1
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Franko N, Sollner Dolenc M. Evaluation of THP-1 and Jurkat Cell Lines Coculture for the In Vitro Assessment of the Effects of Immunosuppressive Substances. TOXICS 2024; 12:607. [PMID: 39195709 PMCID: PMC11358983 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12080607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The strong appeal to reduce animal testing calls for the development and validation of in vitro, in chemico and in silico models that would replace the need for in vivo testing and ex vivo materials. A category that requires such new approach methods is the assessment of immunosuppression that can be induced by chemicals including environmental pollutants. To assess the immunosuppressive action on monocytes and lymphocytes, we mimicked the whole-blood cytokine-release assay by preparing an in vitro coculture of THP-1 and Jurkat cell lines. We optimised its activation and investigated the effects of known immunosuppressive drugs with different mechanisms of action on the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Decreased secretion of IL-8 was achieved by several immunosuppressive mechanisms and was therefore selected as an appropriate marker of immunosuppression. A set of environmentally occurring bisphenols, BPA, BPAP, BPP, BPZ, BPE, TCBPA and BPS-MAE, were then applied to the model and BPP and BPZ were found to act as potent immunosuppressants at micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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2
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Snapkow I, Smith NM, Arnesdotter E, Beekmann K, Blanc EB, Braeuning A, Corsini E, Sollner Dolenc M, Duivenvoorde LPM, Sundstøl Eriksen G, Franko N, Galbiati V, Gostner JM, Grova N, Gutleb AC, Hargitai R, Janssen AWF, Krapf SA, Lindeman B, Lumniczky K, Maddalon A, Mollerup S, Parráková L, Pierzchalski A, Pieters RHH, Silva MJ, Solhaug A, Staal YCM, Straumfors A, Szatmári T, Turner JD, Vandebriel RJ, Zenclussen AC, Barouki R. New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals - a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1339104. [PMID: 38654939 PMCID: PMC11035811 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1339104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As a complex system governing and interconnecting numerous functions within the human body, the immune system is unsurprisingly susceptible to the impact of toxic chemicals. Toxicants can influence the immune system through a multitude of mechanisms, resulting in immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, increased risk of autoimmune diseases and cancer development. At present, the regulatory assessment of the immunotoxicity of chemicals relies heavily on rodent models and a limited number of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, which only capture a fraction of potential toxic properties. Due to this limitation, various authorities, including the World Health Organization and the European Food Safety Authority have highlighted the need for the development of novel approaches without the use of animals for immunotoxicity testing of chemicals. In this paper, we present a concise overview of ongoing efforts dedicated to developing and standardizing methodologies for a comprehensive characterization of the immunotoxic effects of chemicals, which are performed under the EU-funded Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Snapkow
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicola M. Smith
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Arnesdotter
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Université degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Loes P. M. Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Franko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Université degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Biochemical Immunotoxicology Group, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aafke W. F. Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Solveig A. Krapf
- Section for Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ambra Maddalon
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Université degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Steen Mollerup
- Section for Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Parráková
- Biochemical Immunotoxicology Group, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Raymond H. H. Pieters
- Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, Research Center for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- IRAS-Toxicology, Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Silva
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Yvonne C. M. Staal
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Anne Straumfors
- Section for Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Centre for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rob J. Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Barouki
- T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Olivas-Aguirre M, Pérez-Chávez J, Torres-López L, Hernández-Cruz A, Pottosin I, Dobrovinskaya O. Dexamethasone-Induced Fatty Acid Oxidation and Autophagy/Mitophagy Are Essential for T-ALL Glucocorticoid Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020445. [PMID: 36672393 PMCID: PMC9856638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ALL is a highly aggressive subtype of leukemia that affects children and adults. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a critical component of the chemotherapeutic strategy against T-ALL. Cases of resistance to GC therapy and recurrent disease require novel strategies to overcome them. The present study analyzed the effects of Dex, one of the main GCs used in ALL treatment, on two T-ALL cell lines: resistant Jurkat and unselected CCRF-CEM, representing a mixture of sensitive and resistant clones. In addition to nuclear targeting, we observed a massive accumulation of Dex in mitochondria. Dex-treated leukemic cells suffered metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis and glutaminolysis towards lipolysis and increased FAO, along with increased membrane polarization and ROS production. Dex provoked mitochondrial fragmentation and induced autophagy/mitophagy. Mitophagy preceded cell death in susceptible populations of CCRF-CEM cells while serving as a pro-survival mechanism in resistant Jurkat. Accordingly, preventing FAO or autophagy greatly increased the Dex cytotoxicity and overcame GC resistance. Dex acted synergistically with mitochondria-targeted drugs, curcumin, and cannabidiol. Collectively, our data suggest that GCs treatment should not be neglected even in apparently GC-resistant clinical cases. Co-administration of drugs targeting mitochondria, FAO, or autophagy can help to overcome GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Olivas-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Immunology and Ionic Transport Regulation, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Colima, Av. 25 de Julio #965, Villas de San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Mexico
| | - Jesús Pérez-Chávez
- Medicine Faculty, University of Colima, Av. Universidad #333, Las Víboras, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Liliana Torres-López
- Laboratory of Immunology and Ionic Transport Regulation, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Colima, Av. 25 de Julio #965, Villas de San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Mexico
| | - Arturo Hernández-Cruz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and National Laboratory of Channelopathies (LaNCa), Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Ionic Transport Regulation, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Colima, Av. 25 de Julio #965, Villas de San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (O.D.); Tel.: +52-312-316-1000 (I.P. & O.D.)
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Laboratory of Immunology and Ionic Transport Regulation, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Colima, Av. 25 de Julio #965, Villas de San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (O.D.); Tel.: +52-312-316-1000 (I.P. & O.D.)
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Michalek S, Goj T, Plazzo AP, Marovca B, Bornhauser B, Brunner T. LRH
‐1/
NR5A2
interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor to regulate glucocorticoid resistance. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54195. [PMID: 35801407 PMCID: PMC9442305 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS‐CB University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Thomas Goj
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Anna Pia Plazzo
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Blerim Marovca
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Centre University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Centre University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS‐CB University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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5
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Hui PY, Chen YH, Qin J, Jiang XH. PON2 blockade overcomes dexamethasone resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology 2021; 27:32-42. [PMID: 34957927 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.2009643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The high frequency of chemotherapy resistance is ultimately responsible for clinical relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism relevant to glucocorticoid (GC) resistance remains ambiguous. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to detect the expressions of paraoxonase 2 (PON2), Bcl-2 and Bax. shRNA was used to knockdown PON2 expression in SUP-B15 and REH cell. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assay were conducted to monitor the changes of proliferation and apoptosis in ALL cells. The growth of ALL REH cells in vivo was determined using transplanted tumor model. RESULTS This study was designed to identify GC resistance-associated genes by means of the transcriptome chip from the public Gene Expression Omnibus database, and preliminarily investigation of dexamethasone (DEX)-resistance mechanism in ALL. We disclosed that PON2 expression was elevated in ALL patients and especially higher in DEX-resistance ALL patients. Then, cell apoptosis assay suggested that silencing of PON2 dramatically promoted in DEX-resistant ALL cells apoptosis and the activity of Caspase 3 induced by DEX administration. In xenograft tumor model, PON2 knockdown significantly reduced DEX-resistant ALL cells growth in immunodeficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, inhibition of PON2 may represent a novel method to restore the sensitivity of treatment-resistant ALL to GC-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ye Hui
- Pharmacy Department, Shandong Weifang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- Pharmacy Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Rizhao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qin
- Pharmacy Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Rizhao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, 970 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Yantai, People's Republic of China
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6
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Lambrou GI, Karakonstantakis T, Vlahopoulos S, Zaravinos A. Dual Mechanisms of Metabolism and Gene Expression of the CCRF-CEM Leukemia Cells under Glucocorticoid Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115889. [PMID: 34072627 PMCID: PMC8198442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids play an essential part in anti-leukemic therapies, but resistance is a crucial event for the prognosis of the disease. Glucocorticoids influence the metabolic properties of leukemic cells. The inherent plasticity of clinically evolving cancer cells justifies the characterization of drug-induced early oncogenic pathways, which represent a likely source of detrimental secondary effects. AIM The present work aims to investigate the effect of glucocorticoids in metabolic pathways in the CCRF-CEM leukemic cells. Metabolic factors and gene expression profiles were examined in order to unravel the possible mechanisms of the CCRF-CEM leukemic cell growth dynamics. METHODS CCRF-CEM cells were used as a model. Cells were treated with prednisolone with concentrations 0-700 μM. Cell culture supernatants were used for glucose, lactic acid, LDH, Na+, K+ and Ca++ measurements. Cytotoxicity was determined with flow cytometry. Microarray analysis was performed using two different chips of 1.2 k and 4.8 k genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was applied to find metabolism- and GC-related genes. RESULTS Higher prednisolone concentrations inhibited glucose uptake, without exhibiting any cytotoxic effects. Glucose consumption did not correlate with the total cell population, or the viable population, indicating that growth is not directly proportional to glucose consumption. Neither of the subpopulations, i.e., viable, necrotic, or apoptotic cells, contributed to this. CONCLUSIONS Different types of leukemic cells seem to exhibit different patterns of glucose metabolism. Both resistant and sensitive CCRF-CEM cells followed the aerobic pathway of glycolysis. There is probably a rapid change in membrane permeability, causing a general shutdown towards everything that is outside the cell. This could in part also explain the observed resistance. Glucocorticoids do not enter the cell passively anymore and therefore no effects are observed. Based on our observations, ion concentrations are measurable factors both in vitro and in vivo, which makes them possible markers of glucocorticoid cytotoxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I. Lambrou
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (G.I.L.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +30-210-746-7427 (G.I.L.)
| | | | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Correspondence: (G.I.L.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +30-210-746-7427 (G.I.L.)
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7
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Olivas-Aguirre M, Torres-López L, Pottosin I, Dobrovinskaya O. Overcoming Glucocorticoid Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Repurposed Drugs Can Improve the Protocol. Front Oncol 2021; 11:617937. [PMID: 33777761 PMCID: PMC7991804 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.617937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a central component of multi-drug treatment protocols against T and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which are used intensively during the remission induction to rapidly eliminate the leukemic blasts. The primary response to GCs predicts the overall response to treatment and clinical outcome. In this review, we have critically analyzed the available data on the effects of GCs on sensitive and resistant leukemic cells, in order to reveal the mechanisms of GC resistance and how these mechanisms may determine a poor outcome in ALL. Apart of the GC resistance, associated with a decreased expression of receptors to GCs, there are several additional mechanisms, triggered by alterations of different signaling pathways, which cause the metabolic reprogramming, with an enhanced level of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis resistance, and multidrug resistance. Due to all this, the GC-resistant ALL show a poor sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic protocols. We propose pharmacological strategies that can trigger alternative intracellular pathways to revert or overcome GC resistance. Specifically, we focused our search on drugs, which are already approved for treatment of other diseases and demonstrated anti-ALL effects in experimental pre-clinical models. Among them are some “truly” re-purposed drugs, which have different targets in ALL as compared to other diseases: cannabidiol, which targets mitochondria and causes the mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, tamoxifen, which induces autophagy and cell death, and reverts GC resistance through the mechanisms independent of nuclear estrogen receptors (“off-target effects”), antibiotic tigecycline, which inhibits mitochondrial respiration, causing energy crisis and cell death, and some anthelmintic drugs. Additionally, we have listed compounds that show a classical mechanism of action in ALL but are not used still in treatment protocols: the BH3 mimetic venetoclax, which inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, which restores the expression of the pro-apoptotic BIM, and compounds targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Accordingly, these drugs may be considered for the inclusion into chemotherapeutic protocols for GC-resistant ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Olivas-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Liliana Torres-López
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
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8
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Wandler AM, Huang BJ, Craig JW, Hayes K, Yan H, Meyer LK, Scacchetti A, Monsalve G, Dail M, Li Q, Wong JC, Weinberg O, Hasserjian RP, Kogan SC, Jonsson P, Yamamoto K, Sampath D, Nakitandwe J, Downing JR, Zhang J, Aster JC, Taylor BS, Shannon K. Loss of glucocorticoid receptor expression mediates in vivo dexamethasone resistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2025-2037. [PMID: 32066867 PMCID: PMC7440098 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of clinical use, mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance are poorly understood. We treated primary murine T lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) alone and in combination with the pan-PI3 kinase inhibitor GDC-0941 and observed a robust response to DEX that was modestly enhanced by GDC-0941. Continuous in vivo treatment invariably resulted in outgrowth of drug-resistant clones, ~30% of which showed markedly reduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein expression. A similar proportion of relapsed human T-ALLs also exhibited low GR protein levels. De novo or preexisting mutations in the gene encoding GR (Nr3c1) occurred in relapsed clones derived from multiple independent parental leukemias. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing confirmed that loss of GR expression confers DEX resistance. Exposing drug-sensitive T-ALLs to DEX in vivo altered transcript levels of multiple genes, and this response was attenuated in relapsed T-ALLs. These data implicate reduced GR protein expression as a frequent cause of glucocorticoid resistance in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica M Wandler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Craig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren K Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Scacchetti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Monsalve
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monique Dail
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jasmine C Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olga Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip Jonsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joy Nakitandwe
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Xu W, Wang Z, Li K, Jin R. Huai Qi Huang Potentiates Dexamethasone-Mediated Lethality in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells by Upregulating Glucocorticoid Receptor α. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921649. [PMID: 32065117 PMCID: PMC7043341 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids are important components of a number of chemotherapeutic regimens used to treat pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A primary cause of treatment failure of ALL is acquired resistance to glucocorticoids. Recently, traditional Chinese medicines were effectively used to treat solid tumors. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether Huai Qi Huang (HQH), a traditional Chinese medicine, increased the efficacy of glucocorticoids in the treatment of ALL, and if so, to determine the underlying mechanism. Material/Methods Various concentrations of HQH were used to treat Jurkat and Nalm-6 cells for 24 to 72 hours. Subsequently, cells were co-treated with HQH and the glucocorticoid receptor agonist, dexamethasone (DEX), or a MEK inhibitor (PD98059) to verify the synergistic effects on apoptosis in Jurkat and Nalm-6 cells for 24 hours. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to measure cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. Protein and mRNA expression levels were assessed using western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results The results revealed that cell survival was reduced and apoptosis was increased as the HQH concentration was increased, and this was accompanied with increases in the levels of BAX, cleaved-caspase-3 and glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) and decreases in the levels of Bcl-2 and phospho-ERK (pERK). Glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ) and total ERK (t-ERK) had no significant changes. Combined treatment with HQH and DEX or PD98059 increased apoptosis in Jurkat and Nalm-6 cells, and concurrently increased BAX, cleaved-caspase-3, GILZ, NFKBIA, and GRα and decreased Bcl-2 and pERK. Conclusions HQH enhanced the sensitivity of ALL cells to glucocorticoids by increasing the expression of GRα and inhibiting the MEK/ERK pathway, thus providing a rational foundation for the treatment of ALL with HQH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhujun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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10
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Cytokine Profile, Apoptosis, Glucocorticoid Receptor, and P-glycoprotein Expression Before and After Megadose Methylprednisolone Treatment in Children With Acute Immune Thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 41:574-578. [PMID: 30499912 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease, and it has become evident that T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of ITP. We investigated the role of T helper (Th) intracellular IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and T lymphocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of acute ITP and the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on cytokine profile. We investigated also P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) expression as a possible mechanism for glucocorticoid resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study includes 20 children with acute ITP having a platelet count <20,000/mm and 20 healthy children as a control group. Patients with acute ITP were treated with megadose methylprednisolone (MDMP) (MDMP in the dose of 30 mg/kg/d between day 1 and 3 and 20 mg/kg/d between day 4 and 7). Th intracellular IL2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ percentages, T-cell P-gp expression, T-cell and monocyte GCR expression, and T-cell apoptosis were evaluated before and after treatment in acute ITP patients and in the control group. RESULTS Acute ITP patients had significantly higher Th IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ percentages compared with the control group (P<0.05). Th IL-2 and IFN-γ percentages were significantly lowered with MDMP treatment (P<0.05). IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was also lowered with the MDMP treatment (P<0.05). T-lymphocyte P-gp expression and T lymphocyte and monocyte GCR expression were all similar between acute ITP pretreatment and control groups (P>0.05). T-lymphocyte P-gp expression was higher in the posttreatment group than in the pretreatment group (P<0.05). Both T lymphocyte and monocyte GCR expression percentages were not different in the pretreatment and posttreatment groups (P>0.05). Early apoptosis in T lymphocytes was significantly lower in the pretreatment acute ITP group than in the control group (P<0.05). Necrotic apoptosis in T lymphocytes was significantly increased with MDMP treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Th1 and Th2 cytokine profile is observed in acute ITP pathogenesis, and MDMP treatment causes Th1 to Th2 cytokine profile shift and induction of T-lymphocyte apoptosis. There is a need to have a greater number of resistant cases in order to better evaluate the P-gp and GCR expression in glucocorticoid resistance in acute ITP.
