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Andrabi SM, Sharma NS, Karan A, Shahriar SMS, Cordon B, Ma B, Xie J. Nitric Oxide: Physiological Functions, Delivery, and Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303259. [PMID: 37632708 PMCID: PMC10602574 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that has a central role in signaling pathways involved in numerous physiological processes (e.g., vasodilation, neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor growth). Due to its gaseous form, NO has a short half-life, and its physiology role is concentration dependent, often restricting its function to a target site. Providing NO from an external source is beneficial in promoting cellular functions and treatment of different pathological conditions. Hence, the multifaceted role of NO in physiology and pathology has garnered massive interest in developing strategies to deliver exogenous NO for the treatment of various regenerative and biomedical complexities. NO-releasing platforms or donors capable of delivering NO in a controlled and sustained manner to target tissues or organs have advanced in the past few decades. This review article discusses in detail the generation of NO via the enzymatic functions of NO synthase as well as from NO donors and the multiple biological and pathological processes that NO modulates. The methods for incorporating of NO donors into diverse biomaterials including physical, chemical, or supramolecular techniques are summarized. Then, these NO-releasing platforms are highlighted in terms of advancing treatment strategies for various medical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muntazir Andrabi
- Department of Surgery‐Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine ProgramCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - Navatha Shree Sharma
- Department of Surgery‐Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine ProgramCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - Anik Karan
- Department of Surgery‐Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine ProgramCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - S. M. Shatil Shahriar
- Department of Surgery‐Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine ProgramCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - Brent Cordon
- Department of Surgery‐Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine ProgramCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Cell Therapy Manufacturing FacilityMedStar Georgetown University HospitalWashington, DC2007USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery‐Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine ProgramCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringCollege of EngineeringUniversity of Nebraska LincolnLincolnNE68588USA
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2
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Cross-Regulation of the Cellular Redox System, Oxygen, and Sphingolipid Signalling. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030426. [PMID: 36984866 PMCID: PMC10054022 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-active mediators are now appreciated as powerful molecules to regulate cellular dynamics such as viability, proliferation, migration, cell contraction, and relaxation, as well as gene expression under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. These molecules include the various reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO∙), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). For each of these molecules, direct targets have been identified which transmit the signal from the cellular redox state to a cellular response. Besides these redox mediators, various sphingolipid species have turned out as highly bioactive with strong signalling potential. Recent data suggest that there is a cross-regulation existing between the redox mediators and sphingolipid molecules that have a fundamental impact on a cell’s fate and organ function. This review will summarize the effects of the different redox-active mediators on sphingolipid signalling and metabolism, and the impact of this cross-talk on pathophysiological processes. The relevance of therapeutic approaches will be highlighted.
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3
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Roux-Biejat P, Coazzoli M, Marrazzo P, Zecchini S, Di Renzo I, Prata C, Napoli A, Moscheni C, Giovarelli M, Barbalace MC, Catalani E, Bassi MT, De Palma C, Cervia D, Malaguti M, Hrelia S, Clementi E, Perrotta C. Acid Sphingomyelinase Controls Early Phases of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Shaping the Macrophage Phenotype. Cells 2021; 10:3028. [PMID: 34831250 PMCID: PMC8616363 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process involving crosstalk between immune cells and myogenic precursor cells, i.e., satellite cells. In this scenario, macrophage recruitment in damaged muscles is a mandatory step for tissue repair since pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages promote the activation of satellite cells, stimulating their proliferation and then, after switching into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, they prompt satellite cells' differentiation into myotubes and resolve inflammation. Here, we show that acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism, is activated after skeletal muscle injury induced in vivo by the injection of cardiotoxin. ASMase ablation shortens the early phases of skeletal muscle regeneration without affecting satellite cell behavior. Of interest, ASMase regulates the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages in the injured muscles so that the absence of the enzyme reduces inflammation. The analysis of macrophage populations indicates that these events depend on the altered polarization of M1 macrophages towards an M2 phenotype. Our results unravel a novel role of ASMase in regulating immune response during muscle regeneration/repair and suggest ASMase as a supplemental therapeutic target in conditions of redundant inflammation that impairs muscle recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Roux-Biejat
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Marco Coazzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Pasquale Marrazzo
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Napoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Matteo Giovarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Cristina Barbalace
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “Eugenio Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
| | - Clara De Palma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milano, Italy;
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.B.); (M.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “Eugenio Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (P.R.-B.); (M.C.); (S.Z.); (I.D.R.); (A.N.); (C.M.); (M.G.); (E.C.)
