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Pellow C, Pichardo S, Pike GB. A systematic review of preclinical and clinical transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation and opportunities for functional connectomics. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:734-751. [PMID: 38880207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound has surged forward as a non-invasive and disruptive tool for neuromodulation with applications in basic neuroscience research and the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive overview and update of preclinical and clinical transcranial low intensity ultrasound for neuromodulation and emphasize the emerging role of functional brain mapping to guide, better understand, and predict responses. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching the Web of Science and Scopus databases for studies on transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation, both in humans and animals. RESULTS 187 relevant studies were identified and reviewed, including 116 preclinical and 71 clinical reports with subjects belonging to diverse cohorts. Milestones of ultrasound neuromodulation are described within an overview of the broader landscape. General neural readouts and outcome measures are discussed, potential confounds are noted, and the emerging use of functional magnetic resonance imaging is highlighted. CONCLUSION Ultrasound neuromodulation has emerged as a powerful tool to study and treat a range of conditions and its combination with various neural readouts has significantly advanced this platform. In particular, the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging has yielded exciting inferences into ultrasound neuromodulation and has the potential to advance our understanding of brain function, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and ultimately clinical outcomes. It is anticipated that these preclinical and clinical trials are the first of many; that transcranial low intensity focused ultrasound, particularly in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging, has the potential to enhance treatment for a spectrum of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Pellow
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Samuel Pichardo
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Kosnoff J, Yu K, Liu C, He B. Transcranial focused ultrasound to V5 enhances human visual motion brain-computer interface by modulating feature-based attention. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4382. [PMID: 38862476 PMCID: PMC11167030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A brain-computer interface (BCI) enables users to control devices with their minds. Despite advancements, non-invasive BCIs still exhibit high error rates, prompting investigation into the potential reduction through concurrent targeted neuromodulation. Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technology with high spatiotemporal precision. This study examines whether tFUS neuromodulation can improve BCI outcomes, and explores the underlying mechanism of action using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging (ESI). As a result, V5-targeted tFUS significantly reduced the error in a BCI speller task. Source analyses revealed a significantly increase in theta and alpha activities in the tFUS condition at both V5 and downstream in the dorsal visual processing pathway. Correlation analysis indicated that the connection within the dorsal processing pathway was preserved during tFUS stimulation, while the ventral connection was weakened. These findings suggest that V5-targeted tFUS enhances feature-based attention to visual motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kosnoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA.
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3
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Lu G, Gong C, Sun Y, Qian X, Rajendran Nair DS, Li R, Zeng Y, Ji J, Zhang J, Kang H, Jiang L, Chen J, Chang CF, Thomas BB, Humayun MS, Zhou Q. Noninvasive imaging-guided ultrasonic neurostimulation with arbitrary 2D patterns and its application for high-quality vision restoration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4481. [PMID: 38802397 PMCID: PMC11130148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration, a leading cause of irreversible low vision and blindness globally, can be partially addressed by retina prostheses which stimulate remaining neurons in the retina. However, existing electrode-based treatments are invasive, posing substantial risks to patients and healthcare providers. Here, we introduce a completely noninvasive ultrasonic retina prosthesis, featuring a customized ultrasound two-dimensional array which allows for simultaneous imaging and stimulation. With synchronous three-dimensional imaging guidance and auto-alignment technology, ultrasonic retina prosthesis can generate programmed ultrasound waves to dynamically and precisely form arbitrary wave patterns on the retina. Neuron responses in the brain's visual center mirrored these patterns, evidencing successful artificial vision creation, which was further corroborated in behavior experiments. Quantitative analysis of the spatial-temporal resolution and field of view demonstrated advanced performance of ultrasonic retina prosthesis and elucidated the biophysical mechanism of retinal stimulation. As a noninvasive blindness prosthesis, ultrasonic retina prosthesis could lead to a more effective, widely acceptable treatment for blind patients. Its real-time imaging-guided stimulation strategy with a single ultrasound array, could also benefit ultrasound neurostimulation in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yizhe Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuejun Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deepthi S Rajendran Nair
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yushun Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junhang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haochen Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Feng Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Biju B Thomas
