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Deng L, Costa F, Blake KJ, Choi S, Chandrabalan A, Yousuf MS, Shiers S, Dubreuil D, Vega-Mendoza D, Rolland C, Deraison C, Voisin T, Bagood MD, Wesemann L, Frey AM, Palumbo JS, Wainger BJ, Gallo RL, Leyva-Castillo JM, Vergnolle N, Price TJ, Ramachandran R, Horswill AR, Chiu IM. S. aureus drives itch and scratch-induced skin damage through a V8 protease-PAR1 axis. Cell 2023; 186:5375-5393.e25. [PMID: 37995657 PMCID: PMC10669764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. The skin barrier is constantly exposed to microbes and their products. However, the role of microbes in itch generation is unknown. Here, we show that Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen associated with itchy skin diseases, directly activates pruriceptor sensory neurons to drive itch. Epicutaneous S. aureus exposure causes robust itch and scratch-induced damage. By testing multiple isogenic bacterial mutants for virulence factors, we identify the S. aureus serine protease V8 as a critical mediator in evoking spontaneous itch and alloknesis. V8 cleaves proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on mouse and human sensory neurons. Targeting PAR1 through genetic deficiency, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown, or pharmacological blockade decreases itch and skin damage caused by V8 and S. aureus exposure. Thus, we identify a mechanism of action for a pruritogenic bacterial factor and demonstrate the potential of inhibiting V8-PAR1 signaling to treat itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Flavia Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimbria J Blake
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samantha Choi
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Daniel Dubreuil
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniela Vega-Mendoza
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Celine Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle D Bagood
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lucia Wesemann
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abigail M Frey
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian J Wainger
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Liu X, Ren J, Zhou R, Wen Z, Wen Z, Chen Z, He S, Zhang H. Construction of iron metabolism-related prognostic features of gastric cancer based on RNA sequencing and TCGA database. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1106. [PMID: 37957566 PMCID: PMC10644585 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researches have manifested that the disorder of iron metabolism is participated in Gastric cancer (GC), but whether iron metabolism-relevant genes (IMRGs) is related to the survival outcome of GC remain unknown. METHODS Eleven tumor as well as nine adjacent normal tissues from GC patients were underwent mRNA sequencing, and the The Cancer Genome Atlas Stomach Cancer (TCGA-STAD) datasets were acquired from the TCGA database. Cox analyses and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were applied to build a IMRGs signature. The relationship between signature genes and the infiltration profiling of 24 immune cells were investigated using single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA). Meanwhile, the potential biological significance, genes that act synergistically with signature genes, and the upstream regulatory targets were predicted. Finally, the abundance of the signature genes were measured via the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS A IMRGs signature was constructed according to the expression and corresponding coefficient of DOHH, P4HA3 and MMP1 (The Schoenfeld individual test showed risk score was not significant with P values = 0.83). The prognostic outcome of patients in the high-risk group was terrible (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed that the IMRGs signature presented good efficiency for predicting GC prognosis (AUC > 0.6). The nomogram was performed well for clinical utilize (C-index = 0.60), and the MMP1 expression significantly increased in the cohorts at age > 60 and Stage II-IV (p < 0.05). The positive correlation of P4HA3 and MMP1 expression as well as the negative correlation of DOHH expression with risk score (p < 0.0001) and worse prognosis (p < 0.05) were detected as well. Furthermore, 11 differential immune cells were associated with these signature genes (most p < 0.01). Finally, qRT-PCR revealed that the abundance of DOHH, P4HA3 and MMP1 were high in tumor cases, indicating the complex mechanism between the high expression of DOHH as a protective factor and the high expression of P4HA3 and MMP1 as the risk factors in the development of GC. CONCLUSION An iron metabolism-related signature was constructed and has significant values for foretelling the OS of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Liu
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junyu Ren
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruize Zhou
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengqi Wen
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengwei Wen
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Oncology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China.
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Carvalho R, Bonfá IS, de Araújo Isaías Muller J, Pando SC, Toffoli-Kadri MC. Protease inhibitor from Libidibia ferrea seeds attenuates inflammatory and nociceptive responses in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115694. [PMID: 36096346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex. Tul.) L.P. Queiroz is a Brazilian native tree locally known as jucá and pau-ferro, and it has been used in folk medicine for relieving, asthma, bronchitis, sore throat, rheumatism, enterocolitis and fever. The anti-inflammatory properties of L. ferrea were confirmed for its stem, fruit, leaves, bark and seeds extracts, however little is known about the natural compounds that may be associated with that response. AIM OF THIS STUDY In a normal physiological condition, many enzymes play an important role in catalyzing biological functions. Among them, proteases are of great interest. Although they take part of many biological systems, as the inflammatory process, when deregulated, proteases may cause system malfunctions, such as under- or overproduction of cytokines, or immune cells activation. Thus, protease inhibitors prevent these immune responses by regulating proteases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive response of a protease inhibitor purified from L. ferrea seeds (LfTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro (5, 50 and 250 μg/mL of LfTI) and in vivo (0.6, 3 e 15 mg/kg of LfTI) assays were performed. Male Swiss mice weighing 18-25 g were used for cell harvesting and for the in vivo assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed in vitro by macrophage cytotoxicity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and cell adhesion assays; and in vivo by leukocyte recruitment, nitric oxide (NO) production, vascular permeability, paw edema and mast cell degranulation assays. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated through abdominal writhing test induced by acetic acid and formalin sensitization. RESULTS Our results showed that, in vitro, LfTI is not cytotoxic. Also, LfTI (50 μg/mL) inhibited macrophage H2O2 production (48.2%), and adhesion (48.4%). LfTI (0.6, 3 e 15 mg/kg) decreased polymorphonuclear cell recruitment dose-dependently, and it inhibited NO production (53%), vascular permeability (40.7%) and paw edema at 3 mg/kg at different time, but it did not inhibit mast cell degranulation. Besides, LfTI did not inhibit either the number of writhing or the licking time in the formalin test in the second phase (inflammatory). However, LfTI (3 mg/kg) inhibited licking time at the first phase (neurogenic) in the formalin sensitization (46.1%). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LfTI has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive (neurogenic pain) effects, and these effects might be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory proteases and/or protease-activated receptors activation hindering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Iluska Senna Bonfá
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica de Araújo Isaías Muller
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | | | - Mônica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Thrombin Activity in Rodent and Human Skin: Modified by Inflammation and Correlates with Innervation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061461. [PMID: 35740482 PMCID: PMC9220157 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is present in peripheral nerves and is involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathy. We evaluated thrombin activity in skin punch biopsies taken from the paws of male mice and rats and from the legs of patients with suspected small-fiber neuropathy (SFN). In mice, inflammation was induced focally by subcutaneous adjuvant injection to one paw and systemically by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) administration. One day following injection, thrombin activity increased in the skin of the injected compared with the contralateral and non-injected control paws (p = 0.0009). One week following injection, thrombin increased in both injected and contralateral paws compared with the controls (p = 0.026), coupled with increased heat-sensitivity (p = 0.009). Thrombin activity in the footpad skin was significantly increased one week after systemic administration of LPS compared with the controls (p = 0.023). This was not accompanied by increased heat sensitivity. In human skin, a correlation was found between nerve fiber density and thrombin activity. In addition, a lower thrombin activity was measured in patients with evidence of systemic inflammation compared with the controls (p = 0.0035). These results support the modification of skin thrombin activity by regional and systemic inflammation as well as a correlation with nerve fiber density. Skin thrombin activity measurments may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of SFN.
