1
|
Pellegrini H, Sharpe EH, Liu G, Nishiuchi E, Doerr N, Kipp KR, Chin T, Schimmel MF, Weimbs T. Cleavage fragments of the C-terminal tail of polycystin-1 are regulated by oxidative stress and induce mitochondrial dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105158. [PMID: 37579949 PMCID: PMC10502374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) are the most common cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Cysts in ADPKD exhibit a Warburg-like metabolism characterized by dysfunctional mitochondria and aerobic glycolysis. PC1 is an integral membrane protein with a large extracellular domain, a short C-terminal cytoplasmic tail and shares structural and functional similarities with G protein-coupled receptors. Its exact function remains unclear. The C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of PC1 undergoes proteolytic cleavage, generating soluble fragments that are overexpressed in ADPKD kidneys. The regulation, localization, and function of these fragments is poorly understood. Here, we show that a ∼30 kDa cleavage fragment (PC1-p30), comprising the entire C-terminal tail, undergoes rapid proteasomal degradation by a mechanism involving the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein. PC1-p30 is stabilized by reactive oxygen species, and the subcellular localization is regulated by reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. We found that a second, ∼15 kDa fragment (PC1-p15), is generated by caspase cleavage at a conserved site (Asp-4195) on the PC1 C-terminal tail. PC1-p15 is not subject to degradation and constitutively localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. Both cleavage fragments induce mitochondrial fragmentation, and PC1-p15 expression causes impaired fatty acid oxidation and increased lactate production, indicative of a Warburg-like phenotype. Endogenous PC1 tail fragments accumulate in renal cyst-lining cells in a mouse model of PKD. Collectively, these results identify novel mechanisms regarding the regulation and function of PC1 and suggest that C-terminal PC1 fragments may be involved in the mitochondrial and metabolic abnormalities observed in ADPKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Sharpe
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Guangyi Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA; Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Eiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Doerr
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Kevin R Kipp
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Tiffany Chin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Margaret F Schimmel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Thomas Weimbs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bissler JJ, Batchelor D, Kingswood JC. Progress in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Renal Disease. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 27:35-49. [PMID: 36734871 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2022042857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects both fetal development and postnatal tissue growth, resulting in altered brain structures and a tumor predisposition syndrome. Although every organ system is affected by the disease, kidney involvement is a leading cause of death in adults with TSC. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the renal disease. This review focuses on the cystic and solid renal lesions in TSC, including their pathobiology and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Dinah Batchelor
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33702
| | - J Christopher Kingswood
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Centre, St. Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar P, Zadjali F, Yao Y, Köttgen M, Hofherr A, Gross KW, Mehta D, Bissler JJ. Single Gene Mutations in Pkd1 or Tsc2 Alter Extracellular Vesicle Production and Trafficking. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050709. [PMID: 35625437 PMCID: PMC9139108 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles shed from primary cilia may be involved in renal cystogenesis. The disruption of the Pkd1 gene in our cell culture system increased the production of EVs in a similar way that occurs when the Tsc2 gene is disrupted. Disruption of the primary cilia depresses EV production, and this may be the reason that the combined Kif3A/Pkd1 mutant mouse has a less severe phenotype than the Pkd1 mutant alone. We initiated studies aimed at understanding the renal trafficking of renally-derived EVs and found that single gene disruptions can alter the EV kinetics based on dye tracking studies. These results raise the possibility that EV features, such as cargo, dose, tissue half-life, and targeting, may be involved in the disease process, and these features may also be fertile targets for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic investigation. Abstract Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are born with normal or near-normal kidneys that later develop cysts and prematurely lose function. Both renal cystic diseases appear to be mediated, at least in part, by disease-promoting extracellular vesicles (EVs) that induce genetically intact cells to participate in the renal disease process. We used centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography to isolate the EVs for study. We characterized the EVs using tunable resistive pulse sensing, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analysis. We performed EV trafficking studies using a dye approach in both tissue culture and in vivo studies. We have previously reported that loss of the Tsc2 gene significantly increased EV production and here demonstrate that the loss of the Pkd1 gene also significantly increases EV production. Using a cell culture system, we also show that loss of either the Tsc2 or Pkd1 gene results in EVs that exhibit an enhanced uptake by renal epithelial cells and a prolonged half-life. Loss of the primary cilia significantly reduces EV production in renal collecting duct cells. Cells that have a disrupted Pkd1 gene produce EVs that have altered kinetics and a prolonged half-life, possibly impacting the duration of the EV cargo effect on the recipient cell. These results demonstrate the interplay between primary cilia and EVs and support a role for EVs in polycystic kidney disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (F.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- US FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (F.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (F.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Michael Köttgen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.H.)