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Humayun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Cooper L, Malinao MG, Hong G. Force-Based Neuromodulation. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1384-1397. [PMID: 38657038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Technologies for neuromodulation have rapidly developed in the past decade with a particular emphasis on creating noninvasive tools with high spatial and temporal precision. The existence of such tools is critical in the advancement of our understanding of neural circuitry and its influence on behavior and neurological disease. Existing technologies have employed various modalities, such as light, electrical, and magnetic fields, to interface with neural activity. While each method offers unique advantages, many struggle with modulating activity with high spatiotemporal precision without the need for invasive tools. One modality of interest for neuromodulation has been the use of mechanical force. Mechanical force encapsulates a broad range of techniques, ranging from mechanical waves delivered via focused ultrasound (FUS) to torque applied to the cell membrane.Mechanical force can be delivered to the tissue in two forms. The first form is the delivery of a mechanical force through focused ultrasound. Energy delivery facilitated by FUS has been the foundation for many neuromodulation techniques, owing to its precision and penetration depth. FUS possesses the potential to penetrate deeply (∼centimeters) into tissue while maintaining relatively precise spatial resolution, although there exists a trade-off between the penetration depth and spatial resolution. FUS may work synergistically with ultrasound-responsive nanotransducers or devices to produce a secondary energy, such as light, heat, or an electric field, in the target region. This layered technology, first enabled by noninvasive FUS, overcomes the need for bulky invasive implants and also often improves the spatiotemporal precision of light, heat, electrical fields, or other techniques alone. Conversely, the second form of mechanical force modulation is the generation of mechanical force from other modalities, such as light or magnetic fields, for neuromodulation via mechanosensitive proteins. This approach localizes the mechanical force at the cellular level, enhancing the precision of the original energy delivery. Direct interaction of mechanical force with tissue presents translational potential in its ability to interface with endogenous mechanosensitive proteins without the need for transgenes.In this Account, we categorize force-mediated neuromodulation into two categories: 1) methods where mechanical force is the primary stimulus and 2) methods where mechanical force is generated as a secondary stimulus in response to other modalities. We summarize the general design principles and current progress of each respective approach. We identify the key advantages of the limitations of each technology, particularly noting features in spatiotemporal precision, the need for transgene delivery, and the potential outlook. Finally, we highlight recent technologies that leverage mechanical force for enhanced spatiotemporal precision and advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cooper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marigold Gil Malinao
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Guosong Hong
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Prieto ML, Maduke M. Towards an ion-channel-centric approach to ultrasound neuromodulation. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2024; 56:101355. [PMID: 38505510 PMCID: PMC10947167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound neuromodulation is a promising technology that could revolutionize study and treatment of brain conditions ranging from mood disorders to Alzheimer's disease and stroke. An understanding of how ultrasound directly modulates specific ion channels could provide a roadmap for targeting specific neurological circuits and achieving desired neurophysiological outcomes. Although experimental challenges make it difficult to unambiguously identify which ion channels are sensitive to ultrasound in vivo, recent progress indicates that there are likely several different ion channels involved, including members of the K2P, Piezo, and TRP channel families. A recent result linking TRPM2 channels in the hypothalamus to induction of torpor by ultrasound in rodents demonstrates the feasibility of targeting a specific ion channel in a specific population of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loynaz Prieto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive West, B151 Beckman Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Merritt Maduke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive West, B155 Beckman Center, Stanford, CA 94305
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6
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Sherman J, Bortz E, Antonio ES, Tseng HA, Raiff L, Han X. Ultrasound pulse repetition frequency preferentially activates different neuron populations independent of cell type. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586645. [PMID: 38585918 PMCID: PMC10996595 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial ultrasound activates mechanosensitive cellular signaling and modulates neural dynamics. Given that intrinsic neuronal activity is limited to a couple hundred hertz and often exhibits frequency preference, we examined whether pulsing ultrasound at physiologic pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) could selectively influence neuronal activity in the mammalian brain. We performed calcium imaging of individual motor cortex neurons, while delivering 0.35 MHz ultrasound at PRFs of 10, 40, and 140 Hz in awake mice. We found that most neurons were preferentially activated by only one of the three PRFs, highlighting unique cellular effects of physiologic PRFs. Further, ultrasound evoked responses were similar between excitatory neurons and parvalbumin positive interneurons regardless of PRFs, indicating that individual cell sensitivity dominates ultrasound-evoked effects, consistent with the heterogeneous mechanosensitive channel expression we found across single neurons in mice and humans. These results highlight the feasibility of tuning ultrasound neuromodulation effects through varying PRFs.