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11
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Zhang X, Chen J, Gao Z, Qi H, Dai Y, She W. Response of Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha and Histone Deacetylase 2 to Glucocorticoid Treatment Predicts the Prognosis of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 12:367-375. [PMID: 30993958 PMCID: PMC6787474 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2018.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) gene expression and protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with severe or profound sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and to explore the roles of GRs and HDAC2 in glucocorticoid (GC) insensitivity. Methods Fifty-five severe or profound SSNHL patients were enrolled in the study. According to hearing improvement after GC treatment, patients were assigned into two groups: GC-sensitive and GC-resistant. A normal reference group included 20 healthy volunteers without hearing loss. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to detect the relative expression of GRα, GRβ, and HDAC2 in PBMCs at the mRNA and protein levels. Results The protein levels of GRs and HDAC2 in PBMCs of SSNHL patients were lower than the normal reference values before GC treatment. Compared with the GC-resistant group, both the mRNA and protein levels of GRα and HDAC2 were significantly increased in the GC-sensitive group after GC treatment. Conclusion A lack of GRα and HDAC2 induction following steroid treatment in GC-resistant SSNHL patients may play a fundamental mechanistic role in GC insensitivity. Response of GRα and HDAC2 to steroid treatment may, thus, predict the prognosis of hearing improvement in SSNHL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Jiangyin City, China
| | - Jinxiang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Jiangyin City, China
| | - Ziwen Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing City, China
| | - Yanhong Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing City, China
| | - Wandong She
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing City, China
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12
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Chen P, Shen T, Wang H, Ke Z, Liang Y, Ouyang J, Jiang T. MicroRNA-185-5p restores glucocorticoid sensitivity by suppressing the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) signaling pathway to enhance glucocorticoid receptor autoregulation. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:1-11. [PMID: 28278709 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1296143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of microRNA-185-5p (miR-185-5p) in glucocorticoid (GC)-sensitive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was identified using a microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and was further confirmed in ALL cell lines. A reporter assay confirmed that the Rictor-one component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is a target of miR-185-5p. Decreased mTORC activity was also confirmed in GC-sensitive patients. Overexpression of miR-185-5p significantly enhanced GC sensitivity in CEM-C1 cells (GC resistance) by increasing the rate of cell apoptosis and cycle arrest, and decreasing cell survival, accompanied by a decrease in mTORC activity and an increase in GC-induced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. Rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, showed similar effects to miR-185-5p. These results demonstrated that miR-185-5p enhances GC sensitivity via suppression of mTORC activity by enhancing GR autoupregulation and that miR-185-5p is a potential target for the diagnosis and reversion of GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisong Chen
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Ting Shen
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Huimin Wang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhiyong Ke
- b Department of Pediatrics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yaru Liang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Juan Ouyang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Tang Jiang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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13
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Dussiau C, Trinquand A, Lhermitte L, Latiri M, Simonin M, Cieslak A, Bedjaoui N, Villarèse P, Verhoeyen E, Dombret H, Ifrah N, Macintyre E, Asnafi V. Targeting IRAK1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18956-65. [PMID: 26068967 PMCID: PMC4662467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) represents expansion of cells arrested at specific stages of thymic development with the underlying genetic abnormality often determining the stage of maturation arrest. Although their outcome has been improved with current therapy, survival rates remain only around 50% at 5 years and patients may therefore benefit from specific targeted therapy. Interleukin receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase that mediates signaling downstream to Toll-like (TLR) and Interleukin-1 Receptors (IL1R). Our data demonstrated that IRAK1 is overexpressed in all subtypes of T-ALL, compared to normal human thymic subpopulations, and is functional in T-ALL cell lines. Genetic knock-down of IRAK1 led to apoptosis, cell cycle disruption, diminished proliferation and reversal of corticosteroid resistance in T-ALL cell lines. However, pharmacological inhibition of IRAK1 using a small molecule inhibitor (IRAK1/4-Inh) only partially reproduced the results of the genetic knock-down. Altogether, our data suggest that IRAK1 is a candidate therapeutic target in T-ALL and highlight the requirement of next generation IRAK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dussiau
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Trinquand
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lhermitte
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Latiri
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Simonin
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nawel Bedjaoui
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Villarèse
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, EVIR Team, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université de Lyon-1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM, U1065, C3M, Equipe "Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires", Nice, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- University Paris 7, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Department of Hematology and Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, EA, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- PRES LUNAM, CHU Angers Service des Maladies du Sang et INSERM U892, Angers, France
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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14
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Grausenburger R, Bastelberger S, Eckert C, Kauer M, Stanulla M, Frech C, Bauer E, Stoiber D, von Stackelberg A, Attarbaschi A, Haas OA, Panzer-Grümayer R. Genetic alterations in glucocorticoid signaling pathway components are associated with adverse prognosis in children with relapsed ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:1163-73. [PMID: 26327566 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1088650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ETV6/RUNX1 gene fusion defines the largest genetic subgroup of childhood ALL with overall rapid treatment response. However, up to 15% of cases relapse. Because an impaired glucocorticoid pathway is implicated in disease recurrence we studied the impact of genetic alterations by SNP array analysis in 31 relapsed cases. In 58% of samples, we found deletions in various glucocorticoid signaling pathway-associated genes, but only NR3C1 and ETV6 deletions prevailed in minimal residual disease poor responding and subsequently relapsing cases (p<0.05). To prove the necessity of a functional glucocorticoid receptor, we reconstituted wild-type NR3C1 expression in mutant, glucocorticoid-resistant REH cells and studied the glucocorticoid response in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. While these results prove that glucocorticoid receptor defects are crucial for glucocorticoid resistance in an experimental setting, they do not address the essential clinical situation where glucocorticoid resistance at relapse is rather part of a global drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Grausenburger
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Stephan Bastelberger
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology , Charité, Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | - Maximilian Kauer
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Stanulla
- c Department of Pediatrics , University Hospital Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Christian Frech
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Eva Bauer
- d Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research , Vienna , Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- d Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research , Vienna , Austria .,e Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria , and
| | - Arend von Stackelberg
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology , Charité, Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Oskar A Haas
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria .,f St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Renate Panzer-Grümayer
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
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15
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Paugh SW, Bonten EJ, Savic D, Ramsey LB, Thierfelder WE, Gurung P, Malireddi RKS, Actis M, Mayasundari A, Min J, Coss DR, Laudermilk LT, Panetta JC, McCorkle JR, Fan Y, Crews KR, Stocco G, Wilkinson MR, Ferreira AM, Cheng C, Yang W, Karol SE, Fernandez CA, Diouf B, Smith C, Hicks JK, Zanut A, Giordanengo A, Crona D, Bianchi JJ, Holmfeldt L, Mullighan CG, den Boer ML, Pieters R, Jeha S, Dunwell TL, Latif F, Bhojwani D, Carroll WL, Pui CH, Myers RM, Guy RK, Kanneganti TD, Relling MV, Evans WE. NALP3 inflammasome upregulation and CASP1 cleavage of the glucocorticoid receptor cause glucocorticoid resistance in leukemia cells. Nat Genet 2015; 47:607-14. [PMID: 25938942 PMCID: PMC4449308 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are universally used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and leukemia cell resistant to glucocorticoids confers a poor prognosis. To elucidate mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance, we determined the sensitivity to prednisolone of primary leukemia cells from 444 newly diagnosed ALL patients, revealing significantly higher expression of caspase 1 (CASP1) and its activator NLRP3 in glucocorticoid resistant leukemia cells, due to significantly lower somatic methylation of CASP1 and NLRP3 promoters. Over-expression of CASP1 resulted in cleavage of the glucocorticoid receptor, diminished glucocorticoid-induced transcriptional response and increased glucocorticoid resistance. Knockdown or inhibition of CASP1 significantly increased glucocorticoid receptor levels and mitigated glucocorticoid resistance in CASP1 overexpressing ALL. Our findings establish a new mechanism by which the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome modulates cellular levels of the glucocorticoid receptor and diminishes cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids. The broad impact on glucocorticoid transcriptional response suggests this mechanism could also modify glucocorticoid effects in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Paugh
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik J Bonten
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Savic
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Laura B Ramsey
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Thierfelder
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcelo Actis
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anand Mayasundari
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David R Coss
