1
|
Lv L, Chen Y, Zhao B. Pathogen shape: Implication on pathogenicity via respiratory deposition. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 191:108978. [PMID: 39197372 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The shape of environmental aerosols contributes to the discrepancy in their dynamic behavior compared to spherical particles, which have received inadequate consideration. We reported deposition patterns of aerosols and aerosol-transmissible pathogens in real human respiratory systems, taking into account their actual shape, using a validated computational-based model. We found that the shape of the aerosols significantly influenced its deposits and accessibility within the respiratory system, significantly in the tracheobronchial region. As an example, we estimated that over 180 % of differences in deposits in the trachea and bronchi were attributable to pathogens shape, inferring the underlying pathogenicity difference of these regions. These findings, capturing the spatial heterogeneity of pathogens and aerosols deposition in human respiratory system, have major implication for understanding the evolution of aerosol-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Lv
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanmark E, Tuhkuri-Matvejeff A, Geneid A, Oksanen LM, Alku P, Hakala J, Heikkilä P, Silvonen V, Taipale A, Rönkkö T, Laukkanen AM, Saari S, Vartiainen VA. Effect of Vocalization on Human Aerosol Dynamics: Whispering Produces More Aerosols than Speaking. J Voice 2024:S0892-1997(24)00239-X. [PMID: 39142922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sound pressure and exhaled flow have been identified as important factors associated with higher particle emissions. The aim of this study was to assess how different vocalizations affect the particle generation independently from other factors. DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Thirty-three experienced singers repeated two different sentences in normal loudness and whispering. The first sentence consisted mainly of consonants like /k/ and /t/ as well as open vowels, while the second sentence also included the /s/ sound and contained primarily closed vowels. The particle emission was measured using condensation particle counter (CPC, 3775 TSI Inc.) and aerodynamic particle sizer (APS, 3321 TSI Inc.). The CPC measured particle number concentration for particles larger than 4 nm and mainly reflects the number of particles smaller than 0.5 µm since these particles dominate total number concentration. The APS measured particle size distribution and number concentration in the size range of 0.5-10 µm and data were divided into >1 µm and <1 µm particle size ranges. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were constructed to assess the factors affecting particle generation. RESULTS Whispering produced more particles than speaking and sentence 1 produced more particles than sentence 2 while speaking. Sound pressure level had effect on particle production independently from vocalization. The effect of exhaled airflow was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results the type of vocalization has a significant effect on particle production independently from other factors such as sound pressure level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enni Sanmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Tuhkuri-Matvejeff
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Geneid
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta-Maria Oksanen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Alku
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jani Hakala
- VTT Technical Reseach Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - Paavo Heikkilä
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aimo Taipale
- VTT Technical Reseach Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne-Maria Laukkanen
- Speech and Voice Research Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sampo Saari
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville A Vartiainen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sinapour H, Guterstam J, Grosse S, Astorga-Wells J, Stambeck P, Stambeck M, Winberg J, Hermansson S, Beck O. Validation and application of an automated multitarget LC-MS/MS method for drugs of abuse testing using exhaled breath as specimen. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1240:124142. [PMID: 38718698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol microparticles in exhaled breath carry non-volatile compounds from the deeper parts of the lung. When captured and analyzed, these aerosol microparticles constitute a non-invasive and readily available specimen for drugs of abuse testing. The present study aimed to evaluate a simple breath collection device in a clinical setting. The device divides a breath sample into three parallel "collectors" that can be individually analyzed. Urine was used as the reference specimen, and parallel specimens were collected from 99 patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Methadone was used as the primary validation parameter. A sensitive multi-analyte method using tandem liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry was developed and validated as part of the project. The method was successfully validated for 36 analytes with a limit of detection of 1 pg/collector for most compounds. Based on the validation results tetrahydrocannabinol THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are suitable for qualitative analysis, but all other analytes can be quantitively assessed by the method. Methadone was positive in urine in 97 cases and detected in exhaled breath in 98 cases. Median methadone concentration was 64 pg/collector. The methadone metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) was detected in 90 % of the cases but below 10 pg/collector in most. Amphetamine was also present in the urine in 17 cases and in exhaled breath in 16 cases. Several other substances were detected in the exhaled breath and urine samples, but at a lower frequency. This study concluded that the device provides a specimen from exhaled breath, that is useful for drugs of abuse testing. The results show that high analytical sensitivity is needed to achieve good detectability and detection time after intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joar Guterstam
