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Notario Manzano R, Chaze T, Rubinstein E, Penard E, Matondo M, Zurzolo C, Brou C. Proteomic landscape of tunneling nanotubes reveals CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins as key regulators. eLife 2024; 13:RP99172. [PMID: 39250349 PMCID: PMC11383530 DOI: 10.7554/elife.99172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are open actin- and membrane-based channels, connecting remote cells and allowing direct transfer of cellular material (e.g. vesicles, mRNAs, protein aggregates) from the cytoplasm to the cytoplasm. Although they are important especially, in pathological conditions (e.g. cancers, neurodegenerative diseases), their precise composition and their regulation were still poorly described. Here, using a biochemical approach allowing to separate TNTs from cell bodies and from extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs), we obtained the full composition of TNTs compared to EVPs. We then focused on two major components of our proteomic data, the CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins, and further investigated their specific roles in TNT formation and function. We show that these two tetraspanins have distinct non-redundant functions: CD9 participates in stabilizing TNTs, whereas CD81 expression is required to allow the functional transfer of vesicles in the newly formed TNTs, possibly by regulating docking to or fusion with the opposing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Notario Manzano
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, CNRS 18 UMR 3691, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, ED394 - Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, CNRS USR 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Esthel Penard
- Ultrastructural BioImaging Core Facility (UBI), C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, CNRS USR 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, CNRS 18 UMR 3691, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christel Brou
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, CNRS 18 UMR 3691, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Barekzai J, Refflinghaus L, Okpara M, Tasto L, Tertel T, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. Process development for the production of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in conventional 2D systems. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:999-1012. [PMID: 38819363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has increased significantly. For their widespread use, a standardized EV manufacturing is needed which often includes conventional, static 2D systems. For these system critical process parameters need to be determined. METHODS We studied the impact of process parameters on MSC proliferation, MSC-derived particle production including EVs, EV- and MSC-specific marker expression, and particle functionality in a HaCaT cell migration assay. RESULTS We found that cell culture growth surface and media affected MSCs and their secretory behavior. Interestingly, the materials that promoted MSC proliferation did not necessarily result in the most functional MSC-derived particles. In addition, we found that MSCs seeded at 4 × 103 cells cm-2 produced particles with improved functional properties compared to higher seeding densities. MSCs in a highly proliferative state did not produce the most particles, although these particles were significantly more effective in promoting HaCaT cell migration. The same correlation was found when investigating the cultivation temperature. A physiological temperature of 37°C was not optimal for particle yield, although it resulted in the most functional particles. We observed a proliferation-associated particle production and found potential correlations between particle production and glucose consumption, enabling the estimation of final particle yields. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that parameters, which must be defined prior to each individual cultivation and do not require complex and expensive equipment, can significantly increase MSC-derived particle production including EVs. Integrating these parameters into a standardized EV process development paves the way for robust and efficient EV manufacturing for early clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Barekzai
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Refflinghaus
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maduwuike Okpara
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen Germany.
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Park DJ, Choi W, Zhang H, Eliceiri BP. Lineage Mapping of Extracellular Vesicles: What Cells Do They Come from And Where Do They Go? Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2024. [PMID: 39099339 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2024.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Significance: Release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by various cell types has been shown to mediate the delivery of biologically active payloads from donor cells to recipient cells; however, it remains unclear what cell types these EVs come from. With a focus on fluorescent reporters to monitor the release of EVs, especially those under the control of cell type-specific promoters, we address the translational relevance of genetic tools in cultured cells, normal tissues, and in models of development, injury, cancer, and wound healing. Recent Advances: It is well established that EVs are released by many cell types in the body via fusion and release processes at the plasma membrane. Since there remains debate about what fraction of EVs are released through regulated endosomal trafficking pathways versus nonspecific mechanisms, the development and validation of novel molecular tools are important to address the cellular source of EVs. Critical Issues: There is a need to develop and characterize new cell type-specific reporter mouse models that build upon the examples detailed here to identify the cellular source of EVs with genetic approaches being useful in addressing these critical limitations. Future Directions: Advances in reporter systems will drive a better understanding of EV subsets to identify