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4
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Perrotta C, Cervia D, Di Renzo I, Moscheni C, Bassi MT, Campana L, Martelli C, Catalani E, Giovarelli M, Zecchini S, Coazzoli M, Capobianco A, Ottobrini L, Lucignani G, Rosa P, Rovere-Querini P, De Palma C, Clementi E. Nitric Oxide Generated by Tumor-Associated Macrophages Is Responsible for Cancer Resistance to Cisplatin and Correlated With Syntaxin 4 and Acid Sphingomyelinase Inhibition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1186. [PMID: 29896202 PMCID: PMC5987706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is fundamental for cancer progression and chemoresistance. Among stromal cells tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest population of infiltrating inflammatory cells in malignant tumors, promoting their growth, invasion, and immune evasion. M2-polarized TAMs are endowed with the nitric oxide (NO)-generating enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). NO has divergent effects on tumors, since it can either stimulate tumor cells growth or promote their death depending on the source of it; likewise the role of iNOS in cancer differs depending on the cell type. The role of NO generated by TAMs has not been investigated. Using different tumor models in vitro and in vivo we found that NO generated by iNOS of M2-polarized TAMs is able to protect tumor cells from apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (CDDP). Here, we demonstrate that the protective effect of NO depends on the inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), which is activated by CDDP in a pathway involving the death receptor CD95. Mechanistic insights indicate that NO actions occur via generation of cyclic GMP and activation of protein kinase G (PKG), inducing phosphorylation of syntaxin 4 (synt4), a SNARE protein responsible for A-SMase trafficking and activation. Noteworthy, phosphorylation of synt4 at serine 78 by PKG is responsible for the proteasome-dependent degradation of synt4, which limits the CDDP-induced exposure of A-SMase to the plasma membrane of tumor cells. This inhibits the cytotoxic mechanism of CDDP reducing A-SMase-triggered apoptosis. This is the first demonstration that endogenous NO system is a key mechanism through which TAMs protect tumor cells from chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. The identification of the pathway responsible for A-SMase activity downregulation in tumors leading to chemoresistance warrants further investigations as a means to identify new anti-cancer molecules capable of specifically inhibiting synt4 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lara Campana
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Matteo Giovarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "L. Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Coazzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capobianco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,CNR-Institute for Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rosa
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine Pharmacology, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "L. Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- "Eugenio Medea" Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "L. Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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5
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ATF3 reduces migration capacity by regulation of matrix metalloproteinases via NF κB and STAT3 inhibition in glioblastoma. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17006. [PMID: 28250971 PMCID: PMC5327503 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is associated with poor survival and a high recurrence rate in patients due to inevitable uncontrolled infiltrative tumor growth. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms may offer opportunities to prevent relapses. In this study we investigated the role of the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in migration of GBM cells in vitro. RNA microarray revealed that gene expression of ATF3 is induced by a variety of chemotherapeutics and experimental agents such as the nitric oxide donor JS-K (O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate). We found NFκB and STAT3 to be downstream targets inhibited by overexpression of ATF3. We demonstrate that ATF3 is directly involved in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression and activation. Overexpression of ATF3 therefore leads to a significantly reduced migration capacity and induction of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Our study for the first time identifies ATF3 as a potential novel therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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6
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Günzle J, Osterberg N, Saavedra JE, Weyerbrock A. Nitric oxide released from JS-K induces cell death by mitotic catastrophe as part of necrosis in glioblastoma multiforme. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2349. [PMID: 27584787 PMCID: PMC5059858 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) donor JS-K is specifically activated by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in GST-overexpressing cells. We have shown the induction of cell death in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells at high JS-K doses but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether NO-induced cell death is triggered by induction of apoptotic or necrotic pathways. For the first time, we demonstrate that NO induces cell death via mitotic catastrophe (MC) with non-apoptotic mechanisms in GBM cells. Moreover, the level of morphological changes indicating MC correlates with increased necrosis. Therefore, we conclude that MC is the main mechanism by which GBM cells undergo cell death after treatment with JS-K associated with necrosis rather than apoptosis. In addition, we show that PARP1 is not an exclusive marker for late apoptosis but is also involved in MC. Activating an alternative way of cell death can be useful for the multimodal cancer therapy of GBM known for its strong anti-apoptotic mechanisms and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Günzle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64 Freiburg, D-79106, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Nadja Osterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64 Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
| | - Joseph E Saavedra
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 567, Room 254, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64 Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
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7
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Perrotta C, Cervia D, De Palma C, Assi E, Pellegrino P, Bassi MT, Clementi E. The emerging role of acid sphingomyelinase in autophagy. Apoptosis 2015; 20:635-44. [PMID: 25666706 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the main intracellular process of cytoplasmic material degradation, is involved in cell survival and death. Autophagy is regulated at various levels and novel modulators of its function are being continuously identified. An intriguing recent observation is that among these modulators is the sphingolipid metabolising enzyme, Acid Sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), already known to play a fundamental role in apoptotic cell death participating in several pathophysiological conditions. In this review we analyse and discuss the relationship between autophagy and A-SMase describing how A-SMase may regulate it and defining, for the first time, the existence of an A-SMase-autophagy axis. The imbalance of this axis plays a role in cancer, nervous system, cardiovascular, and hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
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8