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Jayne L, Lavin-Peter A, Roessler J, Tyshkovskiy A, Antoszewski M, Ren E, Markovski A, Sun S, Yao H, Sankaran VG, Gladyshev VN, Brooke RT, Horvath S, Griffith EC, Hrvatin S. A torpor-like state (TLS) in mice slows blood epigenetic aging and prolongs healthspan. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585828. [PMID: 38585858 PMCID: PMC10996477 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Torpor and hibernation are extreme physiological adaptations of homeotherms associated with pro-longevity effects. Yet the underlying mechanisms of how torpor affects aging, and whether hypothermic and hypometabolic states can be induced to slow aging and increase health span, remain unknown. We demonstrate that the activity of a spatially defined neuronal population in the avMLPA, which has previously been identified as a torpor-regulating brain region, is sufficient to induce a torpor like state (TLS) in mice. Prolonged induction of TLS slows epigenetic aging across multiple tissues and improves health span. We isolate the effects of decreased metabolic rate, long-term caloric restriction, and decreased core body temperature (Tb) on blood epigenetic aging and find that the pro-longevity effect of torpor-like states is mediated by decreased Tb. Taken together, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the pro-longevity effects of torpor and hibernation and support the growing body of evidence that Tb is an important mediator of aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Jayne
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aurora Lavin-Peter
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julian Roessler
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexander Tyshkovskiy
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mateusz Antoszewski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erika Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aleksandar Markovski
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Senmiao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanqi Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vijay G. Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Steve Horvath
- Epigenetic Clock Development Foundation, Torrance, CA, USA
- Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric C. Griffith
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sinisa Hrvatin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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8
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Aurup C, Bendig J, Blackman SG, McCune EP, Bae S, Jimenez-Gambin S, Ji R, Konofagou EE. Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging Detects Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Mouse and Nonhuman Primate Brains In Vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.583971. [PMID: 38559149 PMCID: PMC10979885 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging noinvasive technique for neuromodulation in the central nervous system (CNS). To evaluate the effects of FUS-induced neuromodulation, many studies used behavioral changes, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG). However, behavioral readouts are often not easily mapped to specific brain activity, EEG has low spatial resolution limited to the surface of the brain and fMRI requires a large importable scanner that limits additional readouts and manipulations. In this context, functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) holds promise to directly monitor the effects of FUS neuromodulation with high spatiotemporal resolution in a large field of view, with a comparatively simple and flexible setup. fUSI uses ultrafast Power Doppler Imaging (PDI) to measure changes in cerebral blood volume, which correlates well with neuronal activity and local field potentials. We designed a setup that aligns a FUS transducer with a linear array to allow immediate subsequent monitoring of the hemodynamic response with fUSI during and after FUS neuromodulation. We established a positive correlation between FUS pressure and the size of the activated area, as well as changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and found that unilateral sonications produce bilateral hemodynamic changes with ipsilateral accentuation in mice. We further demonstrated the ability to perform fully noninvasive, transcranial FUS-fUSI in nonhuman primates for the first time by using a lower-frequency transducer configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aurup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonas Bendig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel G. Blackman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica P. McCune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sua Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Bartók Á, Csanády L. TRPM2 - An adjustable thermostat. Cell Calcium 2024; 118:102850. [PMID: 38237549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel is a homotetrameric ligand-gated cation channel opened by the binding of cytosolic ADP ribose (ADPR) and Ca2+. In addition, strong temperature dependence of its activity has lately become a center of attention for both physiological and biophysical studies. TRPM2 temperature sensitivity has been affirmed to play a role in central and peripheral thermosensation, pancreatic insulin secretion, and immune cell function. On the other hand, a number of different underlying mechanisms have been proposed from studies in intact cells. This review summarizes available information on TRPM2 temperature sensitivity, with a focus on recent mechanistic insight obtained in a cell-free system. Those biophysical results outline TRPM2 as a channel with an intrinsically endothermic opening transition, a temperature threshold strongly modulated by cytosolic agonist concentrations, and a response steepness greatly enhanced through a positive feedback loop generated by Ca2+ influx through the channel's pore. Complex observations in intact cells and apparent discrepancies between studies using in vivo and in vitro models are discussed and interpreted in light of the intrinsic biophysical properties of the channel protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Bartók