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Jin P, Deng S, Sherchan P, Cui Y, Huang L, Li G, Lian L, Xie S, Lenahan C, Travis ZD, Zhang JH, Gong Y, Tang J. Neurokinin Receptor 1 (NK1R) Antagonist Aprepitant Enhances Hematoma Clearance by Regulating Microglial Polarization via PKC/p38MAPK/NFκB Pathway After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1922-1938. [PMID: 34244927 PMCID: PMC8608951 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematoma clearance is an important therapeutic target to improve outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies showed that Neurokinin receptor-1 (NK1R) inhibition exerts protective effects in various neurological disease models, but its role in ICH has not been explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of NK1R and its relation to hematoma clearance after ICH using an autologous blood injection mouse model. A total of 332 adult male CD1 mice were used. We found that the expression levels of NK1R and its endogenous ligand, substance P (SP), were significantly upregulated after ICH. Intraperitoneal administration of the NK1R selective antagonist, Aprepitant, significantly improved neurobehavior, reduced hematoma volume and hemoglobin levels after ICH, and promoted microglia polarization towards M2 phenotype. Aprepitant decreased phosphorylated PKC, p38MAPK, and NFκB p65, and downregulated M1 markers while upregulating M2 markers after ICH. Intracerebroventricular administration of the NK1R agonist, GR73632 or PKC agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) reversed the effects of Aprepitant. To demonstrate the upstream mediator of NK1R activation, we performed thrombin injection and found that it increased SP. Inhibiting thrombin suppressed SP and decreased M1 markers while increasing M2 microglia polarization. Thus, NK1R inhibition promoted hematoma clearance after ICH by increasing M2 microglial polarization via downregulating PKC/p38MAPK/NFκB signaling pathway, and thrombin may be a key upstream mediator of NK1R activation. Therapeutic interventions inhibiting NK1R signaling may be a new target for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Shuixiang Deng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yuhui Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Lifei Lian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, 88001, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Brizuela M, Castro J, Harrington AM, Brierley SM. Pruritogenic mechanisms and gut sensation: putting the "irritant" into irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G1131-G1141. [PMID: 33949199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00331.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic abdominal pain is a common clinical condition experienced by patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A general lack of suitable treatment options for the management of visceral pain is the major contributing factor to the debilitating nature of the disease. Understanding the underlying causes of chronic visceral pain is pivotal to identifying new effective therapies for IBS. This review provides the current evidence, demonstrating that mediators and receptors that induce itch in the skin also act as "gut irritants" in the gastrointestinal tract. Activation of these receptors triggers specific changes in the neuronal excitability of sensory pathways responsible for the transmission of nociceptive information from the periphery to the central nervous system leading to visceral hypersensitivity and visceral pain. Accumulating evidence points to significant roles of irritant mediators and their receptors in visceral hypersensitivity and thus constitutes potential targets for the development of more effective therapeutic options for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brizuela
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea M Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Peng S, Grace MS, Gondin AB, Retamal JS, Dill L, Darby W, Bunnett NW, Abogadie FC, Carbone SE, Tigani T, Davis TP, Poole DP, Veldhuis NA, McIntyre P. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel mediates protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-induced vascular hyperpermeability. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1057-1067. [PMID: 32341518 PMCID: PMC10080476 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial barrier disruption is a hallmark of tissue injury, edema, and inflammation. Vascular endothelial cells express the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease acctivated receptor 1 (PAR1) and the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), and these signaling proteins are known to respond to inflammatory conditions and promote edema through remodeling of cell-cell junctions and modulation of endothelial barriers. It has previously been established that signaling initiated by the related protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is enhanced by TRPV4 in sensory neurons and that this functional interaction plays a critical role in the development of neurogenic inflammation and nociception. Here, we investigated the PAR1-TRPV4 axis, to determine if TRPV4 plays a similar role in the control of edema mediated by thrombin-induced signaling. Using Evans Blue permeation and retention as an indication of increased vascular permeability in vivo, we showed that TRPV4 contributes to PAR1-induced vascular hyperpermeability in the airways and upper gastrointestinal tract of mice. TRPV4 contributes to sustained PAR1-induced Ca2+ signaling in recombinant cell systems and to PAR1-dependent endothelial junction remodeling in vitro. This study supports the role of GPCR-TRP channel functional interactions in inflammatory-associated changes to vascular function and indicates that TRPV4 is a signaling effector for multiple PAR family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Peng
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Megan S Grace
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jeffri S Retamal
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Larissa Dill
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - William Darby
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Fe C Abogadie
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tara Tigani
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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8
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Role of proteinase-activated receptors 1 and 2 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1347-1357. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Weisheng-Tang Ameliorates Acute Ischemic Brain Damage in Mice by Maintaining Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4379732. [PMID: 31885791 PMCID: PMC6914926 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4379732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of death and long-term disability worldwide; the associated breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) aggravates ischemic brain damage. Accordingly, many medicinal herbs and formulas have been used to treat stroke-related symptoms. In this study, we selected two Korean herbal medicine formulas, Weisheng-tang and Tongxuewan, through Dongeuibogam text-mining analysis, and evaluated their protective effect on BBB disruption and brain damage in stroke. Ischemic brain damage was induced in mice by photothrombotic cortical ischemia. The infarct volume, brain edema, neurological deficits, and motor function 24 h after ischemic injury were analyzed. We investigated BBB breakdown by measuring Evans blue extravasation in addition to endothelial cells, tight junction proteins, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Pretreatment with Weisheng-tang significantly reduced infarct volume and edema and improved neurological and motor functions; however, Tongxuewan did not. In addition, Weisheng-tang decreased brain infarction and edema and recovered neurological and motor deficit in a dose-dependent manner (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg). Weisheng-tang pretreatment resulted in significantly less BBB damage and higher brain microvasculature after focal cerebral ischemia. Tight junction proteins, such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, were preserved in Weisheng-tang-pretreated mice. Moreover, the ischemic brain in these mice showed suppressed PAR-1 and MMP-9 expression. In conclusion, our findings show that Weisheng-tang, which was selected through literature analysis but has not previously been used as a stroke remedy, exerts protective effects against ischemic brain damage and suggest its possible application for potential stroke patients, especially in the elderly.
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Desormeaux C, Bautzova T, Garcia-Caraballo S, Rolland C, Barbaro MR, Brierley SM, Barbara G, Vergnolle N, Cenac N. Protease-activated receptor 1 is implicated in irritable bowel syndrome mediators-induced signaling to thoracic human sensory neurons. Pain 2019; 159:1257-1267. [PMID: 29554016 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteases and protease-activated receptors (PARs) are major mediators involved in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our objectives were to decipher the expression and functionality (calcium signaling) of PARs in human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and to define mechanisms involved in human sensory neuron signaling by IBS patient mediators. Human thoracic DRG were obtained from the national disease resource interchange. Expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) in whole DRG or in primary cultures of isolated neurons. Calcium signaling in response to PAR agonist peptides (PAR-AP), their inactive peptides (PAR-IP), thrombin (10 U/mL), supernatants from colonic biopsies of patients with IBS, or healthy controls, with or without PAR1 or PAR4 antagonist were studied in cultured human DRG neurons. PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 were all expressed in human DRG, respectively, in 20%, 40%, and 40% of the sensory neurons. PAR1-AP increased intracellular calcium concentration in a dose-dependent manner. This increase was inhibited by PAR1 antagonism. By contrast, PAR2-AP, PAR4-AP, and PAR-IP did not cause calcium mobilization. PAR1-AP-induced calcium flux was significantly reduced by preincubation with PAR4-AP, but not with PAR2-AP. Thrombin increased calcium flux, which was inhibited by a PAR1 antagonist and increased by a PAR4 antagonist. Supernatants from colonic biopsies of patients with IBS induced calcium flux in human sensory neurons compared with healthy controls, and this induction was reversed by a PAR1 antagonist. Taken together, our results highlight that PAR1 antagonism should be investigated as a new therapeutic target for IBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Desormeaux
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Tereza Bautzova
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Group, Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Group, Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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11
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Huang C, Li Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Lian G, Chen Y, Li J, Su Y, Li J, Yang K, Chen S, Su H, Huang K, Zeng L. MMP1/PAR1/SP/NK1R paracrine loop modulates early perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Theranostics 2018; 8:3074-3086. [PMID: 29896303 PMCID: PMC5996366 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of perineural invasion (PNI) is unclear, and insufficient detection during early-stage PNI in vivo hampers its investigation. We aimed to identify a cytokine paracrine loop between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and nerves and established a noninvasive method to monitor PNI in vivo. Methods: A Matrigel/ dorsal root ganglia (DRG) system was used to observe PNI in vitro, and a murine sciatic nerve invasion model was established to examine PNI in vivo. PNI was assessed by MRI with iron oxide nanoparticle labeling. We searched publicly available datasets as well as obtained PDAC tissues from 30 patients to examine MMP1 expression in human tumor and non-tumor tissues. Results: Our results showed that matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) activated AKT and induced protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1)-expressing DRG to release substance P (SP), which, in turn, activated neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R)-expressing PDAC cells and enhanced cellular migration, invasion, and PNI via SP/NK1R/ERK. In animals, hind limb paralysis and a decreased hind paw width were observed approximately 20 days after inoculation of cancer cells in the perineurium. MMP1 silencing with shRNA or treatment with either a PAR1 or an NK1R antagonist inhibited PNI. MRI detected PNI as early as 10 days after implantation of PDAC cells. PNI also induced PDAC liver metastasis. Bioinformatic analyses and pathological studies on patient tissues corroborated the clinical relevance of these findings. Conclusion: In this study, we provided evidence that the MMP1/PAR1/SP/NK1R paracrine loop contributes to PNI during the early stage of primary tumor formation. Furthermore, we established a sensitive and non-invasive method to detect nerve invasion using iron oxide nanoparticles and MRI.
