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Ruf L, Bukowska A, Gardemann A, Goette A. Coagulation Factor Xa Has No Effects on the Expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 and No Proinflammatory Effects on HL-1 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 38132169 PMCID: PMC10741780 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), characterised by irregular high-frequency contractions of the atria of the heart, is of increasing clinical importance. The reasons are the increasing prevalence and thromboembolic complications caused by AF. So-called atrial remodelling is characterised, among other things, by atrial dilatation and fibrotic remodelling. As a result, AF is self-sustaining and forms a procoagulant state. But hypercoagulation not only appears to be the consequence of AF. Coagulation factors can exert influence on cells via protease-activated receptors (PAR) and thereby the procoagulation state could contribute to the development and maintenance of AF. In this work, the influence of FXa on Heart Like-1 (HL-1) cells, which are murine adult atrial cardiomyocytes (immortalized), was investigated. PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 expression was detected. After incubations with FXa (5-50 nM; 4-24 h) or PAR1- and PAR2-agonists (20 µM; 4-24 h), no changes occurred in PAR expression or in the inflammatory signalling cascade. There were no time- or concentration-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 or the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In addition, there was no change in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, fibronectin). Thus, FXa has no direct PAR-dependent effects on HL-1 cells. Future studies should investigate the influence of FXa on human cardiomyocytes or on other cardiac cell types like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ruf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gardemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital Paderborn, Am Busdorf 2, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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2
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Otsuka Saito K, Fujita F, Toriyama M, Utami RA, Guo Z, Murakami M, Kato H, Suzuki Y, Okada F, Tominaga M, Ishii KJ. Roles of TRPM4 in immune responses in keratinocytes and identification of a novel TRPM4-activating agent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:1-9. [PMID: 36871485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a protective interface between the internal organs and environment and functions not only as a physical barrier but also as an immune organ. However, the immune system in the skin is not fully understood. A member of the thermo-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family, TRPM4, which acts as a regulatory receptor in immune cells, was recently reported to be expressed in human skin and keratinocytes. However, the function of TRPM4 in immune responses in keratinocytes has not been investigated. In this study, we found that treatment with BTP2, a known TRPM4 agonist, reduced cytokine production induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and in immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). This cytokine-reducing effect was not observed in TRPM4-deficient HaCaT cells, indicating that TRPM4 contributed to the control of cytokine production in keratinocytes. Furthermore, we identified aluminum potassium sulfate, as a new TRPM4 activating agent. Aluminum potassium sulfate reduced Ca2+ influx by store-operated Ca2+ entry in human TRPM4-expressing HEK293T cells. We further confirmed that aluminum potassium sulfate evoked TRPM4-mediated currents, showing direct evidence for TRPM4 activation. Moreover, treatment with aluminum potassium sulfate reduced cytokine expression induced by TNFα in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our data suggested that TRPM4 may serve as a new target for the treatment of skin inflammatory reactions by suppressing the cytokine production in keratinocytes, and aluminum potassium sulfate is a useful ingredient to prevent undesirable skin inflammation through TRPM4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Otsuka Saito
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Fundamental Research Institute, Mandom Corp., 5-12, Juniken-Cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-8530, Japan; Laboratory of Mock Up Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), 7-6-8, Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Fujita
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Fundamental Research Institute, Mandom Corp., 5-12, Juniken-Cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-8530, Japan; Laboratory of Mock Up Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), 7-6-8, Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Manami Toriyama
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Mock Up Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), 7-6-8, Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ratna Annisa Utami
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Zhihan Guo
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Murakami
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Technical Development Center, Mandom Corp., 5-12, Juniken-Cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Mock Up Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), 7-6-8, Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Suzuki
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1, Aza-higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1, Aza-higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1, Aza-higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Okada
- Fundamental Research Institute, Mandom Corp., 5-12, Juniken-Cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1, Aza-higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1, Aza-higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1, Aza-higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Mock Up Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), 7-6-8, Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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3
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Ma C, Li H, Lu S, Li X, Wang S, Wang W. Tryptase and Exogenous Trypsin: Mechanisms and Ophthalmic Applications. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:927-939. [PMID: 36891173 PMCID: PMC9987324 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s402900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular injuries caused by inflammation, surgery or accidents are subject to a physiological healing process that ultimately restores the structure and function of the damaged tissue. Tryptase and trypsin are essential component of this process and they play a role in promoting and reducing the inflammatory response of tissues, respectively. Following injury, tryptase is endogenously produced by mast cells and can exacerbate the inflammatory response both by stimulating neutrophil secretion, and through its agonist action on proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). In contrast, exogenously introduced trypsin promotes wound healing by attenuating inflammatory responses, reducing oedema and protecting against infection. Thus, trypsin may help resolve ocular inflammatory symptoms and promote faster recovery from acute tissue injury associated with ophthalmic diseases. This article describes the roles of tryptase and exogenous trypsin in affected tissues after onset of ocular injury, and the clinical applications of trypsin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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4
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Proteases and Their Potential Role as Biomarkers and Drug Targets in Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Surface Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179795. [PMID: 36077189 PMCID: PMC9456293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder that leads to ocular discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability. DED is accompanied by an increase in tear osmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. The diagnosis and treatment of DED still present significant challenges. Therefore, novel biomarkers and treatments are of great interest. Proteases are present in different tissues on the ocular surface. In a healthy eye, proteases are highly regulated. However, dysregulation occurs in various pathologies, including DED. With this review, we provide an overview of the implications of different families of proteases in the development and severity of DED, along with studies involving protease inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Even though further research is needed, this review aims to give suggestions for identifying novel biomarkers and developing new protease inhibitors.
