1
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Iyer S, Collier E, Broom TW, Finn ES, Meyer ML. Individuals who see the good in the bad engage distinctive default network coordination during post-encoding rest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306295121. [PMID: 38150498 PMCID: PMC10769837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306295121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Focusing on the upside of negative events often promotes resilience. Yet, the underlying mechanisms that allow some people to spontaneously see the good in the bad remain unclear. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion has long suggested that positive affect, including positivity in the face of negative events, is linked to idiosyncratic thought patterns (i.e., atypical cognitive responses). Yet, evidence in support of this view has been limited, in part, due to difficulty in measuring idiosyncratic cognitive processes as they unfold. To overcome this barrier, we applied Inter-Subject Representational Similarity Analysis to test whether and how idiosyncratic neural responding supports positive reactions to negative experience. We found that idiosyncratic functional connectivity patterns in the brain's default network while resting after a negative experience predicts more positive descriptions of the event. This effect persisted when controlling for connectivity 1) before and during the negative experience, 2) before, during, and after a neutral experience, and 3) between other relevant brain regions (i.e., the limbic system). The relationship between idiosyncratic default network responding and positive affect was largely driven by functional connectivity patterns between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the rest of the default network and occurred relatively quickly during rest. We identified post-encoding rest as a key moment and the default network as a key brain system in which idiosyncratic responses correspond with seeing the good in the bad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Iyer
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Eleanor Collier
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Timothy W. Broom
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Emily S. Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Meghan L. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
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2
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Yamada T, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Plasticity-stability dynamics during post-training processing of learning. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:72-83. [PMID: 37858389 PMCID: PMC10842181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Learning continues beyond the end of training. Post-training learning is supported by changes in plasticity and stability in the brain during both wakefulness and sleep. However, the lack of a unified measure for assessing plasticity and stability dynamics during training and post-training periods has limited our understanding of how these dynamics shape learning. Focusing primarily on procedural learning, we integrate work using behavioral paradigms and a recently developed measure, the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratio, to explore the delicate balance between plasticity and stability and its relationship to post-training learning. This reveals plasticity-stability cycles during both wakefulness and sleep that enhance learning and protect it from new learning during post-training processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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3
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Lin SHN, Lien YR, Shibata K, Sasaki Y, Watanabe T, Lin CP, Chang LH. The phase of plasticity-induced neurochemical changes of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are different from visual perceptual learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5720. [PMID: 37029245 PMCID: PMC10082079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates plasticity. rTMS has often been used to change neural networks underlying learning, often under the assumption that the mechanism of rTMS-induced plasticity should be highly similar to that associated with learning. The presence of visual perceptual learning (VPL) reveals the plasticity of early visual systems, which is formed through multiple phases. Hence, we tested how high-frequency (HF) rTMS and VPL modulate the effect of visual plasticity by investigating neurometabolic changes in early visual areas. We employed an excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratio, which refers to glutamate concentration divided by GABA+ concentration, as an index of the degree of plasticity. We compared neurotransmitter concentration changes after applying HF rTMS to the visual cortex with those after training in a visual task, in otherwise identical procedures. Both the time courses of the E/I ratios and neurotransmitter contributions to the E/I ratio significantly differed between HF rTMS and training conditions. The peak E/I ratio occurred 3.5 h after HF rTMS with decreased GABA+, whereas the peak E/I ratio occurred 0.5 h after visual training with increased glutamate. Furthermore, HF rTMS temporally decreased the thresholds for detecting phosphene and perceiving low-contrast stimuli, indicating increased visual plasticity. These results suggest that plasticity in early visual areas induced by HF rTMS is not as involved in the early phase of development of VPL that occurs during and immediately after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hua N Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun R Lien