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan Grosse
- Workplace Drugs Testing Laboratory, Eurofins Forensic Services, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Stambeck
- Workplace Drugs Testing Laboratory, Eurofins Forensic Services, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Olof Beck
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kakeshpour T, Fennelly KP, Bax A. Snoring-generated fluid droplets as a potential mechanistic link between sleep-disordered breathing and pneumonia. Respir Res 2024; 25:224. [PMID: 38811937 PMCID: PMC11137920 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The soft palate and back of the throat represent vulnerable early infection sites for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, streptococci, and many other pathogens. We demonstrate that snoring causes aerosolization of pharyngeal fluid that covers these surfaces, which previously has escaped detection because the inspired airstream carries the micron-sized droplets into the lung, inaccessible to traditional aerosol detectors. While many of these droplets will settle in the lower respiratory tract, a fraction of the respirable smallest droplets remains airborne and can be detected in exhaled breath. We distinguished these exhaled droplets from those generated by the underlying breathing activity by using a chemical tracer, thereby proving their existence. The direct transfer of pharyngeal fluids and their pathogens into the deep lung by snoring represents a plausible mechanistic link between the previously recognized association between sleep-disordered breathing and pneumonia incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Kakeshpour
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin P Fennelly
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriaan Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gibbons AM, Ohno PE. Relative Humidity-Dependent Phase Transitions in Submicron Respiratory Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3015-3023. [PMID: 38593044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, represent a substantial public health burden and are largely transmitted through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH) and temperature impact virus transmission rates, and a precise mechanistic understanding of the connection between these environmental factors and virus transmission would improve efforts to mitigate respiratory disease transmission. Previous studies on supermicrometer particles observed RH-dependent phase transitions and linked particle phase state to virus viability. Phase transitions in atmospheric aerosols are dependent on size in the submicrometer range, and actual respiratory particles are expelled over a large size range, including submicrometer aerosols that can transmit diseases over long distances. Here, we directly investigated the phase transitions of submicrometer model respiratory aerosols. A probe molecule, Nile red, was added to particle systems including multiple mucin/salt mixtures, a growth medium, and simulated lung fluid. For each system, the polarity-dependent fluorescence emission was measured following RH conditioning. Notably, the fluorescence measurements of mucin/NaCl and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium particles indicated that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) also occurs in submicron particles, suggesting that LLPS can also impact the viability of viruses in submicron particles and thus affect aerosol virus transmission. Furthermore, the utility of fluorescence-based measurements to study submicrometer respiratory particle physicochemical properties in situ is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Paul E Ohno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schumm B, Bremer S, Knödlseder K, Schönfelder M, Hain R, Semmler L, Lorenz E, Wackerhage H, Kähler CJ, Jörres R. Indices of airway resistance and reactance from impulse oscillometry correlate with aerosol particle emission in different age groups. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4644. [PMID: 38409397 PMCID: PMC10897442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Airborne transmission of pathogens plays a major role in the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol particle production from the lung is thought to occur in the peripheral airways. In the present study we investigated eighty lung-healthy subjects of two age groups (20-39, 60-76 years) at rest and during exercise whether lung function parameters indicative of peripheral airway function were correlated with individual differences in aerosol particle emission. Lung function comprised spirometry and impulse oscillometry during quiet breathing and an expiratory vital capacity manoeuvre, using resistance (R5) and reactance at 5 Hz (X5) as indicators potentially related to peripheral airway function. The association between emission at different ventilation rates relative to maximum ventilation and lung function was assessed by regression analysis. In multiple regression analyses including age group, only vital capacity manoeuvre R5 at 15% to 50% of end-expiratory vital capacity as well as quiet breathing X5 were independently linked to particle emission at 20% to 50% of maximum ventilation, in addition to age group. The fact that age as predictive factor was still significant, although to a lower degree, points towards further effects of age, potentially involving surface properties not accounted for by impulse oscillometry parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schumm
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Bremer
- Professorship of Exercise Biology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Knödlseder
- Professorship of Exercise Biology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Professorship of Exercise Biology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Hain