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5
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Ma J, Scott CA, Ho YN, Mahabaleshwar H, Marsay KS, Zhang C, Teow CK, Ng SS, Zhang W, Tergaonkar V, Partridge LJ, Roy S, Amaya E, Carney TJ. Matriptase activation of Gq drives epithelial disruption and inflammation via RSK and DUOX. eLife 2021; 10:66596. [PMID: 34165081 PMCID: PMC8291973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are primed to respond to insults by activating epithelial cell motility and rapid inflammation. Such responses are also elicited upon overexpression of the membrane-bound protease, Matriptase, or mutation of its inhibitor, Hai1. Unrestricted Matriptase activity also predisposes to carcinoma. How Matriptase leads to these cellular outcomes is unknown. We demonstrate that zebrafish hai1a mutants show increased H2O2, NfκB signalling, and IP3R -mediated calcium flashes, and that these promote inflammation, but do not generate epithelial cell motility. In contrast, inhibition of the Gq subunit in hai1a mutants rescues both the inflammation and epithelial phenotypes, with the latter recapitulated by the DAG analogue, PMA. We demonstrate that hai1a has elevated MAPK pathway activity, inhibition of which rescues the epidermal defects. Finally, we identify RSK kinases as MAPK targets disrupting adherens junctions in hai1a mutants. Our work maps novel signalling cascades mediating the potent effects of Matriptase on epithelia, with implications for tissue damage response and carcinoma progression. Cancer occurs when normal processes in the cell become corrupted or unregulated. Many proteins can contribute, including one enzyme called Matriptase that cuts other proteins at specific sites. Matriptase activity is tightly controlled by a protein called Hai1. In mice and zebrafish, when Hai1 cannot adequately control Matriptase activity, invasive cancers with severe inflammation develop. However, it is unclear how unregulated Matriptase leads to both inflammation and cancer invasion. One outcome of Matriptase activity is removal of proteins called Cadherins from the cell surface. These proteins have a role in cell adhesion: they act like glue to stick cells together. Without them, cells can dissociate from a tissue and move away, a critical step in cancer cells invading other organs. However, it is unknown exactly how Matriptase triggers the removal of Cadherins from the cell surface to promote invasion. Previous work has shown that Matriptase switches on a receptor called Proteinase-activated receptor 2, or Par2 for short, which is known to activate many enzymes, including one called phospholipase C. When activated, this enzyme releases two signals into the cell: a sugar called inositol triphosphate, IP3; and a lipid or fat called diacylglycerol, DAG. It is possible that these two signals have a role to play in how Matriptase removes Cadherins from the cell surface. To find out, Ma et al. mapped the effects of Matriptase in zebrafish lacking the Hai1 protein. This revealed that Matriptase increases IP3 and DAG levels, which initiate both inflammation and invasion. IP3 promotes inflammation by switching on pro-inflammatory signals inside the cell such as the chemical hydrogen peroxide. At the same time, DAG promotes cell invasion by activating a well-known cancer signalling pathway called MAPK. This pathway activates a protein called RSK. Ma et al. show that this protein is required to remove Cadherins from the surface of cells, thus connecting Matriptase’s activation of phospholipase C with its role in disrupting cell adhesion. An increase in the ratio of Matriptase to HAI-1 (the human equivalent of Hai1) is present in many cancers. For this reason, the signal cascades described by Ma et al. may be of interest in developing treatments for these cancers. Understanding how these signals work together could lead to more direct targeted anti-cancer approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claire A Scott
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Na Ho
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katherine S Marsay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Kj Teow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ser Sue Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynda J Partridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Carroll EL, Bailo M, Reihill JA, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Litherland GJ, Lundy FT, McGarvey LP, Hollywood MA, Martin SL. Trypsin-Like Proteases and Their Role in Muco-Obstructive Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5817. [PMID: 34072295 PMCID: PMC8199346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like proteases (TLPs) belong to a family of serine enzymes with primary substrate specificities for the basic residues, lysine and arginine, in the P1 position. Whilst initially perceived as soluble enzymes that are extracellularly secreted, a number of novel TLPs that are anchored in the cell membrane have since been discovered. Muco-obstructive lung diseases (MucOLDs) are characterised by the accumulation of hyper-concentrated mucus in the small airways, leading to persistent inflammation, infection and dysregulated protease activity. Although neutrophilic serine proteases, particularly neutrophil elastase, have been implicated in the propagation of inflammation and local tissue destruction, it is likely that the serine TLPs also contribute to various disease-relevant processes given the roles that a number of these enzymes play in the activation of both the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). More recently, significant attention has focused on the activation of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 by host TLPs. The purpose of this review was to highlight key TLPs linked to the activation of ENaC and PAR2 and their association with airway dehydration and inflammatory signalling pathways, respectively. The role of TLPs in viral infectivity will also be discussed in the context of the inhibition of TLP activities and the potential of these proteases as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Carroll
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Mariarca Bailo
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - James A. Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Anne Crilly
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - John C. Lockhart
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gary J. Litherland
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (F.T.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Lorcan P. McGarvey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (F.T.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Mark A. Hollywood
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 HRK2 Dundalk, Ireland;
| | - S. Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
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7
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Gibbs DC, Fedirko V, Baron JA, Barry EL, Flanders WD, McCullough ML, Yacoub R, Raavi T, Rutherford RE, Seabrook ME, Bostick RM. Inflammation Modulation by Vitamin D and Calcium in the Morphologically Normal Colorectal Mucosa of Patients with Colorectal Adenoma in a Clinical Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:65-76. [PMID: 32917645 PMCID: PMC7947029 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased COX-2 and decreased 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-HPGD) expression promote prostaglandin-mediated inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis. Experimental studies suggest that vitamin D and calcium may inhibit these pathways, but their effects on colorectal tissue COX-2 and 15-HPGD expression in humans are unknown. We tested the effects of supplemental vitamin D (1,000 IU/day) and/or calcium (1,200 mg/day) on COX-2 and 15-HPGD expression in the morphologically normal rectal mucosa from 62 paients with colorectal adenoma in a placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial. We measured biomarker expression using automated IHC and quantitative image analysis at baseline and 1-year follow-up, and assessed treatment effects using mixed linear models. The primary outcome was the COX-2/15-HPGD expression ratio, because these enzymes function as physiologic antagonists. After 1 year of treatment, the mean COX-2/15-HPGD expression ratio in full-length crypts proportionately decreased 47% in the vitamin D group (P = 0.001), 46% in the calcium group (P = 0.002), and 34% in the calcium + vitamin D group (P = 0.03), relative to the placebo group. Among individuals with the functional vitamin D-binding protein isoform DBP2 (GC rs4588*A), the COX-2/15-HPDG ratio decreased 70% (P = 0.0006), 75% (P = 0.0002), and 60% (P = 0.006) in the vitamin D, calcium, and combined supplementation groups, respectively, relative to placebo. These results show that vitamin D and calcium favorably modulate the balance of expression of COX-2 and 15-HPGD-biomarkers of inflammation that are strongly linked to colorectal carcinogenesis-in the normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of patients with colorectal adenoma (perhaps especially those with the DBP2 isoform). PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Supplemental calcium and vitamin D reduce indicators of cancer-promoting inflammation in normal colorectal tissue in humans, thus furthering our understanding of how they may help prevent colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Corley Gibbs
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John A Baron
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - W Dana Flanders
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Rami Yacoub
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tapasya Raavi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robin E Rutherford
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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8