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lucas T Laudermilk
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John C Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Robert McCorkle
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristine R Crews
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio M Ferreira
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seth E Karol
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [3] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christian A Fernandez
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barthelemy Diouf
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colton Smith
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Kevin Hicks
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Audrey Giordanengo
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Crona
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joy J Bianchi
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Linda Holmfeldt
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Division of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- 1] Division of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sima Jeha
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas L Dunwell
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farida Latif
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mary V Relling
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Evans
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Banuelos J, Shin SC, Lu NZ. A hotspot in the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain susceptible to loss of function mutation. Steroids 2015; 96:115-20. [PMID: 25676786 PMCID: PMC4355178 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used to treat a variety of inflammatory disorders and certain cancers. However, GC resistance occurs in subsets of patients. We found that EL4 cells, a GC-resistant mouse thymoma cell line, harbored a point mutation in their GC receptor (GR) gene, resulting in the substitution of arginine 493 by a cysteine in the second zinc finger of the DNA-binding domain. Allelic discrimination analyses revealed that the R493C mutation occurred on both alleles. In the absence of GCs, the GR in EL4 cells localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and upon dexamethasone treatment underwent nuclear translocation, suggesting that the ligand binding ability of the GR in EL4 cells was intact. In transient transfection assays, the R493C mutant could not transactivate the MMTV-luciferase reporter. Site-directed mutagenesis to revert the R493C mutation restored the transactivation activity. Cotransfection experiments showed that the R493C mutant did not inhibit the transcriptional activities of the wild-type GR. In addition, the R493C mutant did not repress either the AP-1 or NF-κB reporters as effectively as WT GR. Furthermore, stable expression of the WT GR in the EL4 cells enabled GC-mediated gene regulation, specifically upregulation of IκBα and downregulation of interferon γ and interleukin 17A. Arginine 493 is conserved among multiple species and all human nuclear receptors and its mutation has also been found in the human GR, androgen receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor. Thus, R493 is necessary for the transcriptional activity of the GR and a hotspot for mutations that result in GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Banuelos
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Soon Cheon Shin
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Nick Z Lu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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17
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The glucocorticoid receptor 1A3 promoter correlates with high sensitivity to glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:825-36. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Tao Y, Gao L, Wu X, Wang H, Yang G, Zhan F, Shi J. Down-regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by bortezomib sensitizes Jurkat leukemia T cells against glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67067. [PMID: 23826195 PMCID: PMC3691151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases type 2 (11β-HSD2), a key regulator for pre-receptor metabolism of glucocorticoids (GCs) by converting active GC, cortisol, to inactive cortisone, has been shown to be present in a variety of tumors. But its expression and roles have rarely been discussed in hematological malignancies. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has been shown to not only possess antitumor effects but also potentiate the activity of other chemotherapeutics. In this study, we demonstrated that 11β-HSD2 was highly expressed in two GC-resistant T-cell leukemic cell lines Jurkat and Molt4. In contrast, no 11β-HSD2 expression was found in two GC-sensitive non-hodgkin lymphoma cell lines Daudi and Raji as well as normal peripheral blood T cells. Inhibition of 11β-HSD2 by 11β-HSD inhibitor 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid or 11β-HSD2 shRNA significantly increased cortisol-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Additionally, pretreatment of Jurkat cells with low-dose bortezomib resulted in increased cellular sensitivity to GC as shown by elevated induction of apoptosis, more cells arrested at G1 stage and up-regulation of GC-induced leucine zipper which is an important mediator of GC action. Furthermore, we clarified that bortezomib could dose-dependently inhibit 11β-HSD2 messenger RNA and protein levels as well as activity (cortisol-cortisone conversion) through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Therefore, we suggest 11β-HSD2 is, at least partially if not all, responsible for impaired GC suppression in Jurkat cells and also indicate a novel mechanism by which proteasome inhibitor bortezomib may influence GC action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jumei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Ziv L, Muto A, Schoonheim PJ, Meijsing SH, Strasser D, Ingraham HA, Schaaf MJ, Yamamoto KR, Baier H. An affective disorder in zebrafish with mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:681-91. [PMID: 22641177 PMCID: PMC4065652 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon binding of cortisol, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates the transcription of specific target genes, including those that encode the stress hormones corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Dysregulation of the stress axis is a hallmark of major depression in human patients. However, it is still unclear how glucocorticoid signaling is linked to affective disorders. We identified an adult-viable zebrafish mutant in which the negative feedback on the stress response is disrupted, due to abolition of all transcriptional activity of GR. As a consequence, cortisol is elevated, but unable to signal through GR. When placed into an unfamiliar aquarium ('novel tank'), mutant fish become immobile ('freeze'), show reduced exploratory behavior and do not habituate to this stressor upon repeated exposure. Addition of the antidepressant fluoxetine to the holding water and social interactions restore normal behavior, followed by a delayed correction of cortisol levels. Fluoxetine does not affect the overall transcription of CRH, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), the serotonin transporter (Serta) or GR itself. Fluoxetine, however, suppresses the stress-induced upregulation of MR and Serta in both wild-type fish and mutants. Our studies show a conserved, protective function of glucocorticoid signaling in the regulation of emotional behavior and reveal novel molecular aspects of how chronic stress impacts vertebrate brain physiology and behavior. Importantly, the zebrafish model opens up the possibility of high-throughput drug screens in search of new classes of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Ziv
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Akira Muto
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter J. Schoonheim
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan H. Meijsing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Holly A. Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Keith R. Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes – Circuits – Behavior, Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Robertson S, Hapgood JP, Louw A. Glucocorticoid receptor concentration and the ability to dimerize influence nuclear translocation and distribution. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23178279 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations and the ability of the GR to dimerize are factors which influence sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Upon glucocorticoid binding, the GR is actively transported into the nucleus, a crucial step in determining GR function. We examined the effects of GR concentration and the ability to dimerize on GR nuclear import, export and nuclear distribution using both live cell microscopy of GFP-tagged GR and immunofluorescence of untagged GR, with both wild type GR (GRwt) and dimerization deficient GR (GRdim). We found that the observed rate of GR nuclear import increases significantly at higher GR concentrations, at saturating concentrations of dexamethasone (10(-6) M) using GFP-tagged GR, while with untagged GR it is only discernable at sub-saturating ligand concentrations (10(-10)-10(-9) M). Loss of dimerization results in a slower observed rate of nuclear import (2.5- to 3.3-fold decrease for GFP-GRdim) as well as a decreased extent of GR nuclear localization (18-27% decrease for untagged GRdim). These results were linked to an increased rate of GR export at low GR concentrations (1.4- to 1.6-fold increase for untagged GR) and where GR dimerization is abrogated (1.5- to 1.7-fold increase for GFP-GRdim). Furthermore, GR dimerization was shown to be required for the appearance of discrete GC-dependent GR nuclear foci, the loss of which may explain the increased rate of GR export for the GRdim. The reduction in the observed rate of nuclear import and increased rate of nuclear export displayed at low GR concentrations and by the GRdim could explain the lowered glucocorticoid response under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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21
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Selective glucocorticoid receptor translational isoforms reveal glucocorticoid-induced apoptotic transcriptomes. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e453. [PMID: 23303127 PMCID: PMC3563981 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Induction of T-cell apoptosis contributes to the anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic benefits of glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) translational isoforms have distinct proapoptotic activities in osteosarcoma cells. Here we determined whether GR isoforms selectively induce apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Jurkat cells stably expressing individual GR isoforms were generated and treated with vehicle or dexamethasone (DEX). DEX induced apoptosis in cells expressing the GR-A, -B, or -C, but not the GR-D, isoform. cDNA microarray analyses of cells sensitive (GR-C3) and insensitive (GR-D3) to DEX revealed glucocorticoid-induced proapoptotic transcriptomes. Genes that were regulated by the proapoptotic GR-C3, but not by the GR-D3, isoform likely contributed to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. The identified genes include those that are directly involved in apoptosis and those that facilitate cell killing. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that distinct chromatin modification abilities may underlie the distinct functions of GR isoforms. Interestingly, all GR isoforms, including the GR-D3 isoform, suppressed mitogen-stimulated cytokines. Furthermore, the GR-C isoforms were selectively upregulated in mitogen-activated primary T cells and DEX treatment induced GR-C target genes in activated T cells. Cell-specific expressions and functions of GR isoforms may help to explain the tissue- and individual-selective actions of glucocorticoids and may provide a basis for developing improved glucocorticoids.