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Semmler
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Lorenz
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Professorship of Exercise Biology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Kähler
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Jörres
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU Hospital, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo S, Ye Z, Lv Y, Xiong Y, Liu Y. Composition analysis and health risk assessment of the hazardous compounds in cooking fumes emitted from heated soybean oils with different refining levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123215. [PMID: 38145635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The cooking fumes generated from thermal cooking oils contains various of hazardous components and shows deleterious health effects. The edible oil refining is designed to improve the oil quality and safety. While, there remains unknown about the connections between the characteristics and health risks of the cooking fumes and oils with different refining levels. In this study, the hazardous compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particulate matter (PM) in the fumes emitted from heated soybean oils with different refining levels were characterized, and their health risks were assessed. Results demonstrated that the concentration range of aldehydes and ketones (from 328.06 ± 24.64 to 796.52 ± 29.67 μg/m3), PAHs (from 4.39 ± 0.19 to 7.86 ± 0.51 μg/m3), and PM (from 0.36 ± 0.14 to 5.08 ± 0.15 mg/m3) varied among soybean oil with different refining levels, respectively. The neutralized oil showed the highest concentration of aldehydes and ketones, whereas the refined oil showed the lowest. The highest concentration levels of PAHs and PM were observed in fumes emitted from crude oil. A highly significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation between the acid value of cooking oil and the concentrations of PM was found, suggesting that removing free fatty acids is critical for mitigating PM concentration in cooking fumes. Additionally, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values of PAHs and aldehydes were 5.60 × 10-4 to 8.66 × 10-5 and 5.60 × 10-4 to 8.66 × 10-5, respectively, which were substantially higher than the acceptable levels (1.0 × 10-6) established by US EPA. The present study quantifies the impact of edible oil refining on hazardous compound emissions and provides a theoretical basis for controlling the health risks of cooking fumes via precise edible oil processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McDonald RA, Nagy SG, Chambers M, Broberg CA, Ahonen MJR, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide-releasing prodrug for the treatment of complex Mycobacterium abscessus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0132723. [PMID: 38206003 PMCID: PMC10848776 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01327-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) can cause severe respiratory infection in patients with underlying pulmonary conditions, and these infections are extremely difficult to treat. In this report, we evaluate a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing prodrug [methyl tris diazeniumdiolate (MD3)] against a panel of NTM clinical isolates and as a treatment for acute and chronic NTM infections in vivo. Its efficacy in inhibiting growth or killing mycobacteria was explored in vitro alongside evaluation of the impact to primary human airway epithelial tissue. Airway epithelial tissues remained viable after exposure at concentrations of MD3 needed to kill mycobacteria, with no inherent toxic effect from drug scaffold after NO liberation. Resistance studies conducted via serial passage with representative Mycobacterium abscessus isolates demonstrated no resistance to MD3. When administered directly into the lung via intra-tracheal administration in mice, MD3 demonstrated significant reduction in M. abscessus bacterial load in both acute and chronic models of M. abscessus lung infection. In summary, MD3 is a promising treatment for complex NTM pulmonary infection, specifically those caused by M. abscessus, and warrants further exploration as a therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah G. Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Chris A. Broberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Vast Therapeutics, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qiu G, Zhang X, deMello AJ, Yao M, Cao J, Wang J. On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8531-8579. [PMID: 37882143 PMCID: PMC10712221 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting pathogens that transmit through the air pose a significant threat to public health. As a prominent instance, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in an unprecedented manner over the past few years. Despite the dissipating pandemic gloom, the lessons we have learned in dealing with pathogen-laden aerosols should be thoroughly reviewed because the airborne transmission risk may have been grossly underestimated. From a bioanalytical chemistry perspective, on-site airborne pathogen detection can be an effective non-pharmaceutic intervention (NPI) strategy, with on-site airborne pathogen detection and early-stage infection risk evaluation reducing the spread of disease and enabling life-saving decisions to be made. In light of this, we summarize the recent advances in highly efficient pathogen-laden aerosol sampling approaches, bioanalytical sensing technologies, and the prospects for airborne pathogen exposure measurement and evidence-based transmission interventions. We also discuss open challenges facing general bioaerosols detection, such as handling complex aerosol samples, improving sensitivity for airborne pathogen quantification, and establishing a risk assessment system with high spatiotemporal resolution for mitigating airborne transmission risks. This review provides a multidisciplinary outlook for future opportunities to improve the on-site airborne pathogen detection techniques, thereby enhancing the preparedness for more on-site bioaerosols measurement scenarios, such as monitoring high-risk pathogens on airplanes, weaponized pathogen aerosols, influenza variants at the workplace, and pollutant correlated with sick building syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Larsson P, Holz O, Koster G, Postle A, Olin AC, Hohlfeld JM. Exhaled breath particles as a novel tool to study lipid composition of epithelial lining fluid from the distal lung. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:423. [PMID: 37924084 PMCID: PMC10623716 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant phospholipid (PL) composition plays an important role in lung diseases. We compared the PL composition of non-invasively collected exhaled breath particles (PEx) with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and induced sputum (ISP) at baseline and following endotoxin (LPS) challenges. METHODS PEx and BAL were collected from ten healthy nonsmoking participants before and after segmental LPS challenge. Four weeks later, PEx and ISP were sampled in the week before and after a whole lung LPS inhalation challenge. PL composition was analysed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS The overall PL composition of BAL, ISP and PEx was similar, with PC(32:0) and PC(34:1) representing the largest fractions in all three sample types (baseline PC(32:0) geometric mean mol%: 52.1, 56.9, and 51.7, PC(34:1) mol%: 11.7, 11.9 and 11.4, respectively). Despite this similarity, PEx PL composition was more closely related to BAL than to ISP. For most lipids comparable inter-individual differences in BAL, ISP, and PEx were found. PL composition of PEx was repeatable. The most pronounced increase following segmental LPS challenge was detected for SM(d34:1) in BAL (0.24 to 0.52 mol%) and following inhalation LPS challenge in ISP (0.45 to 0.68 mol%). An increase of SM(d34:1) following segmental LPS challenge was also detectable in PEx (0.099 to 0.103 mol%). The inhalation challenge did not change PL composition of PEx. CONCLUSION Our data supports the peripheral origin of PEx. The lack of PL changes in PEx after inhalation challenge might to be due to the overall weaker response of inhaled LPS which primarily affects the larger airways. Compared with BAL, which always contains lining fluid from both peripheral lung and central airways, PEx analysis might add value as a selective and non-invasive method to investigate peripheral airway PL composition. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03044327, first posted 07/02/2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Larsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olaf Holz
- Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Grielof Koster
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony Postle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caracci E, Stabile L, Ferro AR, Morawska L, Buonanno G. Respiratory particle emission rates from children during speaking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18294. [PMID: 37880507 PMCID: PMC10600129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of respiratory particles emitted during different respiratory activities is one of the main parameters affecting the airborne transmission of respiratory pathogens. Information on respiratory particle emission rates is mostly available for adults (few studies have investigated adolescents and children) and generally involves a limited number of subjects. In the present paper we attempted to reduce this knowledge gap by conducting an extensive experimental campaign to measure the emission of respiratory particles of more than 400 children aged 6 to 12 years while they pronounced a phonetically balanced word list at two different voice intensity levels ("speaking" and "loudly speaking"). Respiratory particle concentrations, particle distributions, and exhaled air flow rates were measured to estimate the respiratory particle emission rate. Sound pressure levels were also simultaneously measured. We found out that median respiratory particle emission rates for speaking and loudly speaking were 26 particles s-1 (range 7.1-93 particles s-1) and 41 particles s-1 (range 10-146 particles s-1), respectively. Children sex was significant for emission rates, with higher emission rates for males during both speaking and loudly speaking. No effect of age on the emission rates was identified. Concerning particle size distributions, for both respiratory activities, a main mode at approximately 0.6 µm and a second minor mode at < 2 µm were observed, and no differences were found between males and females. This information provides important input parameters in predictive models adopted to estimate the transmission risk of airborne pathogens in indoor spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caracci
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
| | - Andrea R Ferro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghumra D, Shetty N, McBrearty KR, Puthussery JV, Sumlin BJ, Gardiner WD, Doherty BM, Magrecki JP, Brody DL, Esparza TJ, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Bricker TL, Boon ACM, Yuede CM, Cirrito JR, Chakrabarty RK. Rapid Direct Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosols in Exhaled Breath at the Point of Care. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3023-3031. [PMID: 37498298 PMCID: PMC10463275 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Airborne transmission via virus-laden aerosols is a dominant route for the transmission of respiratory diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Direct, non-invasive screening of respiratory virus aerosols in patients has been a long-standing technical challenge. Here, we introduce a point-of-care testing platform that directly detects SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in as little as two exhaled breaths of patients and provides results in under 60 s. It integrates a hand-held breath aerosol collector and a llama-derived, SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein specific nanobody bound to an ultrasensitive micro-immunoelectrode biosensor, which detects the oxidation of tyrosine amino acids present in SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. Laboratory and clinical trial results were within 20% of those obtained using standard testing methods. Importantly, the electrochemical biosensor directly detects the virus itself, as opposed to a surrogate or signature of the virus, and is sensitive to as little as 10 viral particles in a sample. Our platform holds the potential to be adapted for multiplexed detection of different respiratory viruses. It provides a rapid and non-invasive alternative to conventional viral diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dishit
