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Das S, Das A, Das N, Nath T, Langthasa M, Pandey P, Kumar V, Choure K, Kumar S, Pandey P. Harnessing the potential of microbial keratinases for bioconversion of keratin waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6. [PMID: 38985428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global consumption of poultry meat has led to the generation of a vast quantity of feather keratin waste daily, posing significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal methods. A growing focus is on utilizing keratinous polymeric waste, amounting to millions of tons annually. Keratins are biochemically rigid, fibrous, recalcitrant, physiologically insoluble, and resistant to most common proteolytic enzymes. Microbial biodegradation of feather keratin provides a viable solution for augmenting feather waste's nutritional value while mitigating environmental contamination. This approach offers an alternative to traditional physical and chemical treatments. This review focuses on the recent findings and work trends in the field of keratin degradation by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) via keratinolytic and proteolytic enzymes, as well as the limitations and challenges encountered due to the low thermal stability of keratinase, and degradation in the complex environmental conditions. Therefore, recent biotechnological interventions such as designing novel keratinase with high keratinolytic activity, thermostability, and binding affinity have been elaborated here. Enhancing protein structural rigidity through critical engineering approaches, such as rational design, has shown promise in improving the thermal stability of proteins. Concurrently, metagenomic annotation offers insights into the genetic foundations of keratin breakdown, primarily predicting metabolic potential and identifying probable keratinases. This may extend the understanding of microbial keratinolytic mechanisms in a complex community, recognizing the significance of synergistic interactions, which could be further utilized in optimizing industrial keratin degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Nandita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Tamanna Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Prisha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India, 248016
| | - Kamlesh Choure
- Department of Biotechnology, AKS University, Satna, 485001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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2
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Admasie TZ, Biadglegne F, Abda EM. Alkaline keratinase from Bacillus sp. DRS4 efficiently biodegrades chicken feathers to synthesize improved keratin/bacterial nanocellulose-based bioplastics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32768. [PMID: 38975182 PMCID: PMC11225757 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken feathers represent an abundant and sustainable resource that can be harnessed for multiple value-added products. Bioplastic reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose was synthesized using enzymatically digested chicken feathers. A highly efficient keratinolytic bacterium, identified as Bacillus sp. DRS4 through biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, was isolated from deposit soils of Lake Chitu in Ethiopia. Bacillus sp. DRS4 was able to completely degrade chicken feathers within 48 h. Optimization of the physicochemical parameters increased the enzyme yield from Bacillus sp. DRS4 by 30%. The enzyme showed optimal keratinolytic activity at 37 °C and pH 11, hydrolyzing white chicken feathers in 72 h and providing hydrolysates with a total protein content of 251.145 mg/mL. Further, the mechanical and thermal properties of a bioplastic made from hydrolysates and reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose were assessed. The bioplastic exhibited a remarkable tensile strength of 5.769 MPa and reached a melting temperature of 127.5 °C, suggesting that bacterial nanocellulose acts as an effective stabilizer. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed additional peaks in BNC-reinforced plastic films, indicating a binding interaction that enhanced the bioplastic properties. Overall, Bacillus sp. DRS4 is a potential strain for alkaline keratinase production and a promising candidate for upgrading chicken feathers into high-value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiruwork Zewudie Admasie
- Biotechnology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1647, Ethiopia
| | - Fantahun Biadglegne
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- Interventional Radiology Innovation at Stanford, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, Ca 94304, USA
| | - Ebrahim M. Abda
- Biotechnology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1647, Ethiopia
- Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1647, Ethiopia
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3
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Han S, Lu Y, Peng L, Dong X, Zhu L, Han Y. Transcriptomics Reveals the Mechanism of Purpureocillium lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP in Degrading Keratin Material. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:227. [PMID: 38879855 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of keratin is characterized by its inherent safety, remarkable efficiency, and the production of copious degradation products. All these attributes contribute to the effective management of waste materials at high value-added and in a sustainable manner. Microbial degradation of keratin materials remains unclear, however, with variations observed in the degradation genes and pathways among different microorganisms. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of Purpureocillium lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP mycelia on control medium and the medium containing 1% feather powder, analyzed the differentially expressed genes, and revealed the degradation mechanism of chicken feathers by P. lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP. The results showed that the chicken feather degradation rate of P. lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP reached 64% after 216 h of incubation in the fermentation medium, reaching a peak value of 148.9 μg·mL-1 at 192 h, and the keratinase enzyme activity reached a peak value of 211 U·mL-1 at 168 h, which revealed that P. lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP had a better keratin degradation effect. A total of 1001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the transcriptome database, including 475 upregulated genes and 577 downregulated genes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed that the metabolic pathways related to keratin degradation were mainly sulfur metabolism, ABC transporters, and amino acid metabolism. Therefore, the results of this study provide an opportunity to gain further insight into keratin degradation and promote the biotransformation of feather wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Han
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yingxia Lu
