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Shi Y, Simpson S, Chen Y, Aull H, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. Mutations accumulated in the Spike of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron allow for more efficient counteraction of the restriction factor BST2/Tetherin. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011912. [PMID: 38190411 PMCID: PMC10798645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BST2/Tetherin is a restriction factor with broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. Specifically, BST2 traps nascent particles to membrane compartments, preventing their release and spread. In turn, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to counteract BST2. Here, we examined the interactions between BST2 and SARS-CoV-2. Our study shows that BST2 reduces SARS-CoV-2 virion release. However, the virus uses the Spike (S) protein to downregulate BST2. This requires a physical interaction between S and BST2, which routes BST2 for lysosomal degradation in a Clathtin- and ubiquitination-dependent manner. By surveying different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha-Omicron), we found that Omicron is more efficient at counteracting BST2, and that mutations in S account for its enhanced anti-BST2 activity. Mapping analyses revealed that several surfaces in the extracellular region of BST2 are required for an interaction with the Spike, and that the Omicron variant has changed its patterns of association with BST2 to improve its counteraction. Therefore, our study suggests that, besides enhancing receptor binding and evasion of neutralizing antibodies, mutations accumulated in the Spike afford more efficient counteraction of BST2, which highlights that BST2 antagonism is important for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Haley Aull
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Wildman EJ, Lawrence GB, Walsh A, Morita K, Simpson S, Ritter C, Stenning GBG, Arevalo-Lopez AM, Mclaughlin AC. Observation of an exotic insulator to insulator transition upon electron doping the Mott insulator CeMnAsO. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7037. [PMID: 37923745 PMCID: PMC10624918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising route to discover exotic electronic states in correlated electron systems is to vary the hole or electron doping away from a Mott insulating state. Important examples include quantum criticality and high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates. Here, we report the surprising discovery of a quantum insulating state upon electron doping the Mott insulator CeMnAsO, which emerges below a distinct critical transition temperature, TII. The insulator-insulator transition is accompanied by a significant reduction in electron mobility as well as a colossal Seebeck effect and slow dynamics due to decoupling of the electrons from the lattice phonons. The origin of the transition is tentatively interpreted in terms of many-body localization, which has not been observed previously in a solid-state material.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Wildman
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - G B Lawrence
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - A Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - K Morita
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S Simpson
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - C Ritter
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 156, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - G B G Stenning
- ISIS Experimental Operations Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - A M Arevalo-Lopez
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - A C Mclaughlin
- The Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK.
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Shi Y, Simpson S, Ahmed SK, Chen Y, Tavakoli-Tameh A, Janaka SK, Evans DT, Serra-Moreno R. The Antiviral Factor SERINC5 Impairs the Expression of Non-Self-DNA. Viruses 2023; 15:1961. [PMID: 37766367 PMCID: PMC10537789 DOI: 10.3390/v15091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SERINC5 is a restriction factor that becomes incorporated into nascent retroviral particles, impairing their ability to infect target cells. In turn, retroviruses have evolved countermeasures against SERINC5. For instance, the primate lentiviruses (HIV and SIV) use Nef, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) uses GlycoGag, and Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) uses S2 to remove SERINC5 from the plasma membrane, preventing its incorporation into progeny virions. Recent studies have shown that SERINC5 also restricts other viruses, such as Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), although through a different mechanism, suggesting that SERINC5 can interfere with multiple stages of the virus life cycle. To investigate whether SERINC5 can also impact other steps of the replication cycle of HIV, the effects of SERINC5 on viral transcripts, proteins, and virus progeny size were studied. Here, we report that SERINC5 causes significant defects in HIV gene expression, which impacts virion production. While the underlying mechanism is still unknown, we found that the restriction occurs at the transcriptional level and similarly affects plasmid and non-integrated proviral DNA (ectopic or non-self-DNA). However, SERINC5 causes no defects in the expression of viral RNA, host genes, or proviral DNA that is integrated in the cellular genome. Hence, our findings reveal that SERINC5's actions in host defense extend beyond blocking virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (Y.S.); (S.K.A.); (Y.C.)
| | | | - Shahad K. Ahmed
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (Y.S.); (S.K.A.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (Y.S.); (S.K.A.); (Y.C.)
| | | | | | - David T. Evans
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA;
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (Y.S.); (S.K.A.); (Y.C.)
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Combs M, McInnis M, Simpson S, Kazerooni E, Alexander B, Martinu T, Diamond J, Galbán C, Lama V. Evaluating Inter-Rater Agreement of Radiographic Features and Diagnoses Across Lung Transplant Centers. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Simpson S, Bettauer V, Ramachandran A, Kraemer S, Mahon S, Medina M, Vallès Y, Dumeaux V, Vallès H, Walsh D, Hallett MT. A metagenomic-based study of two sites from the Barbadian reef system. Coral Reefs 2023; 42:359-366. [PMID: 37009568 PMCID: PMC10060342 DOI: 10.1007/s00338-022-02330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We study the microbiome of sea water collected from two locations of the Barbadian coral reefs. The two sites differ in several environmental and ecological variables including their endogenous benthic community and their proximity to urban development and runoffs from inland watersheds. The composition of the microbial communities was estimated using whole genome DNA shotgun sequencing with adjuvant measurements of chemical and environmental qualities. Although both sites exhibit a similar degree of richness, the less urbanized site (Maycocks reef at Hangman's Bay) has a strong concentration of phototrophs whereas the more urbanized location (Bellairs reef at Folkstone) is enriched for copiotrophs, macroalgal symbionts and marine-related disease-bearing organisms from taxa scattered across the tree of life. Our results are concordant with previous profiles of warm ocean surface waters, suggesting our approach captures the state of each coral reef site, setting the stage for longitudinal studies of marine microbiome dynamics in Barbados. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00338-022-02330-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - V. Bettauer
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A. Ramachandran
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - S. Kraemer
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - S. Mahon
- Coral Reef Restoration Alliance (CORALL), Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - M. Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Y. Vallès
- Department of Biology and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - V. Dumeaux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - H. Vallès
- Department of Biology and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - D. Walsh
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - M. T. Hallett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Sotelo CK, Shropshire SB, Quimby J, Simpson S, Gustafson DL, Zersen KM. Pharmacokinetics and anti-nausea effects of intravenous ondansetron in hospitalized dogs exhibiting clinical signs of nausea. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:508-515. [PMID: 35899472 PMCID: PMC9796123 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV) ondansetron in a population of hospitalized dogs exhibiting clinical signs of nausea. The causes of nausea included pancreatitis, gastroenteritis, endocarditis, chemotherapy-induced nausea, diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis, acute kidney injury with aspiration pneumonia, pyometra, uroabdomen, neoplasia, and hepatopathy. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to one of the following IV ondansetron protocols: 1 mg/kg q12h, 0.5 mg/kg q12h, 1 mg/kg q8h, 0.5 mg/kg q8h. Serum was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after the first dose, and nausea scores were recorded at multiple time points. Ondansetron and arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ELISA, respectively. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic modeling and dose interval modeling were performed. Ondansetron displayed linear pharmacokinetics. In the 0.5 mg/kg group, mean Cmax = 214 ng/ml, AUC0-8h = 463 ng/ml*h, and calculated half-life was 1.9 h. In the 1 mg/kg group, mean Cmax = 541 ng/ml, AUC0-8h = 1057 ng/ml*h and calculated half-life was 1.6 h. Serum ondansetron concentrations were not significantly different between dogs that required rescue anti-nausea medication (non-responders) and dogs that did not require rescue therapy (responders). In total, 83.3% of patients in the 0.5 mg/kg q8h, 0.5 mg/kg q12h, and 1 mg/kg q8h groups had improvement in nausea scores. In total, 66.7% of patients in the 1 mg/kg q12h group had improvement in nausea scores. In total, 33% of patients had resolution of nausea in the 0.5 mg/kg q8h, 1 mg/kg q8h, and 1 mg/kg q12h groups, and 16% of patients had resolution of nausea in the 0.5 mg/kg q12h group. AVP concentrations were highly variable and did not correlate with nausea scores. Nausea scores significantly decreased regardless of dosage protocol. AVP was not a reliable biomarker of nausea in this group of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy K. Sotelo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Sarah B. Shropshire
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Daniel L. Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Kristin M. Zersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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Syed D, Richards E, Simpson S. M195 Hemoglobin A1C by Abbott diagnostics afinion 2 versus refence laboratory method – Method correlation studies. Clin Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ritchie CW, Waymont JMJ, Pennington C, Draper K, Borthwick A, Fullerton N, Chantler M, Porteous ME, Danso SO, Green A, McWhirter L, Muniz Terrera G, Simpson S, Thompson G, Trépel D, Quinn TJ, Kilgour A. The Scottish Brain Health Service Model: Rationale and Scientific Basis for a National Care Pathway of Brain Health Services in Scotland. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2022; 9:348-358. [PMID: 35543009 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2021.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to address the oft-cited societal, economic, and health and social care impacts of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, we must move decisively from reactive to proactive clinical practice and to embed evidence-based brain health education throughout society. Most disease processes can be at least partially prevented, slowed, or reversed. We have long neglected to intervene in neurodegenerative disease processes, largely due to a misconception that their predominant symptom - cognitive decline - is a normal, age-related process, but also due to a lack of multi-disciplinary collaboration. We now understand that there are modifiable risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, that successful management of common comorbidities (such as diabetes and hypertension) can reduce the incidence of neurodegenerative disease, and that disease processes begin (and, crucially, can be detected, reduced, and delayed, prevented, or treated) decades earlier in life than had previously been appreciated. Brain Health Scotland, established by Scottish Government and working in partnership with Alzheimer Scotland, propose far-reaching public health and clinical practice approaches to reduce neurodegenerative disease incidence. Focusing here on Brain Health Scotland's clinical offerings, we present the Scottish Model for Brain Health Services. To our knowledge, the Scottish Model for Brain Health, built on foundations of personalised risk profiling, targeted risk reduction and prevention, early disease detection, equity of access, and harnessing comprehensive data to assist in clinical decision-making, marks the first example of a nationwide approach to overhauling clinical, societal, and political approaches to the prevention, assessment, and treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ritchie
- Prof. Craig Ritchie, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom,
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9
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Abstract
Abstract
Few interventions are truly simple; complexity can arise from various sources, e.g.:
Aspects of the intervention itself, such as the number of intervention components, the number of groups targeted, how dynamic the intervention is permitted to be. The context in which the intervention is developed and delivered, such as the social, political, economic, and geographical context.