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SE Molecular Channelopathies Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN-SE Ion Channel Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Csanády
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SE Molecular Channelopathies Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN-SE Ion Channel Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Hare MT, Carter ME, Swoap SJ. Activation of oxytocinergic neurons enhances torpor in mice. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:95-104. [PMID: 38170253 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mus musculus enters a torpid state in response to caloric restriction in sub-thermoneutral ambient temperatures. This torpid state is characterized by an adaptive and controlled decrease in metabolic rate, heart rate, body temperature, and activity. Previous research has identified the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) within the hypothalamus, a region containing oxytocin neurons, as a location that is active during torpor onset. We hypothesized that oxytocin neurons within the PVN are part of this neural circuit and that activation of oxytocin neurons would deepen and lengthen torpor bouts. We report that activation of oxytocin neurons alone is not sufficient to induce a torpor-like state in the fed mouse, with no significant difference in body temperature or heart rate upon activation of oxytocin neurons. However, we found that activation of oxytocin neurons prior to the onset of daily torpor both deepens and lengthens the subsequent bout, with a 1.7 ± 0.4 °C lower body temperature and a 135 ± 32 min increase in length. We therefore conclude that oxytocin neurons are involved in the neural circuitry controlling daily torpor in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia T Hare
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA
| | - Steven J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA.
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11
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Eleni Karakatsani M, Estrada H, Chen Z, Shoham S, Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Shedding light on ultrasound in action: Optical and optoacoustic monitoring of ultrasound brain interventions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115177. [PMID: 38184194 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring brain responses to ultrasonic interventions is becoming an important pillar of a growing number of applications employing acoustic waves to actuate and cure the brain. Optical interrogation of living tissues provides a unique means for retrieving functional and molecular information related to brain activity and disease-specific biomarkers. The hybrid optoacoustic imaging methods have further enabled deep-tissue imaging with optical contrast at high spatial and temporal resolution. The marriage between light and sound thus brings together the highly complementary advantages of both modalities toward high precision interrogation, stimulation, and therapy of the brain with strong impact in the fields of ultrasound neuromodulation, gene and drug delivery, or noninvasive treatments of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we elaborate on current advances in optical and optoacoustic monitoring of ultrasound interventions. We describe the main principles and mechanisms underlying each method before diving into the corresponding biomedical applications. We identify areas of improvement as well as promising approaches with clinical translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Karakatsani
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Héctor Estrada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shy Shoham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Tech4Health and Neuroscience Institutes, NYU Langone Health, NY, USA
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Murphy KR, de Lecea L. Cell type specific focused ultrasound neuromodulation in preclinical models of sleep and psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:299-300. [PMID: 37463978 PMCID: PMC10700629 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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13
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Wu SJ, Zhao X. Bioadhesive Technology Platforms. Chem Rev 2023; 123:14084-14118. [PMID: 37972301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioadhesives have emerged as transformative and versatile tools in healthcare, offering the ability to attach tissues with ease and minimal damage. These materials present numerous opportunities for tissue repair and biomedical device integration, creating a broad landscape of applications that have captivated clinical and scientific interest alike. However, fully unlocking their potential requires multifaceted design strategies involving optimal adhesion, suitable biological interactions, and efficient signal communication. In this Review, we delve into these pivotal aspects of bioadhesive design, highlight the latest advances in their biomedical applications, and identify potential opportunities that lie ahead for bioadhesives as multifunctional technology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Cheng Z, Deng L, Lin Y, Zeng L, Ji X. Correction of a transcranial acoustic field using a transient ultrasound field visualization technique. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5915-5918. [PMID: 37966751 DOI: 10.1364/ol.505081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound, due to its noninvasive nature, has the potential to enhance or suppress neural activity, making it highly promising for regulating intractable brain disorders. Precise ultrasound stimulation is crucial for improving the efficiency of neural modulation and studying its mechanisms. However, the presence of the skull can cause distortion in the ultrasound field, thereby affecting the accuracy of stimulation. Existing correction methods primarily rely on magnetic resonance guidance and numerical simulation. Due to the large size and high cost, the MR-guided transcranial ultrasound is difficult to be widely applied in small animals. The numerical simulation usually requires further validation and optimization before application, and the most effective method is to visualize the excited ultrasound field. However, the ultrasound field correction methods based on acoustic field visualization are still lacking. Therefore, a shadowgraph-based transient ultrasonic field visualization system is developed, and an ex vivo transcranial ultrasound field correction is performed. By visualizing the ultrasound field with or without a rat skull and then calculating the time difference of each element's ultrasound wavefront, the parameters for ultrasound field correction can be achieved. The experimental results show that this method can improve both the shape and the size of the focal spot, as well as enhance the acoustic pressure at the focus. Overall, the results demonstrate that the ultrasonic field visualization technology can effectively improve the transcranial ultrasound focusing effect and provide a new tool for achieving precise ultrasonic neural modulation.
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15
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Mirabella PN, Fenselau H. Advanced neurobiological tools to interrogate metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:639-654. [PMID: 37674015 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineered neurobiological tools for the manipulation of cellular activity, such as chemogenetics and optogenetics, have become a cornerstone of modern neuroscience research. These tools are invaluable for the interrogation of the central control of metabolism as they provide a direct means to establish a causal relationship between brain activity and biological processes at the cellular, tissue and organismal levels. The utility of these methods has grown substantially due to advances in cellular-targeting strategies, alongside improvements in the resolution and potency of such tools. Furthermore, the potential to recapitulate endogenous cellular signalling has been enriched by insights into the molecular signatures and activity dynamics of discrete brain cell types. However, each modulatory tool has a specific set of advantages and limitations; therefore, tool selection and suitability are of paramount importance to optimally interrogate the cellular and circuit-based underpinnings of metabolic outcomes within the organism. Here, we describe the key principles and uses of engineered neurobiological tools. We also highlight inspiring applications and outline critical considerations to be made when using these tools within the field of metabolism research. We contend that the appropriate application of these biotechnological advances will enable the delineation of the central circuitry regulating systemic metabolism with unprecedented potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nicholas Mirabella
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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16
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Di Ianni T, Morrison KP, Yu B, Murphy KR, de Lecea L, Airan RD. High-throughput ultrasound neuromodulation in awake and freely behaving rats. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:1743-1752. [PMID: 38052373 PMCID: PMC10795522 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation is a promising potential therapeutic tool for the noninvasive treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the expansive parameter space and difficulties in controlling for peripheral auditory effects make it challenging to identify ultrasound sequences and brain targets that may provide therapeutic efficacy. Careful preclinical investigations in clinically relevant behavioral models are critically needed to identify suitable brain targets and acoustic parameters. However, there is a lack of ultrasound devices allowing for multi-target experimental investigations in awake and unrestrained rodents. We developed a miniaturized 64-element ultrasound array that enables neurointerventional investigations with within-trial active control targets in freely behaving rats. We first characterized the acoustic field with measurements in free water and with transcranial propagation. We then confirmed in vivo that the array can target multiple brain regions via electronic steering, and verified that wearing the device does not cause significant impairments to animal motility. Finally, we demonstrated the performance of our system in a high-throughput neuromodulation experiment, where we found that ultrasound stimulation of the rat central medial thalamus, but not an active control target, promotes arousal and increases locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Di Ianni
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA.