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Bang JW, Hamilton-Fletcher G, Chan KC. Visual Plasticity in Adulthood: Perspectives from Hebbian and Homeostatic Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:117-138. [PMID: 34382456 PMCID: PMC9356772 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211037619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The visual system retains profound plastic potential in adulthood. In the current review, we summarize the evidence of preserved plasticity in the adult visual system during visual perceptual learning as well as both monocular and binocular visual deprivation. In each condition, we discuss how such evidence reflects two major cellular mechanisms of plasticity: Hebbian and homeostatic processes. We focus on how these two mechanisms work together to shape plasticity in the visual system. In addition, we discuss how these two mechanisms could be further revealed in future studies investigating cross-modal plasticity in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Bang
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giles Hamilton-Fletcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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5
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McFadden J. Consciousness: Matter or EMF? Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1024934. [PMID: 36741784 PMCID: PMC9889563 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1024934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional theories of consciousness (ToCs) that assume that the substrate of consciousness is the brain's neuronal matter fail to account for fundamental features of consciousness, such as the binding problem. Field ToC's propose that the substrate of consciousness is the brain's best accounted by some kind of field in the brain. Electromagnetic (EM) ToCs propose that the conscious field is the brain's well-known EM field. EM-ToCs were first proposed only around 20 years ago primarily to account for the experimental discovery that synchronous neuronal firing was the strongest neural correlate of consciousness (NCC). Although EM-ToCs are gaining increasing support, they remain controversial and are often ignored by neurobiologists and philosophers and passed over in most published reviews of consciousness. In this review I examine EM-ToCs against established criteria for distinguishing between ToCs and demonstrate that they outperform all conventional ToCs and provide novel insights into the nature of consciousness as well as a feasible route toward building artificial consciousnesses.
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6
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Honma M, Saito S, Atsumi T, Tokushige SI, Inomata-Terada S, Chiba A, Terao Y. Inducing Cortical Plasticity to Manipulate and Consolidate Subjective Time Interval Production. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:511-519. [PMID: 35667769 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Time awareness may change depending on the mental state or disease conditions, although each individual perceives his/her own sense of time as stable and accurate. Nevertheless, the processes that consolidate altered duration production remain unclear. The present study aimed to manipulate the subjective duration production via memory consolidation through the modulation of neural plasticity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first performed false feedback training of duration or length production and examined the period required for natural recovery from the altered production. Next, persistent neural plasticity was promoted by quadripulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (QPS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and primary motor cortex (M1). We conducted the same feedback training in the individual and studied how the time course of false learning changed. RESULTS We observed that altered duration production after false feedback returned to baseline within two hours. Next, immediate exposure to false feedback during neural plasticity enhancement revealed that in individuals who received QPS over the right DLPFC, but not over TPJ or M1, false duration production was maintained for four hours; furthermore, the efficacy persisted for at least one week. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, while learned altered duration production decays over several hours, QPS over the right DLPFC enables the consolidation of newly learned duration production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shoko Saito
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Atsumi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuro Chiba
- Department of Neurology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Haddara N, Rahnev D. The Impact of Feedback on Perceptual Decision-Making and Metacognition: Reduction in Bias but No Change in Sensitivity. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:259-275. [PMID: 35100069 PMCID: PMC9096460 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211032887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that feedback improves behavior, but the mechanisms behind this improvement remain unclear. Different theories postulate that feedback has either a direct effect on performance through automatic reinforcement mechanisms or only an indirect effect mediated by a deliberate change in strategy. To adjudicate between these competing accounts, we performed two large experiments on human adults (total N = 518); approximately half the participants received trial-by-trial feedback on a perceptual task, whereas the other half did not receive any feedback. We found that feedback had no effect on either perceptual or metacognitive sensitivity even after 7 days of training. On the other hand, feedback significantly affected participants' response strategies by reducing response bias and improving confidence calibration. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of feedback stem from allowing people to adjust their strategies for performing the task and not from direct reinforcement mechanisms, at least in the domain of perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Haddara
- Nadia Haddara, Georgia Institute of
Technology, School of Psychology
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8