Complex intervention research should be approached with an awareness of these sources of complexity. Systems thinking can be helpful to understanding the dynamic interaction between interventions and their context. This presentation will introduce concepts of complex adaptive systems, e.g. feedback loops, adaptation, emergence, that should be considered when developing and evaluating complex interventions. It will then introduce participants to the research perspectives set out in the new framework: efficacy, effectiveness, theory-based, and systems perspectives. Each perspective is associated with a different type of research question, and therefore appropriate in different circumstances. The presentation will provide information to support participants to consider the research perspective(s) most suited to the research challenge that they are aiming to address.
Main messages
There are multiple sources of complexity, each of which can affect how the intervention works or contributes to change. Complex intervention research can take an efficacy, effectiveness, theory-based, or systems perspective, the choice of which is based on what is known already and what further evidence would be most useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Skivington
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Craig
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Moore
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Matthews
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S Simpson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Craig P, Skivington K, Moore L, Simpson S, Matthews L. The new Framework and the Core Elements of complex intervention research. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The new framework will be presented. The main phases of intervention research: development or identification, feasibility, evaluation and implementation are connected to 6 core elements:
Context: any feature of the circumstances in which an intervention is conceived, developed, evaluated and implemented Programme theory: how an intervention is expected to lead to its effects and under what conditions. Programme theory should be tested and refined at all stages and used to guide the identification of uncertainties and research questions Stakeholders: those who are targeted by the intervention, involved in its development or delivery, or more broadly those whose personal or professional interests are affected, that is who have a stake in the topic. This includes patients, the public, and professionals Refinement: the process of ‘fine tuning' or making changes to the intervention once a preliminary version has been developed Uncertainties: identifying key uncertainties that exist given what is already known and what the programme theory, researchers and stakeholders identify as being most important to find out. These judgements inform the framing of research questions that, in turn, govern research perspective choice Economic considerations: exploring the comparative resource and outcome consequences of the interventions for those people and organisations affected
The presentation will discuss how to use the framework, highlighting that complex intervention research can be an iterative process. Repeating of phases is preferable to automatic progression to the next phase if uncertainties remain unresolved.
Main messages
Complex intervention research may begin at any phase, depending on what is appropriate for the intervention in question, and does not necessarily move sequentially through the phases. The core elements should be considered early and revisited continually throughout, as this will make it most likely that the intervention will be implementable in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Craig
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Skivington
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Moore
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S Simpson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Matthews
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Simpson S, Shi Y, Chen Y, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. HIV Nef-mediated Ubiquitination of BCL2: Implications in Autophagy and Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682624. [PMID: 34025682 PMCID: PMC8134690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a process that acts upon every step of the HIV replication cycle. The activity, subcellular localization, and stability of HIV dependency factors as well as negative modulators can be affected by ubiquitination. These modifications consequently have an impact on the progression and outcome of infection. Additionally, recent findings suggest new roles for ubiquitination in the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment, specifically in the interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis. On one hand, autophagy is a defense mechanism against HIV that promotes the degradation of the viral protein Gag, likely through ubiquitination. Gag is an essential structural protein that drives virion assembly and release. Interestingly, the ubiquitination of Gag is vital for HIV replication. Hence, this post-translational modification in Gag represents a double-edged sword: necessary for virion biogenesis, but potentially detrimental under conditions of autophagy activation. On the other hand, HIV uses Nef to circumvent autophagy-mediated restriction by promoting the ubiquitination of the autophagy inhibitor BCL2 through Parkin/PRKN. Although the Nef-promoted ubiquitination of BCL2 occurs in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, only ER-associated ubiquitinated BCL2 arrests the progression of autophagy. Importantly, both mitochondrial BCL2 and PRKN are tightly connected to mitochondrial function and apoptosis. Hence, by enhancing the PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of BCL2 at the mitochondria, HIV might promote apoptosis. Moreover, this effect of Nef might account for HIV-associated disorders. In this article, we outline our current knowledge and provide perspectives of how ubiquitination impacts the molecular interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Fritsch C, Gout JF, Haroon S, Towheed A, Chung C, LaGosh J, McGann E, Zhang X, Song Y, Simpson S, Danthi PS, Benayoun BA, Wallace D, Thomas K, Lynch M, Vermulst M. Genome-wide surveillance of transcription errors in response to genotoxic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2004077118. [PMID: 33443141 PMCID: PMC7817157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004077118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutagenic compounds are a potent source of human disease. By inducing genetic instability, they can accelerate the evolution of human cancers or lead to the development of genetically inherited diseases. Here, we show that in addition to genetic mutations, mutagens are also a powerful source of transcription errors. These errors arise in dividing and nondividing cells alike, affect every class of transcripts inside cells, and, in certain cases, greatly exceed the number of mutations that arise in the genome. In addition, we reveal the kinetics of transcription errors in response to mutagen exposure and find that DNA repair is required to mitigate transcriptional mutagenesis after exposure. Together, these observations have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of mutagenesis in human aging and disease, and suggest that the impact of DNA damage on human physiology has been greatly underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fritsch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - J-F Gout
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - S Haroon
- Department of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - A Towheed
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY 10940
| | - C Chung
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - J LaGosh
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - E McGann
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - X Zhang
- Bioinforx, Inc., Madison, WI 53719
| | - Y Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - S Simpson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - P S Danthi
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - B A Benayoun
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - D Wallace
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - K Thomas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - M Lynch
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287;
| | - M Vermulst
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089;
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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13
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Simpson S, Singh MV, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar S. Studying platelet-HIV interactions and potential to promote viral spread. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.225.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals experience persistent inflammation, which is associated with increased platelet activation. There is growing evidence that platelets contribute to immune responses, through the release of inflammatory granules and complex formation with other cells including monocytes and CD4+ T-cells, both of which are susceptible to infection. Previous studies have found evidence that HIV is engulfed by platelets. However, such studies were primarily conducted in vitro. It is important to study consequences of HIV-platelet interactions, and to ascertain whether or not they occur in patients.