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Tapia-Limonchi R, Díaz I, Cahuana GM, Bautista M, Martín F, Soria B, Tejedo JR, Bedoya FJ. Impact of exposure to low concentrations of nitric oxide on protein profile in murine and human pancreatic islet cells. Islets 2014; 6:e995997. [PMID: 25658244 PMCID: PMC4398281 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2014.995997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic levels of nitric oxide (NO) protect efficiently against apoptotic death in both human and rodent pancreatic β cells, but the protein profile of this action remains to be determined. We have applied a 2 dimensional LC-MS-MALDI-TOF/TOF-based analysis to study the impact of protective NO in rat insulin-producing RINm5F cell line and in mouse and human pancreatic islets (HPI) exposed to serum deprivation condition. 24 proteins in RINm5F and 22 in HPI were identified to undergo changes in at least one experimental condition. These include stress response mitochondrial proteins (UQCRC2, VDAC1, ATP5C1, ATP5A1) in RINm5F cells and stress response endoplasmic reticulum proteins (HSPA5, PDIA6, VCP, GANAB) in HPI. In addition, metabolic and structural proteins, oxidoreductases and chaperones related with protein metabolism are also regulated by NO treatment. Network analysis of differentially expressed proteins shows their interaction in glucocorticoid receptor and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathways and eNOS signaling. The results indicate that exposure to exogenous NO counteracts the impact of serum deprivation on pancreatic β cell proteome. Species differences in the proteins involved are apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tapia-Limonchi
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Gladys M Cahuana
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Mario Bautista
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)-Fundación Progreso y Salud; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Juan R Tejedo
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Bedoya
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
- Correspondence to: Francisco J. Bedoya;
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9
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Bizzozero L, Cazzato D, Cervia D, Assi E, Simbari F, Pagni F, De Palma C, Monno A, Verdelli C, Querini PR, Russo V, Clementi E, Perrotta C. Acid sphingomyelinase determines melanoma progression and metastatic behaviour via the microphtalmia-associated transcription factor signalling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:507-20. [PMID: 24317198 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a rapidly growing and highly metastatic cancer with high mortality rates, for which a resolutive treatment is lacking. Identification of novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers of tumour stage is thus of particular relevance. We report here on a novel biomarker and possible candidate therapeutic target, the sphingolipid metabolising enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase). A-SMase expression correlates inversely with tumour stage in human melanoma biopsies. Studies in a mouse model of melanoma and on cell lines derived from mouse and human melanomas demonstrated that A-SMase levels of expression actually determine the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells in terms of pigmentation, tumour progression, invasiveness and metastatic ability. The action of A-SMase is mediated by the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the subsequent proteasomal degradation of the Microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, Bcl-2 and c-Met, downstream targets of Mitf involved in tumour cell proliferation, survival and metastatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bizzozero
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - D Cazzato
- 1] Scientific Institute IRCCS E Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy [2] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D Cervia
- 1] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy [2] Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - E Assi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Simbari
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Pagni
- Department of Pathology, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - C De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Monno
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - C Verdelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P R Querini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - V Russo
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Clementi
- 1] Scientific Institute IRCCS E Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy [2] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - C Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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10
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Allosteric modulation of beta1 integrin function induces lung tissue repair. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2012; 2012:768720. [PMID: 22505883 PMCID: PMC3299389 DOI: 10.1155/2012/768720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton, adhesion receptors, extracellular matrix composition, and their spatial distribution are together fundamental in a cell's balanced mechanical sensing of its environment. We show that, in lung injury, extracellular matrix-integrin interactions are altered and this leads to signalling alteration and mechanical missensing. The missensing, secondary to matrix alteration and cell surface receptor alterations, leads to increased cellular stiffness, injury, and death. We have identified a monoclonal antibody against β1 integrin which caused matrix remodelling and enhancement of cell survival. The antibody acts as an allosteric dual agonist/antagonist modulator of β1 integrin. Intriguingly, this antibody reversed both functional and structural tissue injury in an animal model of degenerative disease in lung.
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11
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Ryanodine receptor leak mediated by caspase-8 activation leads to left ventricular injury after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13258-63. [PMID: 21788490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100286108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemic disease is the major cause of death worldwide. After myocardial infarction, reperfusion of infracted heart has been an important objective of strategies to improve outcomes. However, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is characterized by inflammation, arrhythmias, cardiomyocyte damage, and, at the cellular level, disturbance in Ca(2+) and redox homeostasis. In this study, we sought to determine how acute inflammatory response contributes to reperfusion injury and Ca(2+) homeostasis disturbance after acute ischemia. Using a rat model of I/R, we show that circulating levels of TNF-α and cardiac caspase-8 activity were increased within 6 h of reperfusion, leading to myocardial nitric oxide and mitochondrial ROS production. At 1 and 15 d after reperfusion, caspase-8 activation resulted in S-nitrosylation of the RyR2 and depletion of calstabin2 from the RyR2 complex, resulting in diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) leak. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 before reperfusion with Q-LETD-OPh or prevention of calstabin2 depletion from the RyR2 complex with the Ca(2+) channel stabilizer S107 ("rycal") inhibited the SR Ca(2+) leak, reduced ventricular arrhythmias, infarct size, and left ventricular remodeling after 15 d of reperfusion. TNF-α-induced caspase-8 activation leads to leaky RyR2 channels that contribute to myocardial remodeling after I/R. Thus, early prevention of SR Ca(2+) leak trough normalization of RyR2 function is cardioprotective.