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Pierre O, Fouchard M, Buscaglia P, Le Goux N, Leschiera R, Mignen O, Fluhr JW, Misery L, Le Garrec R. Calcium Increase and Substance P Release Induced by the Neurotoxin Brevetoxin-1 in Sensory Neurons: Involvement of PAR2 Activation through Both Cathepsin S and Canonical Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E2704. [PMID: 33348659 PMCID: PMC7767211 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red tides involving Karenia brevis expose humans to brevetoxins (PbTxs). Oral exposition triggers neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, whereas inhalation induces a respiratory syndrome and sensory disturbances. No curative treatment is available and the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), cathepsin S (Cat-S) and substance P (SP) release are crucial mediators of the sensory effects of ciguatoxins (CTXs) which are PbTx analogs. This work explored the role of PAR2 and Cat-S in PbTx-1-induced sensory effects and deciphered the signaling pathway involved. We performed calcium imaging, PAR2 immunolocalization and SP release experiments in monocultured sensory neurons or co-cultured with keratinocytes treated with PbTx-1 or P-CTX-2. We demonstrated that PbTx-1-induced calcium increase and SP release involved Cat-S, PAR2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). The PbTx-1-induced signaling pathway included protein kinase A (PKA) and TRPV4, which are compatible with the PAR2 biased signaling induced by Cat-S. Internalization of PAR2 and protein kinase C (PKC), inositol triphosphate receptor and TRPV4 activation evoked by PbTx-1 are compatible with the PAR2 canonical signaling. Our results suggest that PbTx-1-induced sensory disturbances involve the PAR2-TRPV4 pathway. We identified PAR2, Cat-S, PKA, and PKC that are involved in TRPV4 sensitization induced by PbTx-1 in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Pierre
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Maxime Fouchard
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Paul Buscaglia
- InsermUMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunity, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (P.B.); (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Nelig Le Goux
- InsermUMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunity, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (P.B.); (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Raphaël Leschiera
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Olivier Mignen
- InsermUMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunity, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (P.B.); (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Universitaetsmedizin Charit Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Misery
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaële Le Garrec
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
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9
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Zhao J, Munanairi A, Liu XY, Zhang J, Hu L, Hu M, Bu D, Liu L, Xie Z, Kim BS, Yang Y, Chen ZF. PAR2 Mediates Itch via TRPV3 Signaling in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1524-1532. [PMID: 32004565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have suggested that transient receptor potential ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors play important roles in itch transmission. TRPV3 gain-of-function mutations have been identified in patients with Olmsted syndrome, which is associated with severe pruritus. However, the mechanisms causing itch remain poorly understood. Here, we show that keratinocytes lacking TRPV3 impair the function of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), resulting in reduced neuronal activation and scratching behavior in response to PAR2 agonists. Moreover, we show that TRPV3 and PAR2 were upregulated in skin biopsies from patients and mice with atopic dermatitis, whereas their inhibition attenuated scratching and inflammatory responses in mouse atopic dermatitis models. These results reveal a previously unrecognized link between TRPV3 and PAR2 in keratinocytes to convey itch information and suggest that a blockade of PAR2 or TRPV3 individually or both may serve as a potential approach for antipruritic therapy in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Disease, Beijing, China; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Admire Munanairi
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Current Address: Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Xian-Yu Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Linghan Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Disease, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardio-metabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingfang Bu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Brian S Kim
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Department of Dermatology(,) Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Disease, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Current Address: Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhou-Feng Chen
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
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10
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Fujii N, Hatam K, McGarr GW, Meade RD, Boulay P, Nishiyasu T, Kenny GP. Exogenous Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Attenuates Cutaneous Vasodilatation and Sweating in Older Men Exercising in the Heat. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:235-243. [PMID: 31220834 DOI: 10.1159/000500643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) exists in the cutaneous vasculature and eccrine sweat glands. We previously showed that in young habitually active men, exogenous PAR2 activation via the agonist SLIGKV-NH2 had no effect on heat loss responses of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during rest or exercise in the heat. However, ageing is associated with altered mechanisms governing these responses. Thus, the effect of exogenous PAR2 activation on cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in older individuals may differ from that in young adults. METHODS Local cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were measured in 9 older males (62 ± 4 years) at four forearm skin sites treated with the following: (1) lactated Ringer solution (control), (2) 0.05 mM, (3) 0.5 mM, or (4) 5 mM SLIGKV-NH2. Measurements were performed while participants rested in a non-heat-stress environment (25°C) for ∼60 min and an additional 50 min thereafter in the heat (40°C). Participants then performed 50 min of cycling at a fixed metabolic heat load of 200 W/m2 (to maintain the same thermal drive for heat loss between participants) followed by a 30-min recovery. RESULTS CVC during non-heat-stress resting was elevated from the control site with 5 mM SLIGKV-NH2 (p ≤ 0.05), but this response was not observed during ambient heat exposure. By contrast, 5 mM SLIGKV-NH2 lowered CVC during the early stage (10 and 20 min) of exercise compared to the control site (all p ≤ 0.05). Although sweating during non-heat-stressed and heat-stressed resting was not affected by any dose of SLIGKV-NH2, it was reduced with all SLIGKV-NH2 doses relative to the control site during and following exercise (all p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION We show that while exogenous PAR2 activation induces cutaneous vasodilatation at rest under non-heat-stressed conditions, it attenuates cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during and following an exercise-induced heat stress in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, .,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,
| | - Kion Hatam
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory W McGarr
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Boulay
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Nakahara K, Yamasaki K, Nagai T, Fujii M, Akioka T, Takamori H, Terada N, Mukai S, Sato Y, Kamoto T. Expression of protease activating receptor-2 (PAR-2) is positively correlated with the recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: an immunohistochemical analysis. Res Rep Urol 2019; 11:97-104. [PMID: 31114765 PMCID: PMC6489562 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s199512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Matriptase, which is a Type II transmembrane serine protease, has the potential to activate several growth factors, including pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). A G protein-coupled transmembrane cell-surface receptor and a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) are also required for activation by matriptase. Activation of PAR-2 has been reported to induce the progression of various cancers. In a previous study, we evaluated the correlation between upregulation of MET phosphorylation with high matriptase expression and worse prognosis in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer; however, expression of PAR-2, matriptase and MET in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has not been evaluated. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the expression of PAR-2, matriptase and MET using 55 paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from patients with NMIBC by immunohistochemistry. Results: MET was significantly expressed in high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) and pathological T1 cancers. High expression of PAR-2 was significantly associated with a worse recurrence rate in NMIBC. In subgroup analysis, the expression of PAR-2 was also correlated with high recurrence rate in low-grade UC. In addition, expression of matriptase tended to correlate with worse recurrence rate in high-grade UC. Conclusion: Increased expression of PAR-2 was significantly correlated with worse recurrence rate in patients with NMIBC. In addition, expression of matriptase also indicated a tendency toward recurrence in high-grade UC, suggesting an important role of matriptase-induced PAR-2 activation in NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Nakahara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masato Fujii
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akioka
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takamori
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Section of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamoto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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12
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Widera D, Martínez Aguilar R, Cottrell GS. Toll-like receptor 4 and protease-activated receptor 2 in physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system: more than just receptor cooperation? Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1196-1201. [PMID: 30804245 PMCID: PMC6425834 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) play pivotal roles in the mammalian innate immune response. Notably, in addition to their involvement in detection of invading pathogens, PAR2 and TLR4 modulate the levels of cell death-induced sterile inflammation by activating pro- or anti-inflammatory downstream signaling cascades. Within the central nervous system, there is emerging evidence that both receptors are involved in synaptic transmission and brain plasticity. Furthermore, due to their prominent role in mediating neuroinflammation, PAR2 and TLR4 are associated with development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including but not limited to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. In this article, we summarise the current knowledge on the cooperation between PAR2 and TLR4, discuss the potential cross-talk levels and highlight the impact of the cross-coupling on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights campus, Reading, UK