We confirmed previous in vitro findings through co-culturing platelets from healthy donors, with HIV virions, and using electron microscopy identified virus-like particles inside platelets. Utilizing RNAscope in tandem with RT-PCR we created a timeline of virus-platelet associations and found viral genomic RNA remained associated with platelets for a prolonged period of time. Importantly, platelet-associated virus remained infectious, as platelets were able to spread infection to activated CD4+ T-cells in coculture experiments. Furthermore, we established a system to screen for HIV-positive platelets. We isolated platelets from cART-naïve viremic patients and performed super resolution microscopy and imagestream flow cytometry. This analysis revealed evidence of HIV-positive platelets in these infected individuals. In contrast, the amount of HIV-positive platelets was drastically, although not entirely, reduced following 3 months of cART treatment. Our findings suggest that platelet-virus interactions may be important in contributing to viral spread, and the development and maintenance of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Simpson
- 1University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Meera V. Singh
- 1University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Sanjay Maggirwar
- 1University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
- 2The George Washington University
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14
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O'Kearney EL, Brown CR, Jelinek GA, Neate SL, Taylor KT, Bevens W, De Livera AM, Simpson S, Weiland TJ. Mastery is associated with greater physical and mental health-related quality of life in two international cohorts of people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 38:101481. [PMID: 31756608 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastery is the sense of being in control of one's life and improvement in mastery may help to enhance quality of life. Little research has explored mastery in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), including its association with quality of life. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between mastery and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in people with MS. METHOD Two cross-sectional cohorts of adults with MS (n = 1401 and n = 573), recruited through convenience sampling, completed an online survey which measured mastery using the Pearlin Mastery Scale, physical and mental HRQOL via physical and mental health composite scores of MSQOL-54, along with other covariates, including demographics, clinical characteristics and lifestyle factors. Linear regression assessed associations between mastery and physical HRQOL adjusting for age, sex, education, disability and depression, and between mastery and mental HRQOL adjusting for age, sex, education, disability and clinically significant fatigue. RESULTS Greater mastery score was associated with higher physical and mental HRQOL in both cohorts, such that a one-point increase in the PMS was associated with an increase of 2.9 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.6, 3.1) and 2.8 points (95% CI: 2.4, 3.2) in the means of physical HRQOL score in the first and second cohorts respectively, and a 2.9-point (95% CI: 2.7, 3.1) and 3.1-point (95% CI: 2.7, 3.4) increase in the means of mental HRQOL score. A dose-dependent relationship was demonstrated between a quartile categorical mastery variable and both physical and mental HRQOL in both cohorts. Mastery was associated with all subscores of both physical and mental HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS Greater mastery is associated with better physical and mental quality of life. Efforts to improve the sense of self control and agency of people with MS may have benefits for their quality of life, even despite clinical features of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L O'Kearney
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia
| | - C R Brown
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia
| | - G A Jelinek
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia
| | - S L Neate
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia
| | - K T Taylor
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Psychosocial Cancer Care, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - W Bevens
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia
| | - A M De Livera
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia
| | - S Simpson
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - T J Weiland
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 bldg 379, 207 Bouverie Street, 3010 Carlton Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Simpson S, Yung M, Slater A. Severe Dehydration and Acute Renal Failure Associated with External Ventricular Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Children. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 34:659-63. [PMID: 17061645 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0603400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report three paediatric cases of severe dehydration and hyponatraemia with circulatory compromise associated with the use of external ventricular drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Two of the children had cardiac arrests. All were successfully resuscitated. While there were additional factors that contributed to other fluid losses, and fluid balance data are incomplete, these cases highlight a need for increased vigilance when managing children with external ventricular drains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simpson
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
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16
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Simpson S, Kaehne A, Martlew J, Kelly C. Exploring the effectiveness of a screening measure to identify subtle cognitive and functional problems in a sample of acquired brain injury patients admitted to a neurological hospital in the UK: A feasibility study. Cogent Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1667191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - J. Martlew
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - C. Kelly
- Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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17
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Zhang Y, Taylor BV, Simpson S, Blizzard L, van der Mei I. Patient-reported outcomes are worse for progressive-onset multiple sclerosis than relapse-onset multiple sclerosis, particularly early in the disease process. Eur J Neurol 2018; 26:155-161. [PMID: 30133059 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treatments for progressive-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. To improve the disease management for progressive-onset MS, the differences between relapse-onset MS and progressive-onset MS in patient-reported disability, progression and symptoms were examined. METHODS A total of 1985 participants of the Australian Multiple Sclerosis Longitudinal Study were included. Associations between onset type and outcomes were assessed with negative binomial regression. RESULTS The severity of 17 of the 19 outcomes was significantly higher for progressive-onset MS patients than relapse-onset MS patients, including perspectives from disability, progression over the last year, fatigue, sensory, walking difficulties, pain, balance, spasticity, sexual dysfunction, bladder, bowel, anxiety, depression and the European quality of life (EQ-5D) (P < 0.05; adjusted mean ratio ranged from 1.11 to 1.52). The differences between the two onset types were most pronounced early in the disease process and reduced with increasing MS duration, and the interaction was significant for disability, progression over the last year, walking difficulties, bladder problems, bowel problems and spasticity. CONCLUSION Participants with progressive-onset MS were significantly worse off on nearly all patient-reported outcomes than relapse-onset MS participants, and the differences were most pronounced early in the disease course, highlighting the importance of early intervention for those with progressive-onset MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - B V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - S Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - I van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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18
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Jelinek PL, Simpson S, Brown CR, Jelinek GA, Marck CH, De Livera AM, O'Kearney E, Taylor KL, Neate SL, Weiland TJ. Self-reported cognitive function in a large international cohort of people with multiple sclerosis: associations with lifestyle and other factors. Eur J Neurol 2018; 26:142-154. [PMID: 30133057 PMCID: PMC6585853 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose We aimed to estimate the prevalence of perceived cognitive impairment (PCI) and explore its associations with lifestyle and disease characteristics in a large international cohort of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods This study was a cross‐sectional analysis. Participants rated their cognitive function over the preceding 4 weeks using four questions in a subscale within the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life questionnaire (MSQOL‐54). These questions assessed perceived concentration, attention and memory by the patient and family/friends. Four definitions of PCI were derived, ranging from lowest to highest specificity. Associations with PCI were assessed by log‐binomial regression. Results The prevalence of PCI in our sample ranged from 41.0% (95% confidence interval, 39.0–43.0) using the least‐specific definition to 11.6% (95% confidence interval, 10.3–12.9) using the most specific definition. A number of factors were associated with PCI, increasing in magnitude as the definition specificity increased, including positive associations for smoking and body mass index, whereas physical activity, dietary quality and use of vitamin D/omega‐3 supplements were inversely associated with PCI. Conclusions Our study reports associations between healthy lifestyle behaviours and PCI in people with MS. Although reverse causality is a potential explanation for our findings, previous studies have shown comparable associations with healthy lifestyle and MS onset and progression. Subject to external validation, these results suggest benefits realized from a healthy lifestyle in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Jelinek
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA
| | - S Simpson
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania
| | - C R Brown
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - G A Jelinek
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - C H Marck
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - A M De Livera
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Biostatistics Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - E O'Kearney
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - K L Taylor
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychosocial Cancer Care, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S L Neate
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - T J Weiland
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
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19
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Simpson S, Fiches G, Jean MJ, Dieringer M, McGuinness J, John SP, Shamay M, Desai P, Zhu J, Santoso NG. Inhibition of Tip60 Reduces Lytic and Latent Gene Expression of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) and Proliferation of KSHV-Infected Tumor Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:788. [PMID: 29740418 PMCID: PMC5928232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus responsible for the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and Multicentric Castleman’s disease in immunocompromised individuals. Despite the burden of these diseases there are few treatment options for afflicted individuals, due in part to our limited understanding of virus-host interactions. Tip60, a histone aceytltransferase (HAT) has been previously shown to interact with both the KSHV latency associated nuclear antigen protein (LANA), which is the main factor in maintaining the viral latent state, and ORF36, a viral kinase expressed in the lytic phase. We further investigated Tip60-virus interaction to ascertain Tip60’s role in the viral life cycle and its potential as a target for future therapeutics. Through modulation of Tip60 expression in HEK293T cells harboring a plasmid containing the KSHV viral episome, Bac36, we found that Tip60 is vital for both lytic replication as well as efficient expression of latent genes. Interestingly, Tip60 small molecule inhibitors, MG149 and NU9056, similarly inhibited latent and lytic genes, and reduced virion production in wild-type KSHV+/EBV- PEL, BCBL-1 cells. Long-term treatment with these Tip60 inhibitors selectively decreased the viability of KSHV-infected B lymphoma cells compared to uninfected cells. From this study, we conclude that Tip60 is important for KSHV infection and its associated cancer development, and Tip60 is therefore a potential target for future antiviral and anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maxime J Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael Dieringer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James McGuinness
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sinu P John
- Signaling Systems Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Meir Shamay
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Prashant Desai
- Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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20
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Simpson S, Beavis D, Dyer J, Ball S. Should old age psychiatry develop memory clinics? A comparison with domiciliary work. Psychiatr bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.28.3.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims and MethodMemory clinics have become very popular in old age psychiatry and there is some pressure for them to be developed in old age services. However, there is little evidence to suggest that they are more advantageous over the traditional domiciliary visits or who should be seen in clinic. This was a naturalistic comparison of 76 consecutive new referrals to a memory clinic, with 74 consecutive new domiciliary requests within the same service over the same period of time. A retrospective case note review collected the clinical features and an 18-month prospective follow-up examined the subsequent clinical management.Clinical ImplicationsThe two groups were characterised more by their similarities than their differences. However, the domiciliary group had greater behavioural and psychological complications. The memory clinic patients were less likely to receive psychotropic medication and here more likely to be followed up.ResultsWe conclude that memory clinics might be less suitable for patients with prominent psychiatric complications. Memory clinics could complement the domiciliary model by providing early psychosocial/neuropsychiatric approaches, although this is likely to lead to an increased clinical case-load.