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12
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De Logu F, Nassini R, Landini L, Geppetti P. Pathways of CGRP Release from Primary Sensory Neurons. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 255:65-84. [PMID: 29980913 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The benefit reported in a variety of clinical trials by a series of small molecule antagonists for the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, or four monoclonal antibodies against the neuropeptide or its receptor, has underscored the release of CGRP from terminals of primary sensory neurons, including trigeminal neurons, as one of the major mechanisms of migraine headaches. A large variety of excitatory ion channels and receptors have been reported to elicit CGRP release, thus proposing these agonists as migraine-provoking agents. On the other side, activators of inhibitory channels and receptors may be regarded as potential antimigraine agents. The knowledge of the intracellular pathways underlying the exocytotic process that results in CGRP secretion or its inhibition is, therefore, of importance for understanding how migraine pain originates and how to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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13
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Lee YJ, Kim SJ, Kwon KW, Lee WM, Im WJ, Sohn UD. Inhibitory effect of FSLLRY-NH 2 on inflammatory responses induced by hydrogen peroxide in HepG2 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2017. [PMID: 28643288 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which is localized in the GI tract, the respiratory system, and the kidney tubules is a G protein-coupled receptor associated with inflammation, metabolism, and disease. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PAR2 in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HepG2 cells by using FSLLRY-NH2 a PAR2 antagonist. H2O2 treatment resulted in induction of PAR2 in esophageal, gastric, and liver cells, with the most robust response being in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, this effect was dose-dependent in HepG2 cells. Treatment with H2O2 at concentrations above 400 μM for 24 h also reduced HepG2 cell viability. H2O2 treatment increased both the protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, as well as those of SAPK/JNK. The increased levels of these pro-inflammatory genes and SAPK/JNK induced by H2O2 were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner when cells were co-treated with H2O2 and FSLLRY-NH2. In summary, the PAR2 antagonist peptide, FSLLRY-NH2, reduces the level of the pro-inflammatory genes IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced by H2O2, through the SAPK/JNK pathways in HepG2 cells. These data suggest that a PAR2 antagonist could be an anti-inflammatory agent in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Wan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Mo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Joon Im
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Whetstone WD, Walker B, Trivedi A, Lee S, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Hsu JYC. Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Supports Locomotor Recovery by Biased Agonist Activated Protein C after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170512. [PMID: 28122028 PMCID: PMC5266300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-induced secondary injury is mediated through its receptor, protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), by "biased agonism." Activated protein C (APC) acts through the same PAR-1 receptor but functions as an anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory protein, which counteracts many of the effects of thrombin. Although the working mechanism of PAR-1 is becoming clear, the functional role of PAR-1 and its correlation with APC in the injured spinal cord remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated if PAR-1 and APC are determinants of long-term functional recovery after a spinal cord contusive injury using PAR-1 null and wild-type mice. We found that neutrophil infiltration and disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier were significantly reduced in spinal cord injured PAR-1 null mice relative to the wild-type group. Both locomotor recovery and ability to descend an inclined grid were significantly improved in the PAR-1 null group 42 days after injury and this improvement was associated with greater long-term sparing of white matter and a reduction in glial scarring. Wild-type mice treated with APC acutely after injury showed a similar level of improved locomotor recovery to that of PAR-1 null mice. However, improvement of APC-treated PAR-1 null mice was indistinguishable from that of vehicle-treated PAR-1 null mice, suggesting that APC acts through PAR-1. Collectively, our findings define a detrimental role of thrombin-activated PAR-1 in wound healing and further validate APC, also acting through the PAR-1 by biased agonism, as a promising therapeutic target for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Whetstone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Breset Walker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jung-Yu C. Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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15
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Palygin O, Ilatovskaya DV, Staruschenko A. Protease-activated receptors in kidney disease progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1140-F1144. [PMID: 27733370 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00460.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are members of a well-known family of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Four PARs have been identified to date, of which PAR1 and PAR2 are the most abundant receptors, and have been shown to be expressed in the kidney vascular and tubular cells. PAR signaling is mediated by an N-terminus tethered ligand that can be unmasked by serine protease cleavage. The receptors are activated by endogenous serine proteases, such as thrombin (acts on PARs 1, 3, and 4) and trypsin (PAR2). PARs can be involved in glomerular, microvascular, and inflammatory regulation of renal function in both normal and pathological conditions. As an example, it was shown that human glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells express PARs, and these receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis, glomerular fibrin deposition, and macrophage infiltration. Activation of these receptors in the kidney also modulates renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration rate. Clinical studies further demonstrated that the concentration of urinary thrombin is associated with glomerulonephritis and type 2 diabetic nephropathy; thus, molecular and functional mechanisms of PARs activation can be directly involved in renal disease progression. We briefly discuss here the recent literature related to activation of PAR signaling in glomeruli and the kidney in general and provide some examples of PAR1 signaling in glomeruli podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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16
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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17
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Mrozkova P, Palecek J, Spicarova D. The role of protease-activated receptor type 2 in nociceptive signaling and pain. Physiol Res 2016; 65:357-67. [PMID: 27070742 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor family, that are expressed in many body tissues especially in different epithelial cells, mast cells and also in neurons and astrocytes. PARs play different physiological roles according to the location of their expression. Increased evidence supports the importance of PARs activation during nociceptive signaling and in the development of chronic pain states. This short review focuses on the role of PAR2 receptors in nociceptive transmission with the emphasis on the modulation at the spinal cord level. PAR2 are cleaved and subsequently activated by endogenous proteases such as tryptase and trypsin. In vivo, peripheral and intrathecal administration of PAR2 agonists induces thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity that is thought to be mediated by PAR2-induced release of pronociceptive neuropeptides and modulation of different receptors. PAR2 activation leads also to sensitization of transient receptor potential channels (TRP) that are crucial for nociceptive signaling and modulation. PAR2 receptors may play an important modulatory role in the development and maintenance of different pathological pain states and could represent a potential target for new analgesic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mrozkova
- Department of Functional Morphology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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18
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Pierce AN, Di Silvestro ER, Eller OC, Wang R, Ryals JM, Christianson JA. Urinary bladder hypersensitivity and dysfunction in female mice following early life and adult stress. Brain Res 2016; 1639:58-73. [PMID: 26940840 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early adverse events have been shown to increase the incidence of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in adulthood. Despite high clinical relevance and reports of stress-related symptom exacerbation, animal models investigating the contribution of early life stress to female urological pain are lacking. We examined the impact of neonatal maternal separation (NMS) on bladder sensitivity and visceral neuroimmune status both prior-to, and following, water avoidance stress (WAS) in adult female mice. The visceromotor response to urinary bladder distension was increased at baseline and 8d post-WAS in NMS mice, while colorectal sensitivity was transiently increased 1d post-WAS only in naïve mice. Bladder micturition rate and output, but not fecal output, were also significantly increased following WAS in NMS mice. Changes in gene expression involved in regulating the stress response system were observed at baseline and following WAS in NMS mice, and WAS reduced serum corticosterone levels. Cytokine and growth factor mRNA levels in the bladder, and to a lesser extent in the colon, were significantly impacted by NMS and WAS. Peripheral mRNA levels of stress-responsive receptors were differentially influenced by early life and adult stress in bladder, but not colon, of naïve and NMS mice. Histological evidence of mast cell degranulation was increased in NMS bladder, while protein levels of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) were increased by WAS. Together, this study provides new insight into mechanisms contributing to stress associated symptom onset or exacerbation in patients exposed to early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Pierce