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12
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Bandaru VVR, Patel N, Ewaleifoh O, Haughey NJ. A failure to normalize biochemical and metabolic insults during morphine withdrawal disrupts synaptic repair in mice transgenic for HIV-gp120. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:640-9. [PMID: 21748284 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse in HIV-infected individuals accelerates the onset and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Opiates are a class of commonly abused drugs that have interactive effects with neurotoxic HIV proteins that facilitate glial dysfunction, neuronal damage and death. While the combined effects of neurotoxic HIV proteins and morphine have been extensively studied in the setting of chronic and acute morphine use, very little in known about the effects of HIV proteins during drug withdrawal. Since opiate withdrawal can induce considerable neuronal stress, we determined the effects of opiates (morphine) on brain redox balance, sphingolipid metabolism and synaptic integrity during both chronic and withdrawal conditions in non-transgenic mice (nTg), and in mice transgenic for the HIV-coat protein gp120 (gp120tg). In nTg mice, we found that chronic morphine increased brain oxidative capacity and induced synaptic damage that was largely reversed during drug withdrawal. Gp120tg mice showed a similar response to chronic morphine, but the diminished oxidative capacity and synaptic damage failed to normalize during drug withdrawal. In nTg mice, brain sphingolipid content was not affected by morphine during chronic or withdrawal conditions. In gp120tg mice there was a baseline perturbation in sphingolipid metabolism that manifest as decreased sphingomyelin with accumulations of the bioactive lipid ceramide. Sphingolipid metabolism was highly reactive to morphine in gp120tg mice. Chronic morphine increased sphingomyelin content with a consequent reduction in ceramide. During drug withdrawal, these effects reversed, and sphingomyelin levels were reduced with consequent increases of ceramide. We interpret these findings to suggest that neuronal repair during morphine withdrawal is inhibited in the setting of gp120 by mechanisms that involve sustained oxidative insult and accumulations of the highly reactive intermediate ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Venkata Ratnam Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-109, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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13
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Truman JP, Al Gadban MM, Smith KJ, Hammad SM. Acid sphingomyelinase in macrophage biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3293-305. [PMID: 21533981 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in innate immune responses, in disposal of cholesterol, and in tissue homeostasis and remodeling. To perform these vital functions macrophages display high endosomal/lysosomal activities. Recent studies have highlighted that acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), which generates ceramide from sphingomyelin, is involved in modulation of membrane structures and signal transduction in addition to its metabolic role in the lysosome. In this review, we bring together studies on ASMase, its different forms and locations that are necessary for the macrophage to accomplish its diverse functions. We also address the importance of ASMase to several disease processes that are mediated by activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philip Truman
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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14
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Perrotta C, Bizzozero L, Cazzato D, Morlacchi S, Assi E, Simbari F, Zhang Y, Gulbins E, Bassi MT, Rosa P, Clementi E. Syntaxin 4 is required for acid sphingomyelinase activity and apoptotic function. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40240-51. [PMID: 20956541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) is an important enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism and plays key roles in apoptosis, immunity, development, and cancer. In addition, it mediates cytotoxicity of cisplatin and some other chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism of A-SMase activation is still undefined. We now demonstrate that, upon CD95 stimulation, A-SMase is activated through translocation from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane in an exocytic pathway requiring the t-SNARE protein syntaxin 4. Indeed, down-regulation of syntaxin 4 inhibits A-SMase translocation and activation induced by CD95 stimulation. This leads to inhibition of the CD95-triggered signaling events, including caspase 3 and 9 activation and apoptosis, activation of the survival pathway involving the protein kinase Akt, and important changes in cell cycle and proliferation. The molecular interaction between A-SMase and syntaxin 4 was not known and clarifies the mechanism of A-SMase activation. The novel actions of syntaxin 4 in sphingolipid metabolism and exocytosis we describe here define signaling mechanisms of broad relevance in cell pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Luigi Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
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15
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Lu CY, Li CC, Liu KL, Tsai CW, Lii CK, Chen HW. Docosahexaenoic acid down-regulates phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P450 2B1 gene expression in rat primary hepatocytes via the sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:338-44. [PMID: 19427778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) regulates the expression of cytochrome P450 2B1 (CYP 2B1) in rat primary hepatocytes in response to xenobiotics. Ceramide, a lipid signaling molecule, is involved in various physiological processes and can be generated by the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin via sphingomyelinase (SMase). DHA activates SMase and increases ceramide formation in vitro. Ceramides differentially enhance adenylyl cyclase activity in vitro depending on the chain length of their fatty acids. In addition, the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway down-regulates CYP 2B1 expression induced by phenobarbital (PB). In the present study, we determined the effect of DHA on SMase transactivation and the downstream pathway in CYP 2B1 expression induced by PB. SMase was activated by DHA 2 h after treatment, and D609 (an SMase inhibitor) attenuated the inhibition of PB-induced CYP 2B1 expression by DHA. Ceramide formation reached a maximum 3 h after DHA administration. C2-ceramide dose-dependently inhibited PB-induced CYP 2B1 expression and increased intracellular cAMP concentrations. SQ22536 (an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor) and H89 (a PKA-specific inhibitor) partially reversed the inhibition of PB-induced CYP 2B1 expression by C2-ceramide. These results suggest that stimulation of SMase, generation of ceramide and activation of the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway are involved in the inhibition exerted by DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yang Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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16
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Martínez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Reactive nitrogen species: molecular mechanisms and potential significance in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:669-702. [PMID: 19014277 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are various nitric oxide-derived compounds, including nitroxyl anion, nitrosonium cation, higher oxides of nitrogen, S-nitrosothiols, and dinitrosyl iron complexes. RNS have been recognized as playing a crucial role in the physiologic regulation of many, if not all, living cells, such as smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, platelets, and nervous and juxtaglomerular cells. They possess pleiotropic properties on cellular targets after both posttranslational modifications and interactions with reactive oxygen species. Elevated levels of RNS have been implicated in cell injury and death by inducing nitrosative stress. The aim of this comprehensive review is to address the mechanisms of formation and removal of RNS, highlighting their potential cellular targets: lipids, DNA, and proteins. The specific importance of RNS and their paradoxic effects, depending on their local concentration under physiologic conditions, is underscored. An increasing number of compounds that modulate RNS processing or targets are being identified. Such compounds are now undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluations in the treatment of pathologies associated with RNS-induced cellular damage. Future research should help to elucidate the involvement of RNS in the therapeutic effect of drugs used to treat neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Martínez
- INSERM, U771, CNRS UMR, 6214, and Université d' Angers, Angers, France
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17