compartment-specific EV localization to guide the development of more translationally relevant models for the wound healing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wooil Choi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hanan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian P Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Rajan AAN, Hutchins EJ. Post-transcriptional regulation as a conserved driver of neural crest and cancer-cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102400. [PMID: 39032482 PMCID: PMC11346372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Cells have evolved mechanisms to migrate for diverse biological functions. A process frequently deployed during metazoan cell migration is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, adherent epithelial cells undergo coordinated cellular transitions to mesenchymalize and reduce their intercellular attachments. This is achieved via tightly regulated changes in gene expression, which modulates cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion to allow movement. The acquisition of motility and invasive properties following EMT allows some mesenchymal cells to migrate through complex environments to form tissues during embryogenesis; however, these processes may also be leveraged by cancer cells, which often co-opt these endogenous programs to metastasize. Post-transcriptional regulation is now emerging as a major conserved mechanism by which cells modulate EMT and migration, which we discuss here in the context of vertebrate development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Arul Nambi Rajan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica J Hutchins
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Yan B, Liao P, Liu Y, Han Z, Wang C, Chen F, Lei P. Therapeutic potential of microglia-derived extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112712. [PMID: 39032476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a debilitating neurological disorder with limited treatment options. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial lipid bilayer particles derived from various cell types that facilitate intercellular communication and enable the exchange of proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Microglia are resident brain cells that play a crucial role in brain development, maintenance of neuronal networks, and injury repair. They secrete numerous extracellular vesicles in different states. Recent evidence indicates that microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (M-EVs) actively participate in mediating various biological processes, such as neuroprotection and neurorepair, in stroke, making them an excellent therapeutic approach for treating this condition. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research on M-EVs in stroke and explores their potential as novel therapeutic targets for this disorder. Additionally, it provides an overview of the effects and functions of M-EVs on stroke recovery to facilitate the development of clinically relevant therapies for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China.
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6
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Dharan R, Sorkin R. Tetraspanin proteins in membrane remodeling processes. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261532. [PMID: 39051897 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane remodeling is a fundamental cellular process that is crucial for physiological functions such as signaling, membrane fusion and cell migration. Tetraspanins (TSPANs) are transmembrane proteins of central importance to membrane remodeling events. During these events, TSPANs are known to interact with themselves and other proteins and lipids; however, their mechanism of action in controlling membrane dynamics is not fully understood. Since these proteins span the membrane, membrane properties such as rigidity, curvature and tension can influence their behavior. In this Review, we summarize recent studies that explore the roles of TSPANs in membrane remodeling processes and highlight the unique structural features of TSPANs that mediate their interactions and localization. Further, we emphasize the influence of membrane curvature on TSPAN distribution and membrane domain formation and describe how these behaviors affect cellular functions. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted function of TSPANs in membrane remodeling processes and can help readers to understand the intricate molecular mechanisms that govern cellular membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviv Dharan
- School of Chemistry , Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences , Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems , Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raya Sorkin
- School of Chemistry , Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences , Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems , Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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YUSTINASARI LR, HYOTO M, IMAI H, KUSAKABE KT. Appearance of small extracellular vesicles in the mouse pregnant serum and the localization in placentas. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:787-795. [PMID: 38749740 PMCID: PMC11251818 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are present in the blood of pregnant mice and considered to be involved in pregnancy physiology. Although sEVs in pregnant periods are proposed to be derived from placentas, sEVs-producing cells are not well known in mouse placentas. We studied the dynamics and localization of sEVs in pregnant serum and placentas, and examined gestational variation of microRNA (miRNA). Serums and placentas were collected from non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant mice throughout the entire gestational day (Gd). EVs were purified from serums and total RNA was isolated from EVs. Nanoparticle-tracking assay (NTA) revealed that the rates of sEVs in EVs are 53% at NP, and increased to 80.1% at Gd 14.5 and 97.5% at Gd 18.5. Western blotting on EVs showed positive reactivity to the tetraspanin markers and clarified that the results using anti-CD63 antibody were most consistent with the sEVs appearance detected by NTA. Serum EVs also showed a positive reaction to the syncytiotrophoblast marker, syncytin-1. Immunohistostaining using anti-CD63 antibody showed positive reactions in mouse placentas at the syncytiotrophoblasts and endothelial cells of the fetal capillaries. Quantitative PCR revealed that significantly higher amounts of miRNAs were included in the sEVs of Gd 18.5. Our results suggested that sEVs are produced in the mouse placenta and transferred to maternal or fetal bloodstreams. sEVs are expected to have a miRNA-mediated physiological effect and become useful biomarkers reflecting the pregnancy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Rakhma YUSTINASARI