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan Peng
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Han
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Yan M, Chen Y, Feng Y, Saeed M, Fang Z, Zhen W, Ni Z, Chen H. Perspective on Agricultural Industrialization: Modification Strategies for Enhancing the Catalytic Capacity of Keratinase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38832583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Keratinases is a special hydrolytic enzyme produced by microorganisms, which has the ability to catalyze the degradation of keratin. Currently, keratinases show great potential for application in many agricultural and industrial fields, such as biofermented feed, leather tanning, hair removal, and fertilizer production. However, these potentials have not yet been fully unleashed on an industrial scale. This paper reviews the sources, properties, and catalytic mechanisms of keratinases. Strategies for the molecular modification of keratinases are summarized and discussed in terms of improving the substrate specificity, thermostability, and pH tolerance of keratinases. The modification strategies are also enriched by the introduction of immobilized enzymes and directed evolution. In addition, the selection of modification strategies when facing specific industrial applications is discussed and prospects are provided. We believe that this review serves as a reference for the future quest to extend the application of keratinases from the laboratory to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Yan
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yong Feng
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Wang Zhen
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
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Song C, Liu R, Yin D, Xie C, Liang Y, Yang D, Jiang M, Zhang H, Shen N. A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unveils the Mechanisms of Response in Feather Degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7. Microorganisms 2024; 12:841. [PMID: 38674785 PMCID: PMC11052024 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of feathers offers potential for bioremediation, yet the microbial response mechanisms warrant additional investigation. In prior work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7, which demonstrated robust degradation of feathers at elevated concentrations, was isolated. However, the molecular mechanism of this degradation remains only partially understood. To investigate this, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the genes that were expressed differentially in P. aeruginosa Gxun-7 when exposed to 25 g/L of feather substrate. The RNA-seq analysis identified 5571 differentially expressed genes; of these, 795 were upregulated and 603 were downregulated. Upregulated genes primarily participated in proteolysis, amino acid, and pyruvate metabolism. Genes encoding proteases, as well as those involved in sulfur metabolism, phenazine synthesis, and type VI secretion systems, were notably elevated, highlighting their crucial function in feather decomposition. Integration of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) taxonomies, combined with a review of the literature, led us to propose that metabolic feather degradation involves environmental activation, reducing agent secretion, protease release, peptide/amino acid uptake, and metabolic processes. Sulfite has emerged as a critical activator of keratinase catalysis, while cysteine serves as a regulatory mediator. qRT-PCR assay results for 11 selected gene subset corroborated the RNA-seq findings. This study enhances our understanding of the transcriptomic responses of P. aeruginosa Gxun-7 to feather degradation and offers insights into potential degradation mechanisms, thereby aiding in the formulation of effective feather waste management strategies in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Rui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Doudou Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Chenjie Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Ying Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, No. 98, Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Naikun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
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Jagadeesan Y, Meenakshisundaram S, Pichaimuthu S, Balaiah A. A scientific version of understanding "Why did the chickens cross the road"? - A guided journey through Bacillus spp. towards sustainable agriculture, circular economy and biofortification. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117907. [PMID: 38109965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The world, a famished planet with an overgrowing population, requires enormous food crops. This scenario compelled the farmers to use a high quantity of synthetic fertilizers for high food crop productivity. However, prolonged usage of chemical fertilizers results in severe adverse effects on soil and water quality. On the other hand, the growing population significantly consumes large quantities of poultry meats. Eventually, this produces a mammoth amount of poultry waste, chicken feathers. Owing to the protein value of the chicken feathers, these wastes are converted into protein hydrolysate and further extend their application as biostimulants for sustained agriculture. The protein profile of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) produced through Bacillus spp. was the maximum compared to physical and chemical protein extraction methods. Several studies proved that the application of CFPH and active Bacillus spp. culture to soil and plants results in enhanced plant growth, phytochemical constituents, crop yield, soil nutrients, fertility, microbiome and resistance against diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Overall, "CFPH - Jack of all trades" and "Bacillus spp. - an active camouflage to the surroundings where they applied showed profound and significant benefits to the plant growth under the most adverse conditions. In addition, Bacillus spp. coheres the biofortification process in plants through the breakdown of metals into metal ions that eventually increase the nutrient value of the food crops. However, detailed information on them is missing. This can be overcome by further real-world studies on rhizoengineering through a multi-omics approach and their interaction with plants. This review has explored the best possible and efficient strategy for managing chicken feather wastes into protein-rich CFPH through Bacillus spp. bioconversion and utilizing the CFPH and Bacillus spp. as biostimulants, biofertilizers, biopesticides and biofortificants. This paper is an excellent report on organic waste management, circular economy and sustainable agriculture research frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Shanmugapriya Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Suthakaran Pichaimuthu
- Genprotic Biopharma Private Limited, SPIC Bioprocess Laboratory, Anna University, Taramani Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600113, India.