P. Ghumra
- Center
for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nishit Shetty
- Center
for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kevin R. McBrearty
- Department
of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disease, Knight Alzheimer’s
Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Joseph V. Puthussery
- Center
for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Sumlin
- Center
for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Woodrow D. Gardiner
- Department
of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disease, Knight Alzheimer’s
Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Brookelyn M. Doherty
- Department
of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disease, Knight Alzheimer’s
Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jordan P. Magrecki
- Department
of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disease, Knight Alzheimer’s
Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - David L. Brody
- National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Thomas J. Esparza
- National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- Department
of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department
of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Traci L. Bricker
- Department
of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Departments
Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department
of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Departments
Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Carla M. Yuede
- Department
of Psychiatry, Washington University School
of Medicine, Campus Box
8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John R. Cirrito
- Department
of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disease, Knight Alzheimer’s
Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Rajan K. Chakrabarty
- Center
for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental
and Chemical Engineering, Washington University
in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xue Q, Liu X, Tian Y, Feng Y. Variations of inhalation risks during different heavy pollution episodes based on 3-year measurement of toxic components in size-segregated particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163234. [PMID: 37019225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals (TMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-segregated particles during common days (CD) and different heavy pollution (HP) episodes were measured during 2018-2021 in a Chinese megacity. The Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD) was performed to estimate deposition efficiency, and then inhalation risks in the human pulmonary region during different types of HP were assessed and compared. The higher pulmonary deposition efficiency of PAHs and TMs during all types of HP than those during CD was confirmed. The accumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of different HP were 2.42 × 10-5, 1.52 × 10-5, 1.39 × 10-5, 1.30 × 10-5 and 2.94 × 10-6 for HP4 (combustion sources HP), HP1 (ammonium nitrate HP), HP5 (mixed sources HP), HP3 (resuspended dust HP) and HP2 (ammonium sulfate HP), respectively. The accumulative hazard quotient (HQ) during different HP episodes decreased in the order of HP4 (0.32) > HP3 (0.24) > HP1 (0.22) > HP5 (0.18) > HP2 (0.05). The inhalation risks were dominated by Ni and Cr, what's more, the HQ of Ni and ILCR of Cr during the five HP episodes shared a similar size distribution pattern. However, the characteristic components during different HP episodes and their size distributions of them were distinctive. The size distribution of inhalation risks of the related components (Ni, Cr, BaP, and As) from the combustion process during HP4 peaked at fine mode (0.65-2.1 μm). The size distribution of inhalation risks of the dust-related components (Mn and V) and the components (As and BaP) that are likely to volatilize and re-distribution peaked at coarse mode (2.1-3.3 μm) during HP3. Notably, Mn and Co as catalysts at fine mode could increase the degree of secondary formation and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmos. Environ.-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmos. Environ.-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pal D, Amyot M, Liang C, Ariya PA. Real-time 4D tracking of airborne virus-laden droplets and aerosols. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2023; 2:41. [PMCID: PMC10955884 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-023-00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
There is currently no real-time airborne virus tracking method, hindering the understanding of rapid virus changes and associated health impacts. Nano-digital in-line holographic microscopy (Nano-DIHM) is a lensless technology that can directly obtain the interference patterns of objects by recording the scattered light information originating from the objects. Here, we provide evidence for real-time physicochemical tracking of virus-laden droplets and aerosols in the air using desktop label-free Nano-DIHM. The virus interference patterns, as single and ensemble particles, were imaged by the Nano-DIHM with 32.5 ms resolution. The next-generation Stingray and Octopus software was used to automate object detection, characterization and classification from the recorded holograms. The detection system was demonstrated to detect active MS2 bacteriophages, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and RNA fragments, and an MS2 mixture with metallic and organic compounds. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using Nano-DIHM to provide rapid virus detection to improve transmission management in real time. Devendra Pal and coworkers report an imaging system using Nano-Digital in-line Holographic Microscopy (NanoDIHM) to detect airborne viruses in droplets and aerosols in real time. This system is able to detect various viruses in air, water and heterogeneous matrices within one minute, enabling real-time tracking of pollutant particles for efficient epidemic management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9 Canada