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3038, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Di Silvestro
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3038, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olivia C Eller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3038, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3038, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3038, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3038, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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19
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Bao Y, Gao Y, Yang L, Kong X, Zheng H, Hou W, Hua B. New insights into protease-activated receptor 4 signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammation and neuropathic pain: a literature review. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:5-13. [PMID: 25664811 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.995001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is commonly associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Despite decades of pain research, many patients continue to suffer from chronic pain that is refractory to current treatments. Accumulating evidence has indicated an important role of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) in the pathogenesis of inflammation and neuropathic pain. Here we reviewed PAR4 expression and activation via intracellular signaling pathways and the role of PAR4 signaling pathways in the development and maintenance of pain. Understanding PAR4 and its corresponding signaling pathways will provide insight to further explore the molecular basis of pain, which will also help to identify new targets for pharmacological intervention for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Bao
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital ; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beixiange 5 ; Xicheng District , Beijing , P. R. China
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20
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Fu Q, Cheng J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xie J. Protease-activated receptor 4: a critical participator in inflammatory response. Inflammation 2015; 38:886-95. [PMID: 25120239 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors of which four members PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4 have been identified, characterized by a typical mechanism of activation involving various related proteases. The amino-terminal sequence of PARs is cleaved by a broad array of proteases, leading to specific proteolytic cleavage which forms endogenous tethered ligands to induce agonist-biased PAR activation. The biological effect of PARs activated by coagulation proteases to regulate hemostasis and thrombosis plays an enormous role in the cardiovascular system, while PAR4 can also be activated by trypsin, cathepsin G, the activated factor X of the coagulation cascade, and trypsin IV. Irrespective of its role in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, PAR4 activation is believed to be involved in inflammatory lesions, as show by investigations that have unmasked the effects of PAR4 on neutrophil recruitment, the regulation of edema, and plasma extravasation. This review summarizes the roles of PAR4 in coagulation and other extracellular protease pathways, which activate PAR4 to participate in normal regulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
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21
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Zhao P, Lieu T, Barlow N, Sostegni S, Haerteis S, Korbmacher C, Liedtke W, Jimenez-Vargas NN, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW. Neutrophil Elastase Activates Protease-activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) to Cause Inflammation and Pain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13875-87. [PMID: 25878251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases that cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) at Arg(36)↓Ser(37) reveal a tethered ligand that binds to the cleaved receptor. PAR(2) activates transient receptor potential (TRP) channels of nociceptive neurons to induce neurogenic inflammation and pain. Although proteases that cleave PAR(2) at non-canonical sites can trigger distinct signaling cascades, the functional importance of the PAR(2)-biased agonism is uncertain. We investigated whether neutrophil elastase, a biased agonist of PAR(2), causes inflammation and pain by activating PAR2 and TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Elastase cleaved human PAR(2) at Ala(66)↓Ser(67) and Ser(67)↓Val(68). Elastase stimulated PAR(2)-dependent cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 activation, but not Ca(2+) mobilization, in KNRK cells. Elastase induced PAR(2) coupling to Gαs but not Gαq in HEK293 cells. Although elastase did not promote recruitment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK(2)) or β-arrestin to PAR(2), consistent with its inability to promote receptor endocytosis, elastase did stimulate GRK6 recruitment. Elastase caused PAR(2)-dependent sensitization of TRPV4 currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes by adenylyl cyclase- and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanisms. Elastase stimulated PAR(2)-dependent cAMP formation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and a PAR(2)- and TRPV4-mediated influx of extracellular Ca(2+) in mouse nociceptors. Adenylyl cyclase and PKA-mediated elastase-induced activation of TRPV4 and hyperexcitability of nociceptors. Intraplantar injection of elastase to mice caused edema and mechanical hyperalgesia by PAR(2)- and TRPV4-mediated mechanisms. Thus, the elastase-biased agonism of PAR(2) causes Gαs-dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase and PKA, which activates TRPV4 and sensitizes nociceptors to cause inflammation and pain. Our results identify a novel mechanism of elastase-induced activation of TRPV4 and expand the role of PAR(2) as a mediator of protease-driven inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | - Silvia Sostegni
- the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- the Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Nestor N Jimenez-Vargas
- the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada, and
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada, and
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- From the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia, the Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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22
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Christensen J, Alfredson H, Andersson G. Protease-activated receptors in the Achilles tendon-a potential explanation for the excessive pain signalling in tendinopathy. Mol Pain 2015; 11:13. [PMID: 25880199 PMCID: PMC4369088 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Tendinopathies are pathological conditions of tissue remodelling occurring in the major tendons of the body, accompanied by excessive nociceptive signalling. Tendinopathies have been shown to exhibit an increase in the number of mast cells, which are capable of releasing histamine, tryptase and other substances upon activation, which may play a role in the development of tendinopathies. This study set out to describe the distribution patterns of a family of receptors called protease-activated receptors (PARs) within the Achilles tendon. These four receptors (PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, PAR4) are activated by proteases, including tryptase released from mast cells, and are involved in fibrosis, hyperalgesia and neovascularisation, which are changes seen in tendinopathies. Method In order to study which structures involved in tendinopathy that these proteases can affect, biopsies from patients suffering of mid-portion Achilles tendinosis and healthy controls were collected and examined using immunohistochemistry. Tendon cells were cultured to study in vitro expression patterns. Results The findings showed a distribution of PARs inside the tendon tissue proper, and in the paratendinous tissue, with all four being expressed on nerves and vascular structures. Double staining showed co-localisation of PARs with nociceptive fibres expressing substance P. Concerning tenocytes, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4, were found in both biopsies of tendon tissue and cultured tendon cells. Conclusions This study describes the expression patterns of PARs in the mid-portion of the Achilles tendon, which can help explain the tissue changes and increased pain signalling seen in tendinopathies. These findings also show that in-vitro studies of the effects of these receptors are plausible and that PARs are a possible therapeutic target in the future treatment strategies of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christensen
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden.
| | - Håkan Alfredson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden. .,ISEH, UCLH, London, UK. .,Pure Sports Clinic, London, UK.
| | - Gustav Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden. .,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden.