| | - Rocío Martínez Aguilar
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights campus, Reading, UK; Unidad de Inmunología, IBIMER, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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13
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Hodge R, Mandle HB, Ray S, Tandon S, Peterson M, Henry A, Jahan FA, Bostick RM, Baron JA, Barry EL, Yacoub R, Rutherford RE, Seabrook ME, Fedirko V. Effects of Supplemental Calcium and Vitamin D on Expression of Toll-Like Receptors and Phospho-IKKα/β in the Normal Rectal Mucosa of Colorectal Adenoma Patients. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:707-716. [PMID: 30209117 PMCID: PMC6214739 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the colorectum, a significant contributor to colorectal carcinogenesis, can be triggered by the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways such as those initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Although experimental evidence supports calcium and vitamin D potentially modifying these proinflammatory pathways in the colorectum, human data in these regards are scarce. We investigated supplemental calcium (1,200 mg daily) and/or vitamin D3 (1,000 IU daily) effects on inflammatory signaling pathway-related biomarkers in a subset of 105 participants from a colorectal adenoma recurrence chemoprevention clinical trial. We assessed expression of TLR4 and TLR5, which recognize the bacterial components lipopolysaccharides and flagellin, respectively, and phospho-IKKα/β (pIKKα/β), a biomarker of inflammation, in the normal-appearing rectal crypt epithelium and stroma using standardized, automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis. Following 1 year of treatment, TLR4, TLR5, and pIKKα/β expression in the rectal mucosa did not statistically significantly change with vitamin D or calcium supplementation, taken alone or in combination. Several baseline participant characteristics, including body mass index, history of sessile serrated adenomas, high red/processed meat intake, and high levels of rectal epithelial cell proliferation (as measured by MIB-1/Ki-67), were associated with higher baseline expression of TLRs or pIKKα/β. Our findings suggest that vitamin D and calcium may have no substantial effect on the investigated biomarkers. However, several modifiable lifestyle factors may be associated with TLRs and pIKKα/β expression in the normal rectal mucosa, supporting their future investigation as potentially treatable, preneoplastic risk factors for colorectal neoplasms. Cancer Prev Res; 11(11); 707-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hodge
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hannah B Mandle
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sonia Tandon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meaghan Peterson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abigail Henry
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ferdous A Jahan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Rami Yacoub
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robin E Rutherford
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Gouin O, L'Herondelle K, Buscaglia P, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Philippe R, Legoux N, Mignen O, Buhé V, Leschiera R, Sakka M, Kerfant N, Carré JL, Le Garrec R, Lefeuvre L, Lebonvallet N, Misery L. Major Role for TRPV1 and InsP3R in PAR2-Elicited Inflammatory Mediator Production in Differentiated Human Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1564-1572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Low-concentration hydrogen peroxide can upregulate keratinocyte intracellular calcium and PAR-2 expression in a human keratinocyte–melanocyte co-culture system. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:723-731. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Tada H, Matsuyama T, Nishioka T, Hagiwara M, Kiyoura Y, Shimauchi H, Matsushita K. Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain-Dependently Enhances IL-33 Production in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152794. [PMID: 27058037 PMCID: PMC4825981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-33 is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells and it augments Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses by regulating innate immune cells. We aimed to determine the role of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the enhanced expression of IL-33 in human gingival epithelial cells. We detected IL-33 in inflamed gingival epithelium from patients with chronic periodontitis, and found that P. gingivalis increased IL-33 expression in the cytoplasm of human gingival epithelial cells in vitro. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptide, and fimbriae derived from P. gingivalis did not increase IL-33 expression. Specific inhibitors of P. gingivalis proteases (gingipains) suppressed IL-33 mRNA induction by P. gingivalis and the P. gingivalis gingipain-null mutant KDP136 did not induce IL-33 expression. A small interfering RNA for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) as well as inhibitors of phospholipase C, p38 and NF-κB inhibited the expression of IL-33 induced by P. gingivalis. These results indicate that the PAR-2/IL-33 axis is promoted by P. gingivalis infection in human gingival epithelial cells through a gingipain-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takashi Matsuyama
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishioka
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Hagiwara
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kiyoura
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimauchi
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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17
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Johnson JJ, Miller DL, Jiang R, Liu Y, Shi Z, Tarwater L, Williams R, Balsara R, Sauter ER, Stack MS. Protease-activated Receptor-2 (PAR-2)-mediated Nf-κB Activation Suppresses Inflammation-associated Tumor Suppressor MicroRNAs in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6936-45. [PMID: 26839311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.692640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the sixth most common cause of death from cancer with an estimated 400,000 deaths worldwide and a low (50%) 5-year survival rate. The most common form of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC is highly inflammatory and invasive, and the degree of inflammation correlates with tumor aggressiveness. The G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) plays a key role in inflammation. PAR-2 is activated via proteolytic cleavage by trypsin-like serine proteases, including kallikrein-5 (KLK5), or by treatment with activating peptides. PAR-2 activation induces G protein-α-mediated signaling, mobilizing intracellular calcium and Nf-κB signaling, leading to the increased expression of pro-inflammatory mRNAs. Little is known, however, about PAR-2 regulation of inflammation-related microRNAs. Here, we assess PAR-2 expression and function in OSCC cell lines and tissues. Stimulation of PAR-2 activates Nf-κB signaling, resulting in RelA nuclear translocation and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory mRNAs. Concomitantly, suppression of the anti-inflammatory tumor suppressor microRNAs let-7d, miR-23b, and miR-200c was observed following PAR-2 stimulation. Analysis of orthotopic oral tumors generated by cells with reduced KLK5 expression showed smaller, less aggressive lesions with reduced inflammatory infiltrate relative to tumors generated by KLK5-expressing control cells. Together, these data support a model wherein KLK5-mediated PAR-2 activation regulates the expression of inflammation-associated mRNAs and microRNAs, thereby modulating progression of oral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff J Johnson
- From the Harper Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | - Daniel L Miller
- the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Rong Jiang
- the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 75440
| | - Yueying Liu
- From the Harper Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | - Zonggao Shi
- From the Harper Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | | | - Russell Williams
- the Department of Biology, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana 46634
| | - Rashna Balsara
- the W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, South Bend, Indiana 46617, and
| | - Edward R Sauter
- the Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75799
| | - M Sharon Stack
- From the Harper Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 46617,
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18
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Garrido-Mesa N, Zarzuelo A, Gálvez J. Minocycline: far beyond an antibiotic. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:337-52. [PMID: 23441623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline that has been in therapeutic use for over 30 years because of its antibiotic properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is mainly used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and some sexually transmitted diseases. Recently, it has been reported that tetracyclines can exert a variety of biological actions that are independent of their anti-microbial activity, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, and inhibition of proteolysis, angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. These findings specifically concern to minocycline as it has recently been found to have multiple non-antibiotic biological effects that are beneficial in experimental models of various diseases with an inflammatory basis, including dermatitis, periodontitis, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Of note, minocycline has also emerged as the most effective tetracycline derivative at providing neuroprotection. This effect has been confirmed in experimental models of ischaemia, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain, and of several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Moreover, other pre-clinical studies have shown its ability to inhibit malignant cell growth and activation and replication of human immunodeficiency virus, and to prevent bone resorption. Considering the above-mentioned findings, this review will cover the most important topics in the pharmacology of minocycline to date, supporting its evaluation as a new therapeutic approach for many of the diseases described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garrido-Mesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain.