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22
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Sarvaiya PJ, Schwartz JR, Geng CD, Vedeckis WV. c-Myb interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and regulates its level in pre-B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 361:124-32. [PMID: 22516378 PMCID: PMC3404235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. When the GC binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein, c-Myb and GR are recruited at the Glucocorticoid Response Unit in the DNA. Here we demonstrate that c-Myb interacts with the GR and that decreasing c-Myb amounts reduces the levels of GR transcripts and protein in 697 pre-B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Furthermore, the auto-upregulation of GR promoter 1C and promoter 1D is blunted at reduced c-Myb levels. Taken together, these data show that c-Myb is a direct, key regulator of the GR. Unexpectedly, the reduction in c-Myb levels increased the sensitivity of the cells to steroid-mediated apoptosis. This was because the reduction in c-Myb itself decreases cell viability, and the residual GR remained above the threshold needed to trigger apoptosis. These studies show the mutual importance of c-Myb and the GR in controlling survival of pre-B ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wayne V. Vedeckis
- Corresponding Author and to whom reprint requests should be addressed: Wayne V. Vedeckis, Ph.D,. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, Phone #: 504-568-8175, Fax #: 504-568-6697,
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23
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Rubio-Patiño C, Palmeri CM, Pérez-Perarnau A, Cosialls AM, Moncunill-Massaguer C, González-Gironès DM, Pons-Hernández L, López JM, Ventura F, Gil J, Pons G, Iglesias-Serret D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is involved in ligand-dependent activation of transcription and cellular localization of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1508-20. [PMID: 22771494 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in different cell types and therefore are widely used to treat a variety of diseases including autoimmune disorders and cancer. This effect is mediated by the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that translocates into the nucleus where it modulates transcription of target genes in a promoter-specific manner. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) regulates GR response by genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, although the specific role of each isoform is not well defined. We used GSK3 pharmacological inhibitors and isoform-specific small interfering RNA to evaluate the role of GSK3 in the genomic regulation induced by GC. GSK3 inhibition resulted in the reduction of GC-induced mRNA expression of GC-induced genes such as BIM, HIAP1, and GILZ. Knockdown of GSK3β but not GSK3α reduced endogenous GILZ induction in response to dexamethasone and GR-dependent reporter gene activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that GSK3 inhibition impaired the dexamethasone-mediated binding of GR and RNA polymerase II to endogenous GILZ promoter. These results indicate that GSK3β is important for GR transactivation activity and that GSK3β inhibition suppresses GC-stimulated gene expression. Furthermore, we show that genomic regulation by the GR is independent of known GSK3β phosphorylation sites. We propose that GC-dependent transcriptional activation requires functional GSK3β signaling and that altered GSK3β activity influences cell response to GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Rubio-Patiño
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Seo YN, Lee YJ, Lee MY. Differential gene expression by chrysotile in human bronchial epithelial cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2011.628696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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25
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Hagenbuchner J, Kuznetsov A, Hermann M, Hausott B, Obexer P, Ausserlechner MJ. FOXO3-induced reactive oxygen species are regulated by BCL2L11 (Bim) and SESN3. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1191-203. [PMID: 22349704 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors induce apoptosis and regulate cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To identify the sequence of molecular events underlying FOXO3 (FKHRL1)-induced apoptosis, we studied the regulation and function of FOXO3 by expressing an ECFP-tagged FOXO3 or a 4OH-tamoxifen (4OHT)-inducible FOXO3-ERtm fusion protein in SH-EP and STA-NB15 neuronal cells. After knockdown of FOXO3 or expression of a dominant-negative FOXO3 mutant we observed that etoposide- and doxorubicin-induced elevation of cellular ROS depends on FOXO3 activation and induction of its transcriptional target BCL2L11 (Bim). Activation of FOXO3 on its own induced two sequential ROS waves as measured by reduced MitoTrackerRed in live cell microscopy. Induction of Bim by FOXO3 is essential for this phenomenon because Bim knockdown or ectopic expression of BCL2L1 (BclxL) prevented FOXO3-mediated overproduction of ROS and apoptosis. Tetracycline-controlled expression of Bim impaired mitochondrial respiration and caused ROS production, suggesting that FOXO3 induces uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration through Bim. FOXO3 also activated a ROS rescue pathway by inducing the peroxiredoxin SESN3 (Sestrin3), which is responsible for the biphasic ROS accumulation. Knockdown of SESN3 caused an increase of FOXO3-induced ROS and accelerated apoptosis. The combined data clearly demonstrate that FOXO3 activates overproduction of ROS as a consequence of Bim-dependent impairment of mitochondrial respiration in neuronal cells, which leads to apoptosis.
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26
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Lv M, Zhang X, Jia H, Li D, Zhang B, Zhang H, Hong M, Jiang T, Jiang Q, Lu J, Huang X, Huang B. An oncogenic role of miR-142-3p in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) by targeting glucocorticoid receptor-α and cAMP/PKA pathways. Leukemia 2011; 26:769-77. [PMID: 21979877 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of 19-24 nucleotide non-coding RNAs with posttranscriptional regulatory functions. The involvement of miRNAs in normal hematopoiesis implies that deregulated miRNAs might contribute to leukemogenesis. To date, although certain miRNAs have been established a clear oncogenic role in hematological malignancies, other individual miRNAs potentially involved in human leukemogenesis still remain elusive. In this report, we showed that miR-142-3p was upregulated in human T-leukemic cell lines and primary T-leukemic cells isolated from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients and its expressive levels were correlated with patients' prognosis. Such an oncogenic role of miR-142-3p could be explained by its targeting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) and glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα). High levels of miR-142-3p resulted in low levels of cAMP and weak activity of PKA, thus relieving the inhibitory effect of PKA on T-leukemic cell proliferation. Meanwhile, miR-142-3p decreased GRα protein expression by directly targeting the 3'-untranslational region of GRα mRNA, leading to glucocorticoid resistance. Transfection of the miR-142-3p inhibitor effectively converted glucocorticoid resistance, because of the resultant increase of GRα expression and PKA activity. These findings suggest that miR-142-3p is critical in T-cell leukemogenesis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, The People's Republic of China
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27
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Schlossmacher G, Stevens A, White A. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated apoptosis: mechanisms of resistance in cancer cells. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:17-25. [PMID: 21602312 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (Gcs) are commonly used to treat patients suffering from a wide range of cancers. Their main therapeutic role is based on Gc receptor (GR)-mediated mechanisms that trigger cell death but this varies depending on the cancer type. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of Gc-induced cell death and more importantly the changes in GR that lead to resistance to Gc treatment in cancer. The three main cancer types, which are susceptible to Gc resistance and therefore loss of Gc-induced apoptotic effects, are acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, osteosarcoma and small-cell lung carcinoma. A common theme is the loss of GR function and/or a downregulation of GR expression which leads to failure of the cell death-inducing effects of Gcs. Loss of GR function is attributed to mutations in the GR gene, and in some cases a dominant-negative effect on any functional GR still present. The downregulation of GR expression can be due to decreased GR promoter activation, increased GR promoter methylation or increased expression of alternative splice isoforms of GR that have decreased transcriptional activity. Understanding the mechanisms behind Gc-triggered apoptosis and the resistance to it in these cancer types will help in further refining treatment regimens for patients and will decrease the chance of relapse caused by Gc-resistant cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Schlossmacher
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Sai S, Nakagawa Y, Yamaguchi R, Suzuki M, Sakaguchi K, Okada S, Seckl JR, Ohzeki T, Chapman KE. Expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 contributes to glucocorticoid resistance in lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1644-8. [PMID: 21794917 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) form a crucial first-line treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However prolonged GC therapy frequently leads to GC-resistance with an unclear molecular mechanism. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) 2 inactivates GCs within cells. Here, we show the association between GC sensitivity and 11β-HSD2 expression in human T-cell leukemic cell lines. 11β-HSD2 mRNA and protein levels were considerably higher in GC-resistant MOLT4F cells than in GC-sensitive CCRF-CEM cells. The 11β-HSD inhibitor, carbenoxolone pre-treatment resulted in greater cell death with prednisolone assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium assay and caspase-3/7 assay, suggesting that 11β-HSD2 is a cause of GC-resistance in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Sai
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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29
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Establishing a sensitive and specific assay for determination of glucocorticoid bioactivity. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2011; 123:222-9. [PMID: 21465082 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-011-1562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are hormones that play a major role in energy homeostasis and stress response of the body. As drugs they are most frequently used for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory purposes. Glucocorticoids are exploited successfully in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases; however, some patients develop side-effects, while others fail to respond to this form of therapy. Alterations in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic actions might contribute to individual differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity. Antibody-based methods such as RIA (Radioimmunoassay) and ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) are routinely used to determine glucocorticoid serum levels. However, as these techniques measure the total amount of a specific glucocorticoid and do not discriminate between protein-bound and freely available (i.e. biologically active) glucocorticoids, the results do not necessarily reflect the active levels of glucocorticoid, i.e. the "glucocorticoid milieu" in a patient. Being able to determine glucocorticoid bioactivity in serum or other body fluids could help identifying glucocorticoid-sensitive or -resistant patients and help finding explanations for different responses in individual patients. For this reason, we established a glucocorticoid bioactivity assay that is based on the measurement of glucocorticoid-dependent reporter gene activity. Making use of a human T-cell leukemia line, equipped with the glucocorticoid receptor and the fluorescence protein Venus as the assay's reporter (Jurkat(GR)-MMTV-VNP), glucocorticoid bioactivity can be determined from small amounts of serum or other biologic fluids. The developed glucocorticoid bioassay is both sensitive and reproducible, without any relevant cross-reactivity with steroid hormones other than glucocorticoids and can be practically applied in daily laboratory routine.