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An Introduction to Pain Pathways and Pain “Targets”. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sedda S, Marafini I, Caruso R, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Proteinase activated-receptors-associated signaling in the control of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11977-11984. [PMID: 25232234 PMCID: PMC4161785 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer in the world and the second cause of cancer-related death. Gastric carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process, in which environmental and genetic factors interact to activate multiple intracellular signals thus leading to uncontrolled growth and survival of GC cells. One such a pathway is regulated by proteinase activated-receptors (PARs), seven transmembrane-spanning domain G protein-coupled receptors, which comprise four receptors (i.e., PAR-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, and PAR-4) activated by various proteases. Both PAR-1 and PAR-2 are over-expressed on GC cells and their activation triggers and/or amplifies intracellular pathways, which sustain gastric carcinogenesis. There is also evidence that expression of either PAR-1 or PAR-2 correlates with depth of wall invasion and metastatic dissemination and inversely with the overall survival of patients. Consistently, data emerging from experimental models of GC suggest that both these receptors can be important targets for therapeutic interventions in GC patients. In contrast, PAR-4 levels are down-regulated in GC and correlate inversely with the aggressiveness of GC, thus suggesting a negative role of this receptor in the control of GC. In this article we review the available data on the expression and role of PARs in GC and discuss whether manipulation of PAR-driven signals may be useful for interfering with GC cell behavior.
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Owens DM, Lumpkin EA. Diversification and specialization of touch receptors in skin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/6/a013656. [PMID: 24890830 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our skin is the furthest outpost of the nervous system and a primary sensor for harmful and innocuous external stimuli. As a multifunctional sensory organ, the skin manifests a diverse and highly specialized array of mechanosensitive neurons with complex terminals, or end organs, which are able to discriminate different sensory stimuli and encode this information for appropriate central processing. Historically, the basis for this diversity of sensory specializations has been poorly understood. In addition, the relationship between cutaneous mechanosensory afferents and resident skin cells, including keratinocytes, Merkel cells, and Schwann cells, during the development and function of tactile receptors has been poorly defined. In this article, we will discuss conserved tactile end organs in the epidermis and hair follicles, with a focus on recent advances in our understanding that have emerged from studies of mouse hairy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Owens
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
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Abstract
The protease-activated receptors (PARs) play a pivotal role in inflammatory and nociceptive processes. PARs have raised considerable interest because of their capacity to regulate numerous aspects of viscera physiology and pathophysiology. The present article summarizes research on PARs and proteases as signalling molecules in visceral pain. In particular, experiments in animal models suggest that PAR2 is important for visceral hypersensitivity. Moreover, endogenous PAR2 agonists seem to be released by colonic tissue of patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, suggesting a role for this receptor in visceral pain perception. Thus, PARs, together with proteases that activate them, represent exciting targets for therapeutic intervention on visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cenac
- Inserm, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France ; ; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; ; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France
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Gieseler F, Ungefroren H, Settmacher U, Hollenberg MD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) - focus on receptor-receptor-interactions and their physiological and pathophysiological impact. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:86. [PMID: 24215724 PMCID: PMC3842752 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with four members, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, playing critical functions in hemostasis, thrombosis, embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation and cancer progression. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving receptor cleavage by different proteinases at specific sites within the extracellular amino-terminus and the exposure of amino-terminal “tethered ligand“ domains that bind to and activate the cleaved receptors. After activation, the PAR family members are able to stimulate complex intracellular signalling networks via classical G protein-mediated pathways and beta-arrestin signalling. In addition, different receptor crosstalk mechanisms critically contribute to a high diversity of PAR signal transduction and receptor-trafficking processes that result in multiple physiological effects. In this review, we summarize current information about PAR-initiated physical and functional receptor interactions and their physiological and pathological roles. We focus especially on PAR homo- and heterodimerization, transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and receptor serine/threonine kinases (RSTKs), communication with other GPCRs, toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, ion channel receptors, and on PAR association with cargo receptors. In addition, we discuss the suitability of these receptor interaction mechanisms as targets for modulating PAR signalling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Drackendorfer Str, 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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Bao Y, Hou W, Hua B. Protease-activated receptor 2 signalling pathways: a role in pain processing. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:15-27. [PMID: 24147628 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.844792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pain is a complex biological phenomenon that includes intricate neurophysiological, behavioural, psychosocial and affective components. Despite decades of pain research, many patients continue suffering from chronic pain that may be refractory to current medical regimens. Accumulating evidence has indicated an important role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in the pathogenesis of pain, including inflammation, neuropathic and cancer pain. AREAS COVERED In this review, the role of the PAR2 signalling pathway in pain processes, basic mechanism of PAR2 activation and expression of PAR2 in the nervous system is covered. Furthermore, intracellular signalling pathways that are activated by PAR2 are also described. EXPERT OPINION The role of PAR2 in pain processing is becoming increasingly clear, and although causal implication remains to be established, PAR2 activation has been observed in several disease model systems. Since PAR2 is activated after nerve injury as well as by trypsin and related serine proteases, and PAR2 plays an important role in pain development and maintenance, exploring PAR2 and its corresponding signalling pathways will provide unfathomable knowledge in understanding the molecular basis of pain. This will also help to identify new targets for pharmacological intervention; however, in the context of potential PAR2-directed therapies, several aspects should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Bao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Department of Oncology , Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053 , China +86 10 88001221 ; +86 10 88001430 ; ; ;
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Abstract
Mechanisms of ischemic neuronal and vascular injury remain obscure. Here we test the hypothesis that thrombin, a blood-borne coagulation factor, contributes to neurovascular injury during acute focal ischemia. Stroke was induced in adult Sprague Dawley rats by occluding the middle cerebral artery. Intra-arterial thrombin infusion during ischemia significantly increased vascular disruption and cellular injury. Intravenous infusion of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, alleviated neurovascular injury. Immunostaining showed thrombin on neurons in the ischemic core. Using an activatable cell-penetrating peptide engineered to detect thrombin activity, we discovered that thrombin proteolytic activity was specifically associated with neuronal damage during ischemia. Protease activated receptor-1, the presumptive thrombin receptor, appeared to mediate ischemic neurovascular injury. Furthermore, rats receiving thrombin during ischemia showed cognitive deficit, whereas rats receiving argatroban retained intact learning and memory. These results suggest a potential role for thrombin contributing to neurovascular injury and several potential avenues for neuroprotection.