| | - Anandaraj Balaiah
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
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Li K, Li G, Liang Y, Zhang R, Peng S, Tan M, Ma D. Structural and enzymatic characterization of a novel metallo-serine keratinase KerJY-23. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129659. [PMID: 38266845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
KerJY-23 was a novel keratinase from feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23, but its enzymatic characterization and structure are still unclear. In this study, the KerJY-23 was obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and enzymatic properties indicated that KerJY-23 was optimal at 60 °C and pH 9.0 and could be promoted by divalent metal ions or reducing agents. Furthermore, KerJY-23 had a broad substrate specificity towards casein, soluble keratin, and expanded feather powder, but its in vitro degradation against chicken feathers required an additional reducing agent. Homology modeling indicated that KerJY-23 contained a highly conserved zinc-binding HELTH motif and a His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad that belonged to the typical characteristics of M4-family metallo-keratinase and serine-keratinase, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that KerJY-23 achieved a reinforced binding on feather keratin via abundant hydrogen bonding interactions. This work not only deepened understanding of the novel and interesting metallo-serine keratinase KerJY-23, but also provided a theoretical basis for realizing the efficient use of waste feather keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ganghui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yingyin Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Donglin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Vojnovic S, Aleksic I, Ilic-Tomic T, Stevanovic M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as hosts for production of industrially relevant enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:185. [PMID: 38289383 PMCID: PMC10827964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The application of enzymes is expanding across diverse industries due to their nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. Another advantage is their cost-effectiveness, reflected in reduced processing time, water, and energy consumption. Although Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. are successfully used for production of industrially relevant enzymes, they still lag far behind Escherichia coli as hosts for recombinant protein production. Generally, proteins secreted by Bacillus and Streptomyces hosts are released into the culture medium; their native conformation is preserved and easier recovery process enabled. Given the resilience of both hosts in harsh environmental conditions and their spore-forming capability, a deeper understanding and broader use of Bacillus and Streptomyces as expression hosts could significantly enhance the robustness of industrial bioprocesses. This mini-review aims to compare two expression hosts, emphasizing their specific advantages in industrial surroundings such are chemical, detergent, textile, food, animal feed, leather, and paper industries. The homologous sources, heterologous hosts, and molecular tools used for the production of recombinant proteins in these hosts are discussed. The potential to use both hosts as biocatalysts is also evaluated. Undoubtedly, Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as production hosts possess the potential to take on a more substantial role, providing superior (bio-based) process robustness and flexibility. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as robust hosts for enzyme production. • Industrially relevant enzyme groups for production in alternative hosts highlighted. • Molecular biology techniques are enabling easier utilization of both hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vojnovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ilic-Tomic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
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Li K, Li G, Peng S, Tan M. Effective biodegradation on chicken feather by the recombinant KerJY-23 Bacillus subtilis WB600: A synergistic process coupled by disulfide reductase and keratinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127194. [PMID: 37793516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Keratin wastes are abundantly available but rich in hard-degrading fibrous proteins, and the keratinase-producing microorganisms have gained significant attention due to their biodegradation ability against keratinous materials. In order to improve the degradation efficiency of feather keratins, the keratinase gene (kerJY-23) from our previously isolated feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 was overexpressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600 strain. The recombinant KerJY-23 strain degraded chicken feathers rapidly within 48 h, during which the activities of disulfide reductase and keratinase KerJY-23 were sharply increased, and the free amino acids especially the essential phenylalanine and tyrosine were significantly accumulated in feather hydrolysate. The results of structural characterizations including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrated that the feather microstructure together with the polypeptide bonds and SS bonds in feather keratins were attacked and destroyed by the recombinant KerJY-23 strain. Therefore, the recombinant KerJY-23 strain contributed to feather degradation through the synergistic action of the secreted disulfide reductase to break the SS bonds and keratinase (KerJY-23) to hydrolyze the polypeptide bonds in keratins. This study offers a new insight into the underlying mechanism of keratin degradation, and provides a potential recombinant strain for the valorization of keratin wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ganghui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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10
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Wang Z, Yan M, Saeed M, Li K, Chen Y, Okoye CO, Fang Z, Ni Z, Chen H. The flexible linker and CotG were more effective for the spore surface display of keratinase KERQ7. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:35. [PMID: 38057620 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Feather, horn, hoof, and other keratin waste are protein-rich but limited by natural keratinase synthesis, activity, pH, and temperature stability. It is challenging to realize its large-scale application in industries. Bacillus subtilis spores are a safe, efficient, and highly resistant immobilized carrier, which can improve target proteins' resistance. In this research, KERQ7, the keratinase gene of Bacillus tequilensis strain Q7, was fused to the Bacillus subtilis genes coding for the coat proteins CotG and CotB, respectively, and displayed on the surface of B. subtilis spores. Compared with the free KERQ7, the immobilized KERQ7 showed a greater pH tolerance and heat resistance on the spore surface. The activity of CotG-KERQ7 is 1.25 times that of CotB-KERQ7, and CotG-KERQ7 is more stable. When the flexible linker peptide L3 was used to connect CotG and KERQ7, the activity was increased to 131.2 ± 3.4%, and the residual enzyme activity was still 62.5 ± 2.2% after being kept at 60 ℃ for 4 h. These findings indicate that the flexible linker and CotG were more effective for the spore surface display of keratinase to improve stress resistance and promote its wide application in feed, tanning, washing, and other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingchen Yan
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Keyi Li
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanzhen Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Zoology & Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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11
