1
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Nuñez-Ríos JD, Reyna-Jeldes M, Mata-Martínez E, Campos-Contreras ADR, Lazcano-Sánchez I, González-Gallardo A, Díaz-Muñoz M, Coddou C, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Extracellular ATP/P2X7 receptor, a regulatory axis of migration in ovarian carcinoma-derived cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304062. [PMID: 38870128 PMCID: PMC11175443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP is actively maintained at high concentrations in cancerous tissues, where it promotes a malignant phenotype through P2 receptors. In this study, we first evaluated the effect of extracellular ATP depletion with apyrase in SKOV-3, a cell line derived from metastatic ovarian carcinoma. We observed a decrease in cell migration and an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and cell markers, suggesting a role in maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype. To identify the P2 receptor that mediated the effects of ATP, we compared the transcript levels of some P2 receptors and found that P2RX7 is three-fold higher in SKOV-3 cells than in a healthy cell line, namely HOSE6-3 (from human ovarian surface epithelium). Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified a higher expression of the P2RX7 transcript in metastatic tissues than in primary tumors; thus, P2X7 seems to be a promising effector for the malignant phenotype. Subsequently, we demonstrated the presence and functionality of the P2X7 receptor in SKOV-3 cells and showed through pharmacological approaches that its activity promotes cell migration and contributes to maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype. P2X7 activation using BzATP increased cell migration and abolished E-cadherin expression. On the other hand, a series of P2X7 receptor antagonists (A438079, BBG and OxATP) decreased cell migration. We used a CRISPR-based knock-out system directed to P2RX7. According to the results of our wound-healing assay, SKOV3-P2X7KO cells lacked receptor-mediated calcium mobilization and decreased migration. Altogether, these data let us propose that P2X7 receptor is a regulator for cancer cell migration and thus a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Nuñez-Ríos
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Mauricio Reyna-Jeldes
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo Para el Estudio del Cáncer a Nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Esperanza Mata-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Anaí del Rocío Campos-Contreras
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Iván Lazcano-Sánchez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Adriana González-Gallardo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Claudio Coddou
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo Para el Estudio del Cáncer a Nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco G. Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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2
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von Kügelgen I. Pharmacological characterization of P2Y receptor subtypes - an update. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:99-108. [PMID: 37697211 PMCID: PMC10997570 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The widely expressed P2Y receptors play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. This review summarizes the use of pharmacological tools to characterize the P2Y receptor subtypes involved in these responses. MRS2500 is a potent and selective antagonist acting at the P2Y1 receptor. AR-C118925 is useful for the selective antagonism of the P2Y2 receptor. PSB16133 blocks the P2Y4 receptor, MRS2578 is an antagonist at the P2Y6 receptor and NF157 as well as NF340 block the P2Y11 receptor. ADP-induced platelet aggregation is mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. A number of compounds or their active metabolites reduce ADP-induced platelet aggregation by blocking the P2Y12 receptor. These include the active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds clopidogrel and prasugrel, the nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and the nucleotide analogue cangrelor. PSB0739 is also a potent antagonist at the P2Y12 receptor useful for both in vitro and in vivo studies. MRS2211 and MRS2603 inhibit P2Y13 mediated responses. PPTN is a very potent antagonist at the P2Y14 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Andersen LL, Huang Y, Urban C, Oubraham L, Winheim E, Stafford C, Nagl D, O'Duill F, Ebert T, Engleitner T, Paludan SR, Krug A, Rad R, Hornung V, Pichlmair A. Systematic P2Y receptor survey identifies P2Y11 as modulator of immune responses and virus replication in macrophages. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113279. [PMID: 37881155 PMCID: PMC10690470 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is in place to assist in ensuring tissue homeostasis, which can be easily perturbed by invading pathogens or nonpathogenic stressors causing tissue damage. Extracellular nucleotides are well known to contribute to innate immune signaling specificity and strength, but how their signaling is relayed downstream of cell surface receptors and how this translates into antiviral immunity is only partially understood. Here, we systematically investigated the responses of human macrophages to extracellular nucleotides, focusing on the nucleotide-sensing GPRC receptors of the P2Y family. Time-resolved transcriptomic analysis showed that adenine- and uridine-based nucleotides induce a specific, immediate, and transient cytokine response through the MAPK signaling pathway that regulates transcriptional activation by AP-1. Using receptor trans-complementation, we identified a subset of P2Ys (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y11) that govern inflammatory responses via cytokine induction, while others (P2Y4, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14) directly induce antiviral responses. Notably, P2Y11 combined both activities, and depletion or inhibition of this receptor in macrophages impaired both inflammatory and antiviral responses. Collectively, these results highlight the underappreciated functions of P2Y receptors in innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Lykke Andersen
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Yiqi Huang
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Lila Oubraham
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Elena Winheim
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Che Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Dennis Nagl
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Fionan O'Duill
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Søren Riis Paludan
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center of immunology of viral infection (CiViA)Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Anne Krug
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Center of immunology of viral infection (CiViA)Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner SiteMunichGermany
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4
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: purine metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2813-2848. [PMID: 36947357 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular event associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and neuronal activation. Understanding signaling in migraine pathology is central to the development of therapeutics for migraine prophylaxis and for mitigation of migraine in the prodrome phase before pain sets in. The fact that both vasoactivity and neural sensitization are involved in migraine indicates that agonists which promote these phenomena may very well be involved in migraine pathology. One such group of agonists is the purines, in particular, adenosine phosphates and their metabolites. This manuscript explores what is known about the relationship between these metabolites and migraine pathology and explores the potential for such relationships through their known signaling pathways. Reported receptor involvement in vasoaction and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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5
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Schulman ES, Nishi H, Pelleg A. Degranulation of human mast cells: modulation by P2 receptors' agonists. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216580. [PMID: 37868982 PMCID: PMC10585249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1970s, there has been an alarming increase in the incidence of asthma and its morbidity and mortality. Acute obstruction and inflammation of allergic asthmatic airways are frequently caused by inhalation of exogenous substances such as allergens cross-linking IgE receptors expressed on the surface of the human lung mast cells (HLMC). The degree of constriction of human airways produced by identical amounts of inhaled allergens may vary from day to day and even hour to hour. Endogenous factors in the human mast cell (HMC)'s microenvironment during allergen exposure may markedly modulate the degranulation response. An increase in allergic responsiveness may significantly enhance bronchoconstriction and breathlessness. This review focuses on the role that the ubiquitous endogenous purine nucleotide, extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which is a component of the damage-associated molecular patterns, plays in mast cells' physiology. ATP activates P2 purinergic cell-surface receptors (P2R) to trigger signaling cascades resulting in heightened inflammatory responses. ATP is the most potent enhancer of IgE-mediated HLMC degranulation described to date. Current knowledge of ATP as it relates to targeted receptor(s) on HMC along with most recent studies exploring HMC post-receptor activation pathways are discussed. In addition, the reviewed studies may explain why brief, minimal exposures to allergens (e.g., dust, cat, mouse, and grass) can unpredictably lead to intense clinical reactions. Furthermore, potential therapeutic approaches targeting ATP-related enhancement of allergic reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Schulman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haruhisa Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amir Pelleg
- Danmir Therapeutics, LLC, Haverford, PA, United States
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6
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Jasmer KJ, Muñoz Forti K, Woods LT, Cha S, Weisman GA. Therapeutic potential for P2Y 2 receptor antagonism. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3. [PMID: 36219327 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the target of more than 30% of all FDA-approved drug therapies. Though the purinergic P2 receptors have been an attractive target for therapeutic intervention with successes such as the P2Y12 receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) antagonism remains relatively unexplored as a therapeutic strategy. Due to a lack of selective antagonists to modify P2Y2R activity, studies using primarily genetic manipulation have revealed roles for P2Y2R in a multitude of diseases. These include inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, fibrotic diseases, renal diseases, cancer, and pathogenic infections. With the advent of AR-C118925, a selective and potent P2Y2R antagonist that became commercially available only a few years ago, new opportunities exist to gain a more robust understanding of P2Y2R function and assess therapeutic effects of P2Y2R antagonism. This review discusses the characteristics of P2Y2R that make it unique among P2 receptors, namely its involvement in five distinct signaling pathways including canonical Gαq protein signaling. We also discuss the effects of other P2Y2R antagonists and the pivotal development of AR-C118925. The remainder of this review concerns the mounting evidence implicating P2Y2Rs in disease pathogenesis, focusing on those studies that have evaluated AR-C118925 in pre-clinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Jasmer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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7
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Extracellular Nucleotides Affect the Proangiogenic Behavior of Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, and Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010238. [PMID: 35008664 PMCID: PMC8745609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound healing is currently a severe problem due to its incidence and associated complications. Intensive research is underway on substances that retain their biological activity in the wound microenvironment and stimulate the formation of new blood vessels critical for tissue regeneration. This group includes synthetic compounds with proangiogenic activity. Previously, we identified phosphorothioate analogs of nucleoside 5′-O-monophosphates as multifunctional ligands of P2Y6 and P2Y14 receptors. The effects of a series of unmodified and phosphorothioate nucleotide analogs on the secretion of VEGF from keratinocytes and fibroblasts, as well as their influence on the viability and proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells were analyzed. In addition, the expression profiles of genes encoding nucleotide receptors in tested cell models were also investigated. In this study, we defined thymidine 5′-O-monophosphorothioate (TMPS) as a positive regulator of angiogenesis. Preliminary analyses confirmed the proangiogenic potency of TMPS in vivo.