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Perrotta C, De Palma C, Clementi E. Nitric oxide and sphingolipids: mechanisms of interaction and role in cellular pathophysiology. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1391-7. [PMID: 18783333 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a short-lived messenger with pleiotropic roles in the regulation of cell patho-physiological processes, including survival, death, proliferation and differentiation. Increasing evidence over the last few years has shown that nitric oxide effects in apoptosis, growth and differentiation originate in significant part from its interplay with signalling members of the sphingolipid family. In many cell types belonging to different lineages, nitric oxide and sphingolipids interact in two-way pathways leading to regulation of the activity and expression of enzymes involved in each other's signalling events. These crosstalk signalling events involve various sphingolipids, with key roles for ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and signal transduction molecules downstream of nitric oxide, with cyclic GMP as a main player. The biological implications of some of these interactions are now being understood. The best-characterised so far, the mutual regulation of sphingomyelinases and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, acts as a tuning system in crucial patho-physiological processes such as inflammation, proliferation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, I-20132 Milano, Italy
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18
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De Palma C, Falcone S, Panzeri C, Radice S, Bassi MT, Clementi E. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression by neuronal cells in neurodegeneration: a link between inflammation and neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2008; 106:193-204. [PMID: 18422522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The roles of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases in neurones have been extensively investigated; by contrast, the biological significance of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) overexpression that occurs in several pathological conditions has not yet been studied. We have started addressing this issue in a cell model of neurodegeneration, i.e. human SKNBE neuroblastoma cells transfected with a mutant form of alsin, a protein causing an early-onset type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS2. We found that eNOS, which is endogenously expressed by these cells, was activated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in ALS2 and several neurodegenerative diseases. The TNF-alpha-dependent eNOS activation occurred through generation, by sphingosine-kinase-1, of sphingosine-1-phosphate, stimulation of its membrane receptors and activation of Akt, as determined using small interference RNA and dominant negative constructs specific for the enzymes and receptors. eNOS activation by TNF-alpha conferred cytoprotection from excitotoxicity and neurotoxic cues such as reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage, and mutated alsin itself. Our results suggest that overexpression of eNOS by neurones is a broad-range protective mechanism activated during damage and establish a link of pathophysiological relevance between this enzyme and inflammation accompanying neurodegenerative diseases. These findings also question the concept that high NO output in the presence of oxidative stress leads always to peroxynitrite formation contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara De Palma
- Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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19
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Involvement of nitric oxide in the promotion of cell survival by ceramide 1-phosphate. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2263-9. [PMID: 18510950 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play vital roles in inflammatory responses, and their number at sites of inflammation is strictly regulated by cell death and division. Here, we demonstrate that production of nitric oxide (NO) is a major mechanism whereby ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) blocks apoptosis in macrophages. However, NO failed to stimulate macrophage proliferation. The prosurvival effect of C1P was blocked by inhibitors of inducible NO synthase. The antiapoptotic effect of C1P was also blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors. Moreover, NO reversed the inhibitory effect of C1P on acid sphingomyelinase, but the prosurvival effect of C1P was independent of this action.
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20
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Dash PR, McCormick J, Thomson MJCB, Johnstone AP, Cartwright JE, Whitley GS. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis is regulated by nitric oxide through the inhibition of fas receptor clustering and the nitrosylation of protein kinase Cε. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3421-31. [PMID: 17761163 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis induced by the death-inducing ligand FasL (CD95L) is a major mechanism of cell death. Trophoblast cells express the Fas receptor yet survive in an environment that is rich in the ligand. We report that basal nitric oxide (NO) production is responsible for the resistance of trophoblasts to FasL-induced apoptosis. In this study we demonstrate that basal NO production resulted in the inhibition of receptor clustering following ligand binding. In addition NO also protected cells through the selective nitrosylation, and inhibition, of protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) but not PKCalpha. In the absence of NO production PKCepsilon interacted with, and phosphorylated, the anti-apoptotic protein cFLIP. The interaction is predominantly with the short form of cFLIP and its phosphorylation reduces its recruitment to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) that is formed following binding of a death-inducing ligand to its receptor. Inhibition of cFLIP recruitment to the DISC leads to increased activation of caspase 8 and subsequently to apoptosis. Inhibition of PKCepsilon using siRNA significantly reversed the sensitivity to apoptosis induced by inhibition of NO synthesis suggesting that NO-mediated inhibition of PKCepsilon plays an important role in the regulation of Fas-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Dash
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
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21
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Choi JH, Kim DH, Yun IJ, Chang JH, Chun BG, Choi SH. Zaprinast inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced lysosomal destabilization and cell death in astrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 571:106-15. [PMID: 17643412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal destabilization that precedes mitochondrial apoptotic changes is an important step in cell death, particularly in oxidative cell death. This study describes the novel pharmacological effects of zaprinast, a cGMP-elevating phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on the inhibition of oxidative cell death in astrocyte cultures. H2O2-induced oxidative cytotoxicity was measured grossly by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and was found to be associated with lysosomal acridine orange relocation, lysosomal cathepsin D release into cytosol, and reduced mitochondrial potentials. Moreover, zaprinast (100 microM) inhibited all of these cytotoxic phenomena. In addition, H2O2-induced LDH release was not inhibited by 8-pCPT-cGMP, and the inhibition of this release by zaprinast was unaffected by Rp-8-pCPT-cGMP, a protein kinase G inhibitor. Zaprinast was found to inhibit sphingosine-induced lysosomal acridine orange relocation and the induced decrease in mitochondrial potential, but zaprinast had no effect on rotenone-induced mitochondrial collapse, which was not associated with lysosomal destabilization. However, zaprinast did not inhibit the cellular increase of reactive oxygen species induced by H2O2, which suggests that its protective mechanism differs from that of desferrioxamine, which does inhibit such cellular increase of oxygen free radicals. We suggest that the novel protective effect of zaprinast on H2O2-induced oxidative cell death is primarily associated with its inhibition of lysosomal destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyuck Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, 5-Ga, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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22
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Nitric oxide-enhanced caspase-3 and acidic sphingomyelinase interaction: a novel mechanism by which airway epithelial cells escape ceramide-induced apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2006; 313:816-23. [PMID: 17239851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The molecular mechanisms and signaling events involved in lung cell injury by RNS are still poorly understood. In the current study, we observe a novel anti-apoptotic response to nitric oxide (NO) exposure (via the NO donors 3-morpholine-syndnonimine (SIN1) or papa-NONOate) of human airway epithelial (HAE) cells. NO exposure via the NO donors increased cellular ceramide levels via ceramide synthase but did not trigger an apoptotic response. Rather, exposure to the NO donors promoted an increase in the protein-protein interaction between acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase) and caspase-3, with aSMase sequestering caspase-3 and preventing its cleavage. In contrast, when aSMase was silenced in HAE cells or was knocked out in mice, an increase in cleaved caspase-3 was observed. This elevated caspase-3 cleavage was further augmented upon NO exposure (via SIN1 or papa-NONOate) of HAE cells and could be prevented by an inhibitor to ceramide synthase. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of NO modulation of apoptosis, in which HAE cells exposed to NO via an NO donor induces ceramide generation via ceramide synthase. However, this ceramide induction does not lead to apoptosis unless aSMase is knocked down, allowing the release of caspase-3, its activation and execution of apoptosis.