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muneyoshi HYOTO
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki IMAI
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ken Takeshi KUSAKABE
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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8
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Fazeli A, Godakumara K. The evolving roles of extracellular vesicles in embryo-maternal communication. Commun Biol 2024; 7:754. [PMID: 38906986 PMCID: PMC11192758 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction relies on precise maternal-fetal communication, wherein immune modifications foster tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic embryo. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have emerged as crucial mediators, transporting molecules like microRNAs securely. EVs influence various reproductive stages, from gamete maturation to implantation, and impact pathologies like pregnancy loss. In the embryo-maternal dialogue, EVs notably affect oviductal interactions, gene expression, and the embryo-endometrial interface, crucial for successful implantation. Key queries persist about EV uptake, cargo delivery, and the specific biomolecules driving communication. Their potential in diagnostics, therapeutics, and understanding environmental impacts on fertility signals an exciting future, reliant on collaborative efforts for transformative strides in reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fazeli
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Kasun Godakumara
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Toomajian V, Tundo A, Ural EE, Greeson EM, Contag CH, Makela AV. Magnetic Particle Imaging Reveals that Iron-Labeled Extracellular Vesicles Accumulate in Brains of Mice with Metastases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30860-30873. [PMID: 38860682 PMCID: PMC11194773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer remains high worldwide and is associated with a significant risk of metastasis to the brain that can be fatal; this is due, in part, to the inability of therapeutics to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to cross the BBB and further have been used to deliver drugs to tumors. EVs from different cell types appear to have different patterns of accumulation and retention as well as the efficiency of bioactive cargo delivery to recipient cells in the body. Engineering EVs as delivery tools to treat brain metastases, therefore, will require an understanding of the timing of EV accumulation and their localization relative to metastatic sites. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a sensitive and quantitative imaging method that directly detects superparamagnetic iron. Here, we demonstrate MPI as a novel tool to characterize EV biodistribution in metastatic disease after labeling EVs with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Iron-labeled EVs (FeEVs) were collected from iron-labeled parental primary 4T1 tumor cells and brain-seeking 4T1BR5 cells, followed by injection into the mice with orthotopic tumors or brain metastases. MPI quantification revealed that FeEVs were retained for longer in orthotopic mammary carcinomas compared to SPIOs. MPI signal due to iron could only be detected in brains of mice bearing brain metastases after injection of FeEVs, but not SPIOs, or FeEVs when mice did not have brain metastases. These findings indicate the potential use of EVs as a therapeutic delivery tool in primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria
A. Toomajian
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Anthony Tundo
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Evran E. Ural
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Emily M. Greeson
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ashley V. Makela
- Institute
for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Shahi S, Kang T, Fonseka P. Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology: A Prudent Target That Requires Careful Consideration. Cells 2024; 13:754. [PMID: 38727289 PMCID: PMC11083420 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells to perform multitudes of biological functions. Owing to their significant implications in diseases, the pathophysiological role of EVs continues to be extensively studied, leading research to neglect the need to explore their role in normal physiology. Despite this, many identified physiological functions of EVs, including, but not limited to, tissue repair, early development and aging, are attributed to their modulatory role in various signaling pathways via intercellular communication. EVs are widely perceived as a potential therapeutic strategy for better prognosis, primarily through utilization as a mode of delivery vehicle. Moreover, disease-associated EVs serve as candidates for the targeted inhibition by pharmacological or genetic means. However, these attempts are often accompanied by major challenges, such as off-target effects, which may result in adverse phenotypes. This renders the clinical efficacy of EVs elusive, indicating that further understanding of the specific role of EVs in physiology may enhance their utility. This review highlights the essential role of EVs in maintaining cellular homeostasis under different physiological settings, and also discusses the various aspects that may potentially hinder the robust utility of EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamali Fonseka
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.S.); (T.K.)