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21
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Jean MJ, Hayashi T, Huang H, Brennan J, Simpson S, Purmal A, Gurova K, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ, Santoso NG, Zhu J. Curaxin CBL0100 Blocks HIV-1 Replication and Reactivation through Inhibition of Viral Transcriptional Elongation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2007. [PMID: 29089933 PMCID: PMC5651003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), predominantly caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), remains incurable. The barrier to a cure lies in the virus' ability to establish a latent infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Unsurprisingly, efforts for a sterilizing cure have focused on the “shock and kill” strategy using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to complement cART in order to eliminate these latent reservoirs. However, this method faces numerous challenges. Recently, the “block and lock” strategy has been proposed. It aims to reinforce a deep state of latency and prevent sporadic reactivation (“blip”) of HIV-1 using latency-promoting agents (LPAs) for a functional cure. Our studies of curaxin 100 (CBL0100), a small-molecule targeting the facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) complex, show that it blocks both HIV-1 replication and reactivation in in vitro and ex vivo models of HIV-1. Mechanistic investigation elucidated that CBL0100 preferentially targets HIV-1 transcriptional elongation and decreases the occupancy of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and FACT at the HIV-1 promoter region. In conclusion, CBL0100 is a newly identified inhibitor of HIV-1 transcription that can be used as an LPA in the “block and lock” cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Huachao Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Justin Brennan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James J Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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22
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Rider A, Simpson S, Bennett B, Byrne K, Hallworth P, Desai T, Cocks K. Generating patient reported outcome norms for an EU cancer population using real world data (FACT-G). Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx385.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23
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Hayashi T, Jean M, Huang H, Simpson S, Santoso NG, Zhu J. Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies levosimendan as a novel anti-HIV-1 agent that inhibits viral transcription. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:76-85. [PMID: 28842263 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been proven to efficiently inhibit ongoing replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and significantly improve the health outcome in patients of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, cART is unable to cure HIV-1/AIDS. Even in presence of cART there exists a residual viremia, contributed from the viral reservoirs of latently infected HIV-1 proviruses; this constitutes a major hurdle. Currently, there are multiple strategies aimed at eliminating or permanently silence these HIV-1 latent reservoirs being intensely explored. One such strategy, a recently emerged "block and lock" approach is appealing. For this approach, so-called HIV-1 latency-promoting agents (LPAs) are used to reinforce viral latency and to prevent the low-level or sporadic transcription of integrated HIV-1 proviruses. Although several LPAs have been reported, there is still a question of their suitability to be further developed as a safe and valid therapeutic agent for the clinical use. In this study, we aimed to identify new potential LPAs through the screening an FDA-approved compound library. A new and promising anti-HIV-1 inhibitor, levosimendan, was identified from these screens. Levosimendan is currently used to treat heart failure in clinics, but it demonstrates strong inhibition of TNFα-induced HIV-1 reactivation in multiple cell lines of HIV-1 latency through affecting the HIV-1 Tat-LTR transcriptional axis. Furthermore, we confirmed that in primary CD4+ T cells levosimendan inhibits both the acute HIV-1 replication and the reactivation of latent HIV-1 proviruses. As a summary, our studies successfully identify levosimendan as a novel and promising anti-HIV-1 inhibitor, which should be immediately investigated in vivo given that it is already an FDA-approved drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Maxime Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Huachao Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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24
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Wahl D, Cogger V, de Cabo R, Biet S, Simpson S, Le Couteur D. A LOW PROTEIN, HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIET ATTENUATES BRAIN AGING AND IMPROVES SPATIAL MEMORY IN MICE. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - V. Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - R. de Cabo
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - S. Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - S. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - D.G. Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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25
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Huang H, Liu S, Jean M, Simpson S, Huang H, Merkley M, Hayashi T, Kong W, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Zhang X, Yosief HO, Miao H, Que J, Kobie JJ, Bradner J, Santoso NG, Zhang W, Zhu J. A Novel Bromodomain Inhibitor Reverses HIV-1 Latency through Specific Binding with BRD4 to Promote Tat and P-TEFb Association. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28638377 PMCID: PMC5461361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively reduce HIV-1 viremia, it cannot eliminate HIV-1 infection. In the presence of cART, viral reservoirs remain latent, impeding the cure of HIV-1/AIDS. Recently, latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been developed with the intent of purging latent HIV-1, providing an intriguing strategy for the eradication of the residual viral reservoirs. Our earlier studies show that the first-generation, methyl-triazolo bromodomain, and extra-terminal domain inhibitor (BETi), JQ1, facilitates the reversal of HIV-1 latency. BETis have emerged as a new class of compounds that are promising for this HIV-1 "shock and kill" eradication approach. However, when used as a single drug, JQ1 only modestly reverses HIV-1 latency, which complicates studying the underlining mechanisms. Meanwhile, it has been widely discussed that the induction of latent proviruses is stochastic (Ho et al., 2013). Thus, new BETis are currently under active development with focus on improving potency, ease of synthesis and structural diversity. Using fluorous-tagged multicomponent reactions, we developed a novel second-generation, 3,5-dimethylisoxazole BETi based on an imidazo[1,2-a] pyrazine scaffold, UMB-32. Furthermore, we screened 37 UMB-32 derivatives and identified that one, UMB-136, reactivates HIV-1 in multiple cell models of HIV-1 latency with better efficiency than either JQ1 or UMB-32. UMB-136 enhances HIV-1 transcription and increases viral production through the release of P-TEFb. Importantly, UMB-136 enhances the latency-reversing effects of PKC agonists (prostratin, bryostatin-1) in CD8-depleted PBMCs containing latent viral reservoirs. Our results illustrate that structurally improved BETis, such as UMB-136, may be useful as promising LRAs for HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Maxime Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Mark Merkley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Weili Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Irene Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Hailemichael O Yosief
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, TX, United States
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, United States
| | - James J Kobie
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - James Bradner
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MA, United States
| | - Netty G Santoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, United States
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, United States
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Simpson S, Taylor B, van der Mei I. Response to Attarian regarding article. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:382. [PMID: 28176330 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - B. Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - I. van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
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Simpson S, Tan H, Otahal P, Taylor B, Ponsonby A, Lucas RM, Blizzard L, Valery PC, Lechner‐Scott J, Shaw C, Williams D, Mei I. Anxiety, depression and fatigue at 5-year review following CNS demyelination. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134:403-413. [PMID: 26756925 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety, depression and fatigue at the 5-year review of a longitudinal cohort study following a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination (FCD). METHODS Cases with a FCD were recruited soon after diagnosis and followed annually thereafter. A variety of environmental, behavioural and clinical covariates were measured at five-year review. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS), and fatigue by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). RESULTS Of the 236 cases, 40.2% had clinical anxiety (median HADS-A: 6.0), 16.0% had clinical depression (median HADS-D: 3.0), and 41.3% had clinical fatigue (median FSS: 4.56). The co-occurrence of all three symptoms was 3.76 times greater than expectation. Younger age, higher disability, concussion or other disease diagnosis were independently associated with a higher anxiety score; male sex, higher disability, being unemployed, less physical activity, and antidepressant and/or anxiolytic-sedative medication use were independently associated with a higher depression score. Higher disability, immunomodulatory medication use, other disease diagnosis and anxiolytic-sedative medication use were independently associated with having fatigue, while female sex, higher BMI, having had a concussion, being unemployed and higher disability were associated with a higher fatigue score. CONCLUSION These results support previous findings of the commonality of anxiety, depression and fatigue in established MS and extend this to post-FCD and early MS cases. The clustering of the three symptoms indicates that they may share common antecedents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - H. Tan
- School of Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - P. Otahal
- School of Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - B. Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - A.‐L. Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - R. M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - L. Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - P. C. Valery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - J. Lechner‐Scott
- Dept. Neurology John Hunter Hospital New Lambton NSW Australia
- University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - C. Shaw
- School of Medicine Faculty of Health Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | - D. Williams
- Dept. Neurology John Hunter Hospital New Lambton NSW Australia
- University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - I. Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