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8
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Katunin P, Zhou J, Shehata OM, Peden AA, Cadby A, Nikolaev A. An Open-Source Framework for Automated High-Throughput Cell Biology Experiments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:697584. [PMID: 34631697 PMCID: PMC8498207 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.697584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern data analysis methods, such as optimization algorithms or deep learning have been successfully applied to a number of biotechnological and medical questions. For these methods to be efficient, a large number of high-quality and reproducible experiments needs to be conducted, requiring a high degree of automation. Here, we present an open-source hardware and low-cost framework that allows for automatic high-throughput generation of large amounts of cell biology data. Our design consists of an epifluorescent microscope with automated XY stage for moving a multiwell plate containing cells and a perfusion manifold allowing programmed application of up to eight different solutions. Our system is very flexible and can be adapted easily for individual experimental needs. To demonstrate the utility of the system, we have used it to perform high-throughput Ca2+ imaging and large-scale fluorescent labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katunin
- Fresco Labs, London, United Kingdom
- Information Technologies and Programming Faculty, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jianbo Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ola M Shehata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Cadby
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Nikolaev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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9
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Nishi H, Niyonsaba F, Pelleg A, Schulman ES. Enhancement of Mast Cell Degranulation Mediated by Purinergic Receptors' Activation and PI3K Type δ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1001-1008. [PMID: 34330752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells express multiple metabotropic purinergic P2Y receptor (P2YR) subtypes. Few studies have evaluated their role in human mast cell (HMC) allergic response as quantified by degranulation induced by cross-linking the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). We have previously shown that extracellular nucleotides modify the FcεRI activation-dependent degranulation in HMCs derived from human lungs, but the mechanism of this action has not been fully delineated. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanism of activation of P2YRs on the degranulation of HMCs and elucidate the specific postreceptor pathways involved. Sensitized LAD2 cells, a human-derived mast cell line, were subjected to a weak allergic stimulation (WAS) using a low concentration of Ag in the absence and presence of P2YR agonists. Only the metabotropic purinergic P2Y11 receptor (P2Y11R) agonist, adenosine 5'-(3-thio)triphosphate (ATPγS), enhanced WAS-induced degranulation resulting in a net 7-fold increase in release (n = 4; p < 0.01). None of the P2YR agonists tested, including high concentrations of ATPγS (1000 μM), enhanced WAS-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, an essential component of activated FcεRI-induced degranulation. Both a PI3K inhibitor and the relevant gene knockout decreased the ATPγS-induced enhancement. The effect of ATPγS was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of PI3K type δ and protein kinase B, but not the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1. The effects of ATPγS were dose dependently inhibited by NF157, a P2Y11R antagonist. To our knowledge, these data indicate for the first time that P2YR is linked to enhancement of allergic degranulation in HMC via the PI3K/protein kinase B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amir Pelleg
- Danmir Therapeutics, LLC, Haverford, PA; and
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10
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Groaz E, De Jonghe S. Overview of Biologically Active Nucleoside Phosphonates. Front Chem 2021; 8:616863. [PMID: 33490040 PMCID: PMC7821050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.616863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the phosphonate motif featuring a carbon-phosphorous bond as bioisosteric replacement of the labile P–O bond is widely recognized as an attractive structural concept in different areas of medicinal chemistry, since it addresses the very fundamental principles of enzymatic stability and minimized metabolic activation. This review discusses the most influential successes in drug design with special emphasis on nucleoside phosphonates and their prodrugs as antiviral and cancer treatment agents. A description of structurally related analogs able to interfere with the transmission of other infectious diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and parasites will then follow. Finally, molecules acting as agonists/antagonists of P2X and P2Y receptors along with nucleotidase inhibitors will also be covered. This review aims to guide readers through the fundamentals of nucleoside phosphonate therapeutics in order to inspire the future design of molecules to target infections that are refractory to currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Loser D, Schaefer J, Danker T, Möller C, Brüll M, Suciu I, Ückert AK, Klima S, Leist M, Kraushaar U. Human neuronal signaling and communication assays to assess functional neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:229-252. [PMID: 33269408 PMCID: PMC7811517 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of drug toxicity on the human nervous system still relies mainly on animal experiments. Here, we developed an alternative system allowing assessment of complex signaling in both individual human neurons and on the network level. The LUHMES cultures used for our approach can be cultured in 384-well plates with high reproducibility. We established here high-throughput quantification of free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+]i as broadly applicable surrogate of neuronal activity and verified the main processes by patch clamp recordings. Initially, we characterized the expression pattern of many neuronal signaling components and selected the purinergic receptors to demonstrate the applicability of the [Ca2+]i signals for quantitative characterization of agonist and antagonist responses on classical ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors. This included receptor sub-typing and the characterization of the anti-parasitic drug suramin as modulator of the cellular response to ATP. To exemplify potential studies on ion channels, we characterized voltage-gated sodium channels and their inhibition by tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and lidocaine, as well as their opening by the plant alkaloid veratridine and the food-relevant marine biotoxin ciguatoxin. Even broader applicability of [Ca2+]i quantification as an end point was demonstrated by measurements of dopamine transporter activity based on the membrane potential-changing activity of this neurotransmitter carrier. The substrates dopamine or amphetamine triggered [Ca2+]i oscillations that were synchronized over the entire culture dish. We identified compounds that modified these oscillations by interfering with various ion channels. Thus, this new test system allows multiple types of neuronal signaling, within and between cells, to be assessed, quantified and characterized for their potential disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schaefer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Möller
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Markus Brüll
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klima
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
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12
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Woo SH, Trinh TN. P2 Receptors in Cardiac Myocyte Pathophysiology and Mechanotransduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010251. [PMID: 33383710 PMCID: PMC7794727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a major energy source in the mammalian cells, but it is an extracellular chemical messenger acting on P2 purinergic receptors. A line of evidence has shown that ATP is released from many different types of cells including neurons, endothelial cells, and muscle cells. In this review, we described the distribution of P2 receptor subtypes in the cardiac cells and their physiological and pathological roles in the heart. So far, the effects of external application of ATP or its analogues, and those of UTP on cardiac contractility and rhythm have been reported. In addition, specific genetic alterations and pharmacological agonists and antagonists have been adopted to discover specific roles of P2 receptor subtypes including P2X4-, P2X7-, P2Y2- and P2Y6-receptors in cardiac cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulated data suggest that P2X4 receptors may play a beneficial role in cardiac muscle function, and that P2Y2- and P2Y6-receptors can induce cardiac fibrosis. Recent evidence further demonstrates P2Y1 receptor and P2X4 receptor as important mechanical signaling molecules to alter membrane potential and Ca2+ signaling in atrial myocytes and their uneven expression profile between right and left atrium.