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Lee H, Hamilton JR. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptors in vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:246-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Acharjee S, Zhu Y, Maingat F, Pardo C, Ballanyi K, Hollenberg MD, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 mediates dorsal root ganglion neuronal degeneration in HIV/AIDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:3209-21. [PMID: 22021895 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Distal sensory polyneuropathy is a frequent complication of lentivirus infections of the peripheral nervous system including both human immunodeficiency virus and feline immunodeficiency virus. Proteinase-activated receptors are G protein-coupled receptors implicated in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 is expressed on different cell types within the nervous system including neurons and glia, but little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory peripheral nerve diseases, particularly lentivirus-related distal sensory polyneuropathy. Herein, the expression and functions of proteinase-activated receptor-1 in the peripheral nervous system during human immunodeficiency virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections were investigated. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 expression was most evident in autopsied dorsal root ganglion neurons from subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus, compared with the dorsal root ganglia of uninfected subjects. Human immunodeficiency virus or feline immunodeficiency virus infection of cultured human or feline dorsal root ganglia caused upregulation of interleukin-1β and proteinase-activated receptor-1 expression. In the human immunodeficiency virus- or feline immunodeficiency virus-infected dorsal root ganglia, interleukin-1β activation was principally detected in macrophages, while neurons showed induction of proteinase-activated receptor-1. Binding of proteinase-activated receptor-1 by the selective proteinase-activated receptor-1-activating peptide resulted in neurite retraction and soma atrophy in conjunction with cytosolic calcium activation in human dorsal root ganglion neurons. Interleukin-1β exposure to feline or human dorsal root ganglia caused upregulation of proteinase-activated receptor-1 in neurons. Exposure of feline immunodeficiency virus-infected dorsal root ganglia to the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist prevented proteinase-activated receptor-1 induction and neurite retraction. In vivo feline immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with increased proteinase-activated receptor-1 expression on neurons and interleukin-1β induction in macrophages. Moreover, feline immunodeficiency virus infection caused hyposensitivity to mechanical stimulation. These data indicated that activation and upregulation of proteinase-activated receptor-1 by interleukin-1β contributed to dorsal root ganglion neuronal damage during lentivirus infections leading to the development of distal sensory polyneuropathy and might also provide new targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Acharjee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
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Khandelwal PJ, Herman AM, Hoe HS, Rebeck GW, Moussa CEH. Parkin mediates beclin-dependent autophagic clearance of defective mitochondria and ubiquitinated Abeta in AD models. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2091-102. [PMID: 21378096 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) may contribute to extracellular plaque deposition, the characteristic pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The E3-ubiquitin ligase parkin ubiquitinates intracellular proteins and induces mitophagy. We previously demonstrated that parkin reduces Aβ levels in lentiviral models of intracellular Aβ. Here we used a triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mouse, which over-expresses APP(Swe), Tau(P301L) and harbor the PS1(M146V) knock-in mutation and found that lentiviral parkin ubiquitinated intracellular Aβ in vivo, stimulated beclin-dependent molecular cascade of autophagy and facilitated clearance of vesicles containing debris and defective mitochondria. Parkin expression decreased intracellular Aβ levels and extracellular plaque deposition. Parkin expression also attenuated caspase activity, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress and restored neurotransmitter synthesis. Restoration of glutamate synthesis, which was independent of glial-neuronal recycling, depended on mitochondrial activity and led to an increase in γ-amino butyric acid levels. These data indicate that parkin may be used as an alternative strategy to reduce Aβ levels and enhance autophagic clearance of Aβ-induced defects in AD. Parkin-mediated clearance of ubiquitinated Aβ may act in parallel with autophagy to clear molecular debris and defective mitochondria and restore neurotransmitter balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J Khandelwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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Vera PL, Wolfe TE, Braley AE, Meyer-Siegler KL. Thrombin induces macrophage migration inhibitory factor release and upregulation in urothelium: a possible contribution to bladder inflammation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15904. [PMID: 21209875 PMCID: PMC3013117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed by urothelial cells that mediates bladder inflammation. We investigated the effect of stimulation with thrombin, a Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) agonist, on MIF release and MIF mRNA upregulation in urothelial cells. Materials and Methods MIF and PAR1 expression was examined in normal human immortalized urothelial cells (UROtsa) using real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting and dual immunostaining. MIF and PAR1 immunostaining was also examined in rat urothelium. The effect of thrombin stimulation (100 nM) on urothelial MIF release was examined in UROtsa cells (in vitro) and in rats (in vivo). UROtsa cells were stimulated with thrombin, culture media were collected at different time points and MIF amounts were determined by ELISA. Pentobarbital anesthetized rats received intravesical saline (control), thrombin, or thrombin +2% lidocaine (to block nerve activity) for 1 hr, intraluminal fluid was collected and MIF amounts determined by ELISA. Bladder or UROtsa MIF mRNA was measured using real time RT-PCR. Results UROtsa cells constitutively express MIF and PAR1 and immunostaining for both was observed in these cells and in the basal and intermediate layers of rat urothelium. Thrombin stimulation of urothelial cells resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent increase in MIF release both in vitro (UROtsa; 2.8-fold increase at 1 hr) and in vivo (rat; 4.5-fold) while heat-inactivated thrombin had no effect. In rats, thrombin-induced MIF release was reduced but not abolished by intravesical lidocaine treatment. Thrombin also upregulated MIF mRNA in UROtsa cells (3.3-fold increase) and in the rat bladder (2-fold increase) where the effect was reduced (1.4-fold) by lidocaine treatment. Conclusions Urothelial cells express both MIF and PAR1. Activation of urothelial PAR1 receptors, either by locally generated thrombin or proteases present in the urine, may mediate bladder inflammation by inducing urothelial MIF release and upregulating urothelial MIF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Vera
- Research and Development, The Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida, United States of America.
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Vellani V, Kinsey AM, Prandini M, Hechtfischer SC, Reeh P, Magherini PC, Giacomoni C, McNaughton PA. Protease activated receptors 1 and 4 sensitize TRPV1 in nociceptive neurones. Mol Pain 2010; 6:61. [PMID: 20875131 PMCID: PMC2956715 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PAR1-4) are activated by proteases released by cell damage or blood clotting, and are known to be involved in promoting pain and hyperalgesia. Previous studies have shown that PAR2 receptors enhance activation of TRPV1 but the role of other PARs is less clear. In this paper we investigate the expression and function of the PAR1, 3 and 4 thrombin-activated receptors in sensory neurones. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization show that PAR1 and PAR4 are expressed in 10 - 15% of neurons, distributed across all size classes. Thrombin or a specific PAR1 or PAR4 activating peptide (PAR1/4-AP) caused functional effects characteristic of activation of the PLCβ/PKC pathway: intracellular calcium release, sensitisation of TRPV1, and translocation of the epsilon isoform of PKC (PKCε) to the neuronal cell membrane. Sensitisation of TRPV1 was significantly reduced by PKC inhibitors. Neurons responding to thrombin or PAR1-AP were either small nociceptive neurones of the peptidergic subclass, or larger neurones which expressed markers for myelinated fibres. Sequential application of PAR1-AP and PAR4-AP showed that PAR4 is expressed in a subset of the PAR1-expressing neurons. Calcium responses to PAR2-AP were by contrast seen in a distinct population of small IB4+ nociceptive neurones. PAR3 appears to be non-functional in sensory neurones. In a skin-nerve preparation the release of the neuropeptide CGRP by heat was potentiated by PAR1-AP. Culture with nerve growth factor (NGF) increased the proportion of thrombin-responsive neurons in the IB4- population, while glial-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) and neurturin upregulated the proportion of thrombin-responsive neurons in the IB4+ population. We conclude that PAR1 and PAR4 are functionally expressed in large myelinated fibre neurons, and are also expressed in small nociceptors of the peptidergic subclass, where they are able to potentiate TRPV1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Vellani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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Kwong K, Nassenstein C, de Garavilla L, Meeker S, Undem BJ. Thrombin and trypsin directly activate vagal C-fibres in mouse lung via protease-activated receptor-1. J Physiol 2010; 588:1171-7. [PMID: 20142268 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of protease-activated receptors (PARs) capable of activating respiratory vagal C-fibres in the mouse was investigated. Infusing thrombin or trypsin via the trachea strongly activated vagal lung C-fibres with action potential discharge, recorded with the extracellular electrode positioned in the vagal sensory ganglion. The intensity of activation was similar to that observed with the TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin. This was mimicked by the PAR1-activating peptide TFLLR-NH(2), whereas the PAR2-activating peptide SLIGRL-NH(2) was without effect. Patch clamp recording on cell bodies of capsaicin-sensitive neurons retrogradely labelled from the lungs revealed that TFLLR-NH(2) consistently evokes a large inward current. RT-PCR revealed all four PARs were expressed in the vagal ganglia. However, when RT-PCR was carried out on individual neurons retrogradely labelled from the lungs it was noted that TRPV1-positive neurons (presumed C-fibre neurons) expressed PAR1 and PAR3, whereas PAR2 and PAR4 were rarely expressed. The C-fibres in mouse lungs isolated from PAR1(-/-) animals responded normally to capsaicin, but failed to respond to trypsin, thrombin, or TFLLR-NH(2). These data show that the PAR most relevant for evoking action potential discharge in vagal C-fibres in mouse lungs is PAR1, and that this is a direct neuronal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kwong