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Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, Dubnov-Raz G, Esposito S, Ganmaa D, Goodall EC, Grant C, Janssens W, Laaksi I, Manaseki-Holland S, Murdoch D, Neale RE, Rees JR, Simpson S, Stelmach I, Kumar GT, Urashima M, Camargo CA. S102 Vitamin d supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Martin WG, Galligan J, Simpson S, Greenaway T, Burgess J. Admission blood glucose predicts mortality and length of stay in patients admitted through the emergency department. Intern Med J 2016; 45:916-24. [PMID: 26109328 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycaemia has been associated with adverse outcomes in several different hospital populations. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between admission blood glucose level (BGL) and outcomes in all patients admitted through the emergency department. METHODS This study was a retrospective observational cohort study from an Australian tertiary referral hospital. Patients admitted in the first week of each month from April to October 2012 had demographic data, co-morbidities, BGL, intensive care unit admission, length of stay and dates of death recorded. Factors associated with outcomes were assessed by multi-level mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS Admission BGL was recorded for 601 admissions with no diagnosis of diabetes and for 219 admissions diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In patients with no diagnosis of diabetes, admission BGL was associated with in-hospital and 90-day mortality (P < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, BGL greater than 11.5 mmol/L was significantly associated with increased mortality at 90 days (P < 0.05). In patients with T2DM increased BGL on admission was not associated with in-hospital or 90-day mortality but was associated with length of hospital stay (β: 0.22 days/mmol/L; 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.35; P < 0.001), although this association was lost on multivariable analysis. In patients with T2DM, increased coefficient of variation of BGL was also positively associated with length of hospital stay in an almost dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Admission BGL was independently associated with increased mortality in patients with no diagnosis of diabetes. Glycaemic variability was associated with increased length of hospital stay in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Martin
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Galligan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - S Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - T Greenaway
- Clinical Endocrinology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - J Burgess
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Sargant N, Roy A, Simpson S, Chandrakumaran K, Alves S, Coakes J, Bell J, Knight J, Wilson P, Mohamed F, Cecil T, Moran B. A protocol for management of blood loss in surgical treatment of peritoneal malignancy by cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Transfus Med 2016; 26:118-22. [PMID: 27030339 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The treatment of peritoneal malignancies with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been shown to be associated with massive surgical blood loss. Maintaining high fibrinogen levels throughout surgery may reduce blood loss in these patients. The primary aim of the study was to see if Tranexamic Acid (TXA) and cryoprecipitate reduced surgical blood loss and hence red cell transfusions. A comparison was made with a cohort of patients treated with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) alone. The secondary aim was to measure the effect of both protocols on coagulation parameters and the incidence of arterial or venous thrombosis. METHOD We used prospectively collected data from 201 patients who had complete CRS with HIPEC for peritoneal malignancy using different protocols during two discrete 12-month time periods. RESULTS The new transfusion protocol led to a higher average fibrinogen level intra-operatively and post-operatively, with a significant reduction in average RBC, FFP and platelet transfusion intra-operatively per patient from 4·2 to 1·8 units, 6·2 to 0·2 units and 0·1 to 0 units, respectively. No significant difference in PT or APTT was seen between patients treated with the standard and new protocols. Venous thrombosis occurred in seven patients treated with the standard protocol and five with the new protocol. A single case of arterial thrombosis was seen in both groups. CONCLUSION Patients treated with upfront TXA and cryoprecipitate during CRS required less RBC transfusion than those treated with the standard protocol of early FFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sargant
- Department of Haematology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - A Roy
- Department of Haematology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - S Simpson
- Department of Haematology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - K Chandrakumaran
- Department of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Surgery, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - S Alves
- Department of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Surgery, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - J Coakes
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - J Bell
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - J Knight
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - P Wilson
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - F Mohamed
- Department of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Surgery, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - T Cecil
- Department of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Surgery, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - B Moran
- Department of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Surgery, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Basingstoke, UK
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Simpson S, Gonzalez L, Chung J, Blikslager A, Magness S, Piedrahita J. 27 AN IMPROVED LARGE ANIMAL MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF ADULT STEM CELLS. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv28n2ab27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models for the study of adult stem cell populations have broadened the understanding of previously uncharacterized stem cell niches. The development of murine reporter lines for the leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor-5 (Lgr5) has highlighted the importance of this gene as a stem cell marker in the stomach, intestine, hair follicle, liver, and kidney in mice. These models however have significant limitations in terms of translational applications because of anatomical and physiological differences between humans and mice. In order to overcome these limitations, we have sought to develop a porcine LGR5 reporter line. We report the generation of a porcine stem cell reporter line using the combination of transcription activator-like effector nucleases and somatic cell NT. Transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated homologous recombination was used to drive the integration of an internal ribosome entry site green fluorescent protein fusion into the 3′ untranslated region of the LGR5 locus in porcine fetal fibroblast cells. Multiple cell lines were developed and screened for the proper integration event. Upon confirmation of proper integration by genomic DNA sequencing, these lines were used as donors for somatic cell NT. Transfer of the somatic cell NT reconstructed embryos to a surrogate gilt resulted in 3 live births, and the establishment of a founder line of LGR5-green fluorescent protein reporter pigs. We have begun to characterise these lines, having observed fluorescent labelling of putative stem cell populations in the intestinal crypts and hair follicles from these animals. Many of these observations parallel the expression patterns observed in similar murine models. We have confirmed the fluorescent reporter signal by immunohistochemistry using an anti-green fluorescent protein antibody, and are working towards colocalization studies using anti-LGR5 antibodies and RNA in situ hybridization, as well as the characterisation of additional stem cell populations in the pig. The development of this line of transgenic pigs represents significant progress toward the study of adult stem cells, their progenitors, and the stem cell niche, using a large animal model with an anatomy, physiology, and ability to recapitulate human disease that overcomes the current limitations of rodent models.
Funding was provided by NIH R21OD019738.
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Sper R, Simpson S, Zhang X, Collins B, Piedrahita J. 1 GENERATION OF A STABLE TRANSGENIC SWINE MODEL FOR CELL TRACKING AND CHROMOSOME DYNAMIC STUDIES. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv28n2ab1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic pigs are an attractive research model in the field of translational research, regenerative medicine, and stem cell therapy due to their anatomic, genetic, and physiological similarities with humans. The development of a transgenic murine model with a fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to histone 2B protein (H2B, protein of nucleosome core) resulted in an easier and more convenient method for tracking cell migration and engraftment levels after transplantation as well as a way to better understand the complexity of molecular regulation within cell cycle/division, cancer biology, and chromosome dynamics. Up to now the development of a stable transgenic large animal model expressing H2B-GFP has not been described. Our objective was to develop the first transgenic porcine H2B-GFP model via CRISPR-CAS9 mediated recombination and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Porcine fetal fibroblasts were cotransfected with CRISPR-CAS9 designed to target the 3′ untranslated region of ACTB locus and a targeting vector containing 1Kb homology arms to ACTB flanking an IRES-H2B-GFP transgene. Four days after transfection GFP cells were fluorescence activated cell sorted. Single cell colonies were generated and analysed by PCR, and heterozygous colonies were used as donor cells for SCNT. The custom designed CRISPR-CAS9 knockin system demonstrated a 2.4% knockin efficiency. From positive cells, 119 SCNT embryos were generated and transferred to a recipient gilt resulting in three positive founder boars (P1 generation). Boars show normal fertility (pregnancies obtained via AI of wild type sows). Generated P1 clones were viable and fertile with a transgene transmission rate of 55.8% (in concordance with Mendel’s law upon chi-square test with P = 0.05). Intranuclear H2B-GFP expression was confirmed via fluorescence microscopy on 8-day in vitro cultured SCNT blastocysts and a variety of tissues (heart, kidney, brain, bladder, skeletal muscle, stomach, skin, and so on) and primary cultured cells (chondrocytes, bone marrow derived, adipocyte derived, neural stem cells, and so on) from P1 cloned boars and F1 42-day fetuses and viable piglets. In addition, chromosome segregation could be easily identified during cell cycle division in in vitro cultured stem cells. Custom designed CRISPR-CAS 9 are able to drive homologous recombination in the ACTB locus in porcine fetal fibroblasts, allowing the generation of the first described viable H2B-GFP porcine model via SCNT. Generated clones and F1 generation expressed H2B-GFP ubiquitously, and transgene transmission rates were with concordance of Mendel’s law. This novel large animal model represents an improved platform for regenerative medicine and chromosome dynamic and cancer biology studies.