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Ceruti S. From astrocytes to satellite glial cells and back: A 25 year-long journey through the purinergic modulation of glial functions in pain and more. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114397. [PMID: 33382970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental progresses have been made in pain research with a comprehensive understanding of the neuronal pathways which convey painful sensations from the periphery and viscera to the central nervous system and of the descending modulating pathways. Nevertheless, many patients still suffer from various painful conditions, which are often associated to other primary pathologies, and get no or poor relief from available painkillers. Thus, the interest of many researchers has concentrated on new and promising cellular targets and biochemical pathways. This is the case of glia cells, both in the peripheral and in the central nervous system, and of purinergic receptors. Starting from many intuitions and hypotheses raised by Prof. Geoffrey Burnstock, data have accumulated which clearly highlight the fundamental role exerted by several nucleotide and nucleoside receptors in the modulation of glial cell reaction to pain triggers and of their cross-talk with sensory neurons which significantly contributes to the transition from acute to chronic pain. The purinergic system has therefore become an appealing pharmacological target in pain research, also based on the quite unexpected discovery that purines are involved in ancient analgesic techniques such as acupuncture. A more in-depth understanding of the complex and intricated purine-orchestrated scenario in pain conditions will hopefully lead to the identification and clinical development of new and effective analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Sophocleous RA, Miles NA, Ooi L, Sluyter R. P2Y 2 and P2X4 Receptors Mediate Ca 2+ Mobilization in DH82 Canine Macrophage Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228572. [PMID: 33202978 PMCID: PMC7696671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors of the P2 subclass are commonly found in human and rodent macrophages where they can be activated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) or uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) to mediate Ca2+ mobilization, resulting in downstream signalling to promote inflammation and pain. However, little is understood regarding these receptors in canine macrophages. To establish a macrophage model of canine P2 receptor signalling, the expression of these receptors in the DH82 canine macrophage cell line was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. P2 receptor function in DH82 cells was pharmacologically characterised using nucleotide-induced measurements of Fura-2 AM-bound intracellular Ca2+. RT-PCR revealed predominant expression of P2X4 receptors, while immunocytochemistry confirmed predominant expression of P2Y2 receptors, with low levels of P2X4 receptor expression. ATP and UTP induced robust Ca2+ responses in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. ATP-induced responses were only partially inhibited by the P2X4 receptor antagonists, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP (TNP-ATP), paroxetine and 5-BDBD, but were strongly potentiated by ivermectin. UTP-induced responses were near completely inhibited by the P2Y2 receptor antagonists, suramin and AR-C118925. P2Y2 receptor-mediated Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited by U-73122 and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), indicating P2Y2 receptor coupling to the phospholipase C and inositol triphosphate signal transduction pathway. Together this data demonstrates, for the first time, the expression of functional P2 receptors in DH82 canine macrophage cells and identifies a potential cell model for studying macrophage-mediated purinergic signalling in inflammation and pain in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Andrew Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (N.A.M.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nicole Ashleigh Miles
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (N.A.M.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (N.A.M.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (N.A.M.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4221-5508
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15
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Ledderose C, Bromberger S, Slubowski CJ, Sueyoshi K, Aytan D, Shen Y, Junger WG. The purinergic receptor P2Y11 choreographs the polarization, mitochondrial metabolism, and migration of T lymphocytes. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/651/eaba3300. [PMID: 32994212 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T cells must migrate to encounter antigen-presenting cells and perform their roles in host defense. Here, we found that autocrine stimulation of the purinergic receptor P2Y11 regulates the migration of human CD4 T cells. P2Y11 receptors redistributed from the front to the back of polarized cells where they triggered intracellular cAMP/PKA signals that attenuated mitochondrial metabolism at the back. The absence of P2Y11 receptors at the front of cells resulted in hotspots of mitochondrial metabolism and localized ATP production that stimulated P2X4 receptors, Ca2+ influx, and pseudopod protrusion at the front. This regulatory function of P2Y11 receptors depended on their subcellular redistribution and autocrine stimulation by cellular ATP release and was perturbed by indiscriminate global stimulation. We conclude that excessive extracellular ATP-such as in response to inflammation, sepsis, and cancer-disrupts this autocrine feedback mechanism, which results in defective T cell migration, impaired T cell function, and loss of host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Ledderose
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sophie Bromberger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christian J Slubowski
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Koichiro Sueyoshi
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dilan Aytan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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16
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Ledderose C, Bromberger S, Slubowski CJ, Sueyoshi K, Junger WG. Frontline Science: P2Y11 receptors support T cell activation by directing mitochondrial trafficking to the immune synapse. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:497-508. [PMID: 32531829 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0520-191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells form an immune synapse (IS) with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to detect antigens that match their TCR. Mitochondria, pannexin-1 (panx1) channels, and P2X4 receptors congregate at the IS where mitochondria produce the ATP that panx1 channels release in order to stimulate P2X4 receptors. P2X4 receptor stimulation causes cellular Ca2+ influx that up-regulates mitochondrial metabolism and localized ATP production at the IS. Here we show that P2Y11 receptors are essential players that sustain these T cell activation mechanisms. We found that P2Y11 receptors retract from the IS toward the back of cells where their stimulation by extracellular ATP induces cAMP/PKA signaling that redirects mitochondrial trafficking to the IS. P2Y11 receptors thus reinforce IS signaling by promoting the aggregation of mitochondria with panx1 ATP release channels and P2X4 receptors at the IS. This dual purinergic signaling mechanism involving P2X4 and P2Y11 receptors focuses mitochondrial metabolism to the IS where localized ATP production sustains synaptic activity in order to allow successful completion of T cell activation responses. Our findings have practical implications because rodents lack P2Y11 receptors, raising concerns as to the validity of rodent models to study treatment of infections and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Ledderose
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sophie Bromberger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian J Slubowski
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Koichiro Sueyoshi
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Martin-Aragon Baudel M, Espinosa-Tanguma R, Nieves-Cintron M, Navedo MF. Purinergic Signaling During Hyperglycemia in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:329. [PMID: 32528416 PMCID: PMC7256624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of purinergic receptors by nucleotides and/or nucleosides plays an important role in the control of vascular function, including modulation of vascular smooth muscle excitability, and vascular reactivity. Accordingly, purinergic receptor actions, acting as either ion channels (P2X) or G protein-coupled receptors (GCPRs) (P1, P2Y), target diverse downstream effectors, and substrates to regulate vascular smooth muscle function and vascular reactivity. Both vasorelaxant and vasoconstrictive effects have been shown to be mediated by different purinergic receptors in a vascular bed- and species-specific manner. Purinergic signaling has been shown to play a key role in altering vascular smooth muscle excitability and vascular reactivity following acute and short-term elevations in extracellular glucose (e.g., hyperglycemia). Moreover, there is evidence that vascular smooth muscle excitability and vascular reactivity is severely impaired during diabetes and that this is mediated, at least in part, by activation of purinergic receptors. Thus, purinergic receptors present themselves as important candidates mediating vascular reactivity in hyperglycemia, with potentially important clinical and therapeutic potential. In this review, we provide a narrative summarizing our current understanding of the expression, function, and signaling of purinergic receptors specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells and discuss their role in vascular complications following hyperglycemia and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Aragon Baudel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Miguel Martin-Aragon Baudel
| | - Ricardo Espinosa-Tanguma
- Departamento de Fisiologia y Biofisca, Universidad Autónoma San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Manuel F. Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Manuel F. Navedo
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18
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Green JP, Souilhol C, Xanthis I, Martinez-Campesino L, Bowden NP, Evans PC, Wilson HL. Atheroprone flow activates inflammation via endothelial ATP-dependent P2X7-p38 signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:324-335. [PMID: 29126223 PMCID: PMC5852506 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Atherosclerosis is a focal disease occurring at arterial sites of disturbed blood flow that generates low oscillating shear stress. Endothelial inflammatory signalling is enhanced at sites of disturbed flow via mechanisms that are incompletely understood. The influence of disturbed flow on endothelial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptors and downstream signalling was assessed. Methods and results Cultured human endothelial cells were exposed to atheroprotective (high uniform) or atheroprone (low oscillatory) shear stress for 72 h prior to assessment of ATP responses. Imaging of cells loaded with a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye revealed that atheroprone flow enhanced extracellular calcium influx in response to 300 µM 2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine-5'-triphosphate. Pre-treatment with pharmacological inhibitors demonstrated that this process required purinergic P2X7 receptors. The mechanism involved altered expression of P2X7, which was induced by atheroprone flow conditions in cultured cells. Similarly, en face staining of the murine aorta revealed enriched P2X7 expression at an atheroprone site. Functional studies in cultured endothelial cells showed that atheroprone flow induced p38 phosphorylation and up-regulation of E-selectin and IL-8 secretion via a P2X7-dependent mechanism. Moreover, genetic deletion of P2X7 significantly reduced E-selectin at atheroprone regions of the murine aorta. Conclusions These findings reveal that P2X7 is regulated by shear forces leading to its accumulation at atheroprone sites that are exposed to disturbed patterns of blood flow. P2X7 promotes endothelial inflammation at atheroprone sites by transducing ATP signals into p38 activation. Thus P2X7 integrates vascular mechanical responses with purinergic signalling to promote endothelial dysfunction and may provide an attractive potential therapeutic target to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Green
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Ioannis Xanthis
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Laura Martinez-Campesino
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Neil P Bowden
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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19
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Wang D, Lin N, Tang Y, Lu H. Inhibition of P2Y11R ameliorated TNF-α-induced degradation of extracellular matrix in human chondrocytic SW1353 cells. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2108-2116. [PMID: 31105822 PMCID: PMC6511765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a major global health burden. Joint destruction resulting from excessive degradation of type II collagen and aggrecan in the articular extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases and aggrecanases, respectively, is a major pathological hallmark of osteoarthritis. However, the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Currently, there are few non-invasive therapies capable of slowing or halting the progression of the disease. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the P2Y11 purinergic protein and its receptor P2Y11R in TNF-α-mediated degradation of the extracellular matrix in SW1353 cell line chondrocytes using the novel P2Y11R antagonist NF157. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the effects of NF157 in OA. Our results indicate that P2Y11R may indeed play a role in TNF-α-induced degradation of extracellular matrix in OA as treatment with NF157 significantly reduced expression of metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5, and ameliorated degradation of type II collagen and aggrecan in SW1353 chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that treatment with NF157 significantly reduced nuclear translocation of p65 and subsequent activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicun Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Huading Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