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30
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Notch protection against apoptosis in T-ALL cells mediated by GIMAP5. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 45:201-9. [PMID: 20817506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the role of Notch signalling in the development of T cell acute lymphoblasic leukaemia (T-ALL). Over-expression of Notch3 and gain of function mutations in the Notch1 gene have been reported. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of Notch signalling on apoptosis in human T-ALL cell lines and to identify targets of Notch signalling that may mediate this effect. Functional studies showed that inhibition of Notch signalling using gamma secretase inhibitors promoted glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in cells carrying gain of function mutations in Notch1. Moreover, ectopic expression of constitutively activated Notch provided protection against glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis, indicating that signalling via Notch may also contribute to the development of T-ALL by conferring resistance to apoptosis. Microarray analysis revealed that GIMAP5, a gene coding for an anti-apoptotic intracellular protein, is upregulated by Notch in T-ALL cell lines. Knockdown of GIMAP5 expression using siRNA promoted glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in T-ALL cells carrying gain of function mutations in Notch1 and in T-ALL cells engineered to express ectopic constitutively activated Notch indicating that Notch signalling protects T-ALL cells from apoptosis by upregulating the expression of GIMAP5.
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31
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Gu L, Zhou C, Liu H, Gao J, Li Q, Mu D, Ma Z. Rapamycin sensitizes T-ALL cells to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:150. [PMID: 21083937 PMCID: PMC2998469 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance is frequently seen in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell lineage (T-ALL). In this study we investigate the potential and mechanism of using rapamycin to restore the sensitivity of GC-resistant T-ALL cells to dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Methods Cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was used to analyze apoptosis and cell cycles. Western blot analysis was performed to test the expression of the downstream effector proteins of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the cell cycle regulatory proteins, and apoptosis associated proteins. Results 10 nM rapamycin markedly increased GC sensitivity in GC-resistant T-ALL cells and this effect was mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway. Cell cycle arrest was associated with modulation of G1-S phase regulators. Both rapamycin and Dex can induce up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors of p21 and p27 and co-treatment of rapamycin with Dex resulted in a synergistic induction of their expressions. Rapamycin did not obviously affect the expression of cyclin A, whereas Dex induced cyclin A expression. Rapamycin prevented Dex-induced expression of cyclin A. Rapamycin had a stronger inhibition of cyclin D1 expression than Dex. Rapamycin enhanced GC-induced apoptosis and this was not achieved by modulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression, but synergistically up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins like caspase-3, Bax, and Bim, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein of Mcl-1. Conclusion Our data suggests that rapamycin can effectively reverse GC resistance in T-ALL and this effect is achieved by inducing cell cycles arrested at G0/G1 phase and activating the intrinsic apoptotic program. Therefore, combination of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin with GC containing protocol might be an attracting new therapeutic approach for GC resistant T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Wei-Chen Chen D, Lynch JT, Demonacos C, Krstic-Demonacos M, Schwartz JM. Quantitative analysis and modeling of glucocorticoid-controlled gene expression. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1545-60. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Glucocorticoid hormones are used extensively in the clinic for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated transcriptional events that lead to the induction of apoptosis of leukemia cells, as well as the causes for the development of resistance in leukemia patients, are not yet understood. It is thought that the B-cell lymphoma 2 family members that control apoptosis, including some of the GR target genes, may play an important role in deciding cell fate. In this report we have employed pathway modeling due to the recent discovery of its usefulness as a tool for improving understanding of the mechanisms of cellular signaling, and in discovering new therapeutic targets for the treatment of various diseases. Materials & methods: Detailed kinetics of GR autoregulation, as well as the kinetics of expression of its target genes and proteins Bcl-xL, Bim, Bmf and GILZ in glucocorticoid responsive and resistant leukemia cell lines were carried out. Subsequently in order to obtain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of GR signaling in this pathway a dynamic model of the induction of these genes and proteins by GR was constructed. Results: The simulations were in good agreement with the observed experimental data suggesting that Bim was induced between 6 and 10 h after the addition of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, possibly through rapid glucocorticoid dependent modulation of an unknown factor. Simulations and experimental results also suggested that Bmf induction did not require novel protein synthesis, and is a potential direct GR target. Conclusion: This combination of experimental analysis and model development initiates a virtuous cycle enabling further data integration and model expansion, and constitutes a novel promising framework towards a global mechanistic understanding of GR function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James T Lynch
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Constantinos Demonacos
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Geng CD, Vedeckis WV. Use of recombinant cell-permeable small peptides to modulate glucocorticoid sensitivity of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8892-901. [PMID: 20831260 DOI: 10.1021/bi1007723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones induce apoptosis in T-cell and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Steroid-mediated apoptosis requires a threshold level of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein, and increasing the intracellular GR levels in ALL cells would augment their hormone sensitivity. A protein transduction domain (PTD) approach was used to accomplish this. We produced an HIV Tat PTD domain fusion protein (Tat-GR(554-777)) that potentially competes for the degradation of GR protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and should thus increase its intracellular levels by "stabilizing" the GR. We also designed a fusion peptide for the c-Myb DNA binding domain, Tat-c-Myb DBD, since the biological function of this peptide as a dominant negative inhibitor of the c-Myb protein was already known. Purified, bacterially expressed Tat-c-Myb DBD and Tat-GR(554-777) exhibited highly efficient transduction into cultured ALL cell lines including 697 (pre-B-ALL) and CEM-C7 (T-ALL) cells. As expected, the transduced Tat-c-Myb DBD peptide inhibited steroid-mediated stimulation of a GR promoter-luciferase reporter gene. Significantly, transduced Tat-GR(554-777) effectively increased intracellular GR levels in the GC-resistant T-ALL cell line, CEM-C1, and in the pre-B-ALL 697 cell line. Furthermore, transduction of Tat-GR(554-777) rendered GC-resistant CEM-C1 cells sensitive to steroid killing and further sensitized 697 cells to steroid. The use of Tat-fusion peptide transduction may eventually lead to innovative therapeutic modalities to improve the clinical response of patients suffering from T-cell and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by increasing steroid responsiveness and perhaps converting steroid-resistant leukemia to a hormone-responsive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-dong Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Smith LK, Shah RR, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids modulate microRNA expression and processing during lymphocyte apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36698-708. [PMID: 20847043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids modulate immune development and function through the induction of lymphocyte apoptosis via mechanisms requiring alterations in gene expression. Recently, short, noncoding, microRNAs have been identified as key regulators of lymphocyte function; however, it is unknown whether glucocorticoids regulate noncoding microRNAs and whether this regulation contributes to lymphocyte apoptosis. We now show by both microarray and deep sequencing analysis that microRNAs are substantially repressed during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of primary rat thymocytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that primary microRNA transcripts were not repressed, whereas the expression of the key microRNA processing enzymes: Dicer, Drosha, and DGCR8/Pasha, were significantly reduced at both the mRNA and protein levels during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. To delineate the role of Dicer depletion and microRNA repression in apoptosis, we silenced Dicer expression in two human leukemic cell lines and demonstrated that Dicer depletion significantly enhanced glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in both model systems. Finally, in vitro and in vivo overexpression of the conserved miR-17-92 polycistron, which was repressed significantly by dexamethasone treatment in both our microarray and deep sequencing studies, blunted glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. These studies provide evidence of altered post-transcriptional microRNA expression and the repression of the microRNA bioprocessing pathway during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes, suggesting a role for microRNA processors and specific microRNAs in cell life/death decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Smith
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Wasim M, Carlet M, Mansha M, Greil R, Ploner C, Trockenbacher A, Rainer J, Kofler R. PLZF/ZBTB16, a glucocorticoid response gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, interferes with glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:218-27. [PMID: 20435142 PMCID: PMC2892747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphoid cells which is exploited to treat lymphoid malignancies. The mechanisms of these anti-leukemic GC effects are, however, poorly understood. We previously defined a list of GC-regulated genes by expression profiling in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during systemic GC monotherapy and in experimental systems of GC-induced apoptosis. PLZF/ZBTB16, a transcriptional repressor, was one of the most promising candidates derived from this screen. To investigate its role in the anti-leukemic GC effects, we performed overexpression and knock-down experiments in CCRF-CEM childhood ALL cells. Transgenic PLZF/ZBTB16 alone had no detectable effect on cell proliferation or survival, but reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis but not apoptosis induced by antibodies against Fas/CD95 or 3 different chemotherapeutics. Knock-down of ZBTB16 entailed a small, but significant, increase in cell death induction by GC. Affymetrix Exon array-based whole genome expression profiling revealed that PLZF/ZBTB16 induction did not significantly alter the expression profile, however, it interfered with the regulation of numerous GC response genes, including BCL2L11/Bim, which has previously been shown to be responsible for cell death induction in CCRF-CEM cells. Thus, the protective effect of PLZF/ZBTB16 can be attributed to interference with transcriptional regulation by GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasim
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michela Carlet
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Muhammad Mansha
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- III. Medical University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Trockenbacher
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kofler
- Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 9003 70360; fax: +43 512 9003 73960.