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Simpson S. Book review: Essentials of esthetic dentistry: minimally invasive esthetics. Br Dent J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simpson S, Mina S, Morris H, Mahendran S, Taylor B, Boggild M. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the Isle of Man: 2006-2011. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 132:381-8. [PMID: 25891133 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the prevalence of MS on the Isle of Man in 2006 and 2011, and the incidence and mortality rates over this interval. METHODS Cases were identified by hospital medical record review, General Practitioners and the local MS Society. The significance of the change in prevalence over time and the significance of differences in frequencies by sex and place of birth were assessed by Poisson regression. RESULTS The 2006 prevalence was 153.64 per 100,000 persons and the 2011 prevalence was 179.89. The prevalence was higher among females and persons born in the Isle of Man at both time points. The 2006-2011 incidence rate was 6.86 per 100,000 person-years, much higher among females and persons born in the Isle of Man. The prevalence sex ratios in 2006 and 2011, 2.77 and 2.59, respectively, and the incidence sex ratio, 2.19, are similar to others found in the region. The mortality rate over the study period was 2.84 per 100,000 person-years, this solely among persons born overseas. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of MS epidemiology in the Isle of Man, finding this area to be of high prevalence and to have one of the highest incidence rates in the UK region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS Australia
| | - S. Mina
- Noble's Hospital; Douglas Isle of Man
| | - H. Morris
- Noble's Hospital; Douglas Isle of Man
| | - S. Mahendran
- Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool UK
| | - B. Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS Australia
| | - M. Boggild
- Department of Neurology; Townsville Hospital; Douglas QLD Australia
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Huang H, Santoso N, Power D, Simpson S, Dieringer M, Miao H, Gurova K, Giam CZ, Elledge SJ, Zhu J. FACT Proteins, SUPT16H and SSRP1, Are Transcriptional Suppressors of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 That Facilitate Viral Latency. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27297-27310. [PMID: 26378236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our functional genomic RNAi screens have identified the protein components of the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex, SUPT16H and SSRP1, as top host factors that negatively regulate HIV-1 replication. FACT interacts specifically with histones H2A/H2B to affect assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes, as well as transcription elongation. We further investigated the suppressive role of FACT proteins in HIV-1 transcription. First, depletion of SUPT16H or SSRP1 protein enhances Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR (long terminal repeat) promoter activity. Second, HIV-1 Tat interacts with SUPT16H but not SSRP1 protein. However, both SUPT16H and SSRP1 are recruited to LTR promoter. Third, the presence of SUPT16H interferes with the association of Cyclin T1 (CCNT1), a subunit of P-TEFb, with the Tat-LTR axis. Removing inhibitory mechanisms to permit HIV-1 transcription is an initial and key regulatory step to reverse post-integrated latent HIV-1 proviruses for purging of reservoir cells. We therefore evaluated the role of FACT proteins in HIV-1 latency and reactivation. Depletion of SUPT16H or SSRP1 protein affects both HIV-1 transcriptional initiation and elongation and spontaneously reverses latent HIV-1 in U1/HIV and J-LAT cells. Similar effects were observed with a primary CD4+ T cell model of HIV-1 latency. FACT proteins also interfere with HTLV-1 Tax-LTR-mediated transcription and viral latency, indicating that they may act as general transcriptional suppressors for retroviruses. We conclude that FACT proteins SUPT16H and SSRP1 play a key role in suppressing HIV-1 transcription and promoting viral latency, which may serve as promising gene targets for developing novel HIV-1 latency-reversing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Huang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Netty Santoso
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Derek Power
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sydney Simpson
- the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Michael Dieringer
- the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jian Zhu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642.
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Simpson S, Cassidy D, Copeland L, John E, Stanton H, Jewell K. Weight management in pregnancy. Participants' experiences of ‘Healthy Eating and Lifestyle in Pregnancy (HELP)’ trial. Appetite 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lin R, Taylor BV, Charlesworth J, van der Mei I, Blizzard L, Stewart N, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Pittas F, Simpson S. Modulating effects of WT1 on interferon-β-vitamin D association in MS. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:231-9. [PMID: 25312909 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether those genes involved in the vitamin D pathway modulate the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and IFN-β, the relationship between IFN-β and sun in predicting 25(OH)D, and the interaction between IFN-β and 25(OH)D in modulating relapse risk in patients with MS. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 169 participants with MS and genotype data followed 2002-2005. Gene-IFN-β and gene-IFN-β-sun interactions predicting 25(OH)D evaluated by multilevel mixed-effects linear regression. Gene-IFN-β interactions with 25(OH)D in modulating in relapse risk assessed using survival analysis. RESULTS The cohort was 71.6% female and of mean age 47.8. Two-independent intronic genotyped SNPs (rs10767935 and rs5030244) in WT1 significantly modified the IFN-β-25(OH)D association after adjustment (P(interaction) = 0.001, 0.0002; P(adj) = 0.003, 0.006, respectively). There was a marked difference in the interaction between self-reported sun exposure and IFN-β in predicting 25(OH)D by level of rs10767935, although this did not reach statistical significance. No SNPs modified the interaction between IFN-β and 25(OH)D in predicting relapse. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that two-independent SNPs (rs10767935 and rs5030244) in WT1 modified the IFN-β-25(OH)D association in patients with MS. Some evidence was shown for a difference in the sun-IFN-β-25(OH)D association by level of rs10767935. These findings indicate that WT1 variants may play a role in altering the effects of IFN-β on vitamin D in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lin
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Nanning China
| | - B. V. Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - J. Charlesworth
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - I. van der Mei
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - L. Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - N. Stewart
- School of Pharmacy; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - A.-L. Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - T. Dwyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - F. Pittas
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - S. Simpson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
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Gray DM, Willemse L, Alberts A, Simpson S, Sly PD, Hall GL, Zar HJ. Lung function in African infants: a pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:49-54. [PMID: 24339198 PMCID: PMC4312776 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of childhood respiratory illness is large in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Infant lung function (ILF) testing may provide useful information about lung growth and susceptibility to respiratory disease. However, ILF has not been widely available in LMICs settings where the greatest burden of childhood respiratory disease occurs. AIM To implement and evaluate a pilot study of ILF testing in a semi-rural setting in South Africa. METHOD Infant lung function testing was established at a community hospital in South Africa. All measures were done in unsedated infants during sleep. Measurements, made with the infant quietly breathing through a face mask and bacterial filter, included tidal breathing (TBFVL), exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and sulphur hexafluoride multiple breath washout (MBW) measures using an ultrasonic flow meter and chemoluminescent NO analyzer. RESULTS Twenty infants, mean age of 7.7 (SD 2.9) weeks were tested; 8 (40%) were Black African and 12 (60%) were mixed race. Five (25%) infants were preterm. There were 19 (95%) successful TBFVL and NO tests and 18 (90%) successful MBW tests. The mean tidal volume was 30.5 ml (SD 5.9), respiratory rate 50.2 breaths per minute (SD 8.7), and eNO 10.4 ppb (SD 7.3). The mean MBW measures were: functional residual capacity 71 ml (SD 13) and the lung clearance index 7.6 (SD 0.5). The intra-subject coefficient of variations (CV) of lung function measures were similar to published normative data for Caucasian European infants. CONCLUSION In this study we demonstrate that unsedated infant lung function measures of tidal breathing, MBW, and eNO are feasible in a semi-rural African setting with rates comparable to those reported from high income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Simpson S, Taylor B, Burrows J, Burrows S, Dwyer DE, Taylor J, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, Pittas F, van der Mei I. EBV & HHV6 reactivation is infrequent and not associated with MS clinical course. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:328-37. [PMID: 24893674 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the environmental factors associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) causation, some of the strongest associations are with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and to a lesser extent human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6). Associations with clinical course are less conclusive, however. METHODS We evaluated serum anti-EBV-EA-R IgG and anti-HHV6 IgM, and EBV and HHV6 viral load (VL) for their associations with relapse, disability, and progression in disability in a prospective cohort of 198 participants with clinically definite MS. RESULTS Anti-EBV-EA-R IgG was detected in 81.8% of cases at study entry, and titers remained essentially unchanged during the study. Anti-HHV6 IgM was detected in only one participant, and EBV-VL (29%) and HHV6-VL (1.8%) were detected in a minority of samples, and where detected levels were low. Our previously demonstrated association between anti-HHV6 IgG and relapse hazard was not affected by adjustment for parameters of reactivation. We found no evidence that any of the viral markers were associated with disability or progression in disability. In relation to relapse, only EBV-VL was positively associated, although this was strongly influenced by a single individual. CONCLUSION Using a prospective cohort design, we found no convincing evidence that reactivation parameters of EBV or HHV6 were associated with subsequent MS relapse hazard or progression in disability, confirming previous findings, and indicating that herpesvirus reactivation is not an important driver of relapse or disability in this established MS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - B. Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - J. Burrows
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - S. Burrows
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - D. E. Dwyer
- Westmead Hospital; Westmead Millennium Institute and ICPMR; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - J. Taylor
- Westmead Hospital; Westmead Millennium Institute and ICPMR; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - A.-L. Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - L. Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - T. Dwyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - F. Pittas
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - I. van der Mei
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
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Thompson T, Simpson S. A comparison of gluten levels in labeled gluten-free and certified gluten-free foods sold in the United States. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:143-6. [PMID: 25271013 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Thompson
- Gluten Free Watchdog, Manchester, MA, USA
| | - S Simpson
- Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University, Harkness Pavilion, New York, NY, USA
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Chantrill L, Johns A, Watson C, Mead S, Gill A, Pavlakis N, Grimison P, Asghari G, Li B, Chou A, Simpson S, Martyn-Smith M, Nagrial A, Chin V, Sebastian L, Yip S, Sjoquist K, Grimmond S, Simes R, Biankin A. Precision Medicine for Advanced Pancreas Cancer: Early Lessons Learned from Negotiating the Pitfalls of a Molecular Therapeutics Trial in a Poor Prognosis Cancer. Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu358.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Knippenberg S, Damoiseaux J, Bol Y, Hupperts R, Taylor BV, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Simpson S, van der Mei IAF. Higher levels of reported sun exposure, and not vitamin D status, are associated with less depressive symptoms and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 129:123-31. [PMID: 23763464 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insufficient sun exposure and vitamin D deficiency have both been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Depressi on, anxiety, fatigue and cognitive impairment are prevalent and disabling symptoms in MS. Our objective was to examine the associations between personal sun exposure and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and depression, anxiety, fatigue and cognition. METHODS A total of 198 participants with multiple sclerosis were followed prospectively for an average of 2.3 years. Assessments of serum 25(OH)D, sun exposure, depression, anxiety and fatigue were carried out biannually; cognition was assessed annually. RESULTS Personal reported sun exposure was inversely associated with depression scores (β -0.26 (95%CI -0.40, -0.12);P ≤ 0.001) and fatigue scores (β -0.65 (95%CI -1.23, -0.07); P = 0.028). Only high levels of 25(OH)D (>80 nm) were inversely associated depression scores (β -0.64 (95%CI -1.15, -0.13); P = 0.015), but this was not significant after adjustment for reported sun exposure. No associations were seen between reported sun exposure or serum 25(OH)D levels and anxiety or cognition scores. CONCLUSION We found that higher levels reported sun exposure, rather than 25(OH)D levels, were associated with less depressive symptoms and levels of fatigue. The role of UV or light therapy will need to be evaluated in randomized controlled trials to confirm an effect on these symptoms in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Knippenberg
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Academic MS Center Limburg; Orbis Medical Center; Sittard The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - J. Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Y. Bol
- Academic MS Center Limburg; Orbis Medical Center; Sittard The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry; Orbis Medical Center; Sittard The Netherlands
| | - R. Hupperts
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Academic MS Center Limburg; Orbis Medical Center; Sittard The Netherlands
| | - B. V. Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - A.-L. Ponsonby
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - T. Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Simpson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - I. A. F. van der Mei
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Chung J, Zhang X, Colins B, Howard K, Simpson S, Salmon C, Koh S, Sper R, Byrd C, Piedrahita J. 5 DISRUPTION OF THE HIGH MOBILITY GROUP AT-HOOK 2 (HMGA2) GENE IN SWINE REDUCES POSTNATAL GROWTH. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv26n1ab5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein has been shown to be a crucial gene for cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis; HMGA2 is also a strong biological candidate for growth, because mutations in this gene alter body size in mice and humans. Compared with wild-type controls, adult mice lacking HMGA2 are 60% smaller, and adult heterozygous mutants are 20% smaller. In humans, HMGA2 has been associated with adult and childhood height without any other deleterious effect. Additionally, a microdeletion in the HMGA2 gene in a human patient resulted in short stature, with no dysmorphologies and normal puberty. In order to determine the effect of HMGA2 on fetal and adult growth in pigs, a transgenic pig line deficient in HMGA2 expression was generated by gene targeting in fetal fibroblasts (FF). Using a targeting vector carrying a reporter gene, and homology arms specific to HMGA2, heterozygous mutant cell lines were generated. The cell lines were then used to generate 6 heterozygous females by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Bodyweights and lengths from snout to base of tail were measured every 2 weeks for a year for mutant (n = 6) and wild-type farm gilts (n = 6). Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA. As in mice, disruption of one allele of the HMGA2 gene resulted in 25% reduction in weight (P < 0.0001) and 14% reduction in length (P < 0.0001). Early in postnatal growth (2 months), weights of mutants were not different than wild-type. However, mutants were 20 to 35% lighter (P < 0.05) during mid stages (6 months) and 25 to 30% (P < 0.0001) in late stages (3 months). The same insertional mutation generated 8 heterozygous male clones by SCNT. In addition, 7 nontransgenic males from the same FF line were generated as SCNT controls. Bodyweights and lengths were measured every 2 weeks for 30 weeks for HMGA2 heterozygous mutants (n = 8), control SCNT (n = 7) and wild-type farm boars (n = 5). The weight curve of boars showed similar pattern as for mutant gilts. At 30-week postnatal stage, mutants were 17% (P < 0.05) and 16% (P < 0.05) lighter in weight compared with littermate and wild-type animals, respectively. We are presently developing homozygous HMGA2 mutant lines. Currently, 3 of 6 heterozygous gilts have been bred with heterozygous boars, with 1 confirmed pregnancy. The expectation is that the homozygous animals will, like mice, be 60% smaller than the wild-type animals. The approach described here will result not only in a valuable large-animal model of dwarfism, but also in a tool to reduce the size of existing transgenic and nontransgenic swine lines. This, in turn, will increase the receptivity of valuable transgenic lines by the biomedical community.
Funding for this work was provided by NIH grant R21-OD010553 to JP.