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Martin L, Augé C, Boué J, Buresi MC, Chapman K, Asfaha S, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Cenac N, Dietrich G, Vergnolle N. Thrombin receptor: An endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory pain, activating opioid pathways. Pain 2009; 146:121-9. [PMID: 19674841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases such as thrombin, trypsin and mast cell tryptase can act on different cell types through protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors have been shown to be implicated in several phenomena such as inflammation, platelet activation, immune response and atherosclerosis. Several studies recently reported PARs expression on neurons and some of them demonstrated that these receptors could interfere with nociception. The contribution of PAR(1) to inflammatory pain and the mechanism involved in this phenomenon were investigated. Intraplantar injection of PAR(1) agonist increased withdrawal latency and reduced response frequency to von Frey filaments, thus inhibiting nociceptive response to both mechanical and thermal stimuli in mice. PAR(1) agonist also reduced carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. The anti-nociceptive effects of PAR(1) agonist were mediated by endogenous opioids, as this effect was inhibited by local injection of naloxone methiodide, and because intraplantar injection of PAR(1) agonist increased mRNA expression of the endogenous opioid precursor proenkephalin. However, PAR(1) agonist was not able to inhibit calcium signals in isolated sensory neurons exposed to pro-nociceptive agents. Finally, despite similar inflammatory parameters, PAR(1)-deficient mice showed a strong potentiation of inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by the intraplantar injection of either formalin or carrageenan, or in the chronic model of collagen-induced arthritis, compared to wild-type mice. This study highlights a previously unknown endogenous mechanism of analgesia, showing a central role for the thrombin receptor PAR(1) in the regulation of inflammatory pain and as an activator of opioid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Martin
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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Moraes TJ, Rafii B, Niessen F, Suzuki T, Martin R, Vachon E, Vogel W, Ruf W, O'Brodovich H, Downey GP. Protease-activated receptor (Par)1 alters bioelectric properties of distal lung epithelia without compromising barrier function. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:136-54. [PMID: 19263282 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802490723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases contribute to the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, partly through activating cell surface receptors by limited proteolytic cleavage. The authors provide evidence that in primary cultures of distal lung epithelia, basolateral protease-activated receptor 1 activation rapidly reduces transepithelial resistance but does not alter paracellular permeability to small uncharged solutes. Changes in transepithelial resistance were partially blocked by ion transport inhibitors and were completely blocked by placing cells in low chloride buffer. In vivo studies did not reveal enhanced lung permeability in response to pulmonary or intravenous administration of protease-activated receptor 1 activators. This information is relevant as strategies to inhibit protease-activated receptor 1 signaling are considered in order to preserve lung epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo J Moraes
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Protease-activated receptors as drug targets in inflammation and pain. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:292-309. [PMID: 19481569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteases have been shown to signal to cells through the activation of a novel class of receptors coupled to G proteins: the protease-activated receptors (PARs). Those receptors are expressed in a wide range of cells, which ultimately are all involved in mechanisms of inflammation and pain. Numerous studies have considered the role of PARs in cells, organ systems or in vivo, highlighting the fact that PAR activation results in signs of inflammation. A growing body of evidences discussed here suggests that these receptors, and the proteases that activate them, interfere with inflammation and pain processes. Whether a role for PARs has been clearly defined in inflammatory and pain pathologies is discussed in this review. Further, the pros and cons for considering PARs as targets for the development of therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammation and pain are discussed.
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Fujita T, Liu T, Nakatsuka T, Kumamoto E. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 activation presynaptically enhances spontaneous glutamatergic excitatory transmission in adult rat substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:312-9. [PMID: 19420120 DOI: 10.1152/jn.91117.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) have a unique activation mechanism in that a proteolytically exposed N-terminal region acts as a tethered ligand. A potential impact of PAR on sensory processing has not been fully examined yet. Here we report that synthetic peptides with sequences corresponding to PAR ligands enhance glutamatergic excitatory transmission in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices by using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) was increased by PAR-1 agonist SFLLRN-NH2 (by 47% at 1 microM) with small increases by PAR-2 and -4 agonists (SLIGKV-NH2 and GYPGQV-OH, respectively; at >3 microM); there was no change in its amplitude or in holding current at -70 mV. The PAR-1 peptide action was inhibited by PAR-1 antagonist YFLLRNP-OH. TFLLR-NH2, an agonist which is more selective to PAR-1 than SFLLRN-NH2, dose-dependently increased spontaneous EPSC frequency (EC50=0.32 microM). A similar presynaptic effect was produced by PAR-1 activating proteinase thrombin in a manner sensitive to YFLLRNP-OH. The PAR-1 peptide action was resistant to tetrodotoxin and inhibited in Ca2+-free solution. Primary-afferent monosynaptically evoked EPSC amplitudes were unaffected by PAR-1 agonist. These results indicate that PAR-1 activation increases the spontaneous release of L-glutamate onto SG neurons from nerve terminals in a manner dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Considering that sensory processing within the SG plays a pivotal role in regulating nociceptive transmission to the spinal dorsal horn, the PAR-1-mediated glutamatergic transmission enhancement could be involved in a positive modulation of nociceptive transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujita
- Department of Physiology, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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McDougall JJ, Zhang C, Cellars L, Joubert E, Dixon CM, Vergnolle N. Triggering of proteinase-activated receptor 4 leads to joint pain and inflammation in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:728-37. [PMID: 19248120 DOI: 10.1002/art.24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR-4) in mediating joint inflammation and pain in mice. METHODS Knee joint blood flow, edema, and pain sensitivity (as induced by thermal and mechanical stimuli) were assessed in C57BL/6 mice following intraarticular injection of either the selective PAR-4 agonist AYPGKF-NH(2) or the inactive control peptide YAPGKF-NH(2). The mechanism of action of AYPGKF-NH(2) was examined by pretreatment of each mouse with either the PAR-4 antagonist pepducin P4pal-10 or the bradykinin antagonist HOE 140. Finally, the role of PAR-4 in mediating joint inflammation was tested by pretreating mice with acutely inflamed knees with pepducin P4pal-10. RESULTS PAR-4 activation caused a long-lasting increase in joint blood flow and edema formation, which was not seen following injection of the control peptide. The PAR-4-activating peptide was also found to be pronociceptive in the joint, where it enhanced sensitivity to a noxious thermal stimulus and caused mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia. The proinflammatory and pronociceptive effects of AYPGKF-NH(2) could be inhibited by pepducin P4pal-10 and HOE 140. Finally, pepducin P4pal-10 ameliorated the clinical and physiologic signs of acute joint inflammation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that local activation of PAR-4 leads to proinflammatory changes in the knee joint that are dependent on the kallikrein-kinin system. We also show for the first time that PARs are involved in the modulation of joint pain, with PAR-4 being pronociceptive in this tissue. Thus, blockade of articular PAR-4 may be a useful means of controlling joint inflammation and pain.