| | | | - Brenda Yu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Keith R Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Raag D Airan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
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17
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Zhang Z, You Y, Ge M, Lin H, Shi J. Functional nanoparticle-enabled non-genetic neuromodulation. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:319. [PMID: 37674191 PMCID: PMC10483742 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating ion channels targeting in neuromodulation by external signals with the help of functionalized nanoparticles, which integrates the pioneering achievements in the fields of neurosciences and nanomaterials, has involved into a novel interdisciplinary field. The emerging technique developed in this field enable simple, remote, non-invasive, and spatiotemporally precise nerve regulations and disease therapeutics, beyond traditional treatment methods. In this paper, we define this emerging field as nano-neuromodulation and summarize the most recent developments of non-genetic nano-neuromodulation (non-genetic NNM) over the past decade based on the innovative design concepts of neuromodulation nanoparticle systems. These nanosystems, which feature diverse compositions, structures and synthesis approaches, could absorb certain exogenous stimuli like light, sound, electric or magnetic signals, and subsequently mediate mutual transformations between above signals, or chemical reactions, to regulate stimuli-sensitive ion channels and ion migrations which play vital roles in the nervous system. We will also discuss the obstacles and challenges in the future development of non-genetic NNM, and propose its future developments, to add the further progress of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling You
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200331, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianlin Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200331, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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18
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Zhang Z, You Y, Ge M, Lin H, Shi J. Functional nanoparticle-enabled non-genetic neuromodulation. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:319. [DOI: doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-02084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractStimulating ion channels targeting in neuromodulation by external signals with the help of functionalized nanoparticles, which integrates the pioneering achievements in the fields of neurosciences and nanomaterials, has involved into a novel interdisciplinary field. The emerging technique developed in this field enable simple, remote, non-invasive, and spatiotemporally precise nerve regulations and disease therapeutics, beyond traditional treatment methods. In this paper, we define this emerging field as nano-neuromodulation and summarize the most recent developments of non-genetic nano-neuromodulation (non-genetic NNM) over the past decade based on the innovative design concepts of neuromodulation nanoparticle systems. These nanosystems, which feature diverse compositions, structures and synthesis approaches, could absorb certain exogenous stimuli like light, sound, electric or magnetic signals, and subsequently mediate mutual transformations between above signals, or chemical reactions, to regulate stimuli-sensitive ion channels and ion migrations which play vital roles in the nervous system. We will also discuss the obstacles and challenges in the future development of non-genetic NNM, and propose its future developments, to add the further progress of this promising field.
Graphical Abstract
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19
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Haouzi P, Lewis T. Hypothalamus pre-optic area and metabolism regulation in humans. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1442. [PMID: 37524786 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Tristan Lewis
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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20
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Fu K, Hui C, Wang X, Ji T, Li X, Sun R, Xing C, Fan X, Gao Y, Su L. Torpor-like Hypothermia Induced by A1 Adenosine Receptor Agonist: A Novel Approach to Protect against Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11036. [PMID: 37446216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is a promising clinical therapy for acute injuries, including neural damage, but it also faces practical limitations due to the complexities of the equipment and procedures required. This study investigates the use of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) as a more accessible method to induce steady, torpor-like hypothermic states. Additionally, this study investigates the protective potential of CHA against LPS-induced sepsis and neuroinflammation. Our results reveal that CHA can successfully induce a hypothermic state by activating a neuronal circuit similar to the one that induces physiological torpor. This state is characterized by maintaining a steady core body temperature below 28 °C. We further found that this torpor-like state effectively mitigates neuroinflammation and preserves the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during sepsis, thereby limiting the infiltration of inflammatory factors into the central nervous system. Instead of being a direct effect of CHA, this protective effect is attributed to inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and reducing oxidative stress damage in endothelial cells under systemic hypothermia. These results suggest that A1AR agonists such as CHA could potentially be potent neuroprotective agents against neuroinflammation. They also shed light on possible future directions for the application of hypothermia-based therapies in the treatment of sepsis and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunlei Hui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunlei Xing
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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21
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Jastroch M, van Breukelen F. Hypometabolism with the speed of ultrasound. Nat Metab 2023; 5:722-723. [PMID: 37231249 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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