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11
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Choi W, Park DJ, Eliceiri BP. Defining tropism and activity of natural and engineered extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363185. [PMID: 38660297 PMCID: PMC11039936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have important roles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, with physiological functions demonstrated in various in vivo models. Despite advances in our understanding of the biological function of EVs and their potential for use as therapeutics, there are limitations to the clinical approaches for which EVs would be effective. A primary determinant of the biodistribution of EVs is the profile of proteins and other factors on the surface of EVs that define the tropism of EVs in vivo. For example, proteins displayed on the surface of EVs can vary in composition by cell source of the EVs and the microenvironment into which EVs are delivered. In addition, interactions between EVs and recipient cells that determine uptake and endosomal escape in recipient cells affect overall systemic biodistribution. In this review, we discuss the contribution of the EV donor cell and the role of the microenvironment in determining EV tropism and thereby determining the uptake and biological activity of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooil Choi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dong Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brian P. Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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12
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Sun Y, Zhao H, Yang S, Wang G, Zhu L, Sun C, An Y. Urine-derived stem cells: Promising advancements and applications in regenerative medicine and beyond. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27306. [PMID: 38509987 PMCID: PMC10951541 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, stem cells are a prominent focus of regenerative engineering research. However, due to the limitations of commonly used stem cell sources, their application in therapy is often restricted to the experimental stage and constrained by ethical considerations. In contrast, urine-derived stem cells (USCs) offer promising advantages for clinical trials and applications. The noninvasive nature of the collection process allows for repeated retrieval within a short period, making it a more feasible option. Moreover, studies have shown that USCs have a protective effect on organs, promoting vascular regeneration, inhibiting oxidative stress, and reducing inflammation in various acute and chronic organ dysfunctions. The application of USCs has also been enhanced by advancements in biomaterials technology, enabling better targeting and controlled release capabilities. This review aims to summarize the current state of research on USCs, providing insights for future applications in basic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuguang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Guangjie Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Leijie Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Youzhong An
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
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Sun JG, Gao Y, Gao YS, Dai XJ, Chen P. Identification of the exosomal PD-L1 inhibitor to promote the PD-1 targeting therapy of gastric cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116182. [PMID: 38367489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) targeting therapy is widely applied in clinics for gastric cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the clinical response is not well acceptable due to the exosomal PD-L1. Hence, abrogation of the exosomal PD-L1 may be a strategy to sensitize the gastric cancer cell to PD-1 targeting therapy. With the aid of CD63 targeting antibody and PD-L1 targeting aptamer, HTRF based assay was established to quantify the exosomal PD-L1, and applied to our in-house compound library, resulting in the identification of moclobemide. Further optimization of moclobemide lead to EP16, which can inhibit the generation of exosomal PD-L1 with IC50 = 0.108 μM. By applying EP16 to gastric cancer cell line coupled with T-cell activity related experiment, it was validated to activate T-cell and can promote the response of PD-1 targeting therapy for gastric cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings give a promising tool to promote the sensitivity of anti-PD-1 for gastric cancer treatment, and EP16 can serve as a leading compound for exosomal PD-L1 abrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Henan, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong-Shun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Henan, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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14
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Ruiz-Navarro J, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Extracellular vesicles and microvilli in the immune synapse. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1324557. [PMID: 38268920 PMCID: PMC10806406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1324557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) binding to cognate antigen on the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) triggers the immune synapse (IS) formation. The IS constitutes a dedicated contact region between different cells that comprises a signaling platform where several cues evoked by TCR and accessory molecules are integrated, ultimately leading to an effective TCR signal transmission that guarantees intercellular message communication. This eventually leads to T lymphocyte activation and the efficient execution of different T lymphocyte effector tasks, including cytotoxicity and subsequent target cell death. Recent evidence demonstrates that the transmission of information between immune cells forming synapses is produced, to a significant extent, by the generation and secretion of distinct extracellular vesicles (EV) from both the effector T lymphocyte and the APC. These EV carry biologically active molecules that transfer cues among immune cells leading to a broad range of biological responses in the recipient cells. Included among these bioactive molecules are regulatory miRNAs, pro-apoptotic molecules implicated in target cell apoptosis, or molecules triggering cell activation. In this study we deal with the different EV classes detected at the IS, placing emphasis on the most recent findings on microvilli/lamellipodium-produced EV. The signals leading to polarized secretion of EV at the synaptic cleft will be discussed, showing that the IS architecture fulfills a fundamental task during this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz-Navarro