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Mooney RA, Bastian AJ, Celnik PA. Training at asymptote stabilizes motor memories by reducing intracortical excitation. Cortex 2021; 143:47-56. [PMID: 34375797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Learning similar motor skills in close succession is limited by interference, a phenomenon that takes place early after acquisition when motor memories are unstable. Interference can be bidirectional, as the first memory can be disrupted by the second (retrograde interference), or the second memory can be disrupted by the first (anterograde interference). The heightened plastic state of primary motor cortex after learning is thought to underlie interference, as unstable motor memories compete for neural resources. While time-dependent consolidation processes reduce interference, the passage of time (~6 h) required for memory stabilization limits our capacity to learn multiple motor skills at once. Here, we demonstrate in humans that prolonged training at asymptote of an initial motor skill reduces both retrograde and anterograde interference when a second motor skill is acquired in close succession. Neurophysiological assessments via transcranial magnetic stimulation reflect this online stabilization process. Specifically, excitatory neurotransmission in primary motor cortex increased after short training and decreased after prolonged training at performance asymptote. Of note, this reduction in intracortical excitation after prolonged training was proportional to better skill retention the following day. Importantly, these neurophysiological effects were not observed after motor practice without learning or after a temporal delay. Together, these findings indicate that prolonged training at asymptote improves the capacity to learn multiple motor skills in close succession, and that downregulation of excitatory neurotransmission in primary motor cortex may be a marker of online motor memory stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan A Mooney
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy J Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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9
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Rafiei F, Safrin M, Wokke ME, Lau H, Rahnev D. Transcranial magnetic stimulation alters multivoxel patterns in the absence of overall activity changes. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3804-3820. [PMID: 33991165 PMCID: PMC8288086 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become one of the major tools for establishing the causal role of specific brain regions in perceptual, motor, and cognitive processes. Nevertheless, a persistent limitation of the technique is the lack of clarity regarding its precise effects on neural activity. Here, we examined the effects of TMS intensity and frequency on concurrently recorded blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signals at the site of stimulation. In two experiments, we delivered TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human subjects of both sexes. In Experiment 1, we delivered a series of pulses at high (100% of motor threshold) or low (50% of motor threshold) intensity, whereas, in Experiment 2, we always used high intensity but delivered stimulation at four different frequencies (5, 8.33, 12.5, and 25 Hz). We found that the TMS intensity and frequency could be reliably decoded using multivariate analysis techniques even though TMS had no effect on the overall BOLD activity at the site of stimulation in either experiment. These results provide important insight into the mechanisms through which TMS influences neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Rafiei
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin Safrin
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martijn E Wokke
- Programs in Psychology and Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Ferrarelli F, Phillips M. Examining and Modulating Neural Circuits in Psychiatric Disorders With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography: Present Practices and Future Developments. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:400-413. [PMID: 33653120 PMCID: PMC8119323 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique uniquely equipped to both examine and modulate neural systems and related cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. As an examination tool, TMS can be used in combination with EEG (TMS-EEG) to elucidate directly, objectively, and noninvasively the intrinsic properties of a specific cortical region, including excitation, inhibition, reactivity, and oscillatory activity, irrespective of the individual's conscious effort. Additionally, when applied in repetitive patterns, TMS has been shown to modulate brain networks in healthy individuals, as well as ameliorate symptoms in individuals with psychiatric disorders. The key role of TMS in assessing and modulating neural dysfunctions and associated clinical and cognitive deficits in psychiatric populations is therefore becoming increasingly evident. In this article, the authors review TMS-EEG studies in schizophrenia and mood disorders, as most TMS-EEG studies to date have focused on individuals with these disorders. The authors present the evidence on the efficacy of repetitive TMS (rTMS) and theta burst stimulation (TBS), when targeting specific cortical areas, in modulating neural circuits and ameliorating symptoms and abnormal behaviors in individuals with psychiatric disorders, especially when informed by resting-state and task-related neuroimaging measures. Examples of how the combination of TMS-EEG assessments and rTMS and TBS paradigms can be utilized to both characterize and modulate neural circuit alterations in individuals with psychiatric disorders are also provided. This approach, along with the evaluation of the behavioral effects of TMS-related neuromodulation, has the potential to lead to the development of more effective and personalized interventions for individuals with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Mary Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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11