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23
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Won JS, Singh I. Sphingolipid signaling and redox regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1875-88. [PMID: 16716889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids including ceramide and its derivatives such as ceramide-1-phosphate, glycosyl-ceramide, and sphinogosine (-1-phosphate) are now recognized as novel intracellular signal mediators for regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. One of the important and regulated steps in these events is the generation of these sphingolipids via hydrolysis of sphingomyelin through the action of sphingomyelinases (SMase). Several lines of evidence suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS; O2-, H2O2, and OH-,) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS; NO, and ONOO-) and cellular redox potential, which is mainly regulated by cellular glutathione (GSH), are tightly linked to the regulation of SMase activation. On the other hand, sphingolipids are also known to play an important role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through regulation of NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial integrity, and antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, this paper reviews the relationship between cellular redox and sphingolipid metabolism and its biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seong Won
- Division of Developmental Neurological Disorder in Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Room 505, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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24
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Perrotta C, De Palma C, Falcone S, Sciorati C, Clementi E. Nitric oxide, ceramide and sphingomyelinase-coupled receptors: a tale of enzymes and messengers coordinating cell death, survival and differentiation. Life Sci 2006; 77:1732-9. [PMID: 15946697 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous messenger nitric oxide plays a role in a variety of biological functions. Evidence accumulated over the last 7 years indicates that functions of nitric oxide in apoptosis growth and differentiation may originate in part from an interplay with signalling members of the sphingolipid family. Interactions between nitric oxide and sphingolipids have been shown to be multiple, to involve regulation of activity and expression of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide and of those involved in the sphingolipid metabolic pathways. Recent evidence indicates that one of these interactions, namely the cross-talk of sphingomyelinases and their product ceramide with nitric oxide and its generating enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase, plays prominent roles during key patho-physiological processes such as inflammation, proliferation, death and differentiation.
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25
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Bulotta S, Perrotta C, Cerullo A, De Palma C, Clementi E, Borgese N. A cellular system to study the role of nitric oxide in cell death, survival, and migration. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:841-5. [PMID: 15894375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) plays a bewildering number of roles in fundamental processes, such as cell locomotion, differentiation, proliferation and death. Its different and often contrasting roles may depend on its concentration and intracellular site of generation. We describe here a simple system with which to investigate the roles of NO generated at physiological levels in HeLa cells by eNOS transfected under an inducible promoter. This system has allowed us to uncover unexpected signalling circuits between NO and ceramide, involved in the response of cells to apoptotic stimuli. At present, we are using these cells as a tool to investigate the role of NO in migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Pharmaco-Biological Science, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Campus of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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26
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Ngezahayo A, Altmann B, Steffens M, Kolb HA. Gap Junction Coupling and Apoptosis in GFSHR-17 Granulosa Cells. J Membr Biol 2005; 204:137-44. [PMID: 16245036 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found that intracellular washout of cGMP induces gap junction uncoupling and proposed a link between gap junction uncoupling and stimulation of apoptotic reactions in GFSHR-17 granulosa cells. In the present report we show that an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, ODQ, reduces gap junction coupling and promotes apoptotic reactions such as chromatin condensation and DNA strand breaks. To analyze whether gap junction uncoupling and induction of apoptotic reactions are related, the cells were treated with heptanol and 18 beta-GA, two known gap junction uncouplers. Gap junction coupling of GFSHR-17 cells could be restored if the incubation time with the gap junction uncouplers was less than 10 min. A prolonged incubation time irreversibly suppressed gap junction coupling and caused chromatin condensation as well as DNA degradation. The promotion of apoptotic reactions by heptanol or 18 beta-GA was not observed in cells with low gap junction coupling like HeLa cells, indicating that the observed genotoxic reactions are not caused by unspecific effects of gap junction uncouplers. Additionally, it was observed that heptanol or 18 beta-GA did not induce a sustained rise of [Ca(2+)](i). The effects of gap junction uncouplers could not be suppressed by the presence of 8-Br-cGMP. It is discussed that irreversible gap junction uncoupling can be mediated by cGMP-dependent as well as cGMP-independent pathways and in turn could lead to stimulation of apoptotic reactions in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ngezahayo
- Institute of Biophysics, University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
Intra- and intercellular communication in or between cells allows adaptation to changes in the environment. Formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species in response to external insults gained considerable attention in provoking cell demise along an apoptotic subroute of cell death, thus attributing radical formation to pathologies. In close association, stabilization of the tumor suppressor p53 and activation of caspases convey proapoptotic signaling. Complexity was added with the notion that ROS and RNS signals overlap and/or produce synergistic as well as antagonistic effects. With respect to nitric oxide (NO) signaling, it became clear that the molecule is endowed with pro- or antiapoptotic signaling capabilities, depending to some extend on the concentration and cellular context, i.e., ROS generation. Here, some established concepts are summarized that allow an explanation of p53 accumulation under the impact of NO and an understanding of NO-evoked cell protection at the level of caspase inhibition, cyclic GMP formation, or expression of antiapoptotic proteins. In addition, the overlapping sphere of ROS and RNS signaling is recapitulated to appreciate cell physiology/pathology with the notion that marginal changes in the flux rates of either NO or superoxide may shift vital signals used for communication and cell survival into areas of pathology in close association with apoptosis/necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Brüne