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Zhou B, Guo Y, Xue Y, Ji X, Huang Y. Comprehensive insights into the mechanism of keratin degradation and exploitation of keratinase to enhance the bioaccessibility of soybean protein. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:177. [PMID: 37978558 PMCID: PMC10655438 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is a recalcitrant protein and can be decomposed in nature. However, the mechanism of keratin degradation is still not well understood. In this study, Bacillus sp. 8A6 can completely degrade the feather in 20 h, which is an efficient keratin degrader reported so far. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis continuously tracks the metabolism of Bacillus sp. 8A6 throughout its growth in feather medium. It reveals for the first time how the strain can acquire nutrients and energy in an oligotrophic feather medium for proliferation in the early stage. Then, the degradation of the outer lipid layer of feather can expose the internal keratin structure for disulfide bonds reduction by sulfite from the newly identified sulfite metabolic pathway, disulfide reductases and iron uptake. The resulting weakened keratin has been further proposedly de-assembled by the S9 protease and hydrolyzed by synergistic effects of the endo, exo and oligo-proteases from S1, S8, M3, M14, M20, M24, M42, M84 and T3 families. Finally, bioaccessible peptides and amino acids are generated and transported for strain growth. The keratinase has been applied for soybean hydrolysis, which generates 2234 peptides and 559.93 mg/L17 amino acids. Therefore, the keratinases, inducing from the poultry waste, have great potential to be further applied for producing bioaccessible peptides and amino acids for feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiya Zhou
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Huizhou Institute of Green Energy and Advanced Materials, Huizhou, 516000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yandong Guo
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yaju Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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12
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Peng S, Li H, Zhang S, Zhang R, Cheng X, Li K. Isolation of a novel feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 strain and characterization of a new keratinase in the M4 metalloprotease family. Microbiol Res 2023; 274:127439. [PMID: 37364416 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial keratinases have prominent potential in biotransformation of recalcitrant keratin substrates to value-added products which has made keratinases a research focus in the past decades. In this study, an efficient feather-degrading bacterium was isolated and identified as a novel species in Ectobacillus genus and designated as Ectobacillus sp. JY-23. The degradation characteristics analysis revealed that Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 could utilize chicken feathers (0.4% w/v) as the sole nutrient source and degraded 92.95% of feathers in 72 h. A significant increase in sulfite and free sulfydryl group content detected in the feather hydrolysate (culture supernatant) indicated efficient reduction of disulfide bonds, which inferred that the degradation mechanism of isolated strain was a synergetic action of sulfitolysis and proteolysis. Moreover, abundant amino acids were also detected, among which proline and glycine were the predominant free amino acids. Then, the keratinase of Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 was mined and Y1_15990 was identified as the keratinase encoding gene of Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 and designated as kerJY-23. Escherichia coli strain overexpressing kerJY-23 degraded chicken feathers in 48 h. Finally, bioinformatics prediction of KerJY-23 demonstrated that it belonged to the M4 metalloprotease family, which was a third keratinase member in this family. KerJY-23 showed low sequence identity to the other two keratinase members, indicating the novelty of KerJY-23. Overall, this study presents a novel feather-degrading bacterium and a new keratinase in the M4 metalloprotease family with remarkable potential in feather keratin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hanguang Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuaiwen Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Fang Z, Li H, Fang J. Molecular design and experimental study of deep eutectic solvent extraction of keratin derived from feathers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124512. [PMID: 37086760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Feather keratin has a complex structure, hard texture and must be treated to improve its bioavailability. In this paper, according to the designability of DES, some deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared to degrade feathers and extract keratin. Calculations by quantum chemical methods showed that DESs were considered molecular scissors with the ability to break initial hydrogen bonds and form new bonds only when the Gibbs free energy change for the degradation process was ΔG < 0, i.e., hydrogen binding energy ΔE < -0.3038 kcal/mol. Then, the degradation mechanism was predicted to provide guidance for the molecular design of DES. Finally, experimental results showed that the same ratio of choline chloride-based DESs had higher catalytic performance, in which [ChCl][P][ZnCl2] 1:5:2 was used with a high yield of keratin of 85.46 %. DES had a high catalytic performance after multiple recycling cycles and this method has no H2S gas generation, which improves the atomic utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shizhuo Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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14
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Tang C, Li J, Shen Y, Liu M, Liu H, Liu H, Xun L, Xia Y. A sulfide-sensor and a sulfane sulfur-sensor collectively regulate sulfur-oxidation for feather degradation by Bacillus licheniformis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:167. [PMID: 36765168 PMCID: PMC9918477 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis MW3 degrades bird feathers. Feather keratin is rich in cysteine, which is metabolized to produce hazardous sulfide and sulfane sulfur. A challenge to B. licheniformis MW3 growing on feathers is to detoxify them. Here we identified a gene cluster in B. licheniformis MW3 to deal with these toxicity. The cluster contains 11 genes: the first gene yrkD encodes a repressor, the 8th and 9th genes nreB and nreC encode a two-component regulatory system, and the 10th and 11th genes encode sulfide: quinone reductase (SQR) and persulfide oxygenase (PDO). SQR and PDO collectively oxidize sulfide and sulfane sulfur to sulfite. YrkD sensed sulfane sulfur to derepress the 11 genes. The NreBC system sensed sulfide and further amplified the transcription of sqr and pdo. The two regulatory systems synergistically controlled the expression of the gene cluster, which was required for the bacterium to grow on feather. The findings highlight the necessity of removing sulfide and sulfane sulfur during feather degradation and may help with bioremediation of feather waste and sulfide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Present Address: Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie of Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuemeng Shen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Menghui Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglei Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China. .,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7520, USA.
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Streptomyces isolated from bird feathers as a potential source for novel antibiotics. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:81. [PMID: 36738340 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces, the main source of antibiotics essential for human health, are widely distributed in nature among terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric environments. New trends in antibiotic discovery are focused in the search for novel bioactive strains in unexplored habitats. We provide here evidence of the presence of diverse Streptomyces populations in wild bird feathers, such as the seagull, Larus michahellis, collected at Northern Spain; the sparrow, Passer domesticus, and the hoopoe, Upupa epops, both collected in Southern Spain. Taxonomic identification of fourteen bioactive strains, by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analyses, revealed that all of them are homologous to a total of 10 different Streptomyces. Strains from seagull samples are homologous to other antibiotic producers previously isolated from atmospheric, marine and terrestrial environments in the Cantabrian Sea region, Northern Spain. Isolates form Southern feather samples, from a house sparrow and a Eurasian hoopoe, are homologues to Streptomyces strains previously isolated mainly from soils along the Mediterranean region. The most relevant feature is that they are producers of diverse antibiotics with activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. We report here the successful activation of silent antibiotic biosynthetic pathways in response to changes in environmental conditions, such as incubation temperature and salinity of the culture medium, in agreement with the OSMAC approach, One Strain Many Compounds. The finding of bioactive Streptomyces in bird's plumage might be of relevance, not only in the ecology of Streptomyces-birds associations, but also in medicine and biotechnology since they can be regarded as a potential source for novel antibiotics.