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Bang JW, Rahnev D. Awake suppression after brief exposure to a familiar stimulus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:348. [PMID: 33731846 PMCID: PMC7969731 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly learned information undergoes a process of awake reactivation shortly after the learning offset and we recently demonstrated that this effect can be observed as early as area V1. However, reactivating all experiences can be wasteful and unnecessary, especially for familiar stimuli. Therefore, here we tested whether awake reactivation occurs differentially for new and familiar stimuli. Subjects completed a brief visual task on a stimulus that was either novel or highly familiar due to extensive prior training on it. Replicating our previous results, we found that awake reactivation occurred in V1 for the novel stimulus. On the other hand, brief exposure to the familiar stimulus led to 'awake suppression' such that neural activity patterns immediately after exposure to the familiar stimulus diverged from the patterns associated with that stimulus. Further, awake reactivation was observed selectively in V1, whereas awake suppression had similar strength across areas V1-V3. These results are consistent with the presence of a competition between local awake reactivation and top-down awake suppression, with suppression becoming dominant for familiar stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Bang
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Shmuel D, Frank SM, Sharon H, Sasaki Y, Watanabe T, Censor N. Early Visual Cortex Stimulation Modifies Well-Consolidated Perceptual Gains. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:138-146. [PMID: 32803241 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception thresholds can improve through repeated practice with visual tasks. Can an already acquired and well-consolidated perceptual skill be noninvasively neuromodulated, unfolding the neural mechanisms involved? Here, leveraging the susceptibility of reactivated memories ranging from synaptic to systems levels across learning and memory domains and animal models, we used noninvasive brain stimulation to neuromodulate well-consolidated reactivated visual perceptual learning and reveal the underlying neural mechanisms. Subjects first encoded and consolidated the visual skill memory by performing daily practice sessions with the task. On a separate day, the consolidated visual memory was briefly reactivated, followed by low-frequency, inhibitory 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over early visual cortex, which was individually localized using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Poststimulation perceptual thresholds were measured on the final session. The results show modulation of perceptual thresholds following early visual cortex stimulation, relative to control stimulation. Consistently, resting state functional connectivity between trained and untrained parts of early visual cortex prior to training predicted the magnitude of perceptual threshold modulation. Together, these results indicate that even previously consolidated human perceptual memories are susceptible to neuromodulation, involving early visual cortical processing. Moreover, the opportunity to noninvasively neuromodulate reactivated perceptual learning may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Shmuel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sebastian M Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Haggai Sharon
- Center for Brain Functions and Institute of Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 62431, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Nitzan Censor
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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13
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Tambini A, D'Esposito M. Causal Contribution of Awake Post-encoding Processes to Episodic Memory Consolidation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3533-3543.e7. [PMID: 32735812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable representations of past experience are thought to depend on processes that unfold after events are initially encoded into memory. Post-encoding reactivation and hippocampal-cortical interactions are leading candidate mechanisms thought to support memory retention and stabilization across hippocampal-cortical networks. Although putative consolidation mechanisms have been observed during sleep and periods of awake rest, the direct causal contribution of awake consolidation mechanisms to later behavior is unclear, especially in humans. Moreover, it has been argued that observations of putative consolidation processes are epiphenomenal and not causally important, yet there are few tools to test the functional contribution of these mechanisms in humans. Here, we combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and fMRI to test the role of awake consolidation processes by targeting hippocampal interactions with lateral occipital cortex (LOC). We applied theta-burst TMS to LOC (and a control site) to interfere with an extended window (approximately 30-50 min) after memory encoding. Behaviorally, post-encoding TMS to LOC selectively impaired associative memory retention compared to multiple control conditions. In the control TMS condition, we replicated prior reports of post-encoding reactivation and memory-related hippocampal-LOC interactions during periods of awake rest using fMRI. However, post-encoding LOC TMS reduced these processes, such that post-encoding reactivation in LOC and memory-related hippocampal-LOC functional connectivity were no longer present. By targeting and manipulating post-encoding neural processes, these findings highlight the direct contribution of awake time periods to episodic memory consolidation. This combined TMS-fMRI approach provides an opportunity for causal manipulations of human memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Tambini
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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