| | - Marc Amyot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univerité de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Sainte Catherine Rd., Montreal, QC G3T 1 E2 Canada
| | - Parisa A. Ariya
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moschovis PP, Lombay J, Rooney J, Schenkel SR, Singh D, Rezaei SJ, Salo N, Gong A, Yonker LM, Shah J, Hayden D, Hibberd PL, Demokritou P, Kinane TB. The effect of activity and face masks on exhaled particles in children. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:75-85. [PMID: 37324601 PMCID: PMC10262878 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Despite the high burden of respiratory infections among children, the production of exhaled particles during common activities and the efficacy of face masks in children have not been sufficiently studied. Objective To determine the effect of type of activity and mask usage on exhaled particle production in children. Methods Healthy children were asked to perform activities that ranged in intensity (breathing quietly, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing) while wearing no mask, a cloth mask, or a surgical mask. The concentration and size of exhaled particles were assessed during each activity. Results Twenty-three children were enrolled in the study. Average exhaled particle concentration increased by intensity of activity, with the lowest particle concentration during tidal breathing (1.285 particles/cm3 [95% CI 0.943, 1.627]) and highest particle concentration during sneezing (5.183 particles/cm3 [95% CI 1.911, 8.455]). High-intensity activities were associated with an increase primarily in the respirable size (≤ 5 µm) particle fraction. Surgical and cloth masks were associated with lower average particle concentration compared to no mask (P = 0.026 for sneezing). Surgical masks outperformed cloth masks across all activities, especially within the respirable size fraction. In a multivariable linear regression model, we observed significant effect modification of activity by age and by mask type. Interpretation Similar to adults, children produce exhaled particles that vary in size and concentration across a range of activities. Production of respirable size fraction particles (≤ 5 µm), the dominant mode of transmission of many respiratory viruses, increases significantly with coughing and sneezing and is most effectively reduced by wearing surgical face masks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Moschovis
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesiel Lombay
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jennifer Rooney
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sara R. Schenkel
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringRutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shawheen J. Rezaei
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nora Salo
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amanda Gong
- David Geffen School of Medicinethe University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jhill Shah
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Douglas Hayden
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Patricia L. Hibberd
- Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringRutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - T. Bernard Kinane
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jeon J, Zhang Q, Chepaitis PS, Greenwald R, Black M, Wright C. Toxicological Assessment of Particulate and Metal Hazards Associated with Vaping Frequency and Device Age. TOXICS 2023; 11:155. [PMID: 36851030 PMCID: PMC9967192 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) aerosols are complex mixtures of chemicals, metals, and particles that may present inhalation hazards and adverse respiratory health risks. Despite being considered a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes, metal exposure levels and respiratory effects associated with device aging and vaping frequency have not been fully characterized. In this study, we utilize an automated multi-channel ENDS aerosol generation system (EAGS) to generate aerosols from JUUL pod-type ENDS using tobacco-flavored e-liquid. Aerosol puff fractions (1-50) and (101-150) are monitored and sampled using various collection media. Extracted aerosols are prepared for metal and toxicological analysis using human primary small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). ENDS aerosol-mediated cellular responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, cell viability, and DNA damage, are evaluated after 24 h and 7-day exposures. Our results show higher particle concentrations in later puff fractions (0.135 mg/m3) than in initial puff fractions (0.00212 mg/m3). Later puff fraction aerosols contain higher toxic metal concentrations, including chromium, copper, and lead, which elicit increased levels of ROS followed by significant declines in total glutathione and cell viability. Notably, a 30% increase in DNA damage was observed after 7 days because of later puff fraction exposures. This work is consistent with ENDS aerosols becoming more hazardous across the use of pre-filled pod devices, which may threaten respiratory health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jeon
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Patrick S. Chepaitis
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 303132, USA
| | - Marilyn Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Christa Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| |
Collapse
|