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16
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Research progress on the degradation mechanism and modification of keratinase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1003-1017. [PMID: 36633625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is regarded as the main component of feathers and is difficult to be degraded by conventional proteases, leading to substantial abandonment. Keratinase is the only enzyme with the most formidable potential for degrading feathers. Although there have been in-depth studies in recent years, the large-scale application of keratinase is still associated with many problems. It is relatively challenging to find keratinase not only with high activity but could also meet the industrial application environment, so it is urgent to exploit keratinase with high acid and temperature resistance, strong activity, and low price. Therefore, researchers have been keen to explore the degradation mechanism of keratinases and the modification of existing keratinases for decades. This review critically introduces the basic properties and mechanism of keratinase, and focuses on the current situation of keratinase modification and the direction and strategy of its future application and modification. KEY POINTS: •The research status and mechanism of keratinase were reviewed. •The new direction of keratinase application and modification is discussed. •The existing modification methods and future modification strategies of keratinases are reviewed.
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17
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Synergic chitin degradation by Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3 chitinases and their applications in chitinous waste recycling and pathogenic fungi biocontrol. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:987-996. [PMID: 36403764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Streptomyces comprises the most important chitin decomposers in soil and revealing their chitinolytic machinery is beneficial for the conversion of chitinous wastes. Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3, a chitin-hydrolyzing and a robust feather-degrading bacterium, was isolated previously. The potential chitin-degrading enzymes produced by SCUT-3 were analyzed in the present study. Among these enzymes, three chitinases were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris at comparatively high yields of 4.8 U/mL (SsExoChi18A), 11.2 U/mL (SsExoChi18B), and 17.8 U/mL (SsEndoChi19). Conserved motifs and constructive 3D structures of these three exo- and endochitinases were also analyzed. These chitinases hydrolyzed colloidal chitin to chitin oligomers. SsExoChi18A showed apparent synergic effects with SsEndoChi19 in colloidal chitin and shrimp shell hydrolysis, with an improvement of 29.3 % and 124.9 %, respectively. Compared with SsExoChi18B and SsEndoChi19, SsExoChi18A exhibited the strongest antifungal effects against four plant pathogens by inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination. This study provided good candidates for chitinous waste-processing enzymes and antifungal biocontrol agents. These synergic chitin-degrading enzymes of SCUT-3 are good targets for its further genetical modification to construct super chitinous waste-degrading bacteria with strong abilities to hydrolyze both protein and chitin, thereby providing a direction for the future path of the chitinous waste recycling industry.
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18
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Sahoo S, Dash S, Rath B, Mondal KC, Mandal A. Commercial Initiation of Feather Hydrolysate as Supreme Fertilizer: A Smart Bio-Cleaning Strategy of Poultry Waste. WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION 2022; 14:2151-2166. [PMID: 36540722 PMCID: PMC9755779 DOI: 10.1007/s12649-022-01982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Economic development of India mainly depends on agricultural sectors. The Indian traditional agricultural system is mainly based on chemical fertilizer to get better yield. The main motto of this research work is to change the traditional faith of Indian farmers and rural Indian economy. Methods Bioprocessing of feather prepared from an efficient newly isolated bacterial strain, identified as Bacillus wiedmanni SAB10 is used to produce a nitrogen rich liquid fertilizer. The cell-free hydrolysate was prepared from submerged fermentation of poultry litter (1.25%, w/v) as sole media with supplemented as chicken feather (1%, w/v) in 79.41 h with pH 10.6. Results Fermented hydrolysate contains a significant quantity of total amino acid (503.02 mg/L) with diversity (Cystine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, lysine, Valine, Proline and Alanine), total oligopeptides (4.65 mg/ml) and thiol content (58.09 µg/ml) which influence growth and yield (1.02 fold) of moong beans (Vigna radiata) plant in pot trials and as well as successfully scale up in field trials by the farmers. This liquid fertilizer not only makes plant healthy and has drought tolerance (proline content- 0.023 mg/g) capacity but also increases the grain quality by spraying the fertilizer on foliage with a ratio of 2:1 (Water: Feather hydrolysate) for two times (before the 1st flash and 2nd flash of flowering). Conclusion Fermented feather hydrolysate is used full as a foliage fertilizer for the cultivation of moong beans. Some commercial properties and its eco-friendly, cost-effectiveness will make it a smart liquid fertilizer in near future. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12649-022-01982-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Sahoo
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odissa 757 003 India
- Dept. of Microbiology, Asutosh College, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 026 India
| | - Satyabrata Dash
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odissa 757 003 India
| | - Biswajit Rath
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odissa 757 003 India
| | - Keshab C. Mondal
- Dept. of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721 102 India
| | - Arpita Mandal
- Dept. of Microbiology, Asutosh College, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 026 India
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19