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexis Hofherr
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Kenneth W. Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Darshan Mehta
- US FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - John J. Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (F.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bowden SA, Rodger EJ, Chatterjee A, Eccles MR, Stayner C. Recent Discoveries in Epigenetic Modifications of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413327. [PMID: 34948126 PMCID: PMC8708269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a heritable renal disease that results in end-stage kidney disease, due to the uncontrolled bilateral growth of cysts throughout the kidneys. While it is known that a mutation within a PKD-causing gene is required for the development of ADPKD, the underlying mechanism(s) causing cystogenesis and progression of the disease are not well understood. Limited therapeutic options are currently available to slow the rate of cystic growth. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are known to be altered in neoplasia, and several FDA-approved therapeutics target these disease-specific changes. As there are many similarities between ADPKD and neoplasia, we (and others) have postulated that ADPKD kidneys contain alterations to their epigenetic landscape that could be exploited for future therapeutic discovery. Here we summarise the current understanding of epigenetic changes that are associated with ADPKD, with a particular focus on the burgeoning field of ADPKD-specific alterations in DNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Bowden
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
| | - Euan J. Rodger
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Stayner
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-479-5060; Fax: +64-3-479-7136
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Bai H, Blumenfeld J, Ramnauth AB, Barash I, Prince M, Tan AY, Michaeel A, Liu G, Chicos I, Rennert L, Giannakopoulos S, Larbi K, Hughes S, Salvatore SP, Robinson BD, Kapur S, Rennert H. Detection of PKD1 and PKD2 Somatic Variants in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Cyst Epithelial Cells by Whole-Genome Sequencing. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:3114-3129. [PMID: 34716216 PMCID: PMC8638386 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple cysts in the kidneys. It is often caused by pathogenic mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes that encode polycystin proteins. Although the molecular mechanisms for cystogenesis are not established, concurrent inactivating germline and somatic mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 have been previously observed in renal tubular epithelium (RTE). METHODS To further investigate the cellular recessive mechanism of cystogenesis in RTE, we conducted whole-genome DNA sequencing analysis to identify germline variants and somatic alterations in RTE of 90 unique kidney cysts obtained during nephrectomy from 24 unrelated participants. RESULTS Kidney cysts were overall genomically stable, with low burdens of somatic short mutations or large-scale structural alterations. Pathogenic somatic "second hit" alterations disrupting PKD1 or PKD2 were identified in 93% of the cysts. Of these, 77% of cysts acquired short mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 ; specifically, 60% resulted in protein truncations (nonsense, frameshift, or splice site) and 17% caused non-truncating mutations (missense, in-frame insertions, or deletions). Another 18% of cysts acquired somatic chromosomal loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events encompassing PKD1 or PKD2 ranging from 2.6 to 81.3 Mb. 14% of these cysts harbored copy number neutral LOH events, while the other 3% had hemizygous chromosomal deletions. LOH events frequently occurred at chromosomal fragile sites, or in regions comprising chromosome microdeletion diseases/syndromes. Almost all somatic "second hit" alterations occurred at the same germline mutated PKD1/2 gene. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support a cellular recessive mechanism for cystogenesis in ADPKD primarily caused by inactivating germline and somatic variants of PKD1 or PKD2 genes in kidney cyst epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hanwen Bai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon Blumenfeld
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York,The Rogosin Institute, New York, New York
| | - Andrew B. Ramnauth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Irina Barash
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York,The Rogosin Institute, New York, New York
| | - Martin Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Adrian Y. Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alber Michaeel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Genyan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Lior Rennert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | | | - Karen Larbi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven P. Salvatore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sandip Kapur
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hanna Rennert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar P, Zadjali F, Yao Y, Bissler JJ. Renal cystic disease in tuberous sclerosis complex. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2111-2117. [PMID: 34488473 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211038378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutations resulting in hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway. This mTORC1 activation is associated with abnormal tissue development and proliferation such that in the kidney there are both solid tumors and cystic lesions. This review summarizes recent advances in tuberous sclerosis complex nephrology and focuses on the genetics and cell biology of tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease, highlighting a role of extracellular vesicles and the innate immune system in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, PC 123, Oman