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20
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von Kügelgen I. Pharmacology of P2Y receptors. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:12-24. [PMID: 30922852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The P2Y receptors are expressed in various cell types and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology including inflammatory responses and neuropathic pain. The antagonism of P2Y12 receptors is used in pharmacotherapy for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. The nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel inhibit platelet P2Y12 receptors and reduce thereby platelet aggregation. The P2Y2 receptor agonist diquafosol is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. The P2Y receptor subtypes differ in their amino acid sequences, their pharmacological profiles and their signaling transduction pathways. Recently, selective receptor ligands have been developed for all subtypes. The published crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors as well as receptor models will facilitate the development of novel drugs for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Prada MP, Syed AU, Buonarati OR, Reddy GR, Nystoriak MA, Ghosh D, Simó S, Sato D, Sasse KC, Ward SM, Santana LF, Xiang YK, Hell JW, Nieves-Cintrón M, Navedo MF. A G s-coupled purinergic receptor boosts Ca 2+ influx and vascular contractility during diabetic hyperglycemia. eLife 2019; 8:42214. [PMID: 30821687 PMCID: PMC6397001 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated glucose increases vascular reactivity by promoting L-type CaV1.2 channel (LTCC) activity by protein kinase A (PKA). Yet, how glucose activates PKA is unknown. We hypothesized that a Gs-coupled P2Y receptor is an upstream activator of PKA mediating LTCC potentiation during diabetic hyperglycemia. Experiments in apyrase-treated cells suggested involvement of a P2Y receptor underlying the glucose effects on LTTCs. Using human tissue, expression for P2Y11, the only Gs-coupled P2Y receptor, was detected in nanometer proximity to CaV1.2 and PKA. FRET-based experiments revealed that the selective P2Y11 agonist NF546 and elevated glucose stimulate cAMP production resulting in enhanced PKA-dependent LTCC activity. These changes were blocked by the selective P2Y11 inhibitor NF340. Comparable results were observed in mouse tissue, suggesting that a P2Y11-like receptor is mediating the glucose response in these cells. These findings established a key role for P2Y11 in regulating PKA-dependent LTCC function and vascular reactivity during diabetic hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Prada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Arsalan U Syed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Olivia R Buonarati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Gopireddy R Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Matthew A Nystoriak
- Diabetes & Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Debapriya Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | | | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Luis F Santana
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,VA Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, United States
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | | | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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22
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Sueyoshi K, Ledderose C, Shen Y, Lee AH, Shapiro NI, Junger WG. Lipopolysaccharide suppresses T cells by generating extracellular ATP that impairs their mitochondrial function via P2Y11 receptors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6283-6293. [PMID: 30787105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell suppression contributes to immune dysfunction in sepsis. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well-defined. Here, we show that exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can rapidly and dose-dependently suppress interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and T cell proliferation. We also report that these effects depend on monocytes. LPS did not prevent the interaction of monocytes with T cells, nor did it induce programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) signaling that causes T cell suppression. Instead, we found that LPS stimulation of monocytes led to the accumulation of extracellular ATP that impaired mitochondrial function, cell migration, IL-2 production, and T cell proliferation. Mechanistically, LPS-induced ATP accumulation exerted these suppressive effects on T cells by activating the purinergic receptor P2Y11 on the cell surface of T cells. T cell functions could be partially restored by enzymatic removal of extracellular ATP or pharmacological blocking of P2Y11 receptors. Plasma samples obtained from sepsis patients had similar suppressive effects on T cells from healthy subjects. Our findings suggest that LPS and ATP accumulation in the circulation of sepsis patients suppresses T cells by promoting inappropriate P2Y11 receptor stimulation that impairs T cell metabolism and functions. We conclude that inhibition of LPS-induced ATP release, removal of excessive extracellular ATP, or P2Y11 receptor antagonists may be potential therapeutic strategies to prevent T cell suppression and restore host immune function in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nathan I Shapiro
- Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- From the Departments of Surgery and .,the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, Vienna A-1200, Austria
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23
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Bourguignon T, Benoist L, Chadet S, Miquelestorena-Standley E, Fromont G, Ivanes F, Angoulvant D. Stimulation of murine P2Y11-like purinoreceptor protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and decreases heart graft rejection lesions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 158:780-790.e1. [PMID: 30711276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial ischemia reperfusion is a major cause of cell injury during cardiac transplantation and is responsible for increased graft rejection. Several in vitro studies demonstrated the protective effect of P2Y11-like purinoreceptor stimulation in the context of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. In this study, we hypothesized a possible cardioprotective role of P2Y11R stimulation against ischemia/reperfusion lesions and validated its clinical effect in vivo in a heart transplantation model. METHODS We subjected H9c2 rat cardiomyocyte-derived cell line to 5 hours of hypoxia and 1 hour of reoxygenation. P2Y11R selective agonist NF546 and antagonist NF340 were added at the onset of reoxygenation. Cell injuries were assessed by microculture tetrazolium reduction and intracellular adenosine triphosphate level. Clinical effect of P2Y11R stimulation was further investigated in vivo. Hearts from BALB/c mice were transplanted intra-abdominally into allogenic C57BL/6 mice (n = 104). Recipient mice were injected with P2Y11R agonist. Mice in the sham group were injected with saline solution. In the control group, hearts from C57BL/6 were transplanted into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Rejection lesions were investigated using histology and immunohistochemistry at days 3, 5, and 7 after transplantation. We measured caspase activities to quantify apoptosis. Production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was investigated. RESULTS P2Y11R stimulation at the onset of reoxygenation significantly reduced in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation injuries. This protection was suppressed with P2Y11R antagonist. In vivo, cardiac allograft survival was significantly prolonged after P2Y11R stimulation. Rejection lesions, classified according to the International Society of Heart Lung Transplantation guidelines and quantified using the mean number of inflammatory cells per field, were significantly reduced in the treated group. At day 5 after transplantation, P2Y11R agonist pretreated allografts also demonstrated less apoptotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a novel cardioprotective role of P2Y11R at the onset of reoxygenation/reperfusion against reperfusion injuries. Pharmacologic conditioning using P2Y11 agonist may be beneficial after cardiac transplantation in improving myocardial ischemia/reperfusion outcomes and decreasing graft rejection lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Bourguignon
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration and FHU SUPORT, Tours University, Tours, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France.
| | - Lauriane Benoist
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration and FHU SUPORT, Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Chadet
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration and FHU SUPORT, Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Elodie Miquelestorena-Standley
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration and FHU SUPORT, Tours University, Tours, France; Department of Pathophysiology, Tours University Hospital and Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tours University Hospital and Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Ivanes
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration and FHU SUPORT, Tours University, Tours, France; Department of Cardiology, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Loire Valley Cardiovascular Collaboration and FHU SUPORT, Tours University, Tours, France; Department of Cardiology, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
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24
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Ng PY, McIntosh KA, Hargrave G, Ho KH, Paul A, Plevin R. Inhibition of cytokine-mediated JNK signalling by purinergic P2Y 11 receptors, a novel protective mechanism in endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2018; 51:59-71. [PMID: 30076967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from our laboratory has demonstrated a novel phenomenon whereby GPCRs play a role in inhibiting cytokine-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling. So far this novel phenomenon seems to have been vastly overlooked, with little research in the area. Therefore, in this study we explored this further; by assessing the potential of P2YRs to mediate inhibition of cytokine-mediated JNK signalling and related functional outcomes in human endothelial cells. We utilised primary endothelial cells, and employed the use of endogenous activators of P2YRs and well characterised pharmacological inhibitors, to assess signalling parameters mediated by P2YRs, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNFα and JNK. Activation of P2YRs with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1β-mediated phosphorylation of JNK and associated kinase activity. The effect was specific for cytokine-mediated JNK signalling, as ATP was without effect on JNK induced by other non-specific activators (e.g. sorbitol, anisomycin), nor effective against other MAPK pathways such as p38 and the canonical NFκB cascade. Pharmacological studies demonstrated a role for the P2Y11 receptor in mediating this effect, but not the P2Y1 nor the adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B & A3). The novel Gαq/11 inhibitor YM254890 and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 both partially reversed ATP-mediated inhibition of IL-1β-stimulated JNK indicating involvement of both Gαq/11 and Gαs mediated pathways. ATP also partially reversed IL-1β-mediated induction of cyclo‑oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and E-selectin. Collectively, these studies indicate the potential for activation of purinergic receptors to protect the endothelium from inflammatory driven JNK activation and may be a new target for inflammatory disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Y Ng
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Kathryn A McIntosh
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Gillian Hargrave
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Ka H Ho
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Paul
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Robin Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
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25
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P2Y 11 Receptors: Properties, Distribution and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:107-122. [PMID: 29134605 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The P2Y11 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that is stimulated by endogenous purine nucleotides, particularly ATP. Amongst P2Y receptors it has several unique properties; (1) it is the only human P2Y receptor gene that contains an intron in the coding sequence; (2) the gene does not appear to be present in the rodent genome; (3) it couples to stimulation of both phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. Its absence in mice and rats, along with a limited range of selective pharmacological tools, has hampered the development of our knowledge and understanding of its properties and functions. Nonetheless, through a combination of careful use of the available tools, suppression of receptor expression using siRNA and genetic screening for SNPs, possible functions of native P2Y11 receptors have been identified in a variety of human cells and tissues. Many are in blood cells involved in inflammatory responses, consistent with extracellular ATP being a damage-associated signalling molecule in the immune system. Thus proposed potential therapeutic applications relate, in the main, to modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory responses.