- University of Kaiserslautern, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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28
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Falcone S, Perrotta C, De Palma C, Pisconti A, Sciorati C, Capobianco A, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA, Clementi E. Activation of acid sphingomyelinase and its inhibition by the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate pathway: key events in Escherichia coli-elicited apoptosis of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4452-63. [PMID: 15383576 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of dendritic cells (DCs) via apoptosis contributes to sepsis-induced immune suppression. The mechanisms leading to DC apoptosis during sepsis are not known. In this study we report that immature DCs undergo apoptosis when treated with high numbers of Escherichia coli. This effect was mimicked by high concentrations of LPS. Apoptosis was accompanied by generation of ceramide through activation of acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), was prevented by inhibitors of this enzyme, and was restored by exogenous ceramide. Compared with immature DCs, mature DCs expressed significantly reduced levels of A-SMase, did not generate ceramide in response to E. coli or LPS, and were insensitive to E. coli- and LPS-triggered apoptosis. However, sensitivity to apoptosis was restored by addition of exogenous A-SMase or ceramide. Furthermore, inhibition of A-SMase activation and ceramide generation was found to be the mechanism through which the immune-modulating messenger NO protects immature DCs from the apoptogenic effects of E. coli and LPS. NO acted through formation of cGMP and stimulation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. The relevance of A-SMase and its inhibition by NO/cGMP were confirmed in a mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis. DC apoptosis was significantly higher in inducible NO synthase-deficient mice than in wild-type animals and was significantly reduced by treatment ex vivo with NO, cGMP, or the A-SMase inhibitor imipramine. Thus, A-SMase plays a central role in E. coli/LPS-induced DC apoptosis and its inhibition by NO, and it might be a target of new therapeutic approaches to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sestina Falcone
- Vita-Salute University and Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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29
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Matsunaga T, Kotamraju S, Kalivendi SV, Dhanasekaran A, Joseph J, Kalyanaraman B. Ceramide-induced Intracellular Oxidant Formation, Iron Signaling, and Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:28614-24. [PMID: 15102832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400977200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine), a bioactive second messenger lipid, was shown to activate reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial oxidative damage, and apoptosis in neuronal and vascular cells. The proapoptotic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, hypoxia, and chemotherapeutic drugs were attributed to increased ceramide formation. Here we investigated the protective role of nitric oxide (.NO) during hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated transferrin receptor (TfR)-dependent iron signaling and apoptosis in C(2)-ceramide (C(2)-cer)-treated bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Addition of C(2)-cer (5-20 microm) to BAECs enhanced .NO generation. However, at higher concentrations of C(2)-cer (> or =20 microm), .NO generation did not increase proportionately. C(2)-cer (20-50 microm) also resulted in H(2)O(2)-mediated dichlorodihydrofluorescein oxidation, reduced glutathione depletion, aconitase inactivation, TfR overexpression, TfR-dependent uptake of (55)Fe, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation. N(w)-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nonspecific inhibitor of nitricoxide synthases, augmented these effects in BAECs at much lower (i.e. nonapoptotic) concentrations of C(2)-cer. The 26 S proteasomal activity in BAECs was slightly elevated at lower concentrations of C(2)-cer (< or =10 microm) but was greatly suppressed at higher concentrations (>10 microm). Intracellular scavengers of H(2)O(2), cell-permeable iron chelators, anti-TfR receptor antibody, or mitochondria-targeted antioxidant greatly abrogated C(2)-cer- and/or l-NAME-induced oxidative damage, iron signaling, and apoptosis. We conclude that C(2)-cer-induced H(2)O(2) and TfR-dependent iron signaling are responsible for its prooxidant and proapoptotic effects and that .NO exerts an antioxidative and cytoprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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30
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Takuma K, Baba A, Matsuda T. Astrocyte apoptosis: implications for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 72:111-27. [PMID: 15063528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell types in the brain, provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and modulate synaptic activity. Accordingly, impairment in these astrocyte functions can critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies show that astrocyte apoptosis may contribute to pathogenesis of many acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We found that incubation of cultured rat astrocytes in a Ca(2+)-containing medium after exposure to a Ca(2+)-free medium causes an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration followed by apoptosis, and that NF-kappa B, reactive oxygen species, and enzymes such as calpain, xanthine oxidase, calcineurin and caspase-3 are involved in reperfusion-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that heat shock protein, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase are target molecules for anti-apoptotic drugs. This review summarizes (1) astrocytic functions in neuroprotection, (2) current evidence of astrocyte apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies including its molecular pathways such as Ca(2+) overload, oxidative stress, NF-kappa B activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and protease activation, and (3) several drugs preventing astrocyte apoptosis. As a whole, this article provides new insights into the potential role of astrocytes as targets for neuroprotection. In addition, the advance in the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of astrocyte apoptosis may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takuma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and High Technology Research Center, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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31