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John J Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic condition caused by a mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Disruption of either of these genes leads to impaired production of hamartin or tuberin proteins, leading to the manifestation of skin lesions, tumors, and seizures. TSC can manifest in multiple organ systems with the cutaneous and renal systems being the most commonly affected. These manifestations can secondarily lead to the development of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and neurocognitive declines. The renal pathologies most commonly seen in TSC are angiomyolipoma, renal cysts, and less commonly, oncocytomas. In this review, we highlight the current understanding on the renal manifestations of TSC along with current diagnosis and treatment guidelines.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kenter AT, Rentmeester E, van Riet J, Boers R, Boers J, Ghazvini M, Xavier VJ, van Leenders GJLH, Verhagen PCMS, van Til ME, Eussen B, Losekoot M, de Klein A, Peters DJM, van IJcken WFJ, van de Werken HJG, Zietse R, Hoorn EJ, Jansen G, Gribnau JH. Cystic renal-epithelial derived induced pluripotent stem cells from polycystic kidney disease patients. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:478-490. [PMID: 32163234 PMCID: PMC7103626 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease, leading to kidney failure in most patients. In approximately 85% of cases, the disease is caused by mutations in PKD1. How dysregulation of PKD1 leads to cyst formation on a molecular level is unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a powerful tool for in vitro modeling of genetic disorders. Here, we established ADPKD patient‐specific iPSCs to study the function of PKD1 in kidney development and cyst formation in vitro. Somatic mutations are proposed to be the initiating event of cyst formation, and therefore, iPSCs were derived from cystic renal epithelial cells rather than fibroblasts. Mutation analysis of the ADPKD iPSCs revealed germline mutations in PKD1 but no additional somatic mutations in PKD1/PKD2. Although several somatic mutations in other genes implicated in ADPKD were identified in cystic renal epithelial cells, only few of these mutations were present in iPSCs, indicating a heterogeneous mutational landscape, and possibly in vitro cell selection before and during the reprogramming process. Whole‐genome DNA methylation analysis indicated that iPSCs derived from renal epithelial cells maintain a kidney‐specific DNA methylation memory. In addition, comparison of PKD1+/− and control iPSCs revealed differences in DNA methylation associated with the disease history. In conclusion, we generated and characterized iPSCs derived from cystic and healthy control renal epithelial cells, which can be used for in vitro modeling of kidney development in general and cystogenesis in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annegien T Kenter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Rentmeester
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job van Riet
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Boers
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Boers
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Delft Diagnostic Laboratories (DDL), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa J Xavier
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul C M S Verhagen
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan E van Til
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Eussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jansen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (EMC), Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zadjali F, Kumar P, Yao Y, Johnson D, Astrinidis A, Vogel P, Gross KW, Bissler JJ. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Axis Controls Renal Extracellular Vesicle Production and Protein Content. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1729. [PMID: 32138326 PMCID: PMC7084746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tuberous sclerosis complex (Tsc) proteins regulate the conserved mTORC1 growth regulation pathway. We identified that loss of the Tsc2 gene in mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD) cells induced a greater than two-fold increase in extracellular vesicle (EV) production compared to the same cells having an intact Tsc axis. We optimized EV isolation using a well-established size exclusion chromatography method to produce high purity EVs. Electron microscopy confirmed the purity and spherical shape of EVs. Both tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that the isolated EVs possessed a heterogenous size distribution. Approximately 90% of the EVs were in the 100-250 nm size range, while approximately 10% had a size greater than 250 nm. Western blot analysis using proteins isolated from the EVs revealed the cellular proteins Alix and TSG101, the transmembrane proteins CD63, CD81, and CD9, and the primary cilia Hedgehog signaling-related protein Arl13b. Proteomic analysis of EVs identified a significant difference between the Tsc2-intact and Tsc2-deleted cell that correlated well with the increased production. The EVs may be involved in tissue homeostasis and cause disease by overproduction and altered protein content. The EVs released by renal cyst epithelia in TSC complex may serve as a tool to discover the mechanism of TSC cystogenesis and in developing potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (Y.Y.); (A.A.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (Y.Y.); (A.A.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (Y.Y.); (A.A.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Molecular Bioinformatics Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (Y.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Kenneth W. Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - John J. Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; (P.K.); (Y.Y.); (A.A.)