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19
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Peeling off the genetics of atopic dermatitis–like congenital disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:808-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Du QC, Zhang DZ, Chen XJ, Lan-Sun G, Wu M, Xiao WL. The effect of p38MAPK on cyclic stretch in human facial hypertrophic scar fibroblast differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75635. [PMID: 24130728 PMCID: PMC3794006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HTS), the excessive deposition of scar tissue by fibroblasts, is one of the most common skin disorders. Fibroblasts derived from surgical scar tissue produce high levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). However, the molecular mechanisms for this phenomenon is poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of HTS and their potential therapeutic implications. Fibroblasts derived from skin HTS were cultured and characterized in vitro. The fibroblasts were synchronized and randomly assigned to two groups: cyclic stretch and cyclic stretch pre-treated with SB203580 (a p38MAPK inhibitor). Cyclic stretch at 10% strain was applied at a loading frequency of 10 cycles per minute (i.e. 5 seconds of tension and 5 seconds of relaxation) for 0 h, 6 h and 12 h. Cyclic stretch on HTS fibroblasts led to an increase in the expression of α-SMA and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK. SB203580 reversed these effects and caused a decrease in matrix contraction. Furthermore, HTS fibroblast growth was partially blocked by p38MAPK inhibition. Therefore, the mechanism of cyclic stretch involves p38 MAPK, and its inhibition is suggested as a novel therapeutic strategy for HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-cui Du
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, the People's Republic of China
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Huang C, Wang J, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhang W. 2-phenylethynesulfonamide Prevents Induction of Pro-inflammatory Factors and Attenuates LPS-induced Liver Injury by Targeting NHE1-Hsp70 Complex in Mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67582. [PMID: 23805318 PMCID: PMC3689707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin-mediated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver disorders. Heat shock protein (Hsp70) overexpression has established functions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory response. However, little is known about the role of Hsp70 activity in LPS signaling. We hypothesized that inhibition of Hsp70 substrate binding activity can ameliorate LPS-induced liver injury by decreasing induction of pro-inflammatory factors. In this study, C57/BL6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS and 2-phenylethynesulfonamide (PES), an inhibitor of Hsp70 substrate binding activity. We found that i. PES prevented LPS-induced increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and liver cell apoptosis; ii. PES reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression as well as serum nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) content in LPS-stimulated mice; iii. PES reduced the mRNA level of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated liver. iiii. PES attenuated the degradation of inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α) as well as the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in LPS-stimulated liver. Similar changes in the protein expression of inflammatory markers, IκB-α degradation, and NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation were observed in RAW 264.7 cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that PES remarkably reduced the elevation of [Ca2+]i and intracellular pH value (pHi) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, PES significantly reduced the increase in Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) association to Hsp70 in LPS-stimulated macrophages and liver, suggesting that NHE1-Hsp70 interaction is required for the involvement of NHE1 in the inflammation response. In conclusion, inhibition of Hsp70 substrate binding activity in vivo reduces the induction of pro-inflammatory factors and prevents LPS-induced liver injury likely by disrupting NHE1-Hsp70 interaction which consequently reduces the activation of IκB-α-NF-κB pathway in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantog First People‚s Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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XIE LIQUN, ZHENG YANMIN, LI XUAN, ZHAO JUNYAN, CHEN XIAOYI, CHEN LI, ZHOU JING, HAI OU, LI FEI. Enhanced proliferation of human hepatoma cells by PAR-2 agonists via the ERK/AP-1 pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1665-72. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 8–Dependent Skin Wound Healing Is Associated with Upregulation of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 and PAR2. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1717-24. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rothmeier AS, Ruf W. Protease-activated receptor 2 signaling in inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:133-49. [PMID: 21971685 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolytical cleavage of the amino-terminus and thereby act as sensors for extracellular proteases. While coagulation proteases activate PARs to regulate hemostasis, thrombosis, and cardiovascular function, PAR2 is also activated in extravascular locations by a broad array of serine proteases, including trypsin, tissue kallikreins, coagulation factors VIIa and Xa, mast cell tryptase, and transmembrane serine proteases. Administration of PAR2-specific agonistic and antagonistic peptides, as well as studies in PAR2 knockout mice, identified critical functions of PAR2 in development, inflammation, immunity, and angiogenesis. Here, we review these roles of PAR2 with an emphasis on the role of coagulation and other extracellular protease pathways that cleave PAR2 in epithelial, immune, and neuronal cells to regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rothmeier
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Li R, Reiser G. Phosphorylation of Ser45 and Ser59 of αB-crystallin and p38/extracellular regulated kinase activity determine αB-crystallin-mediated protection of rat brain astrocytes from C2-ceramide- and staurosporine-induced cell death. J Neurochem 2011; 118:354-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kanke T, Kabeya M, Kubo S, Kondo S, Yasuoka K, Tagashira J, Ishiwata H, Saka M, Furuyama T, Nishiyama T, Doi T, Hattori Y, Kawabata A, Cunningham MR, Plevin R. Novel antagonists for proteinase-activated receptor 2: inhibition of cellular and vascular responses in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:361-71. [PMID: 19719785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a G-protein coupled receptor associated with many pathophysiological functions. To date, the development of PAR(2) antagonists has been limited. Here, we identify a number of novel peptide-mimetic PAR(2) antagonists and demonstrate inhibitory effects on PAR(2)-mediated intracellular signalling pathways and vascular responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The peptide-mimetic compound library based on the structures of PAR(2) agonist peptides were screened for inhibition of PAR(2)-induced calcium mobilisation in human keratinocytes. Representative compounds were further evaluated by radioligand binding and inhibition of NFkappaB transcriptional activity and IL-8 production. The vascular effects of the antagonists were assessed using in vitro and in vivo models. KEY RESULTS Two compounds, K-12940 and K-14585, significantly reduced SLIGKV-induced Ca(2+) mobilisation in primary human keratinocytes. Both K-12940 and K-14585 exhibited competitive inhibition for the binding of a high-affinity radiolabelled PAR(2)-ligand, [(3)H]-2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH(2), to human PAR(2) with K(i) values of 1.94 and 0.627 microM respectively. NFkappaB reporter activity and IL-8 production were also significantly reduced. Furthermore, relaxation of rat-isolated aorta induced by SLIGRL-NH(2) was inhibited competitively by K-14585. K-14585 also significantly lowered plasma extravasation in the dorsal skin of guinea pigs and reduced salivation in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS K-12940 and K-14585 antagonized PAR(2) competitively, resulting in inhibition of PAR(2)-mediated signalling and physiological responses both in vitro and in vivo. These peptide-mimetic PAR(2) antagonists could be useful in evaluating PAR(2)-mediated biological events and might lead to a new generation of therapeutically useful antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanke
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company Limited, Noguchicho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Goh FG, Ng PY, Nilsson M, Kanke T, Plevin R. Dual effect of the novel peptide antagonist K-14585 on proteinase-activated receptor-2-mediated signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1695-704. [PMID: 19917067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here we have examined the effects of the novel peptide antagonist N-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-3-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]aminocarbonyl]-glycinyl-L-lysinyl-L-phenylalanyl-N-benzhydrylamide (K-14585) on proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)(2)-mediated intracellular signalling events. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using NCTC2544 cells expressing PAR(2), we assessed the effects of K-14585 on PAR(2)-mediated [(3)H] inositol phosphate accumulation, MAP kinase activation, p65 NFkappaB phosphorylation and DNA binding and IL-8 production. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with K-14585 (5 microM) inhibited [(3)H] inositol phosphate levels stimulated by PAR(2)-activating peptide Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Lys-Val (SLIGKV-OH) in PAR(2)-expressing NCTC2544 cells. K-14585 pretreatment did not influence PAR(2)-mediated extracellular regulated kinase activation but inhibited p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. At a higher concentration (30 microM), K-14585 alone stimulated p38 MAP kinase activation. These effects were replicated in EAhy926 cells, endogenously expressing PAR(2), but not in parental or PAR(4)-expressing NCTC2544 cells, suggesting these effects were PAR(2)-dependent. SLIGKV-mediated stimulation of p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was substantially reduced by the G(q/11) inhibitor YM-254890, without affecting K-14585-mediated phosphorylation. Pretreatment with K-14585 inhibited PAR(2)-mediated p65 NFkappaB phosphorylation and NFkappaB-DNA binding. K-14585 (30 microM) alone stimulated comparable NFkappaB reporter activity to SLIGKV-OH. K-14585 inhibited SLIGKV-stimulated IL-8 production, but given alone increased IL-8. While SLIGKV-induced IL-8 formation was reduced by both SB203580 and YM-254890, the response to K-14585 was sensitive to SB203580 but not YM-254890. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data reveal that K-14585 has a duality of action functioning both as an antagonist and agonist due to either partial agonist actions or possible agonist-directed signalling. The data also suggest two modes of p38 MAP kinase activation emanating from PAR(2), one G(q/11)-dependent and the other G(q/11)-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui Goon Goh