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26
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Kinoshita M, Hirayama Y, Fujishita K, Shibata K, Shinozaki Y, Shigetomi E, Takeda A, Le HPN, Hayashi H, Hiasa M, Moriyama Y, Ikenaka K, Tanaka KF, Koizumi S. Anti-Depressant Fluoxetine Reveals its Therapeutic Effect Via Astrocytes. EBioMedicine 2018; 32:72-83. [PMID: 29887330 PMCID: PMC6020856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although psychotropic drugs act on neurons and glial cells, how glia respond, and whether glial responses are involved in therapeutic effects are poorly understood. Here, we show that fluoxetine (FLX), an anti-depressant, mediates its anti-depressive effect by increasing the gliotransmission of ATP. FLX increased ATP exocytosis via vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). FLX-induced anti-depressive behavior was decreased in astrocyte-selective VNUT-knockout mice or when VNUT was deleted in mice, but it was increased when astrocyte-selective VNUT was overexpressed in mice. This suggests that VNUT-dependent astrocytic ATP exocytosis has a critical role in the therapeutic effect of FLX. Released ATP and its metabolite adenosine act on P2Y11 and adenosine A2b receptors expressed by astrocytes, causing an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes. These findings suggest that in addition to neurons, FLX acts on astrocytes and mediates its therapeutic effects by increasing ATP gliotransmission. Anti-depressant FLX acts on astrocytes and increases VNUT-dependent ATP exocytosis. Such astrocytic responses are responsible for the FLX-induced therapeutic effects. Astrocytic ATP and its metabolite adenosine increase BDNF in astrocytes, and reveal the therapeutic effects.
Kinoshita et al. demonstrated that astrocytes are a therapeutic target of the antidepressant, fluoxetine (FLX). They found that FLX stimulates VNUT-dependent ATP release from astrocytes leading to a BDNF-mediated anti-depressive effect. This study demonstrated the astrocytic regulation of this anti-depressive effect, which complements the previously described conventional mechanism of FLX. Because the involvement of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of depression is of current interest, this new insight into the role of astrocytes in anti-depressive effects should support the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kayoko Fujishita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shibata
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Akiko Takeda
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ha Pham Ngoc Le
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Miki Hiasa
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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27
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Dreisig K, Sund L, Dommer MW, Kristensen NP, Boddum K, Viste R, Fredholm S, Odum N, Jäättelä M, Skov S, Kornum BR. Human P2Y 11 Expression Level Affects Human P2X7 Receptor-Mediated Cell Death. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1159. [PMID: 29937766 PMCID: PMC6002484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to induce cell death in T lymphocytes at high extracellular concentrations. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes have a differential response to ATP, which in mice is due to differences in the P2X7 receptor expression levels. By contrast, we observed that the difference in human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte response toward the synthetic ATP-analog BzATP is not explained by a difference in human P2X7 receptor expression. Rather, the BzATP-induced human P2X7 receptor response in naïve and immune-activated lymphocyte subtypes correlated with the expression of another ATP-binding receptor: the human P2Y11 receptor. In a recombinant expression system, the coexpression of the human P2Y11 receptor counteracted BzATP-induced human P2X7 receptor-driven lactate dehydrogenase release (a marker of cell death) and pore formation independent of calcium signaling. A mutated non-signaling human P2Y11 receptor had a similar human P2X7 receptor-inhibitory effect on pore formation, thus demonstrating that the human P2X7 receptor interference was not caused by human P2Y11 receptor signaling. In conclusion, we demonstrate an important species difference in the ATP-mediated cell death between mice and human cells and show that in human T lymphocytes, the expression of the human P2Y11 receptor correlates with human P2X7 receptor-driven cell death following BzATP stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dreisig
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Louise Sund
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Maja Wallentin Dommer
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Pagh Kristensen
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kim Boddum
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rannveig Viste
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
| | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.,Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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28
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Schneider-Poetsch T, Yoshida M. Along the Central Dogma-Controlling Gene Expression with Small Molecules. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:391-420. [PMID: 29727582 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology, that DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA translated into protein, was coined in the early days of modern biology. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, bacterial genetics first opened the way toward understanding life as the genetically encoded interaction of macromolecules. As molecular biology progressed and our knowledge of gene control deepened, it became increasingly clear that expression relied on many more levels of regulation. In the process of dissecting mechanisms of gene expression, specific small-molecule inhibitors played an important role and became valuable tools of investigation. Small molecules offer significant advantages over genetic tools, as they allow inhibiting a process at any desired time point, whereas mutating or altering the gene of an important regulator would likely result in a dead organism. With the advent of modern sequencing technology, it has become possible to monitor global cellular effects of small-molecule treatment and thereby overcome the limitations of classical biochemistry, which usually looks at a biological system in isolation. This review focuses on several molecules, especially natural products, that have played an important role in dissecting gene expression and have opened up new fields of investigation as well as clinical venues for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Schneider-Poetsch
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; .,Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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29
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Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Węgłowska E, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Karaś K. Nucleoside 5'-O-monophosphorothioates as modulators of the P2Y14 receptor and mast cell degranulation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69358-69370. [PMID: 27732965 PMCID: PMC5342483 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are long-lived resident cells known for their substantial role in antigen-induced anaphylaxis and other immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic reactions as well as tumor promotion. MCs' activation results in the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as histamine, tryptase, tumor necrosis factor or carboxypeptidase A stored in secretory granules. IgE-dependent hypersensitivity has been thought to be the major pathway mediating degranulation of mast cells, but the P2Y14 nucleotide receptor activated by UDP-glucose (UDPG) may also enhance this process. In this study we identified thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate (TMPS) as a molecule inhibiting UDPG-induced degranulation in a rat mast cell line (RBL-2H3). Additionally, TMPS diminished UDPG-evoked intracellular calcium mobilization in a stable HEK293T cell line overexpressing the P2Y14 receptor. Therefore, we demonstrate that the use of thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate might be a novel anti-inflammatory approach based on preventingmast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Węgłowska
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aurelia Walczak-Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kaja Karaś
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego, Lodz, Poland
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30
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Muller MS, Taylor CW. ATP evokes Ca 2+ signals in cultured foetal human cortical astrocytes entirely through G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. J Neurochem 2017; 142:876-885. [PMID: 28677119 PMCID: PMC5601250 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP plays important roles in coordinating the activities of astrocytes and neurons, and aberrant signalling is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In rodents, ATP stimulates opening of Ca2+‐permeable channels formed by P2X receptor subunits in the plasma membrane. It is widely assumed, but not verified, that P2X receptors also evoke Ca2+ signals in human astrocytes. Here, we directly assess this hypothesis. We showed that cultured foetal cortical human astrocytes express mRNA for several P2X receptor subunits (P2X4, P2X5, P2X6) and G protein‐coupled P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y11). In these astrocytes, ATP stimulated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores through IP3 receptors and store‐operated Ca2+ entry. These responses were entirely mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors. Agonists of P2X receptors did not evoke Ca2+ signals, and nor did ATP when Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and store‐operated Ca2+ entry were inhibited. We conclude that ATP‐evoked Ca2+ signals in cultured human foetal astrocytes are entirely mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors, with no contribution from P2X receptors. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit S Muller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Liñán-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Zuleta-Alarcon A, Alhaj M, Tili E, Enneking J, Harzman A, Grants I, Bergese S, Christofi FL. UTP - Gated Signaling Pathways of 5-HT Release from BON Cells as a Model of Human Enterochromaffin Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:429. [PMID: 28751862 PMCID: PMC5508028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterochromaffin cells (EC) synthesize and release 5-HT and ATP to trigger or modulate gut neural reflexes and transmit information about visceral/pain sensation. Alterations in 5-HT signaling mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD or IBS, but the pharmacologic or molecular mechanisms modulating Ca2+-dependent 5-HT release are not understood. Previous studies indicated that purinergic signaling via ATP and ADP is an important mechanism in modulation of 5-HT release. However, EC cells also respond to UTP and UDP suggesting uridine triphosphate receptor and signaling pathways are involved as well. We tested the hypothesis that UTP is a regulator of 5-HT release in human EC cells. Methods: UTP signaling mechanisms were studied in BON cells, a human EC model, using Fluo-4/Ca2+imaging, patch-clamp, pharmacological analysis, immunohistochemistry, western blots and qPCR. 5-HT release was monitored in BON or EC isolated from human gut surgical specimens (hEC). Results: UTP, UTPγS, UDP or ATP induced Ca2+oscillations in BON. UTP evoked a biphasic concentration-dependent Ca2+response. Cells responded in the order of UTP, ATP > UTPγS > UDP >> MRS2768, BzATP, α,β-MeATP > MRS2365, MRS2690, and NF546. Different proportions of cells activated by UTP and ATP also responded to UTPγS (P2Y4, 50% cells), UDP (P2Y6, 30%), UTPγS and UDP (14%) or MRS2768 (<3%). UTP Ca2+responses were blocked with inhibitors of PLC, IP3R, SERCA Ca2+pump, La3+sensitive Ca2+channels or chelation of intracellular free Ca2+ by BAPTA/AM. Inhibitors of L-type, TRPC, ryanodine-Ca2+pools, PI3-Kinase, PKC or SRC-Kinase had no effect. UTP stimulated voltage-sensitive Ca2+currents (ICa), Vm-depolarization and inhibited IK (not IA) currents. An IKv7.2/7.3 K+ channel blocker XE-991 mimicked UTP-induced Vm-depolarization and blocked UTP-responses. XE-991 blocked IK and UTP caused further reduction. La3+ or PLC inhibitors blocked UTP depolarization; PKC inhibitors, thapsigargin or zero Ca2+buffer did not. UTP stimulated 5-HT release in hEC expressing TPH1, 5-HT, P2Y4/P2Y6R. Zero-Ca2+buffer augmented Ca2+responses and 5-HT release. Conclusion: UTP activates a predominant P2Y4R pathway to trigger Ca2+oscillations via internal Ca2+mobilization through a PLC/IP3/IP3R/SERCA Ca2+signaling pathway to stimulate 5-HT release; Ca2+influx is inhibitory. UTP-induced Vm-depolarization depends on PLC signaling and an unidentified K channel (which appears independent of Ca2+oscillations or Ica/VOCC). UTP-gated signaling pathways triggered by activation of P2Y4R stimulate 5-HT release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Liñán-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Alix Zuleta-Alarcon
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Mazin Alhaj
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Esmerina Tili
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Josh Enneking
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of Surgery, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Iveta Grants
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Sergio Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
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32
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Ribeiro T, Oliveira JT, Almeida FM, Tomaz MA, Melo PA, Marques SA, de Andrade GM, Martinez AMB. Blockade of ATP P2X7 receptor enhances ischiatic nerve regeneration in mice following a crush injury. Brain Res 2017; 1669:69-78. [PMID: 28554806 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preventing damage caused by nerve degeneration is a great challenge. There is a growing body of evidence implicating extracellular nucleotides and their P2 receptors in many pathophysiological mechanisms. In this work we aimed to investigate the effects of the administration of Brilliant Blue G (BBG) and Pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'- disulphonic acid (PPADS), P2X7 and P2 non-selective receptor antagonists, respectively, on sciatic nerve regeneration. Four groups of mice that underwent nerve crush lesion were used: two control groups treated with vehicle (saline), a group treated with BBG and a group treated with PPADS during 28days. Gastrocnemius muscle weight was evaluated. For functional evaluation we used the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) and the horizontal ladder walking test. Nerves, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords were processed for light and electron microscopy. Antinoceptive effects of BBG and PPADS were evaluated through von Frey E, and the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were analyzed by ELISA. BBG promoted an increase in the number of myelinated fibers and on axon, fiber and myelin areas. BBG and PPADS led to an increase of TNF-α and IL-1β in the nerve on day 1 and PPADS caused a decrease of IL-1β on day 7. Mechanical allodynia was reversed on day 7 in the groups treated with BBG and PPADS. We concluded that BBG promoted a better morphological regeneration after ischiatic crush injury, but this was not followed by anticipation of functional improvement. In addition, both PPADS and BBG presented anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatianne Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, HUCFF, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlia Teixeira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, HUCFF, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, HUCFF, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Amorim Tomaz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, ICB, CCS, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Melo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, ICB, CCS, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Suelen Adriani Marques
- Laboratório de Regeneração Neural e Função, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, UFC, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, HUCFF, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Degn M, Dauvilliers Y, Dreisig K, Lopez R, Pfister C, Pradervand S, Rahbek Kornum B, Tafti M. Rare missense mutations in P2RY11 in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain 2017; 140:1657-1668. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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34
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Dănilă MD, Privistirescu A, Duicu OM, Rațiu CD, Angoulvant D, Muntean DM, Sturza A. The effect of purinergic signaling via the P 2Y 11 receptor on vascular function in a rat model of acute inflammation. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 431:37-44. [PMID: 28213772 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence pointing to the role of purinergic signaling in the development and progression of various conditions that have inflammation as a common pathogenetic denominator. The aim of the present study was to assess the involvement of P2Y11 purinergic receptors in the regulation of vascular function in aortic segments obtained using an experimental model of acute inflammation, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 8 mg/kg, i.p)-treated rats. Twelve hours after LPS administration, thoracic aortas were isolated and used for studies of vascular reactivity in the organ bath and for the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, respectively. LPS treatment significantly increased contractility to phenylephrine and attenuated the endothelium-dependent relaxation of the vascular segments in response to acetylcholine; an increased production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was also recorded. The P2Y11 activator, NF546, decreased the LPS-induced aortic H2O2 release and partially normalized the vasomotor function, namely reduced contractility and improved relaxation. The effect was abolished by co-treatment with the P2Y11 inhibitor, NF340, and also after endothelium denudation. Importantly, NF546 did not elicit an antioxidant effect by acting as a H2O2 scavenger, suggesting that the beneficial outcome of this treatment on the vasculature is the consequence of P2Y11 stimulation. In conclusion, purinergic P2Y11 receptors stimulation improves vascular function and mitigates oxidative stress in the setting of acute systemic inflammation, revealing salutary effects and therapeutic potential in pathologies associated with endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Dănilă
- Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania.,Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Privistirescu
- Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Oana M Duicu
- Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania.,Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Corina D Rațiu
- Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- EA 4245 Cellules Dendritiques, Immunomodulation et Greffes, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37032, Tours, France.,Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Danina M Muntean
- Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania. .,Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Adrian Sturza
- Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania.,Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timişoara, Romania
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Matsuo K, Nishiuma S, Hasegawa Y, Kawabata F, Kitahata K, Nakayama T. Vaccination with Antigen Combined with αβ-ATP as a Vaccine Adjuvant Enhances Antigen-Specific Antibody Production via Dendritic Cell Activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1073-6. [PMID: 27251512 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are required to enhance antigen-specific immune responses by vaccines. Extracellular ATP serves as a danger signal to alert the immune system of tissue damage by acting on P2X and P2Y receptors and triggers the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Here we investigated the in vivo adjuvant efficacy of α,β-methylene-ATP (αβ-ATP), a non-hydrolysable form of ATP. We found that intradermal injection of ovalbumin (OVA), as a model antigen, combined with αβ-ATP, as the adjuvant, enhanced OVA-specific immune responses more than OVA alone. Additionally, DCs in the skin of mice injected with OVA and αβ-ATP had increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulator molecules, CD40, CD80, and CD86, suggesting that αβ-ATP activated DC. These findings indicate that αβ-ATP functions as a potent vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
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36
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Sterile Neuroinflammation and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:8385961. [PMID: 28127491 PMCID: PMC5239986 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8385961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile neuroinflammation is essential for the proper brain development and tissue repair. However, uncontrolled neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various disease processes. The endogenous intracellular molecules so called damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins or damage signals that are released by activated or necrotic cells are thought to play a crucial role in initiating an immune response. Sterile inflammatory response that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, hemorrhage, epilepsy, or traumatic brain injury (TBI) creates a vicious cycle of unrestrained inflammation, driving progressive neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism in the progression (e.g., AD and PD) or secondary injury development (e.g., stroke, hemorrhage, stress, and TBI) of multiple brain conditions. Hence, it provides an opportunity for the therapeutic intervention to prevent progressive tissue damage and loss of function. The key for developing anti-neuroinflammatory treatment is to minimize the detrimental and neurotoxic effects of inflammation while promoting the beneficial and neurotropic effects, thereby creating ideal conditions for regeneration and repair. This review outlines how inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of major nonpathogenic neuroinflammatory conditions and discusses the complex response of glial cells to damage signals. In addition, emerging experimental anti-neuroinflammatory drug treatment strategies are discussed.