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Yadav A, Nandy A, Sharma A, Ghatak S. Exosome Mediated Cell-Cell Crosstalk in Tissue Injury and Repair. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:249-297. [PMID: 39242383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The landscape of exosome research has undergone a significant paradigm shift, with a departure from early conceptions of exosomes as vehicles for cellular waste disposal towards their recognition as integral components of cellular communication with therapeutic potential. This chapter presents an exhaustive elucidation of exosome biology, detailing the processes of exosome biogenesis, release, and uptake, and their pivotal roles in signal transduction, tissue repair, regeneration, and intercellular communication. Additionally, the chapter highlights recent innovations and anticipates future directions in exosome research, emphasizing their applicability in clinical settings. Exosomes have the unique ability to navigate through tissue spaces to enter the circulatory system, positioning them as key players in tissue repair. Their contributory role in various processes of tissue repair, although in the nascent stages of investigation, stands out as a promising area of research. These vesicles function as a complex signaling network for intracellular and organ-level communication, critical in both pathological and physiological contexts. The chapter further explores the tissue-specific functionality of exosomes and underscores the advancements in methodologies for their isolation and purification, which have been instrumental in expanding the scope of exosome research. The differential cargo profiles of exosomes, dependent on their cellular origin, position them as prospective diagnostic biomarkers for tissue damage and regenerative processes. Looking ahead, the trajectory of exosome research is anticipated to bring transformative changes to biomedical fields. This includes advancing diagnostic and prognostic techniques that utilize exosomes as non-invasive biomarkers for a plethora of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, engineering exosomes through alterations of their native content or surface properties presents a novel frontier, including the synthesis of artificial or hybrid variants with enhanced functional properties. Concurrently, the ethical and regulatory frameworks surrounding exosome research, particularly in clinical translation, will require thorough deliberation. In conclusion, the diverse aspects of exosome research are coalescing to redefine the frontiers of diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies, cementing its importance as a discipline of considerable consequence in the biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Yadav
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aparajita Nandy
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anu Sharma
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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Shi Y, Simpson S, Chen Y, Aull H, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. Mutations accumulated in the Spike of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron allow for more efficient counteraction of the restriction factor BST2/Tetherin. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011912. [PMID: 38190411 PMCID: PMC10798645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BST2/Tetherin is a restriction factor with broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. Specifically, BST2 traps nascent particles to membrane compartments, preventing their release and spread. In turn, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to counteract BST2. Here, we examined the interactions between BST2 and SARS-CoV-2. Our study shows that BST2 reduces SARS-CoV-2 virion release. However, the virus uses the Spike (S) protein to downregulate BST2. This requires a physical interaction between S and BST2, which routes BST2 for lysosomal degradation in a Clathtin- and ubiquitination-dependent manner. By surveying different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha-Omicron), we found that Omicron is more efficient at counteracting BST2, and that mutations in S account for its enhanced anti-BST2 activity. Mapping analyses revealed that several surfaces in the extracellular region of BST2 are required for an interaction with the Spike, and that the Omicron variant has changed its patterns of association with BST2 to improve its counteraction. Therefore, our study suggests that, besides enhancing receptor binding and evasion of neutralizing antibodies, mutations accumulated in the Spike afford more efficient counteraction of BST2, which highlights that BST2 antagonism is important for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Haley Aull
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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17
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Fan Y, Pionneau C, Cocozza F, Boëlle P, Chardonnet S, Charrin S, Théry C, Zimmermann P, Rubinstein E. Differential proteomics argues against a general role for CD9, CD81 or CD63 in the sorting of proteins into extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12352. [PMID: 37525398 PMCID: PMC10390663 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetraspanins CD9, CD81 and CD63 are major components of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Yet, their impact on EV composition remains under-investigated. In the MCF7 breast cancer cell line CD63 was as expected predominantly intracellular. In contrast CD9 and CD81 strongly colocalized at the plasma membrane, albeit with different ratios at different sites, which may explain a higher enrichment of CD81 in EVs. Absence of these tetraspanins had little impact on the EV protein composition as analysed by quantitative mass spectrometry. We also analysed the effect of concomitant knock-out of CD9 and CD81 because these two tetraspanins play similar roles in several cellular processes and associate directly with two Ig domain proteins, CD9P-1/EWI-F/PTGFRN and EWI-2/IGSF8. These were the sole proteins significantly decreased in the EVs of double CD9- and CD81-deficient cells. In the case of EWI-2, this is primarily a consequence of a decreased cell expression level. In conclusion, this study shows that CD9, CD81 and CD63, commonly used as EV protein markers, play a marginal role in determining the protein composition of EVs released by MCF7 cells and highlights a regulation of the expression level and/or trafficking of CD9P-1 and EWI-2 by CD9 and CD81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yé Fan
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Cédric Pionneau
- UMS Production et Analyse des données en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, PASSPlateforme Post‐génomique de la Pitié‐Salpêtrière, P3SSorbonne Université, InsermParisFrance
| | - Federico Cocozza
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Pierre‐Yves Boëlle
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé PubliqueSorbonne Université, InsermParisFrance
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- UMS Production et Analyse des données en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, PASSPlateforme Post‐génomique de la Pitié‐Salpêtrière, P3SSorbonne Université, InsermParisFrance
| | - Stéphanie Charrin
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- CurieCoretech Extracellular VesiclesInstitut Curie Centre de RechercheParisFrance
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM)Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, Aix‐Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRSMarseilleFrance
- Department of Human GeneticsKatholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)LeuvenBelgium
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRSParisFrance
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