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute (CFRI), Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pkd1-targeted mutation reveals a role for the Wolffian duct in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:78-85. [PMID: 31412963 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several life-threatening diseases of the kidney have their origins in mutational events that occur during embryonic development. In this study, we investigate the role of the Wolffian duct (WD), the earliest embryonic epithelial progenitor of renal tubules, in the etiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD is associated with a germline mutation of one of the two Pkd1 alleles. For the disease to occur, a second event that disrupts the expression of the other inherited Pkd1 allele must occur. We postulated that this secondary event can occur in the pronephric WD. Using Cre-Lox recombination, mice with WD-specific deletion of one or both Pkd1 alleles were generated. Homozygous Pkd1-targeted deletion in WD-derived tissues resulted in mice with large cystic kidneys and serologic evidence of renal failure. In contrast, heterozygous deletion of Pkd1 in the WD led to kidneys that were phenotypically indistinguishable from control in the early postnatal period. High-throughput sequencing, however, revealed underlying gene and microRNA (miRNA) changes in these heterozygous mutant kidneys that suggest a strong predisposition toward developing ADPKD. Bioinformatic analysis of this data demonstrated an upregulation of several miRNAs that have been previously associated with PKD; pathway analysis further demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in the heterozygous mutant kidneys were overrepresented in signaling pathways associated with maintenance and function of the renal tubular epithelium. These results suggest that the WD may be an early epithelial target for the genetic or molecular signals that can lead to cyst formation in ADPKD.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bissler JJ, Zadjali F, Bridges D, Astrinidis A, Barone S, Yao Y, Redd JR, Siroky BJ, Wang Y, Finley JT, Rusiniak ME, Baumann H, Zahedi K, Gross KW, Soleimani M. Tuberous sclerosis complex exhibits a new renal cystogenic mechanism. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13983. [PMID: 30675765 PMCID: PMC6344348 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a tumor predisposition syndrome with significant renal cystic and solid tumor disease. While the most common renal tumor in TSC, the angiomyolipoma, exhibits a loss of heterozygosity associated with disease, we have discovered that the renal cystic epithelium is composed of type A intercalated cells that have an intact Tsc gene that have been induced to exhibit Tsc-mutant disease phenotype. This mechanism appears to be different than that for ADPKD. The murine models described here closely resemble the human disease and both appear to be mTORC1 inhibitor responsive. The induction signaling driving cystogenesis may be mediated by extracellular vesicle trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Bissler
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's HospitalMemphisTennessee
- St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennessee
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryCollege of Medicine & Health SciencesSultan Qaboos UniversityMuscatOman
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's HospitalMemphisTennessee
| | - Sharon Barone
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
- Center on Genetics of TransportUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
- Research ServicesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's HospitalMemphisTennessee
| | - JeAnna R. Redd
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Brian J. Siroky
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Joel T. Finley
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's HospitalMemphisTennessee
| | - Michael E. Rusiniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Heinz Baumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Kamyar Zahedi
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
- Center on Genetics of TransportUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
- Research ServicesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| | - Kenneth W. Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
- Center on Genetics of TransportUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
- Research ServicesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bissler JJ, Christopher Kingswood J. Renal manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:338-347. [PMID: 30307110 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a tumor predisposition syndrome with significant renal cystic and solid tumor disease. It commonly causes several types of cystic disease and benign tumors (angiomyolipomata) in the kidneys that can both lead to significant premature loss of glomerular filtration rate. The main risks of angiomyolipomata, severe bleeding, loss of renal function, and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, can be ameliorated by active surveillance and preemptive therapy with mTOR inhibitors. The cystogenic mechanism may involve primary cilia, but also appears to also involve a majority of normal tubular cells and may be driven by a minority of cells with mutations inactivating both their TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Malignant tumors are rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - J Christopher Kingswood