- Division of Physiology & Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Xu B, Thornton C, Tooher J, Hennessy A. Exogenous soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sFlt-1) regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production from normal placental explants via intracellular calcium. Hypertens Pregnancy 2010; 28:448-56. [PMID: 19843006 DOI: 10.3109/10641950902777721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increase of soluble VEGF-Receptor 1 (sFlt-1) is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Soluble VEGF-Receptor 1 binds to circulating free VEGF and PLGF and this cascade is associated with endothelial dysfunction, a prominent feature of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is also associated with excessive maternal response to pro-inflammatory stimuli manifesting as an imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokine production at the maternal-fetal interface. Whether increased sFlt-1 expression has any effect on placental production of Th1/Th2 cytokines IL-10 and TNF-alpha is yet to be investigated. The aim of this study is to examine if exogenous sFlt-1 can regulate Th1/Th2 cytokines IL-10 and TNF-alpha production from normal placental explants via intracellular calcium release. METHODS Placental explants were taken from the decidual surface of normal non-laboured term placentas (n = 11).Villous explants were cultured with increasing concentrations of sFlt-1. The dose effect of sFlt-1 on placental Th1 and Th2 cytokine production (TNF-alpha and IL-10) were examined. Free PLGF, VEGF and sFlt-1 concentrations in the conditioned medium were also measured. Intracellular calcium blocker, 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, tetra(acetoxymethyl)-ester (BAPTA/AM) was applied to investigate whether the changes in cytokine concentration were mediated by intracellular free calcium. RESULTS Placental IL-10 and TNF-alpha production were significantly increased after sFlt-1 incubation. The increase in IL-10 can be inhibited by BAPTA/AM. Soluble Flt-1 and free PLGF concentration in the conditioned medium was not changed. Free VEGF concentration in the conditioned medium was not detectable. CONCLUSION Exogenous sFlt-1 can increase TNF-alpha and IL-10 production from normal placental explants. The change in Th1/Th2 cytokine level may be mediated by intracellular free calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Xu
- Vascular Immunology Research Laboratory, The Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Yang YL, Serrano MG, Sheoran AS, Manque PA, Buck GA, Widmer G. Over-expression and localization of a host protein on the membrane of Cryptosporidium parvum infected epithelial cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 168:95-101. [PMID: 19631240 PMCID: PMC2752322 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genus Cryptosporidium includes several species of intestinal protozoan parasites which multiply in intestinal epithelial cells. The impact of this infection on the transcriptome of cultured host cells was investigated using DNA microarray hybridizations. The expression of 14 genes found to be consistently up- or down-regulated in infected cell monolayers was validated with RT PCR. Using immunofluorescence we examined the expression of Protease Activated Receptor-2, which is encoded by one of the up-regulated genes. In infected cells this receptor localized to the host cell membrane which covers the intracellular trophozoites and meronts. This observation indicates that the composition of the host cell membrane is affected by the developing trophozoite, a phenomenon which has not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Yang
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Dommisch H, Chung WO, Jepsen S, Hacker BM, Dale BA. Phospholipase C, p38/MAPK, and NF-kappaB-mediated induction of MIP-3alpha/CCL20 by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Innate Immun 2009; 16:226-34. [PMID: 19710093 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909339237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha/C-C chemokine ligand 20 (MIP-3alpha/CCL20) is an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in innate immunity. In addition to direct microbicidal effects, MIP-3alpha/CCL20 also exhibits cytokine-like functions that are critical during dendritic cell activation. The aim of the present study was to investigate further which signaling pathways are involved in the MIP-3alpha/CCL20 mRNA expression in response to whole-cell Porphyromonas gingivalis. Primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and the immortalized oral keratinocyte cell-line OKF6/TERT-2 were stimulated with whole-cell P. gingivalis. Prior to stimulation, GECs and OKF6/TERT-2 cells were pretreated with specific inhibitors for nuclear-factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C (PLC), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). In GECs and OKF6/TERT-2 cells, activation of NF-kappaB was examined after exposure to P. gingivalis. The gene expression of MIP-3alpha/CCL20 was significantly induced in response to P. gingivalis (P <or= 0.05) compared to unstimulated control cells. This induction was specifically blocked when cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors for NF-kappaB, MAPK, and PLC (P <or= 0.05), but not for PI3K. These results demonstrate that P. gingivalis induces the MIP-3alpha/CCL20 mRNA in a NF-kappaB-, PLC-, and MAPK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Li X, Xie LQ. Advances in the relationship between protease-activated receptors and digestive system tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:2179-2183. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i21.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs), belonging to a family of G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane-domain receptors, are widely distributed in digestive organs. PARs are highly expressed in digestive system tumors, and their expression is positively correlated with the malignancy, invasiveness and metastasis of digestive system neoplasm. PAR agonists are able to promote the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in vitro. The role of PARs in tumor cells depends on a variety of signal transduction pathways. However, the mechanism underlying their role in the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells remains unclear. In this article, we will review their role in the development and progression of digestive system tumors and the molecular mechanism underlying such role.
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Li R, Rohatgi T, Hanck T, Reiser G. Alpha A-crystallin and alpha B-crystallin, newly identified interaction proteins of protease-activated receptor-2, rescue astrocytes from C2-ceramide- and staurosporine-induced cell death. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1433-44. [PMID: 19558454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by trypsin and other trypsin-like serine proteases. The widely expressed PAR-2 is involved in inflammation response but the physiological/pathological roles of PAR-2 in the nervous system are still uncertain. In the present study, we report novel PAR-2 interaction proteins, alphaA-crystallin and alphaB-crystallin. These 20 kDa proteins have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alexander's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Results from yeast two-hybrid assay using the cytoplasmic C-tail of PAR-2 as bait suggested that alphaA-crystallin interacts with PAR-2. We further demonstrate the in vitro and cellular in vivo interaction of C-tail of PAR-2 as well as of full-length PAR-2 with alphaA(alphaB)-crystallins. We use pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and co-localization assays. Analysis of alphaA-crystallin deletion mutants showed that amino acids 120-130 and 136-154 of alphaA-crystallin are required for the interaction with PAR-2. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments ruled out an interaction of alphaA(alphaB)-crystallins with PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4. This demonstrates that alphaA(alphaB)-crystallins are PAR-2-specific interaction proteins. Moreover, we investigated the functional role of PAR-2 and alpha-crystallins in astrocytes. Evidence is presented to show that PAR-2 activation and increased expression of alpha-crystallins reduced C2-ceramide- and staurosporine-induced cell death in astrocytes. Thus, both PAR-2 and alpha-crystallins are involved in cytoprotection in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyu Li
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Neurobiochemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
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Tetracyclines modulate protease-activated receptor 2-mediated proinflammatory reactions in epidermal keratinocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1760-5. [PMID: 19258275 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01540-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their antibiotic effects, tetracyclines have anti-inflammatory action that is often beneficial in the control of inflammatory skin disorders. In this study, we examined the effects of tetracycline (TET) and two of its derivatives, doxycycline (DOX) and minocycline (MIN), on the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) elicited by the activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). In NHEK, the production of IL-8 stimulated by an agonist peptide of PAR2, SLIGKIV-NH(2), at 100 microM was significantly reduced by TET, DOX, or MIN at 5 and 10 microM, concentrations that are noncytotoxic. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced production of IL-8 was synergistically augmented by SLIGKIV-NH(2), and that synergistic increase in the production of IL-8 was suppressed by 100 nM PAR2-specific small interfering RNA. It was also suppressed by TET, DOX, or MIN but not by the 14-membered-ring macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin, which also have anti-inflammatory activities, at 10 microM. These results suggest that tetracyclines attenuate the PAR2-IL-8 axis in keratinocytes and thereby effectively modulate proinflammatory responses in the skin.
