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Ronex Omolo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Isabel Douterelo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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Tang MLY, Lau SCK. Effects of chlorination on the survival of sewage bacteria in seawater microcosms. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13216. [PMID: 37990630 PMCID: PMC10866060 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination is a commonly used disinfection method in sewage treatment process. However, resistant bacteria may survive chlorination and enter the receiving aquatic environment upon effluent discharge. There has been limited research on the effects of chlorination on bacterial survival in seawater. To address this knowledge gap, microcosm experiments were conducted to simulate the discharge of chlorinated effluents into coastal seawater. The results revealed that bacterial communities in seawater-based effluents survived better in seawater than those in freshwater-based effluents. High chlorine dosages could significantly reduce the viable bacterial populations and their chance of regrowth in seawater. Additionally, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) that entered the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state under chlorination tended to persist in the VBNC state without resuscitation during seawater incubation. Because of the prevalence of VBNC indicator bacteria, qPCR quantification of FIB was more effective than conventional culture-based methods in tracing viable pathogenic chlorine-resistant bacteria, although the correlation strength varied depending on the type of effluent. This study sheds light on how chlorine dosages and the intrinsic properties of effluents affect bacterial survival in seawater and highlights the potential and limitations of using FIB in monitoring the health risks associated with the discharge of chlorinated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Lok Yi Tang
- Department of Ocean ScienceHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Stanley Chun Kwan Lau
- Department of Ocean ScienceHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and MacauHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
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La Manna P, De Carluccio M, Oliva G, Vigliotta G, Rizzo L. Urban wastewater disinfection by iron chelates mediated solar photo-Fenton: Effects on seven pathogens and antibiotic resistance transfer potential. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120966. [PMID: 38070340 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The effects of solar photo-Fenton (SPF) process mediated by the iron chelate Fe3+ imminodisuccinic acid (Fe:IDS) on both the inactivation of seven relevant pathogens and the potential for antibiotic resistance transfer (degradation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and after treatment regrowth), in real secondary treated urban wastewater, were investigated for the first time. A comparison with results obtained by sunlight/H2O2 process and Fe3+ ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (Fe:EDDS) SPF was also carried out. ARGs were quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples before and after (3 h) the treatment. The persistence of the selected pathogens and ARGs was also evaluated in regrowth tests (72 h) under environmentally mimicking conditions. Fe:IDS SPF resulted to be more effective (from 1.4 log removal for Staphylococcus spp. to 4.3 log removal for Escherichia coli) than Fe:EDDS SPF (from 0.8 log removal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 2.0 log removal for Total coliphages) and sunlight/H2O2 (from 1.2 log removal for Clostridium perfringens to 3.3 log removal for E. coli) processes for the seven pathogens investigated. Potential pathogens regrowth was also severely affected, as no substantial regrowth was observed, both in presence and absence of catalase. A similar trend was observed for ARGs removal too (until 0.001 fold change expression for qnrS after 3 h). However, a poor effect and a slight increase in fold change was observed after treatment especially for gyrA, mefA and intl1. Overall, the effect of the investigated processes on ARGs was found to be ARG dependent. Noteworthy, coliphages can regrow after sunlight/H2O2 treatment unlike SPF processes, increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance transfer by transduction mechanism. In conclusion, Fe:IDS SPF is an attractive solution for tertiary treatment of urban wastewater in small wastewater treatment plants as it can provide effective disinfection and a higher protection against antibiotic resistance transfer than the other investigated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino La Manna
- Water Science and Technology group (WaSTe), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marco De Carluccio
- Water Science and Technology group (WaSTe), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Oliva
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vigliotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Water Science and Technology group (WaSTe), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Chen H, Wang K, She S, Yu X, Yu L, Xue G, Li X. Insight into dissolved organic nitrogen transformation and characteristics: Focus on printing and dyeing wastewater treatment process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131086. [PMID: 36857832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Textile industry discharges large amounts of printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW) containing high concentration of refractory dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). However, the DON transformation and characteristics during PDW treatment, and its potential environment impact receive little concern. Treatment groups of dyeing wastewater (G-RB5), printing wastewater (G-Urea) and domestic wastewater (G-NH4Cl) with Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Urea and NH4Cl as influent nitrogen species were set to compare the DON behavior during the hydrolytic acidification-aerobic-anoxic process. G-RB5 exhibited higher DON concentrations with greater fluctuations, and its effluent dominated low molecular weight (LMW) and hydrophilic DON, showing high bioavailability (67.6%) and low biodegradation (8.0%). In the aerobic section, the concentration of microorganism-derived DON in G-RB5 was higher but the nitrogen species were fewer than G-Urea and G-NH4Cl. Grey relational analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Thauera were the common bacteria strains showing high association degree (γ > 0.9) with biodegradable DON (ABDON) in all groups; while microbes related with biodegradable DON (BDON) varied between groups. The higher contents of DON, ABDON, LMW-DON and hydrophilic DON induced by RB5 highlight the importance of controlling DON from textile industry to mitigate the potential risk like algae growth stimulation, which needs more attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shuaiqi She
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Luying Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Nafagha-Lawal MO, Ojimelukwe AE, Lelei EK, Uche AO, Kika PE, Igbiri S, Babatunde BB, Sikoki FD. Nutrients dynamics in water and sediment of the Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:510. [PMID: 35713722 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface water and sediment from Bonny Estuary, Nigeria, were assessed to determine the nutrient dynamics. Nutrients (nitrates, phosphates, and total organic carbon (TOC)) and some physicochemical parameters of water samples are collected from three sampling stations along the Bonny Estuary during wet seasons (April 2017, 2018, and 2019) and dry seasons (November 2017, 2018, and 2019). Physicochemical parameters analyses were conducted in situ using Horiba water checker (Model U-10). Surface water nitrate and phosphate were analysed by APHA 4500-NO3-B Colorimetric method, while sediment nitrates and phosphate by Chemical Analysis for Ecological Matter CAEM/APHA 4500-NO3-E Colorimetric method and TOC by CAEM-Wet-Oxidation Titration method. There was no significant seasonal variation in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, conductivity, and turbidity nor across the sampling stations. TDS values showed significant seasonal variation with higher values in the wet seasons. Surface water nitrate and phosphate had higher concentrations in wet seasons though within recommended limits. Conversely, nitrate, phosphate, and TOC in the sediments were quite high, with higher values in wet seasons, especially the downstream of the estuary. The high levels of nutrients in the sediments as opposed to surface water could be a result of rapid deposition of nutrients which could lead to possible nutrient enrichment of the sediment. Nutrient levels in the sediment have increased fourfold over the study period. This suggests an influx of nutrients into the estuary, due to human activities. Nutrient enrichment could result in deterioration in aquatic water quality and pose a threat to the ecology of the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Okeh Nafagha-Lawal
- National Center for Marine Pollution Monitoring, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
| | - Agatha Ebicaelar Ojimelukwe
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Kariye Lelei
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), PMB 6006, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Arinze Onyekwelu Uche
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Philomina Ehiedu Kika
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Sorbari Igbiri
- World Bank African Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji Bernard Babatunde
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Francis David Sikoki
- National Co-Ordinating Centre Nigeria, IAEA Technical Co-Operation Project, University of Port Harcourt, , Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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