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Schwartz JR, Sarvaiya PJ, Vedeckis WV. Glucocorticoid receptor knock down reveals a similar apoptotic threshold but differing gene regulation patterns in T-cell and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 320:76-86. [PMID: 20170710 PMCID: PMC2844487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used in combination therapy for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In T-cell (CEM-C7) and pre-B-cell (697) ALL cell lines, dexamethasone (Dex) treatment causes an auto-upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA transcripts and protein. We hypothesized that there is a threshold level of GR transcripts/protein needed for cells to respond to the apoptosis-inducing effects of hormone. GR knock down using a doxycycline-controllable shRNAmir indicated that the apoptotic response changes from sensitive to resistant with changing GR levels. Titration of the 697 cell GR to equal that of the CEM-C7 T-cell ALL line caused a shift in sensitivity to that seen in CEM-C7 cells. While the same level of GR is required to trigger apoptosis in both T-cell and pre-B-cell ALL lineages, similarities and differences were observed for the regulation of target genes in these lineages. These preliminary gene regulation patterns may lead to the development of a molecular signature for GC-sensitive and GC-resistant leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne V. Vedeckis
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA. Tel: +1 504-568-8175; fax: +1 504-568-6997; (W.V. Vedeckis)
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37
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Chen P, Jiang T, Ouyang J, Cui Y. Glucocorticoid receptor auto-upregulation and its relation with glucocorticoid sensitivity in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 43:167-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smith LK, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of healthy and malignant lymphocytes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 182:1-30. [PMID: 20541659 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)82001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert a wide range of physiological effects, including the induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes. The progression of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis is a multi-component process requiring contributions from both genomic and cytoplasmic signaling events. There is significant evidence indicating that the transactivation activity of the glucocorticoid receptor is required for the initiation of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. However, the rapid cytoplasmic effects of glucocorticoids may also contribute to the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis-signaling pathway. Endogenous glucocorticoids shape the T-cell repertoire through both the induction of apoptosis by neglect during thymocyte maturation and the antagonism of T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced apoptosis during positive selection. Owing to their ability to induce apoptosis in lymphocytes, synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of haematological malignancies. Glucocorticoid chemotherapy is limited, however, by the emergence of glucocorticoid resistance. The development of novel therapies designed to overcome glucocorticoid resistance will dramatically improve the efficacy of glucocorticoid therapy in the treatment of haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Smith
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Gross KL, Lu NZ, Cidlowski JA. Molecular mechanisms regulating glucocorticoid sensitivity and resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:7-16. [PMID: 19000736 PMCID: PMC2674248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor agonists are mainstays in the treatment of various malignancies of hematological origin. Glucocorticoids are included in therapeutic regimens for their ability to stimulate intracellular signal transduction cascades that culminate in alterations in the rate of transcription of genes involved in cell cycle progression and programmed cell death. Unfortunately, subpopulations of patients undergoing systemic glucocorticoid therapy for these diseases are or become insensitive to glucocorticoid-induced cell death, a phenomenon recognized as glucocorticoid resistance. Multiple factors contributing to glucocorticoid resistance have been identified. Here we summarize several of these mechanisms and describe the processes involved in generating a host of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms from one gene. The potential role of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms in determining cellular responsiveness to glucocorticoids is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A. Cidlowski
- Corresponding Author. Mailing address: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, MD F3-07, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Phone: 919-541-1564. Fax: 919-541-1367. E-mail:
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Beesley AH, Weller RE, Senanayake S, Welch M, Kees UR. Receptor mutation is not a common mechanism of naturally occurring glucocorticoid resistance in leukaemia cell lines. Leuk Res 2009; 33:321-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mechanisms regulating the susceptibility of hematopoietic malignancies to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 101:127-248. [PMID: 19055945 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies owing to their ability to induce apoptosis of these cancerous cells. Whereas some types of lymphoma and leukemia respond well to this drug, others are resistant. Also, GC-resistance gradually develops upon repeated treatments ultimately leading to refractory relapsed disease. Understanding the mechanisms regulating GC-induced apoptosis is therefore uttermost important for designing novel treatment strategies that overcome GC-resistance. This review discusses updated data describing the complex regulation of the cell's susceptibility to apoptosis triggered by GCs. We address both the genomic and nongenomic effects involved in promoting the apoptotic signals as well as the resistance mechanisms opposing these signals. Eventually we address potential strategies of clinical relevance that sensitize GC-resistant lymphoma and leukemia cells to this drug. The major target is the nongenomic signal transduction machinery where the interplay between protein kinases determines the cell fate. Shifting the balance of the kinome towards a state where Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha (GSK3alpha) is kept active, favors an apoptotic response. Accumulating data show that it is possible to therapeutically modulate GC-resistance in patients, thereby improving the response to GC therapy.