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Lin CB, Chen N, Scarpa R, Guan F, Babiarz-Magee L, Liebel F, Li WH, Kizoulis M, Shapiro S, Seiberg M. LIGR, a protease-activated receptor-2-derived peptide, enhances skin pigmentation without inducing inflammatory processes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:172-83. [PMID: 18426410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor that could be activated by serine protease cleavage or by synthetic peptide agonists. We showed earlier that activation of PAR-2 with Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (SLIGRL), a known PAR-2 activating peptide, induces keratinocyte phagocytosis and increases skin pigmentation, indicating that PAR-2 regulates pigmentation by controlling phagocytosis of melanosomes. Here, we show that Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-NH(2) (LIGR) can also induce skin pigmentation. Both SLIGRL and LIGR increased melanin deposition in vitro and in vivo, and visibly darkened human skins grafted onto severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. Both SLIGRL and LIGR stimulated Rho-GTP activation resulting in keratinocyte phagocytosis. Interestingly, LIGR activates only a subset of the PAR-2 signaling pathways, and unlike SLIGRL, it does not induce inflammatory processes. LIGR did not affect many PAR-2 signaling pathways, including [Ca(2+)] mobilization, cAMP induction, the induction of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the secretion of prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and -8. PAR-2 siRNA inhibited LIGR-induced phagocytosis, indicating that LIGR signals via PAR-2. Our data suggest that LIGR is a more specific regulator of PAR-2-induced pigmentation relative to SLIGRL. Therefore, enhancing skin pigmentation by topical applications of LIGR may result in a desired tanned-like skin color, without enhancing inflammatory processes, and without the need of UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Lin
- The Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, Consumer Product Worldwide, A division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Rd., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
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G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways regulate proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediated p65 NFκB serine 536 phosphorylation in human keratinocytes. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nakano T, Andoh T, Tayama M, Kosaka M, Lee JB, Kuraishi Y. Effects of topical application of tacrolimus on acute itch-associated responses in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:752-4. [PMID: 18379077 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using mice, we examined whether the topical application of tacrolimus would produce an acute anti-pruritic effect. An itch-related response, scratching, was elicited by intradermal injections of mosquito allergen (10 microg/site) in sensitized mice and SLIGRL-NH2 (protease-activated receptor-2 agonist, 50 nmol/site), histamine (100 nmol/site), serotonin (100 nmol/site) and substance P (100 nmol/site) in naive ones. Topical application of 1%, but neither 0.1% nor 0.3%, tacrolimus to the skin 1 h before injection inhibited scratching induced by mosquito allergen and SLIGRL-NH2, without effects on scratching induced by histamine, serotonin, and substance P. Topical tacrolimus also inhibited licking induced by an intraplantar injection of capsaicin (0.1 microg/site). These results suggest that topical tacrolimus exerts acute inhibitory effects on allergic and protease-activated receptor-2-mediated itching. Though precise mechanisms remain unclear, the action on sensory neurons expressing protease-activated receptor-2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 capsaicin receptor may be involved in the inhibitory effects of tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nakano
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Lohman RJ, O'Brien TJ, Cocks TM. Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates trypsin expression in the brain and protects against seizures and epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Vroling AB, Jonker MJ, Luiten S, Breit TM, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM. Primary Nasal Epithelium Exposed to House Dust Mite Extract Shows Activated Expression in Allergic Individuals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 38:293-9. [PMID: 17901406 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0278oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal epithelial cells form the outermost protective layer against environmental factors. However, this defense is not just physical; it has been shown that epithelial cells respond by the production of inflammatory mediators that may affect local immune responses. In this research we set out to characterize potential differences between the responses of nasal epithelium from healthy and allergic individuals to house dust mite (HDM) allergen. These differences will help us to define local mechanisms that could contribute to allergic disease expression. Epithelial cells were cultured from nasal biopsies taken from five healthy and five allergic individuals. These cultures were exposed for 24 hours to culture medium containing HDM allergen, or to culture medium alone. Isolated RNA was used for microarray analysis. Gene-ontology of the response in healthy epithelium revealed mainly up-regulation of chemokines, growth factors, and structural proteins. Moreover, we saw increased expression of two transcription factors (NF-kappaB and AP-1) and their regulatory members. The expression pattern of epithelium from allergic individuals in the absence of the HDM stimulus suggests that it is already in an activated state. Most striking is that, while the already activated NF-kappaB regulatory pathway remained unchanged in allergic epithelium, the AP-1 pathway is down-regulated upon exposure to HDM allergen; this is contrary to what we see in healthy epithelium. Clear differences in the expression pattern exist between epithelial cells isolated from healthy and allergic individuals at baseline and between their responses to allergen exposure; these differences may contribute to the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram B Vroling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Effect of 14-membered-ring macrolides on production of interleukin-8 mediated by protease-activated receptor 2 in human keratinocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1538-41. [PMID: 18212111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00140-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of interleukin-8 induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 2 and its synergism with interleukin-1beta were modulated by 14-membered-ring macrolides, namely, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin, in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Those macrolides may attenuate the protease-activated receptor 2-interleukin-8 axis and thereby modulate proinflammatory responses in the skin.
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Proteinases and signalling: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications via PARs and more. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S263-82. [PMID: 18059329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and tissue kallikreins are now known to regulate cell signaling by cleaving and activating a novel family of G-protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PARs 1-4) via exposure of a tethered receptor-triggering ligand. On their own, short synthetic PAR-selective PAR-activating peptides (PAR-APs) mimicking the tethered ligand sequences can activate PARs 1, 2 and 4 and cause physiological responses both in vitro and in vivo. Using the PAR-APs as sentinel probes in vivo, it has been found that PAR activation can affect the vascular, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems (both central and peripheral nervous system) and can promote cancer metastasis and invasion. In general, responses triggered by PARs 1, 2 and 4 are in keeping with an innate immune inflammatory response, ranging from vasodilatation to intestinal inflammation, increased cytokine production and increased or decreased nociception. Further, PARs have been implicated in a number of disease states, including cancer and inflammation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and nervous systems. In addition to activating PARs, proteinases can cause hormone-like effects by other signalling mechanisms, like growth factor receptor activation, that may be as important as the activation of PARs. We, therefore, propose that the PARs themselves, their activating serine proteinases and their associated signalling pathways can be considered as attractive targets for therapeutic drug development. Thus, proteinases in general must now be considered as 'hormone-like' messengers that can signal either via PARs or other mechanisms.