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Djerada Z, Feliu C, Richard V, Millart H. Current knowledge on the role of P2Y receptors in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion. Pharmacol Res 2016; 118:5-18. [PMID: 27520402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During ischemia, numerous effective endogenous extracellular mediators have been identified, particularly, nucleosides such as adenosine as well as purinergic and pyrimidinergic nucleotides. They may play important regulatory roles within the cardiovascular system and notably as cardio-protectants. Indeed, the distribution of the P2Y receptors in mammalian heart includes several cellular constituents relevant for the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. Beside the well-known cardioprotective effect of adenosine, the additional protective role of P2Y receptors has emerged. However, interpretation of experimental results may be sometimes perplexing. This is due to the variability of: the experimental models, the endpoints criteria, the chemical structure of agonist and antagonist ligands and their concentrations, the sequences of drug administration with respect to the model used (before and/or during and/or after ischemia). The net effect may be in the opposite direction after a transient or a prolonged stimulation. Nevertheless, the overall reading of published data highlights the beneficial role of the P2Y2/4 receptor stimulation, the useful and synergistic role of P2Y6/11 receptor activation and even of the P2Y11 receptor alone in cardioprotection. More, the P2Y11 receptor could be involved in counter-regulation of profibrotic processes. Paradoxically, transient P2X7 receptor stimulation could contribute to the net cardioprotective effect of ATP. Recently, experimental data have shown that blocking the P2Y12 receptor after ischemia confers cardioprotection independently of platelet antiaggregatory effect. This suggests for P2Y receptors an important role in primary prevention and as a therapeutic target in myocardial protection during ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoubir Djerada
- Department of Pharmacology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Feliu
- Department of Pharmacology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Department of Pharmacology, Rouen, France; Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Millart
- Department of Pharmacology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
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Dreisig K, Degn M, Sund L, Hadaczek P, Samaranch L, San Sebastian W, Bankiewicz K, Rahbek Kornum B. Validation of antibodies for neuroanatomical localization of the P2Y 11 receptor in macaque brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 78:25-33. [PMID: 27515691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Focus on the purinergic receptor P2Y11 has increased following the finding of an association between the sleep disorder narcolepsy and a genetic variant in P2RY11 causing decreased gene expression. Narcolepsy is believed to arise from an autoimmune destruction of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin. It is unknown how a decrease in expression of P2Y11 might contribute to an autoimmune reaction towards the hypocretin neurons and the development of narcolepsy. To advance narcolepsy research it is therefore extremely important to determine the neuroanatomical localization of P2Y11 in the brain with particular emphasis on the hypocretin neurons. In this article we used western blot, staining of blood smears, and flow cytometry to select two antibodies for immunohistochemical staining of macaque monkey brain. Staining was seen in neuron-like structures in cortical and hypothalamic regions. Rats do not have a gene orthologue to the P2Y11 receptor and therefore rat brain was used as negative control tissue. The chromogenic signal observed in macaque monkey brain in neurons was not considered reliable, because the antibodies stained rat brain in a similar distribution pattern. Hence, the neuroanatomical localization of the P2Y11 receptor remains undetermined due to the lack of specific P2Y11 antibodies for brain immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dreisig
- Molecular Sleep Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Molecular Sleep Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Louise Sund
- Molecular Sleep Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lluis Samaranch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Waldy San Sebastian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Molecular Sleep Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Conroy S, Kindon N, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Drug-like Antagonists of P2Y Receptors-From Lead Identification to Drug Development. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9981-10005. [PMID: 27413802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are expressed in virtually all cells and tissue types and mediate an astonishing array of biological functions, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and immune regulation. The P2Y receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are composed of eight members encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of their coupling to specific G-proteins. Extensive research has been undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors, although to date only a limited number of small-molecule P2Y receptor antagonists have been approved by drug/medicines agencies. This Perspective reviews the known P2Y receptor antagonists, highlighting oral drug-like receptor antagonists, and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas Kindon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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40
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Dreisig K, Kornum BR. A critical look at the function of the P2Y11 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:427-37. [PMID: 27246167 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y11 receptor is a member of the purinergic receptor family. It has been overlooked, somewhat due to the lack of a P2ry11 gene orthologue in the murine genome, which prevents the generation of knockout mice, which have been so helpful for defining the roles of other P2Y receptors. Furthermore, some of the studies reported to date have methodological shortcomings, making it difficult to determine the function of P2Y11 with certainty. In this review, we discuss the lack of a murine "P2Y11-like receptor" and highlight the limitations of the currently available methods used to investigate the P2Y11 receptor. These methods include protein recognition with antibodies that show very little specificity, gene expression studies that completely overlook the existence of a fusion transcript between the adjacent PPAN gene and P2RY11, and agonists/antagonists reported to be specific for the P2Y11 receptor but which have not been tested for activity on numerous other adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding receptors. We suggest a set of criteria for evaluating whether a dataset describes effects mediated by the P2Y11 receptor. Following these criteria, we conclude that the current evidence suggests a role for P2Y11 in immune activation with cell type-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dreisig
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Huang J, Zhang M, Zhang P, Liang H, Ouyang K, Yang HT. Coupling switch of P2Y-IP3 receptors mediates differential Ca(2+) signaling in human embryonic stem cells and derived cardiovascular progenitor cells. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:465-78. [PMID: 27098757 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling mediated by P2 receptors (P2Rs) plays important roles in embryonic and stem cell development. However, how it mediates Ca(2+) signals in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (CVPCs) remains unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the role of P2Rs in mediating Ca(2+) mobilizations of these cells. hESCs were induced to differentiate into CVPCs by our recently established methods. Gene expression of P2Rs and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) was analyzed by quantitative/RT-PCR. IP3R3 knockdown (KD) or IP3R2 knockout (KO) hESCs were established by shRNA- or TALEN-mediated gene manipulations, respectively. Confocal imaging revealed that Ca(2+) responses in CVPCs to ATP and UTP were more sensitive and stronger than those in hESCs. Consistently, the gene expression levels of most P2YRs except P2Y1 were increased in CVPCs. Suramin or PPADS blocked ATP-induced Ca(2+) transients in hESCs but only partially inhibited those in CVPCs. Moreover, the P2Y1 receptor-specific antagonist MRS2279 abolished most ATP-induced Ca(2+) signals in hESCs but not in CVPCs. P2Y1 receptor-specific agonist MRS2365 induced Ca(2+) transients only in hESCs but not in CVPCs. Furthermore, IP3R2KO but not IP3R3KD decreased the proportion of hESCs responding to MRS2365. In contrast, both IP3R2 and IP3R3 contributed to UTP-induced Ca(2+) responses while ATP-induced Ca(2+) responses were more dependent on IP3R2 in the CVPCs. In conclusion, a predominant role of P2Y1 receptors in hESCs and a transition of P2Y-IP3R coupling in derived CVPCs are responsible for the differential Ca(2+) mobilization between these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - He Liang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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42
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Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Szustak M. Thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate induces HeLa cell migration by activation of the P2Y6 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:199-209. [PMID: 26746211 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP acting as ligands of specific P2Y receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cell death. Contrary to a widely held opinion, we show here that nucleoside 5'-O-monophosphorothioate analogs, containing a sulfur atom in a place of one nonbridging oxygen atom in a phosphate group, act as ligands for selected P2Y subtypes. We pay particular attention to the unique activity of thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate (TMPS) which acts as a specific partial agonist of the P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R). We also collected evidence for the involvement of the P2Y6 receptor in human epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa) cell migration induced by thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate analog. The stimulatory effect of TMPS was abolished by siRNA-mediated P2Y6 knockdown and diisothiocyanate derivative MRS 2578, a selective antagonist of the P2Y6R. Our results indicate for the first time that increased stability of thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate as well as its affinity toward the P2Y6R may be responsible for some long-term effects mediated by this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szustak
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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43
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Morrow GB, Nicholas RA, Kennedy C. UTP is not a biased agonist at human P2Y(11) receptors. Purinergic Signal 2015; 10:581-5. [PMID: 25015314 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism describes a multistate model of G protein-coupled receptor activation in which each ligand induces a unique structural conformation of the receptor, such that the receptor couples differentially to G proteins and other intracellular proteins. P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by endogenous nucleotides, such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). A previous report suggested that UTP may be a biased agonist at the human P2Y11 receptor, as it increased cytosolic [Ca2+], but did not induce accumulation of inositol phosphates, whereas ATP did both. The mechanism of action of UTP was unclear, so the aim of this study was to characterise the interaction of UTP with the P2Y11 receptor in greater detail. Intracellular Ca2+ was monitored in 1321N1 cells stably expressing human P2Y11 receptors using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator, fluo-4. ATP evoked a rapid, concentration-dependent rise in intracellular Ca2+, but surprisingly, even high concentrations of UTP were ineffective. In contrast, UTP was slightly, but significantly more potent than ATP in evoking a rise in intracellular Ca2+ in 1321N1 cells stably expressing the human P2Y2 receptor, with no difference in the maximum response. Thus, the lack of response to UTP at hP2Y11 receptors was not due to a problem with the UTP solution. Furthermore, coapplying a high concentration of UTP with ATP did not inhibit the response to ATP. Thus, contrary to a previous report, we find no evidence for an agonist action of UTP at the human P2Y11 receptor, nor does UTP act as an antagonist.