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Beniwal S, Chen S, Kunkel DA, Hooper J, Simpson S, Zurek E, Zeng XC, Enders A. Kagome-like lattice of π–π stacked 3-hydroxyphenalenone on Cu(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8659-62. [PMID: 24957918 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03523b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional arrangement of 3-HPLN on a 2D surface, involving π–π stacking and perpendicular molecule attachment, results in a Kagome lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Beniwal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln, USA
| | - S. Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- , USA
- Nebraska Center of Materials and Nanoscience
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
| | - D. A. Kunkel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln, USA
| | - J. Hooper
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jagiellonion University
- 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - S. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Buffalo, USA
| | - E. Zurek
- Department of Chemistry
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Buffalo, USA
| | - X. C. Zeng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- , USA
- Nebraska Center of Materials and Nanoscience
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
| | - A. Enders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln, USA
- Nebraska Center of Materials and Nanoscience
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
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van der Mei IAF, Otahal P, Simpson S, Taylor B, Winzenberg T. Meta-analyses to investigate gene-environment interactions in neuroepidemiology. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 42:39-49. [PMID: 24356062 DOI: 10.1159/000355439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most chronic neurological diseases are caused by a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Increasingly, gene-environment interactions (GxE) are being examined, providing opportunities to combine studies systematically using meta-analysis. METHODS Systematic review of the literature on how to examine GxE using observational study designs, and how to conduct a meta-analysis of studies on GxE. RESULTS Most methods and challenges related to a standard meta-analysis apply to a GxE meta-analysis. There are, however, some substantive differences. With GxE, there is the capability of using a case-only design. Research on GxE interactions may be more prone to publication bias, since interactions are usually not the primary hypothesis and only 'exciting' significant GxE findings are reported out of a range of secondary analyses. In disease aetiology research, there has been debate whether to measure interaction on a multiplicative or additive scale. There are some significant challenges associated with measuring interaction on an additive scale, and thus the uptake of the measures of additive interaction has been limited. As a result, the methods of analysing interaction have been less consistent and reporting has been highly variable. We suggest using the STROBE/STREGA reporting guidelines to allow evaluation of interaction on both scales. CONCLUSIONS We identified a number of differences of a GxE meta-analysis over a standard meta-analysis. Awareness of these issues is important. Using established reporting guidelines for GxE studies is recommended. The development of consortia for neurological disorders that include both genetic and environmental data might offer benefits for GxE meta-analyses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A F van der Mei
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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Rajagopal A, Shimony JS, McKinstry RC, Altaye M, Maloney T, Mangano FT, Limbrick DD, Holland SK, Jones BV, Simpson S, Mercer D, Yuan W. White matter microstructural abnormality in children with hydrocephalus detected by probabilistic diffusion tractography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:2379-85. [PMID: 24072621 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrocephalus is a severe pathologic condition in which WM damage is a major factor associated with poor outcomes. The goal of the study was to investigate tract-based WM connectivity and DTI measurements in children with hydrocephalus by using the probabilistic diffusion tractography method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve children with hydrocephalus and 16 age-matched controls were included in the study. Probabilistic diffusion tractography was conducted to generate tract-based connectivity distribution and DTI measures for the genu of the corpus callosum and the connectivity index. Tract-based summary measurements, including the connectivity index and DTI measures (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity), were calculated and compared between the 2 study groups. RESULTS Tract-based summary measurement showed a higher percentage of voxels with lower normalized connectivity index values in the WM tracts in children with hydrocephalus. In the genu of the corpus callosum, the left midsegment of the corticospinal tract, and the right midsegment of the corticospinal tract, the normalized connectivity index value in children with hydrocephalus was found to be significantly lower (P < .05, corrected). The tract-based DTI measures showed that the children with hydrocephalus had significantly higher mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity in the genu of the corpus callosum, left midsegment of the corticospinal tract, and right midsegment of corticospinal tract and lower fractional anisotropy in the genu of the corpus callosum (P < .05, corrected). CONCLUSIONS The analysis of WM connectivity showed that the probabilistic diffusion tractography method is a sensitive tool to detect the decreased continuity in WM tracts that are under the direct influence of mechanical distortion and increased intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. This voxel-based connectivity method can provide quantitative information complementary to the standard DTI summary measures.
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McGowin I, Bourland J, Peiffer A, Simpson S, Rawley J, Godwin D. SU-E-I-90: Magnetoencephalography (MEG): Quantitative Comparison of Oscillations and Synchronization Differences/similarities in Post-Surgery/pre-Irradiation Patients and Control Subjects. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Eurich DT, Simpson S, Senthilselvan A, Asche CV, Sandhu-Minhas JK, McAlister FA. Comparative safety and effectiveness of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes: retrospective population based cohort study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2267. [PMID: 23618722 PMCID: PMC3635468 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the use of sitagliptin in newly treated patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with any changes in clinical outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective population based cohort study. SETTING Large national commercially insured US claims and integrated laboratory database. PARTICIPANTS Inception cohort of new users of oral antidiabetic drugs between 2004 and 2009 followed until death, termination of medical insurance, or December 31 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Composite endpoint of all cause hospital admission and all cause mortality, assessed with time varying Cox proportional hazards regression after adjustment for demographics, clinical and laboratory data, pharmacy claims data, healthcare use, and time varying propensity scores. RESULTS The cohort included 72,738 new users of oral antidiabetic drugs (8032 (11%) used sitagliptin; 7293 (91%) were taking it in combination with other agents) followed for a total of 182,409 patient years. The mean age was 52 (SD 9) years, 54% (39,573) were men, 11% (8111) had ischemic heart disease, and 9% (6378) had diabetes related complications at the time their first antidiabetic drug was prescribed. 14,215 (20%) patients met the combined endpoint. Sitagliptin users showed similar rates of all cause hospital admission or mortality to patients not using sitagliptin (adjusted hazard ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.06), including patients with a history of ischemic heart disease (adjusted hazard ratio 1.10, 0.94 to 1.28) and those with estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min (1.11, 0.88 to 1.41). CONCLUSIONS Sitagliptin use was not associated with an excess risk of all cause hospital admission or death compared with other glucose lowering agents among newly treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Most patients prescribed sitagliptin in this cohort were concordant with clinical practice guidelines, in that it was used as add-on treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Eurich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3.
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Yuan W, McKinstry RC, Shimony JS, Altaye M, Powell SK, Phillips JM, Limbrick DD, Holland SK, Jones BV, Rajagopal A, Simpson S, Mercer D, Mangano FT. Diffusion tensor imaging properties and neurobehavioral outcomes in children with hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:439-45. [PMID: 22899790 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE White matter structural alterations and the correlation with neuropsychological deficits in children with hydrocephalus have not been well investigated. In this prospective study, the objectives were the following: 1) to apply DTI to detect in vivo white matter alterations based on diffusion properties in children with acute hydrocephalus, 2) to quantify early neuropsychological deficits, and 3) to explore the correlation between potential neuropsychological deficits and abnormalities in functionally related white matter. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 44 children, 24 with hydrocephalus and 20 controls, were enrolled in the study. DTI indices, FA, MD, AD, and RD, were evaluated in the gCC, sCC, PLIC, and ALIC. The ABAS-II was used as a broad screener of development, including conceptual, social, practical, and motor skills. The correlation between the Motor Scale and DTI indices in the PLIC was analyzed. RESULTS DTI analyses showed that the gCC and sCC in children with hydrocephalus had lower FA and higher MD, driven by the increased RD with statistical significance (P < .05) or trend-level significance (P = .06). The PLIC and ALIC had significantly higher AD in children with hydrocephalus (P < .05). On the ABAS-II, parent ratings of general adaptive skills, conceptual skills, and motor skills were significantly lower in children with hydrocephalus (all at P < .05). The MD and RD values in the PLIC were found to have trend-level or significant correlation with the Motor Scale (P = .057, .041, respectively). CONCLUSIONS DTI reveals alterations in the white matter structure in children with hydrocephalus with preliminary findings suggesting correlation with clinical motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Longman-Mills S, González WY, Meléndez MO, García MR, Gómez JD, Juárez CG, Martínez EA, Peñalba SJ, Pizzanelli EM, Solórzano LI, Wright MGM, Cumsille F, De La Haye W, Sapag JC, Khenti A, Hamilton HA, Erickson PG, Brands B, Flam-Zalcman R, Simpson S, Wekerle C, Mann RE. Exploring child maltreatment and its relationship to alcohol and cannabis use in selected Latin American and Caribbean countries. Child Abuse Negl 2013; 37:77-85. [PMID: 23306145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research from developed countries shows that child maltreatment increases the risk for substance use and problems. However, little evidence on this relationship is available from developing countries, and recognition of this relationship may have important implications for substance demand reduction strategies, including efforts to prevent and treat substance use and related problems. Latin America and the Caribbean is a rich and diverse region of the world with a large range of social and cultural influences. A working group constituted by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission and the Center for Addiction and Mental Health in June, 2010 identified research on this relationship as a priority area for a multinational research partnership. METHODS This paper examines the association between self-reported child maltreatment and use in the past 12 months of alcohol and cannabis in 2294 university students in seven participating universities in six participating countries: Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama and Uruguay. The research also considers the possible impact of religiosity and minimal psychological distress as factors contributing to resiliency in these samples. RESULTS The results showed that experience of maltreatment was associated with increased use of alcohol and cannabis. However, the effects differed depending on the type of maltreatment experienced. Higher levels of religiosity were consistently associated with lower levels of alcohol and cannabis use, but we found no evidence of an impact of minimal psychological distress on these measures. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study shows that the experience of maltreatment may increase the risk of alcohol and cannabis use among university students in Latin American and Caribbean countries, but that higher levels of religiosity may reduce that risk. More work to determine the nature and significance of these relationships is needed.
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