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Tsujii K, Andoh T, Lee JB, Kuraishi Y. Activation of proteinase-activated receptors induces itch-associated response through histamine-dependent and -independent pathways in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:385-8. [PMID: 18987429 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08200sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) participates in itch, but the role of the other subtypes of this receptor remain unknown. To investigate this issue, scratching, an itch-related behavior, was observed following intradermal injections of the activating peptides of PAR1-4 in mice. Activating peptides of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4, but not PAR3, induced scratching. The antihistamine terfenadine suppressed scratching elicited by activating peptides of PAR1 and PAR4, but not PAR2. These results suggest that PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 are involved in itch and that histamine is a cause of itch related to PAR1 and PAR4, but not PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Tsujii
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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DALE CAMILA, VERGNOLLE NATHALIE. Protease Signaling to G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Implications for Inflammation and Pain. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 28:29-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890801941913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hollenberg MD, Oikonomopoulou K, Hansen KK, Saifeddine M, Ramachandran R, Diamandis EP. Kallikreins and proteinase-mediated signaling: proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Biol Chem 2008; 389:643-51. [PMID: 18627296 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases such as thrombin and trypsin can affect tissues by activating a novel family of G protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PARs 1-4) by exposing a 'tethered' receptor-triggering ligand (TL). Work with synthetic TL-derived PAR peptide sequences (PAR-APs) that stimulate PARs 1, 2 and 4 has shown that PAR activation can play a role in many tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, muscle, nerve, lung and the central and peripheral nervous systems, and can promote tumor growth and invasion. PARs may play roles in many settings, including cancer, arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease, as well as in pathogen-induced inflammation. In addition to activating or disarming PARs, proteinases can also cause hormone-like effects via PAR-independent mechanisms, such as activation of the insulin receptor. In addition to proteinases of the coagulation cascade, recent data suggest that members of the family of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent endogenous PAR regulators. In summary: (1) proteinases are like hormones, signaling in a paracrine and endocrine manner via PARs or other mechanisms; (2) KLKs must now be seen as potential hormone-like PAR regulators in vivo; and (3) PAR-regulating proteinases, their target PARs, and their associated signaling pathways appear to be novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morley D Hollenberg
- Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
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Hansen KK, Oikonomopoulou K, Li Y, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and the pathophysiology of cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 377:377-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Knecht W, Cottrell GS, Amadesi S, Mohlin J, Skåregärde A, Gedda K, Peterson A, Chapman K, Hollenberg MD, Vergnolle N, Bunnett NW. Trypsin IV or Mesotrypsin and p23 Cleave Protease-activated Receptors 1 and 2 to Induce Inflammation and Hyperalgesia. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26089-100. [PMID: 17623652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703840200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although principally produced by the pancreas to degrade dietary proteins in the intestine, trypsins are also expressed in the nervous system and in epithelial tissues, where they have diverse actions that could be mediated by protease-activated receptors (PARs). We examined the biological actions of human trypsin IV (or mesotrypsin) and rat p23, inhibitor-resistant forms of trypsin. The zymogens trypsinogen IV and pro-p23 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Enteropeptidase cleaved both zymogens, liberating active trypsin IV and p23, which were resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. Trypsin IV cleaved N-terminal fragments of PAR(1), PAR(2), and PAR(4) at sites that would expose the tethered ligand (PAR(1) = PAR(4) > PAR(2)). Trypsin IV increased [Ca(2+)](i) in transfected cells expressing human PAR(1) and PAR(2) with similar potencies (PAR(1), 0.5 microm; PAR(2), 0.6 microm). p23 also cleaved fragments of PAR(1) and PAR(2) and signaled to cells expressing these receptors. Trypsin IV and p23 increased [Ca(2+)](i) in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons that responded to capsaicin and which thus mediate neurogenic inflammation and nociception. Intraplantar injection of trypsin IV and p23 in mice induced edema and granulocyte infiltration, which were not observed in PAR (-/-)(1)(trypsin IV) and PAR (-/-)(2) (trypsin IV and p23) mice. Trypsin IV and p23 caused thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice, and these effects were absent in PAR (-/-)(2) mice but maintained in PAR (-/-)(1) mice. Thus, trypsin IV and p23 are inhibitor-resistant trypsins that can cleave and activate PARs, causing PAR(1)- and PAR(2)-dependent inflammation and PAR(2)-dependent hyperalgesia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aprotinin/chemistry
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Edema/chemically induced
- Edema/genetics
- Edema/metabolism
- Edema/pathology
- Enteropeptidase/chemistry
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Nociceptors/pathology
- Pain Measurement
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, PAR-1/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Trypsin/chemistry
- Trypsin/genetics
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Trypsin/pharmacology
- Trypsin Inhibitors/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Knecht
- Molecular Pharmacology and Lead Generation, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
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Nazif O, Teichman JMH, Gebhart GF. Neural Upregulation in Interstitial Cystitis. Urology 2007; 69:24-33. [PMID: 17462476 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.08.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a syndrome of bladder hypersensitivity with symptoms of urgency, frequency, and chronic pelvic pain. Although no consensus has been reached on the underlying cause of IC, several pathophysiologic mechanisms, including epithelial dysfunction, mast cell activation, and neurogenic inflammation, have been proposed. Despite multiple different causes of urinary cystitis, the bladder's response to cystitis is limited and typical. Animal experiments have shown upregulation of proteinase-activated receptors, tryptase, beta-nerve growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear transcription factor-kappaB, c-Fos, phosphodiesterase 1C, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase, and proenkephalin B. After the noxious stimulus has abated, downregulation of genes appears to follow. Distention of the bladder results in the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from urothelial cells, which activates purinergic P2X3 receptors. Activation by ATP of P2X3-expressing afferents is a fundamental signaling factor in bladder sensation and appears to play a role in bladder reflexes. Fos proteins present in spinal cord neurons have been shown to be upregulated in animals that have undergone cyclophosphamide-induced chemical cystitis. These and other findings suggest that neural upregulation occurs both peripherally and centrally in subjects with chronic cystitis. It is unclear whether neural mechanisms and inflammation are the cause of IC or the result of other initiating events. Neural upregulation is known to play a role in the chronicity of pain, urgency, and frequency and represents an exciting area of research that may lead to additional treatments and a better understanding of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Nazif
- Division of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Saban R, D'Andrea MR, Andrade-Gordon P, Derian CK, Dozmorov I, Ihnat MA, Hurst RE, Davis CA, Simpson C, Saban MR. Mandatory role of proteinase-activated receptor 1 in experimental bladder inflammation. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 7:4. [PMID: 17397548 PMCID: PMC1853108 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background In general, inflammation plays a role in most bladder pathologies and represents a defense reaction to injury that often times is two edged. In particular, bladder neurogenic inflammation involves the participation of mast cells and sensory nerves. Increased mast cell numbers and tryptase release represent one of the prevalent etiologic theories for interstitial cystitis and other urinary bladder inflammatory conditions. The activity of mast cell-derived tryptase as well as thrombin is significantly increased during inflammation. Those enzymes activate specific G-protein coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PAR)s. Four PARs have been cloned so far, and not only are all four receptors highly expressed in different cell types of the mouse urinary bladder, but their expression is altered during experimental bladder inflammation. We hypothesize that PARs may link mast cell-derived proteases to bladder inflammation and, therefore, play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of cystitis. Results Here, we demonstrate that in addition to the mouse urinary bladder, all four PA receptors are also expressed in the J82 human urothelial cell line. Intravesical administration of PAR-activating peptides in mice leads to an inflammatory reaction characterized by edema and granulocyte infiltration. Moreover, the inflammatory response to intravesical instillation of known pro-inflammatory stimuli such as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), substance P, and antigen was strongly attenuated by PAR1-, and to a lesser extent, by PAR2-deficiency. Conclusion Our results reveal an overriding participation of PAR1 in bladder inflammation, provide a working model for the involvement of downstream signaling, and evoke testable hypotheses regarding the role of PARs in bladder inflammation. It remains to be determined whether or not mechanisms targeting PAR1 gene silencing or PAR1 blockade will ameliorate the clinical manifestations of cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael R D'Andrea
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | | | - Claudia K Derian
- J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, Microarray/Euk. Genomics Core Facility, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Cell Biology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert E Hurst
- Department of Urology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Carole A Davis
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Cindy Simpson
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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50
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Moffatt JD. Proteinase-activated receptors in the lower urinary tract. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 375:1-9. [PMID: 17294233 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that convert specific extracellular proteolytic activity into intracellular signals, and have been suggested to play diverse roles in the body. In this review, evidence for the roles of PARs in bladder contractility and inflammation are presented. The role of PARs in prostate cancer is also reviewed. The existing literature in this area can be difficult to interpret due to the many nonspecific actions of the pharmacological tools employed. Although there are reports that PAR activators can cause contraction of bladder smooth muscle, further pharmacological and molecular studies are required to define roles for these receptors in bladder contractility. While structural studies suggest that roles for PARs in bladder inflammation are likely, few functional investigations have been performed. The significance of the expression of PARs on sensory nerves innervating the bladder and changes in receptor expression in inflammatory disease models are fascinating areas for future research. Finally, it seems probable that PARs, particularly PAR1, may play important roles in the growth and metastasis of prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Moffatt
- Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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