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De Ita M, Vargas MH, Carbajal V, Ortiz-Quintero B, López-López C, Miranda-Morales M, Barajas-López C, Montaño LM. ATP releases ATP or other nucleotides from human peripheral blood leukocytes through purinergic P2 receptors. Life Sci 2015; 145:85-92. [PMID: 26679107 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Almost every eukaryotic cell releases ATP under certain conditions. The idea that ATP induces the release of ATP has been scantly investigated. METHODS We explored this possibility by assessing the rate of exogenous ATP breakdown (measured by phosphates production) by human peripheral blood leukocytes. The role of P2Y and P2X receptors was evaluated pharmacologically, by patch clamp, or by flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS In mononuclear and/or polymorphonuclear cells, ATP increased phosphates formation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Uncoupling of P2Y receptors with N-ethylmaleimide and antagonism of P2Y and P2X receptors through suramin reduced phosphate formation after 500μM ATP, suggesting that part of the phosphate production was due to activation of P2 receptors, with subsequent release of ATP or other nucleotides. Similar results were obtained with UTP and ATPγS. Gadolinium (connexins inhibitor) also significantly reduced the ATP-induced phosphate production. Blockade of P2X receptors with SKF 96365 or NF023 did not modify the phosphate production. In monocytes, 500μM ATP induced inward currents suggestive of P2X1 activation, but higher concentrations (1-5mM) induced inward currents suggestive of P2X7 activation. We discarded a role of adenosine in the ATP-evoked nucleotides release. Flow cytometry identified that almost all mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells expressed P2Y1,2,4,6,11 receptors. SIGNIFICANCE 500μM ATP induced the release of ATP or other nucleotides through activation of P2Y2,4,6,11 receptors in human leukocytes, and probably via P2X receptors at higher concentrations. This ATP-induced nucleotides release constitutes a potential mechanism leading to amplification of ATP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon De Ita
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Mario H Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, DF, México
| | - Verónica Carbajal
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, DF, México
| | - Blanca Ortiz-Quintero
- Departamento de Investigación en Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, DF, México
| | - Cintya López-López
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos Barajas-López
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México.
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ATPergic signalling during seizures and epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:140-53. [PMID: 26549853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made over the last few decades in the identification of new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). However, 30% of epilepsy patients suffer poor seizure control. This underscores the need to identify alternative druggable neurotransmitter systems and drugs with novel mechanisms of action. An emerging concept is that seizure generation involves a complex interplay between neurons and glial cells at the tripartite synapse and neuroinflammation has been proposed as one of the main drivers of epileptogenesis. The ATP-gated purinergic receptor family is expressed throughout the brain and is functional on neurons and glial cells. ATP is released in high amounts into the extracellular space after increased neuronal activity and during chronic inflammation and cell death to act as a neuro- and gliotransmitter. Emerging work shows pharmacological targeting of ATP-gated purinergic P2 receptors can potently modulate seizure generation, inflammatory processes and seizure-induced brain damage. To date, work showing the functional contribution of P2 receptors has been mainly performed in animal models of acute seizures, in particular, by targeting the ionotropic P2X7 receptor subtype. Other ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor family members have also been implicated in pathological processes following seizures such as the P2X4 receptor and the P2Y12 receptor. However, during epilepsy, the characterization of P2 receptors was mostly restricted to the study of expressional changes of the different receptor subtypes. This review summarizes the work to date on ATP-mediated signalling during seizures and the functional impact of targeting the ATP-gated purinergic receptors on seizures and seizure-induced pathology. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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von Kügelgen I, Hoffmann K. Pharmacology and structure of P2Y receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:50-61. [PMID: 26519900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. One important example is the ADP-induced platelet aggregation mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel as well as the nucleoside analogue ticagrelor block P2Y12 receptors and thereby platelet aggregation. These drugs are used for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. Moreover, P2Y receptors play important roles in the nervous system. Adenine nucleotides modulate neuronal activity and neuronal fibre outgrowth by activation of P2Y1 receptors and control migration of microglia by P2Y12 receptors. UDP stimulates microglial phagocytosis through activation of P2Y6 receptors. There is evidence for a role for P2Y2 receptors in Alzheimer's disease pathology. The P2Y receptor subtypes are highly diverse in both their amino acid sequences and their pharmacological profiles. Selective receptor ligands have been developed for the pharmacological characterization of the receptor subtypes. The recently published three-dimensional crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors will facilitate the development of therapeutic agents that selectively target P2Y receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kristina Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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Beamer E, Gölöncsér F, Horváth G, Bekő K, Otrokocsi L, Koványi B, Sperlágh B. Purinergic mechanisms in neuroinflammation: An update from molecules to behavior. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:94-104. [PMID: 26384652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The principle functions of neuroinflammation are to limit tissue damage and promote tissue repair in response to pathogens or injury. While neuroinflammation has utility, pathophysiological inflammatory responses, to some extent, underlie almost all neuropathology. Understanding the mechanisms that control the three stages of inflammation (initiation, propagation and resolution) is therefore of critical importance for developing treatments for diseases of the central nervous system. The purinergic signaling system, involving adenosine, ATP and other purines, plus a host of P1 and P2 receptor subtypes, controls inflammatory responses in complex ways. Activation of the inflammasome, leading to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation and migration of microglia and altered astroglial function are key regulators of the neuroinflammatory response. Here, we review the role of P1 and P2 receptors in mediating these processes and examine their contribution to disorders of the nervous system. Firstly, we give an overview of the concept of neuroinflammation. We then discuss the contribution of P2X, P2Y and P1 receptors to the underlying processes, including a discussion of cross-talk between these different pathways. Finally, we give an overview of the current understanding of purinergic contributions to neuroinflammation in the context of specific disorders of the central nervous system, with special emphasis on neuropsychiatric disorders, characterized by chronic low grade inflammation or maternal inflammation. An understanding of the important purinergic contribution to neuroinflammation underlying neuropathology is likely to be a necessary step towards the development of effective interventions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Gölöncsér
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Horváth
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katinka Bekő
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Koványi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.
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Calcium signaling and the novel anti-proliferative effect of the UTP-sensitive P2Y11 receptor in rat cardiac myofibroblasts. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:518-33. [PMID: 26324417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During myocardial ischemia and reperfusion both purines and pyrimidines are released into the extracellular milieu, thus creating a signaling wave that propagates to neighboring cells via membrane-bound P2 purinoceptors activation. Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are important players in heart remodeling, electrophysiological changes and hemodynamic alterations following myocardial infarction. Here, we investigated the role UTP on calcium signaling and proliferation of CF cultured from ventricles of adult rats. Co-expression of discoidin domain receptor 2 and α-smooth muscle actin indicate that cultured CF are activated myofibroblasts. Intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) signals were monitored in cells loaded with Fluo-4 NW. CF proliferation was evaluated by the MTT assay. UTP and the selective P2Y4 agonist, MRS4062, caused a fast desensitizing [Ca(2+)]i rise originated from thapsigargin-sensitive internal stores, which partially declined to a plateau providing the existence of Ca(2+) in the extracellular fluid. The biphasic [Ca(2+)]i response to UTP was attenuated respectively by P2Y4 blockers, like reactive blue-2 and suramin, and by the P2Y11 antagonist, NF340. UTP and the P2Y2 receptor agonist MRS2768 increased, whereas the selective P2Y11 agonist NF546 decreased, CF growth; MRS4062 was ineffective. Blockage of the P2Y11 receptor or its coupling to adenylate cyclase boosted UTP-induced CF proliferation. Confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y11 receptors. Data indicate that besides P2Y4 and P2Y2 receptors which are responsible for UTP-induced [Ca(2+)]i transients and growth of CF, respectively, synchronous activation of the previously unrecognized P2Y11 receptor may represent an important target for anti-fibrotic intervention in cardiac remodeling.
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IBUSUKI KAZUNARI, SAKIYAMA TOSHIO, KANMURA SHUJI, MAEDA TAKURO, IWASHITA YUJI, NASU YUICHIRO, SASAKI FUMISATO, TAGUCHI HIROKI, HASHIMOTO SHINICHI, NUMATA MASATSUGU, UTO HIROFUMI, TSUBOUCHI HIROHITO, IDO AKIO. Human neutrophil peptides induce interleukin-8 in intestinal epithelial cells through the P2 receptor and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1603-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Higgins G, Buchanan P, Perriere M, Al-Alawi M, Costello RW, Verriere V, McNally P, Harvey BJ, Urbach V. Activation of P2RY11 and ATP release by lipoxin A4 restores the airway surface liquid layer and epithelial repair in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:178-90. [PMID: 24588705 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0424oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the airway surface liquid (ASL) height is reduced as a result of impaired ion transport, which favors bacterial colonization and inflammation of the airway and leads to progressive lung destruction. Lipoxin (LX)A4, which promotes resolution of inflammation, is inadequately produced in the airways of patients with CF. We previously demonstrated that LXA4 stimulates an ASL height increase and epithelial repair. Here we report the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. We found that LXA4 (1 nM) induced an apical ATP release from non-CF (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) airway epithelial cell lines and CF primary cultures. The ATP release induced by LXA4 was completely inhibited by antagonists of the ALX/FPR2 receptor and Pannexin-1 channels. LXA4 induced an increase in intracellular cAMP and calcium, which were abolished by the selective inhibition of the P2RY11 purinoreceptor. Pannexin-1 and ATP hydrolysis inhibition and P2RY11 purinoreceptor knockdown all abolished the increase of ASL height induced by LXA4. Inhibition of the A2b adenosine receptor did not affect the ASL height increase induced by LXA4, whereas the PKA inhibitor partially inhibited this response. The stimulation of NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 cell proliferation, migration, and wound repair by LXA4 was inhibited by the antagonists of Pannexin-1 channel and P2RY11 purinoreceptor. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a novel role of LXA4 in stimulating apical ATP secretion via Pannexin-1 channels and P2RY11 purinoreceptors activation leading to an ASL height increase and epithelial repair.
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