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Centre, St. Georges University of London, London, United kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van de Laarschot LFM, Drenth JPH. Genetics and mechanisms of hepatic cystogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1491-1497. [PMID: 28782656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a heterogeneous genetic condition. PKD1 and PKD2 germline mutations are found in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD) is associated with germline mutations in PRKCSH, SEC63, LRP5, and recently ALG8 and SEC61. GANAB mutations are found in both patient groups. Loss of heterozygosity of PLD-genes in cyst epithelium contributes to the development of hepatic cysts. A genetic interaction network is implied in hepatic cystogenesis that connects the endoplasmic glycoprotein control mechanisms and polycystin expression and localization. Wnt signalling could be the major downstream signalling pathway that results in hepatic cyst growth. PLD in ADPLD and ADPKD probably results from changes in one common final pathway that initiates cyst growth. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang S, Li Q, Alberts I, Li X. PRKX, a Novel cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Member, Plays an Important Role in Development. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:566-73. [PMID: 26252946 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human protein kinase X gene (PRKX) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are both c-AMP-dependent serine/threonine protein kinases within the protein kinase AGC subgroup. Of all the protein kinases in this group, PRKX is the least studied. PRKX has been isolated from patients with chondrodysplasia punctate and is involved in numerous processes, including sexual differentiation and fertilization, normal kidney development and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), blood maturation, neural development, and angiogenesis in vitro. Although the role of PRKX in development and disease has been reported recently, the underlying mechanism of PRKX activity is largely unknown. In addition, based on the expression pattern of PRKX and the extensive role of PKA in disease and development, PRKX might have additional crucial functions that have not been addressed in the literature. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and developmental functions of PRKX that have been reported by recent studies. In particular, we elucidate the structural and functional differences between PRKX and PKA, as well as the possible roles of PRKX in development and related diseases. Finally, we propose future studies that could lead to important discoveries of more PRKX functions and the underlying mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sizhou Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China, 610500
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurochemisty, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, 10314
| | - Ian Alberts
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia CC, CUNY, Long Island City, New York, 11101
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurochemisty, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, 10314
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kurschat CE, Müller RU, Franke M, Maintz D, Schermer B, Benzing T. An approach to cystic kidney diseases: the clinician's view. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:687-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
16
|
Genome-wide methylation profiling of ADPKD identified epigenetically regulated genes associated with renal cyst development. Hum Genet 2013; 133:281-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
17
|
Amyere M, Aerts V, Brouillard P, McIntyre BAS, Duhoux FP, Wassef M, Enjolras O, Mulliken JB, Devuyst O, Antoine-Poirel H, Boon LM, Vikkula M. Somatic uniparental isodisomy explains multifocality of glomuvenous malformations. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:188-96. [PMID: 23375657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited vascular malformations are commonly autosomal dominantly inherited with high, but incomplete, penetrance; they often present as multiple lesions. We hypothesized that Knudson's two-hit model could explain this multifocality and partial penetrance. We performed a systematic analysis of inherited glomuvenous malformations (GVMs) by using multiple approaches, including a sensitive allele-specific pairwise SNP-chip method. Overall, we identified 16 somatic mutations, most of which were not intragenic but were cases of acquired uniparental isodisomy (aUPID) involving chromosome 1p. The breakpoint of each aUPID is located in an A- and T-rich, high-DNA-flexibility region (1p13.1-1p12). This region corresponds to a possible new fragile site. Occurrences of these mutations render the inherited glomulin variant in 1p22.1 homozygous in the affected tissues without loss of genetic material. This finding demonstrates that a double hit is needed to trigger formation of a GVM. It also suggests that somatic UPID, only detectable by sensitive pairwise analysis in heterogeneous tissues, might be a common phenomenon in human cells. Thus, aUPID might play a role in the pathogenesis of various nonmalignant disorders and might explain local impaired function and/or clinical variability. Furthermore, these data suggest that pairwise analysis of blood and tissue, even on heterogeneous tissue, can be used for localizing double-hit mutations in disease-causing genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Amyere