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Akram F, Aqeel A, Shoaib M, Haq IU, Shah FI. Multifarious revolutionary aspects of microbial keratinases: an efficient green technology for future generation with prospective applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86913-86932. [PMID: 36271998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of century, tons of keratin bio-waste is generated by the poultry industry annually, and they end up causing environmental havoc. Keratins are highly flexible fibrous proteins which exist in α- and β- forms and provide mechanical strength and stability to structural appendages. The finding of broad-spectrum protease, keratinase, from thermophilic bacteria and fungi, has provided an eco-friendly solution to hydrolyze the peptide bonds in highly recalcitrant keratinous substances such as nails, feathers, claws, and horns into valuable amino acids. Microorganisms produce these proteolytic enzymes by techniques of solid-state and submerged fermentation. However, solid-state fermentation is considered as a yielding approach for the production of thermostable keratinases. This review prioritized the molecular and biochemical properties of microbial keratinases, and the role of keratinases in bringing prodigious impact for the sustainable progress of the economy. It also emphasizes on the current development in keratinase production with the focus to improve the biochemical properties related to enzyme's catalytic activity and stability, and production of mutant and cloned microbial strains to improve the yield of keratinases. Recently, multitude molecular approaches have been employed to enhance enzyme's productivity, activity, and thermostability which makes them suitable for pharmaceutical industry and for the production of animal feed, organic fertilizers, biogas, clearing of animal hides, and detergent formulation. Hence, it can be surmised that microbial keratinolytic enzymes are the conceivable candidates for numerous commercial and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Minahil Shoaib
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Science, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Iftikhar Shah
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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20
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Padmavathi A, Vijayaraghavan R, Prakash B. Structural characterization and active site prediction of keratinase from Bacillus flexus. Bioinformation 2022; 18:780-785. [PMID: 37426513 PMCID: PMC10326337 DOI: 10.6026/97320630018780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm soil samples. The highest keratinlytic enzyme producers of Bacillus flexus was confirmed with 16S rRNA sequence analysis. It is of interest to understand the binding efficiency of the modelled keratinase from Bacillus flexus with different substrates using molecular docking studies. Data provides insights for the identification of substrate recognition patterns, and the development of suitable enzymes to improve their use in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Padmavathi
- Department of Microbiology, Nehru Arts & Science College Coimbatore, TN, India
| | | | - Balu Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies [VISTAS], Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Li X, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Jiang G, Gan L, Tian Y, Shi B. High-expression and characterization of a novel serine protease from Ornithinibacillus caprae L9 T with eco-friendly applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35996-36012. [PMID: 35060042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, a novel thermophilic serine protease gene (P3862) from Ornithinibacillus caprae L9T was functionally expressed in Bacillus subtilis SCK6. The monomeric enzyme of about 29 kDa was purified to homogeneity with 43.91% of recovery and 2.81-folds of purification. Characterization of the purified protease revealed the optimum activity at pH 7 and 65 °C. The protease exhibited excellent activity and stability in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, ethanediol, n-hexane, Tween-20, Tween-80 and Triton X-100. P3862 displayed favorable caseinolytic activity, moderate keratinolytic activity but no collagenolytic activity. Besides, the homology model of P3862 possessed a globular configuration and characteristic of α/β hydrolase fold, and displayed stable interactions with casein, glycoprotein and keratin rather than collagen. Moreover, the crude enzyme could completely dehair goatskin within 6 h, resulting in decrease in BOD5, COD and TSS loads by 72.86, 74.07, and 73.79%, respectively, as compared with Na2S treatment. Biocatalytic applications revealed that it could effectively remove egg-stains from fabrics at 37 °C for 30 min with low supplementation (300 U/mL), and was able to degrade the feathers of duck and chicken. Overall, these outstanding properties make P3862 valuable in the development of environmentally friendly biotechnologies .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhan Gan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Shen N, Yang M, Xie C, Pan J, Pang K, Zhang H, Wang Y, Jiang M. Isolation and identification of a feather degrading Bacillus tropicus strain Gxun-17 from marine environment and its enzyme characteristics. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 35307009 PMCID: PMC8935741 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feathers are the most abundant agricultural waste produced by poultry farms. The accumulation of a large number of feathers not only seriously pollutes the environment but also causes the waste of protein resources. The degradation of feather waste by keratinase-producing strains is currently a promising method. Therefore, screening high-producing keratinase strains from marine environment and studying the fermentation conditions, enzymatic properties and feather degradation mechanism are crucial for efficient degradation of feathers. Results A novel efficient feather-degrading bacteria, Gxun-17, isolated from the soil sample of a marine duck farm of Beibu Gulf in Guangxi, China, was identified as Bacillus tropicus. The optimum fermentation conditions were obtained by single factor and orthogonal tests as follows: feather concentration of 15 g/L, maltose concentration of 10.0 g/L, MgSO4 concentration of 0.1 g/L, initial pH of 7.0 and temperature of 32.5 °C. The strain completely degraded the feathers within 48 h, and the highest keratinase activity was 112.57 U/mL, which was 3.18-fold that obtained with the basic medium (35.37 U/mL). Detecting the keratinase activity and the content of sulphur-containing compounds in the fermentation products showed that the degradation of feathers by the strain might be a synergistic effect of the enzyme and sulphite. The keratinase showed optimal enzyme activity at pH 7.0 and temperature of 60 °C. The keratinase had the best performance on the casein substrate. When casein was used as the substrate, the Km and Vmax values were 15.24 mg/mL and 0.01 mg/(mL·min), respectively. Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Co2+, Al3+, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and isopropanol inhibited keratinase activity, which indicated that it was a serine keratinase. Conversely, the keratinase activity strongly increased with the addition of Mn2+ and β-mercaptoethanol. Conclusions A novel feather-degrading B. tropicus Gxun-17 was obtained from marine environment. The strain adapted the extreme conditions such as low temperature, high salt and high pressure. Thus, the keratinase had high activity, wide range of temperature and pH, salt tolerance and other characteristics, which had potential application value. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00742-w.