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Bachmann PS, Gorman R, Papa RA, Bardell JE, Ford J, Kees UR, Marshall GM, Lock RB. Divergent Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Resistance in Experimental Models of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4482-90. [PMID: 17483364 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell line models of glucocorticoid resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) almost invariably exhibit altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function. However, these findings are incongruous with those using specimens derived directly from leukemia patients, in which GR alterations are rarely found. Consequently, mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in the clinical setting remain largely unresolved. We present a novel paradigm of glucocorticoid resistance in childhood ALL, in which patient biopsies have been directly established as continuous xenografts in immune-deficient mice, without prior in vitro culture. We show that the GRs from six highly dexamethasone-resistant xenografts (in vitro IC(50) >10 micromol/L) exhibit no defects in ligand-induced nuclear translocation and binding to a consensus glucocorticoid response element (GRE). This finding contrasts with five commonly used leukemia cell lines, all of which exhibited defective GRE binding. Moreover, whereas the GRs of dexamethasone-resistant xenografts were transcriptionally active, as assessed by the ability to induce the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene, resistance was associated with failure to induce the bim gene, which encodes a proapoptotic BH3-only protein. Furthermore, the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU11657, completely reversed dexamethasone resistance in a xenograft expressing functional GR, indicating that pharmacologic reversal of glucocorticoid resistance in childhood ALL is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra S Bachmann
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ausserlechner MJ, Obexer P, Deutschmann A, Geiger K, Kofler R. A retroviral expression system based on tetracycline-regulated tricistronic transactivator/repressor vectors for functional analyses of antiproliferative and toxic genes. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1927-34. [PMID: 16928812 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of stably transfected mammalian cells with conditional expression of antiproliferative or proapoptotic proteins is often hampered by varying expression within bulk-selected cells and high background in the absence of the inducing drug. To overcome such limitations, we designed a gene expression system that transcribes the tetracycline-dependent rtTA2-M2-activator, TRSID-silencer, and selection marker as a tricistronic mRNA from a single retroviral vector. More than 92% of bulk-selected cells expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein or luciferase over more than three orders of magnitude in an almost linear, dose-dependent manner. To functionally test this system, we studied how dose-dependent expression of p27(Kip1) affects proliferation and viability of SH-EP neuroblastoma cells. Low to moderate p27(Kip1) expression caused transient G(0)-G(1) accumulation without reduced viability, whereas high p27(Kip1) levels induced significant apoptosis after 72 hours. This proves that this expression system allows concentration-dependent analysis of gene function and implicates p27(Kip1) as a critical regulator of both proliferation and apoptosis in SH-EP neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ausserlechner
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Pediatric Department, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Schmidt S, Irving JAE, Minto L, Matheson E, Nicholson L, Ploner A, Parson W, Kofler A, Amort M, Erdel M, Hall A, Kofler R. Glucocorticoid resistance in two key models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs at the level of the glucocorticoid receptor. FASEB J 2006; 20:2600-2. [PMID: 17077285 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6214fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) specifically induce apoptosis in malignant lymphoblasts and are thus pivotal in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, GC-resistance is a therapeutic problem with an unclear molecular mechanism. We generated approximately 70 GC-resistant sublines from a GC-sensitive B- and a T-ALL cell line and investigated their mechanisms of resistance. In response to GCs, all GC-resistant subclones analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed a deficient up-regulation of the GC-receptor (GR) and its downstream target, GC-induced leucine zipper. This deficiency in GR up-regulation was confirmed by Western blotting and on retroviral overexpression of GR in resistant subclones GC-sensitivity was restored. All GC-resistant subclones were screened for GR mutations using denaturing high-pressure liquid chromatography (DHPLC), DNA-fingerprinting, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Among the identified mutations were some previously not associated with GC resistance: A484D, P515H, L756N, Y663H, L680P, and R714W. This approach revealed three genotypes, complete loss of functional GR in the mismatch repair deficient T-ALL model, apparently normal GR genes in B-ALLs, and heterozygosity in both. In the first genotype, deficiency in GR up-regulation was fully explained by mutational events, in the second by a putative regulatory defect, and in the third by a combination thereof. In all instances, GC-resistance occurred at the level of the GR in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmidt
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Tissing WJE, Meijerink JPP, Brinkhof B, Broekhuis MJC, Menezes RX, den Boer ML, Pieters R. Glucocorticoid-induced glucocorticoid-receptor expression and promoter usage is not linked to glucocorticoid resistance in childhood ALL. Blood 2006; 108:1045-9. [PMID: 16574952 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlucocorticoid (GC) resistance is an adverse prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but little is known about causes of GC resistance. Up-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been suggested as an essential step to the induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells. In this study we investigated whether baseline mRNA expression levels of the 5 different GR promoter transcripts (1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B, and 1C) or differences in the degree of regulation of the GR or GR promoter transcripts upon GC exposure are related to GC resistance. Therefore, mRNA levels of the 5 GR promoter transcripts and of the GR were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; Taqman) technology in primary ALL cells prior to and after 3, 8, and 24 hours of prednisolone exposure. GR expression is induced upon GC exposure in primary ALL patient samples, which is opposite to what is found in tissues in which GCs do not induce apoptosis. GC resistance in childhood ALL cannot be attributed to an inability of resistant cells to up-regulate the expression of the GR upon GC exposure, nor to differences in GR promoter usage (at baseline and upon GC exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Sionov RV, Cohen O, Kfir S, Zilberman Y, Yefenof E. Role of mitochondrial glucocorticoid receptor in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:189-201. [PMID: 16390935 PMCID: PMC2118093 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis are unknown. We studied the role of mitochondrial GR in this process. Dexamethasone induces GR translocation to the mitochondria in GC-sensitive, but not in GC-resistant, T cell lines. In contrast, nuclear GR translocation occurs in all cell types. Thymic epithelial cells, which cause apoptosis of the PD1.6 T cell line in a GR-dependent manner, induce GR translocation to the mitochondria, but not to the nucleus, suggesting a role for mitochondrial GR in eliciting apoptosis. This hypothesis is corroborated by the finding that a GR variant exclusively expressed in the mitochondria elicits apoptosis of several cancer cell lines. A putative mitochondrial localization signal was defined to amino acids 558-580 of human GR, which lies within the NH2-terminal part of the ligand-binding domain. Altogether, our data show that mitochondrial and nuclear translocations of GR are differentially regulated, and that mitochondrial GR translocation correlates with susceptibility to GC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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47
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Schmidt S, Rainer J, Riml S, Ploner C, Jesacher S, Achmüller C, Presul E, Skvortsov S, Crazzolara R, Fiegl M, Raivio T, Jänne OA, Geley S, Meister B, Kofler R. Identification of glucocorticoid-response genes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2005; 107:2061-9. [PMID: 16293608 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of glucocorticoids (GCs) to kill lymphoid cells led to their inclusion in essentially all chemotherapy protocols for lymphoid malignancies, particularly childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). GCs mediate apoptosis via their cognate receptor and subsequent alterations in gene expression. Previous investigations, including expression profiling studies with subgenome microarrays in model systems, have led to a number of attractive, but conflicting, hypotheses that have never been tested in a clinical setting. Here, we present a comparative whole-genome expression profiling approach using lymphoblasts (purified at 3 time points) from 13 GC-sensitive children undergoing therapy for ALL. For comparisons, expression profiles were generated from an adult patient with ALL, peripheral blood lymphocytes from GC-exposed healthy donors, GC-sensitive and -resistant ALL cell lines, and mouse thymocytes treated with GCs in vivo and in vitro. This generated an essentially complete list of GC-regulated candidate genes in clinical settings and experimental systems, allowing immediate analysis of any gene for its potential significance to GC-induced apoptosis. Our analysis argued against most of the model-based hypotheses and instead identified a small number of novel candidate genes, including PFKFB2, a key regulator of glucose metabolism; ZBTB16, a putative transcription factor; and SNF1LK, a protein kinase implicated in cell-cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmidt
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Schmidt S, Rainer J, Ploner C, Presul E, Riml S, Kofler R. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and glucocorticoid resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 1:S45-55. [PMID: 15243581 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of glucocorticoids (GC) to efficiently kill lymphoid cells has led to their inclusion in essentially all chemotherapy protocols for lymphoid malignancies. This review summarizes recent findings related to the molecular basis of GC-induced apoptosis and GC resistance, and discusses their potential clinical implications. Accumulating evidence suggests that GC may induce cell death via different pathways resulting in apoptotic or necrotic morphologies, depending on the availability/responsiveness of the apoptotic machinery. The former might result from regulation of typical apoptosis genes such as members of the Bcl-2 family, the latter from detrimental GC effects on essential cellular functions possibly perpetuated by GC receptor (GR) autoinduction. Although other possibilities exist, GC resistance might frequently result from defective GR expression, perhaps the most efficient means to target multiple antileukemic GC effects. Numerous novel drug combinations are currently being tested to prevent resistance and improve GC efficacy in the therapy of lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmidt
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ploner C, Schmidt S, Presul E, Renner K, Schröcksnadel K, Rainer J, Riml S, Kofler R. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and glucocorticoid resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 93:153-60. [PMID: 15860257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphoid cells, and therefore constitute a central component in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, particularly childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In spite of its clinical significance and considerable efforts in many laboratories, however, the molecular basis of GC-induced apoptosis and the clinically important resistance phenomenon remains poorly defined. The anti-leukemic GC effects are critically dependent upon sufficient expression of the GC receptor (GR) throughout the response. In ALL cell lines, this is associated with, and may depend upon, GR autoinduction. In corresponding in vitro models, GC resistance frequently results from mutations in the GR gene and/or deficient regulation of its expression. The downstream components of the pathway, i.e., the GC-regulated genes responsible for cell death induction, have been studied by microarray-based comparative expression profiling, resulting in identification of a considerable number of GC-regulated candidate genes. Their possible function in the death response is, however, still undefined. One model predicts direct regulation of the apoptotic machinery, e.g., components of the "Bcl-2 rheostat", while a complementary hypothesis suggests deleterious GC effects on essential cellular functions, such as metabolism, production of and/or response to oxygen radicals, general transcription/translation, pH and volume control, etc. These regulatory effects may entail cell death, particularly if maintained for sufficient time through GR autoinduction. The latter form of cell death may occur even in the absence of functional apoptotic machinery (e.g., when caspases are blocked), but in this case appears to entail a more necrotic morphology. Taken together, GC may induce different types of cell death through distinct molecular pathways, depending on the cellular context. GC resistance might frequently result from defective GR expression, perhaps the most efficient means to target multiple antileukemic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ploner
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Knight RA. Cheating death: what can we learn from tumour resistance? Cell Death Differ 2004; 11 Suppl 1:S8-9. [PMID: 15243578 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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