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Polycystin-1 is required for stereocilia structure but not for mechanotransduction in inner ear hair cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12241-50. [PMID: 21865467 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6531-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycystic kidney disease-1 (Pkd1) gene encodes a large transmembrane protein (polycystin-1, or PC-1) that is reported to function as a fluid flow sensor in the kidney. As a member of the transient receptor potential family, PC-1 has also been hypothesized to play a role in the elusive mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel in inner ear hair cells. Here, we analyze two independent mouse models of PC-1, a knock-in (KI) mutant line and a hair cell-specific inducible Cre-mediated knock-out line. Both models exhibit normal MET channel function at neonatal ages despite hearing loss and ultrastructural abnormalities of sterecilia that remain properly polarized at adult ages. These findings demonstrate that PC-1 plays an essential role in stereocilia structure and maintenance but not directly in MET channel function or planar cell polarity. We also demonstrate that PC-1 is colocalized with F-actin in hair cell stereocilia in vivo, using a hemagglutinin-tagged PC-1 KI mouse model, and in renal epithelial cell microvilli in vitro. These results not only demonstrate a novel role for PC-1 in the cochlea, but also suggest insight into the development of polycystic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Carvalhosa R, Deambrosis I, Carrera P, Pasquino C, Rigo F, Ferrari M, Lasaponara F, Ranghino A, Biancone L, Segoloni G, Bussolati B, Camussi G. Cystogenic potential of CD133+ progenitor cells of human polycystic kidneys. J Pathol 2011; 225:129-41. [PMID: 21706482 DOI: 10.1002/path.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, cysts arise focally and disrupt normal renal tissue leading to renal failure. In the present study, we show that cyst-lining cells express the stem cell marker CD133. CD133+ progenitor cells isolated from polycystic kidney, carrying mutations of PKD genes, showed a dedifferentiated phenotype similar to CD133+ progenitor cells from normal kidney. However, these cells were more proliferative and presented a defective epithelial differentiation phenotype with respect to normal renal CD133+ cells as they were not able to express all tubular epithelial cell markers when cultured in epithelial differentiation medium. Polycystic CD133+ cells, in contrast to normal renal CD133+ cells, formed cysts in vitro in a three-dimensional culture system and in vivo when injected subcutaneously within Matrigel in SCID mice. Rapamycin treatment reduced in vitro proliferation of polycystic CD133+ cells and decreased cystogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro epithelial differentiation was only partially improved by rapamycin. These results indicate that polycystic CD133+ cells retain a dedifferentiated phenotype and the ability to generate cysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalhosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS) and Center for Molecular Biotechnology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Koupepidou P, Felekkis KN, Kränzlin B, Sticht C, Gretz N, Deltas C. Cyst formation in the PKD2 (1-703) transgenic rat precedes deregulation of proliferation-related pathways. BMC Nephrol 2010; 11:23. [PMID: 20813037 PMCID: PMC2936873 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic Kidney Disease is characterized by the formation of large fluid-filled cysts that eventually destroy the renal parenchyma leading to end-stage renal failure. Although remarkable progress has been made in understanding the pathologic mechanism of the disease, the precise orchestration of the early events leading to cyst formation is still unclear. Abnormal cellular proliferation was traditionally considered to be one of the primary irregularities leading to cyst initiation and growth. Consequently, many therapeutic interventions have focused on targeting this abnormal proliferation, and some have even progressed to clinical trials. However, the role of proliferation in cyst development was primarily examined at stages where cysts are already visible in the kidneys and therefore at later stages of disease development. Methods In this study we focused on the cystic phenotype since birth in an attempt to clarify the temporal contribution of cellular proliferation in cyst development. Using a PKD2 transgenic rat model (PKD2 (1-703)) of different ages (0-60 days after birth) we performed gene expression profiling and phenotype analysis by measuring various kidney