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David Troncoso F, Alberto Sánchez D, Luján Ferreira M. Production of Plant Proteases and New Biotechnological Applications: An Updated Review. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200017. [PMID: 35286022 PMCID: PMC8919702 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An updated review of emerging plant proteases with potential biotechnological application is presented. Plant proteases show comparable or even greater performance than animal or microbial proteases for by‐product valorization through hydrolysis for, for example, cheese whey, bird feathers, collagen, keratinous materials, gelatin, fish protein, and soy protein. Active biopeptides can be obtained as high added value products, which have shown numerous beneficial effects on human health. Plant proteases can also be used for wastewater treatment. The production of new plant proteases is encouraged for the following advantages: low cost of isolation using simple procedures, remarkable stability over a wide range of operating conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and organic solvents), substantial affinity to a broad variety of substrates, and possibility of immobilization. Vegetable proteases have enormous application potential for the valorization of industrial waste and its conversion into products with high added value through low‐cost processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco David Troncoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina.,Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alberto Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina.,Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - María Luján Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina.,Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
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Li KT, Yang Y, Zhang SW, Cheng X. Dynamics of the Bacterial Community's Soil During the In-Situ Degradation Process of Waste Chicken Feathers. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:225-233. [DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Sypka M, Jodłowska I, Białkowska AM. Keratinases as Versatile Enzymatic Tools for Sustainable Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1900. [PMID: 34944542 PMCID: PMC8699090 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce anthropological pressure on the environment, the implementation of novel technologies in present and future economies is needed for sustainable development. The food industry, with dairy and meat production in particular, has a significant environmental impact. Global poultry production is one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with the generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste. In 2020, the EU alone produced around 3.2 million tonnes of poultry feather waste composed primarily of keratin, a protein biopolymer resistant to conventional proteolytic enzymes. If not managed properly, keratin waste can significantly affect ecosystems, contributing to environmental pollution, and pose a serious hazard to human and livestock health. In this article, the application of keratinolytic enzymes and microorganisms for promising novel keratin waste management methods with generation of new value-added products, such as bioactive peptides, vitamins, prion decontamination agents and biomaterials were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta M. Białkowska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (I.J.)
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26
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Biodegradation of Keratin-Rich Husbandry Waste as a Path to Sustainable Agriculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Every year, the size of the human population grows; with it, the need for agricultural products increases. This leads to an increment in the volume of waste, including hard-to-degrade keratin-rich ones, such as feathers. Currently, most of the agro-industrial complex protein by-products are utilized by incineration, landfilling, and chemical hydrolysis. Such methods do not meet modern trends in the development of a sustainable economy, negatively affecting the environment and humans, and preventing the reusing of waste. An alternative is biodegradation, which consists of the application of living organisms and their enzymes to recycle by-products. This approach is not only sustainable, but also makes it possible to obtain products of waste hydrolysis that are in demand for the manufacture of fertilizers and feed additives. This brings the development of agriculture closer to a circular economy and makes the recycling process more profitable. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinolytic microorganisms and keratinases for the improvement of green methods for processing hard-to-degrade protein waste of the agro-industrial complex, which is necessary for sustainable economic development.
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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28
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An Integrative Bioinformatic Analysis for Keratinase Detection in Marine-Derived Streptomyces. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060286. [PMID: 34063876 PMCID: PMC8224001 DOI: 10.3390/md19060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinases present promising biotechnological applications, due to their ability to degrade keratin. Streptomyces appears as one of the main sources of these enzymes, but complete genome sequences of keratinolytic bacteria are still limited. This article reports the complete genomes of three marine-derived streptomycetes that show different levels of feather keratin degradation, with high (strain G11C), low (strain CHD11), and no (strain Vc74B-19) keratinolytic activity. A multi-step bioinformatics approach is described to explore genes encoding putative keratinases in these genomes. Despite their differential keratinolytic activity, multiplatform annotation reveals similar quantities of ORFs encoding putative proteases in strains G11C, CHD11, and Vc74B-19. Comparative genomics classified these putative proteases into 140 orthologous groups and 17 unassigned orthogroup peptidases belonging to strain G11C. Similarity network analysis revealed three network communities of putative peptidases related to known keratinases of the peptidase families S01, S08, and M04. When combined with the prediction of cellular localization and phylogenetic reconstruction, seven putative keratinases from the highly keratinolytic strain Streptomyces sp. G11C are identified. To our knowledge, this is the first multi-step bioinformatics analysis that complements comparative genomics with phylogeny and cellular localization prediction, for the prediction of genes encoding putative keratinases in streptomycetes.
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Kang D, Shoaie S, Jacquiod S, Sørensen SJ, Ledesma-Amaro R. Comparative Genomics Analysis of Keratin-Degrading Chryseobacterium Species Reveals Their Keratinolytic Potential for Secondary Metabolite Production. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051042. [PMID: 34066089 PMCID: PMC8151938 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising keratin-degrading strain from the genus Chryseobacterium (Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2) was investigated using comparative genomic tools against three publicly available reference genomes to reveal the keratinolytic potential for biosynthesis of valuable secondary metabolites. Genomic features and metabolic potential of four species were compared, showing genomic differences but similar functional categories. Eleven different secondary metabolite gene clusters of interest were mined from the four genomes successfully, including five common ones shared across all genomes. Among the common metabolites, we identified gene clusters involved in biosynthesis of flexirubin-type pigment, microviridin, and siderophore, showing remarkable conservation across the four genomes. Unique secondary metabolite gene clusters were also discovered, for example, ladderane from Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2. Additionally, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the potential metabolic pathways of keratin utilization in Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2, with the involvement of amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, propanoate metabolism, and sulfate reduction. This work uncovers the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite gene clusters from four keratinolytic Chryseobacterium species and shades lights on the keratinolytic potential of Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2 from a genome-mining perspective, can provide alternatives to valorize keratinous materials into high-value bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingrong Kang
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Lodon SE1 9RT, UK;
- TERRA Research and Teaching Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.L-A.)