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Hortelano S, Través PG, Zeini M, Alvarez AM, Boscá L. Sustained nitric oxide delivery delays nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis in macrophages: contribution to the physiological function of activated macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:6059-64. [PMID: 14634119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 with the short-lived NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione triggers apoptosis through the release of mitochondrial mediators. However, continuous supply of NO by long-lived NO donors protected cells from apoptosis through mechanisms that involved the maintenance or an increase in the levels of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) cIAP-1, cIAP-2, and xIAP and decreases in the accumulation of p53 and in the levels and targeting of Bax to the mitochondria. As a result of these changes, the activation of caspases 9 and 3 was notably delayed, expanding the time of viability of the macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of NO synthase 2 activity after 8 h of stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS and IFN-gamma accelerated apoptosis via an increase in the processing and activation of caspases. These data suggest that NO exerts an important role in the autoregulation of apoptosis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Hortelano
- Instituto de Bioquímica (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Complutense) and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Clementi E, Borgese N, Meldolesi J. Interactions between nitric oxide and sphingolipids and the potential consequences in physiology and pathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24:518-23. [PMID: 14559403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Clementi
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Fernández AP, Alonso D, Lisazoaín I, Serrano J, Leza JC, Bentura ML, López JC, Manuel Encinas J, Fernández-Vizarra P, Castro-Blanco S, Martínez A, Martinez-Murillo R, Lorenzo P, Pedrosa JA, Peinado MA, Rodrigo J. Postnatal changes in the nitric oxide system of the rat cerebral cortex after hypoxia during delivery. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 142:177-92. [PMID: 12711369 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of hypoxia in utero during delivery was correlated with the immunocytochemistry, expression and activity of the neuronal (nNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme as well as with the reactivity and expression of nitrotyrosine as a marker of protein nitration during early postnatal development of the cortex. The expression of nNOS in both normal and hypoxic animals increased during the first few postnatal days, reaching a peak at day P5, but a higher expression was consistently found in hypoxic brain. This expression decreased progressively from P7 to P20, but was more prominent in the hypoxic group. Immunoreactivity for iNOS was also higher in the cortex of the hypoxic rats and was more evident between days P0 and P5, decreasing dramatically between P10 and P20 in both groups of rats. Two nitrated proteins of 52 and 38 kDa, were also identified. Nitration of the 52-kDa protein was more intense in the hypoxic animals than in the controls, increasing from P0 to P7 and then decreasing progressively to P20. The 38-kDa nitrated protein was seen only from P10 to P20, and its expression was more intense in control than in the hypoxic group. These results suggest that the NO system may be involved in neuronal maturation and cortical plasticity over postnatal development. Overproduction of NO in the brain of hypoxic animals may constitute an effort to re-establish normal blood flow and may also trigger a cascade of free-radical reactions, leading to modifications in the cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Fernández
- Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology Department, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida del Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Barsacchi R, Perrotta C, Bulotta S, Moncada S, Borgese N, Clementi E. Activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a novel pathway involving sequential activation of neutral sphingomyelinase, phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase, and Akt. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:886-95. [PMID: 12644590 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.4.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) has been shown to occur through various pathways involving increases in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase/Akt pathway, as well as regulation by other kinases and by protein-protein interactions. We have recently reported that eNOS, expressed in an inducible HeLa Tet-off cell line, is activated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a previously undescribed pathway that involves the lipid messenger ceramide. We have now characterized this pathway. We report here that eNOS activation in response to TNF-alpha correlated with phosphorylation of Akt at Ser 473 and of eNOS itself at Ser 1179. Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, as well as eNOS activation, were blocked by inhibitors of both phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase and neutral sphingomyelinase. In contrast, although acid sphingomyelinase was also stimulated by TNF-alpha, its inhibition was without effect. The activation of neutral sphingomyelinase triggered by TNF-alpha was insensitive to phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase inhibitors. Taken together, these results indicate that eNOS activation by TNF-alpha occurs through sequential activation of neutral sphingomyelinase and of the phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase/Akt pathway. The time course of eNOS activation induced through this pathway was markedly different from that triggered by ATP and epidermal growth factor, which activate eNOS through an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and through a sphingomyelinase-independent stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase/Akt pathway, respectively. The novel pathway of activation of eNOS described here may have broad biological relevance because neutral sphingomyelinase is activated not only by TNF-alpha but also by a variety of other physiological and pathological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Barsacchi
- Vita-Salute University-DIBIT H San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
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Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. Nitric Oxide Signalling with a Special Focus on Lipid-Derived Mediators. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1379-89. [PMID: 14669981 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ways in which cells communicate among each other concerns all aspects of biology, from developmental processes to diseases. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most remarkable and unusual regulatory molecules. It is a labile free radical gas that is not stored but generated on demand, and has been implicated in an extraordinarily diverse range of physiological and pathophysiological functions. The modulation of cell signalling by free radicals is an emerging area of research that provides insight into the orchestration of cell adaptation to a changing microenvironment. In a multicellular organism this serves to coordinate complex physiological responses, such as inflammation. Cell signalling is also accompanied by rapid remodelling of membrane lipids by activated lipases. The discovery that NO, which does not reversibly interact with membrane receptors like conventional hormones and growth factors, targets enzymes such as phospholipase A2, sphingomyelinases or ceramidases, has stimulated growing interest in the crosstalk between redox and lipid signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Huwiler
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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