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41
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Afkhami-Goli A, Noorbakhsh F, Keller AJ, Vergnolle N, Westaway D, Jhamandas JH, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Arab H, Dyck RH, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 exerts protective and pathogenic cell type-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5493-503. [PMID: 17911636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a novel family of G protein-coupled receptors, and their effects in neurodegenerative diseases remain uncertain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder defined by misfolded protein accumulation with concurrent neuroinflammation and neuronal death. We report suppression of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) expression in neurons of brains from AD patients, whereas PAR2 expression was increased in proximate glial cells, together with up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and reduced IL-4 expression (p < 0.05). Glial PAR2 activation increased expression of formyl peptide receptor-2 (p < 0.01), a cognate receptor for a fibrillar 42-aa form of beta-amyloid (Abeta(1-42)), enhanced microglia-mediated proinflammatory responses, and suppressed astrocytic IL-4 expression, resulting in neuronal death (p < 0.05). Conversely, neuronal PAR2 activation protected human neurons against the toxic effects of Abeta(1-42) (p < 0.05), a key component of AD neuropathogenesis. Amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice, displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein and IL-4 induction (p < 0.05) in the absence of proinflammatory gene up-regulation and neuronal injury, whereas PAR2 was up-regulated at this early stage of disease progression. PAR2-deficient mice, after hippocampal Abeta(1-42) implantation, exhibited enhanced IL-4 induction and less neuroinflammation (p < 0.05), together with improved neurobehavioral outcomes (p < 0.05). Thus, PAR2 exerted protective properties in neurons, but its activation in glia was pathogenic with secretion of neurotoxic factors and suppression of astrocytic anti-inflammatory mechanisms contributing to Abeta(1-42)-mediated neurodegeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Alzheimer Disease/etiology
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/toxicity
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Rats
- Receptor, PAR-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoxin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Afkhami-Goli
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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42
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Vesey DA, Kruger WA, Poronnik P, Gobé GC, Johnson DW. Proinflammatory and proliferative responses of human proximal tubule cells to PAR-2 activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1441-9. [PMID: 17699557 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00088.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundant expression of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 in the kidney, its relevance to renal physiology is not well understood. A role for this receptor in inflammation and cell proliferation has recently been suggested in nonrenal tissues. The aims of this study were to demonstrate that human proximal tubule cells (PTC) express functional PAR-2 and to investigate whether its activation can mediate proinflammatory and proliferative responses in these cells. Primary human PTC were cultured under serum-free conditions with or without the PAR-2-activating peptide SLIGKV-NH2 (up to 800 microM), a control peptide, VKGILS-NH2 (200 microM), or trypsin (0.01-100 nM). PAR-2 expression (RT-PCR), intracellular Ca2+ mobilization (fura-2 fluorimetry), DNA synthesis (thymidine incorporation), fibronectin production (ELISA, Western blotting), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 secretion (ELISA) were measured. Trypsinogen expression in kidney and PTC cultures was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In the kidney PTC were the predominant cell type expressing PAR-2. SLIGKV-NH2, but not VKGILS-NH2, stimulated a rapid concentration-dependent mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and, by 24 h, increases in DNA synthesis, fibronectin secretion, and MCP-1 secretion. These delayed responses appeared to be independent of ERK1/2. Trypsin produced similar rapid but not delayed responses. Trypsinogen was weakly expressed by PTC in the kidney and in culture. In summary, PTC are the main site of PAR-2 expression in the human kidney. In PTC cultures SLIGKV-NH2 initiates proinflammatory and proliferative responses. Trypsinogen expressed within the kidney has the potential to contribute to PAR-2 activation in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vesey
- 1Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia.
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Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M, Chapman K, Cottrell G, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Barbara G, Beck P, Bunnett NW, Sharkey KA, Ferraz JGP, Shaffer E, Vergnolle N. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:636-47. [PMID: 17304351 PMCID: PMC1794118 DOI: 10.1172/jci29255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediators involved in the generation of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are poorly understood. Here we show that colonic biopsy samples from IBS patients release increased levels of proteolytic activity (arginine cleavage) compared to asymptomatic controls. This was dependent on the activation of NF-kappaB. In addition, increased proteolytic activity was measured in vivo, in colonic washes from IBS compared with control patients. Trypsin and tryptase expression and release were increased in colonic biopsies from IBS patients compared with control subjects. Biopsies from IBS patients (but not controls) released mediators that sensitized murine sensory neurons in culture. Sensitization was prevented by a serine protease inhibitor and was absent in neurons lacking functional protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). Supernatants from colonic biopsies of IBS patients, but not controls, also caused somatic and visceral hyperalgesia and allodynia in mice, when administered into the colon. These pronociceptive effects were inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and a PAR2 antagonist and were absent in PAR2-deficient mice. Our study establishes that proteases are released in IBS and that they can directly stimulate sensory neurons and generate hypersensitivity symptoms through the activation of PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cenac
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graeme Cottrell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Andrade-Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jose Geraldo P. Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eldon Shaffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Departments of Surgery and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Dermatology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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44
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Vesey DA, Hooper JD, Gobe GC, Johnson DW. Potential physiological and pathophysiological roles for protease-activated receptor-2 in the kidney (Review Article). Nephrology (Carlton) 2007; 12:36-43. [PMID: 17295659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), the second of four members of a unique subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors, is abundantly expressed in the kidney. In a similar manner to other PAR cleavage of its extracellular N-terminus exposes a tethered ligand, SLIGKV in humans, which acts as an intramolecular ligand to activate itself. In the kidney, PAR-2 expression has been variably reported in collecting duct cells, mesangial cells, interstitial fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and proximal tubular cells. Despite this renal expression data, the function of PAR-2 in the kidney remains unknown. More than 15 different mammalian serine proteases have been shown to activate PAR-2 in an in vitro setting, but it is still unclear which of these are physiologically relevant activators of PAR-2 in specific tissues. Their identification could provide novel therapeutic targets. PAR-2 activates a number of down-stream signalling molecules that include protein kinase C, extracellular signal regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-B. Proteases that can activate PAR-2 are generated and released from cells during injury, inflammation and malignancy and can thus signal to cells under these conditions. Potential physiological and pathophysiological roles for PAR-2 in the kidney include the regulation of inflammation, blood flow, and ion transport and tissue protection, repair and fibrosis. In this review the potential roles of PAR-2 in the kidney are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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45
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Hatziieremia S, Gray AI, Ferro VA, Paul A, Plevin R. The effects of cardamonin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory protein production and MAP kinase and NFkappaB signalling pathways in monocytes/macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:188-98. [PMID: 16894344 PMCID: PMC2013802 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In this study we examined the effect of the natural product cardamonin, upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory gene expression in order to attempt to pinpoint the mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES Cardamonin was isolated from the Greek plant A. absinthium L. Its effects were assessed on LPS-induced nitrite release and iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in two macrophage cell lines. Western blotting was used to investigate its effects on phosphorylation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinase, and activation of the NFkappaB pathway, at the level of IkappaBalpha degradation and phosphorylation of NFkappaB. Also its effects on NFkappaB and GAS/GAF-DNA binding were assessed by EMSA. KEY RESULTS Cardamonin concentration-dependently inhibited both NO release and iNOS expression but had no effect on COX-2 expression. It did not affect phosphorylation of the MAP kinases, degradation of IkappaBalpha or phosphorylation of NFkappaB. However, it inhibited NFkappaB DNA-binding in both LPS-stimulated cells and nuclear extracts of the cells (in vitro). It also inhibited IFNgamma-stimulated iNOS induction and GAS/GAF-DNA binding. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results show that the inhibitory effect of cardamonin on LPS-induced iNOS induction is not mediated via effects on the initial activation of the NFkappaB or MAP kinase pathways but is due to a direct effect on transcription factor binding to DNA. However, although some selectivity in cardamonin's action is implicated by its inability to affect COX-2 expression, its exact mechanism(s) of action has yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hatziieremia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
| | - A I Gray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
| | - V A Ferro
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Science Glasgow, UK
| | - A Paul
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Science Glasgow, UK
| | - R Plevin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Science Glasgow, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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