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Lodon SE1 9RT, UK;
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 17 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.L-A.)
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Yahaya RSR, Normi YM, Phang LY, Ahmad SA, Abdullah JO, Sabri S. Molecular strategies to increase keratinase production in heterologous expression systems for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3955-3969. [PMID: 33937928 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is an important enzyme that can degrade recalcitrant keratinous wastes to form beneficial recyclable keratin hydrolysates. Keratinase is not only important as an alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by chemical treatments of keratinous wastes, but it also has industrial significance. Currently, the bioproduction of keratinase from native keratinolytic host is considered low, and this hampers large-scale usage of the enzyme. Straightforward approaches of cloning and expression of recombinant keratinases from native keratinolytic host are employed to elevate the amount of keratinase produced. However, this is still insufficient to compensate for the lack of its large-scale production to meet the industrial demands. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the various sources of keratinase and the strategies to increase its production in native keratinolytic hosts. Molecular strategies to increase the production of recombinant keratinase such as plasmid selection, promoter engineering, chromosomal integration, signal peptide and propeptide engineering, codon optimization, and glycoengineering were also described. These mentioned strategies have been utilized in heterologous expression hosts, namely, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., and Pichia pastoris, as they are most widely used for the heterologous propagations of keratinases to further intensify the production of recombinant keratinases adapted to better suit the large-scale demand for them. KEY POINTS: • Molecular strategies to enhance keratinase production in heterologous hosts. • Construction of a prominent keratinolytic host from a native strain. • Patent analysis of keratinase production shows rapid high interest in molecular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Shafierul Radin Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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de Menezes CLA, Santos RDC, Santos MV, Boscolo M, da Silva R, Gomes E, da Silva RR. Industrial sustainability of microbial keratinases: production and potential applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lee N, Hwang S, Kim W, Lee Y, Kim JH, Cho S, Kim HU, Yoon YJ, Oh MK, Palsson BO, Cho BK. Systems and synthetic biology to elucidate secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters encoded in Streptomyces genomes. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1330-1361. [PMID: 33393961 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2020 Over the last few decades, Streptomyces have been extensively investigated for their ability to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. Recent advances in Streptomyces research have been largely supported by improvements in high-throughput technology 'omics'. From genomics, numerous secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were predicted, increasing their genomic potential for novel bioactive compound discovery. Additional omics, including transcriptomics, translatomics, interactomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have been applied to obtain a system-level understanding spanning entire bioprocesses of Streptomyces, revealing highly interconnected and multi-layered regulatory networks for secondary metabolism. The comprehensive understanding derived from this systematic information accelerates the rational engineering of Streptomyces to enhance secondary metabolite production, integrated with the exploitation of the highly efficient 'Design-Build-Test-Learn' cycle in synthetic biology. In this review, we describe the current status of omics applications in Streptomyces research to better understand the organism and exploit its genetic potential for higher production of valuable secondary metabolites and novel secondary metabolite discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonkyu Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. and Innovative Biomaterials Centre, KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea and Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma multifidum Isolated from Soils in Rook ( Corvus frugilegus) Colonies as Producers of Keratinolytic Enzymes and Mineral Forms of N and S. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249162. [PMID: 33302453 PMCID: PMC7763491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinolytic fungi representing the genus Arthroderma that were isolated from the soils of a rook (Corvus frugilegus) colony were used as biological agents for the disposal of waste feathers. The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma multifidum fungi with a varied inflow of keratin matter to biodegrade waste feathers. The evaluation was based on the determination of feather mass loss, the activity of keratinolytic enzymes, and the content of mineral N and S forms. It was found that the activity of protease released by the fungi contributed to an increase in the level of soluble proteins and peptides and the concentration of ammonium ions, as well as alkalization of the culture medium. Keratinase activity was significantly correlated with sulfate release, especially in A. tuberculatum cultures. The strains of A. tuberculatum fungi isolated from the soil with the highest supply of organic matter, i.e., strains III, IV, and V, had the lowest enzymatic activity, compared to the A. multifidum strains, but they released mineral nitrogen and sulfur forms that are highly important for fertilization, as well as nutritionally important peptides and amino acids. A. tuberculatum strains can be used for the management of waste feathers that can be applied in agricultural practice.
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Wu F, Ma J, Cha Y, Lu D, Li Z, Zhuo M, Luo X, Li S, Zhu M. Using inexpensive substrate to achieve high-level lipase A secretion by Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide and promoter screening. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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González V, Vargas-Straube MJ, Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, Valencia P, Beltrametti F, Cámara B. Enzyme Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Actinobacteria from the Chilean Coast and New Insight in the Mechanism of Keratin Degradation in Streptomyces sp. G11C. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E537. [PMID: 33126528 PMCID: PMC7693968 DOI: 10.3390/md18110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes-Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química y Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (V.G.); (M.J.V.-S.)
| | - María José Vargas-Straube
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química y Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (V.G.); (M.J.V.-S.)
| | - Walter O. Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; (W.O.B.-d.-S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; (W.O.B.-d.-S.); (L.S.)
| | - Pedro Valencia
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Procesamiento de Alimentos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | | | - Beatriz Cámara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química y Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (V.G.); (M.J.V.-S.)
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