parameters. Results Phenotype analysis demonstrated that renal cysts appear immediately after birth in the PKD2 transgenic rat model (PKD2 (1-703)). On the other hand, abnormal proliferation occurs at later stages of the disease as identified by gene expression profiling. Interestingly, other pathways appear to be deregulated at early stages of the disease in this PKD model. Specifically, gene expression analysis demonstrated that at day 0 the RAS system is involved. This is altered at day 6, when Wnt signaling and focal adhesion pathways are affected. However, at and after 24 days, proliferation, apoptosis, altered ECM signaling and many other factors become involved. Conclusions Our data suggest that cystogenesis precedes deregulation of proliferation-related pathways, suggesting that proliferation abnormalities may contribute in cyst growth rather than cyst formation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Shah MM, Tee JB, Meyer T, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Choi Y, Sweeney DE, Gallegos TF, Johkura K, Rosines E, Kouznetsova V, Rose DW, Bush KT, Sakurai H, Nigam SK. The instructive role of metanephric mesenchyme in ureteric bud patterning, sculpting, and maturation and its potential ability to buffer ureteric bud branching defects. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1330-41. [PMID: 19726549 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00125.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney organogenesis depends on reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) to form the UB-derived collecting system and MM-derived nephron. With the advent of in vitro systems, it is clear that UB branching can occur independently of MM contact; however, little has been done to detail the role of MM cellular contact in this process. Here, a model system in which the cultured isolated UB is recombined with uninduced MM is used to isolate the effects of the MM progenitor tissue on the development and maturation of the collecting system. By morphometrics, we demonstrate that cellular contact with the MM is required for vectorial elongation of stalks and tapering of luminal caliber of UB-derived tubules. Expression analysis of developmentally significant genes indicates the cocultured tissue is most similar to an embryonic day 19 (E19) kidney. The likely major contributor to this is the functional maturation of the collecting duct and proximal nephron segments in the UB-induced MM, as measured by quantitative PCR, of the collecting duct-specific arginine vasopressin receptor and the nephron tubule segment-specific organic anion transporter OAT1, Na-P(i) type 2 cotransporter, and Tamm-Horsfall protein gene expressions. However, expression of aquaporin-2 is upregulated similarly in isolated UB and cocultured tissue, suggesting that some aspects of functional maturation can occur independently of MM cellular contact. In addition to its sculpting effects, the MM normalized a "branchless" UB morphology induced by FGF7 or heregulin in isolated UB culture. The morphological changes induced by the MM were accompanied by a reassignment of GFRalpha1 (a receptor for GDNF) to tips. Such "quality control" by the MM of UB morphology may provide resiliency to the branching program. This may help to explain a number of knockout phenotypes in which branching and/or cystic defects are less impressive than expected. A second hit in the MM may thus be necessary to make these defects fully apparent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mita M Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0693, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) represent a large group of progressive renal disorders characterized by the development of renal cysts leading to end-stage renal disease. Enormous strides have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of PKDs and the development of new therapies. Studies of autosomal dominant and recessive polycystic kidney diseases converge on molecular mechanisms of cystogenesis, including ciliary abnormalities and intracellular calcium dysregulation, ultimately leading to increased proliferation, apoptosis and dedifferentiation. Here we review the pathobiology of PKD, highlighting recent progress in elucidating common molecular pathways of cystogenesis. We discuss available models and challenges for therapeutic discovery as well as summarize the results from preclinical experimental treatments targeting key disease-specific pathways.
Collapse
|
23
|
Patel HP, Lu L, Blaszak RT, Bissler JJ. PKD1 intron 21: triplex DNA formation and effect on replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:1460-8. [PMID: 14990751 PMCID: PMC390299 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, there is evidence that the pathophysiology of cystogenesis involves a second hit somatic mutation superimposed upon the inherited germline mutation within the renal tubule cells. The polypurine.polypyrimidine (Pu.Py) tract of PKD1 intron 21 may play a role in promoting somatic mutations. To better characterize this tract and to evaluate its potential to participate in mutagenesis, we investigated the thermodynamics of intramolecular triplex formation by 15 Pu.Py mirror repeat tracts from PKD1 intron 21 by 2D gel electrophoresis. We demonstrate that intramolecular triplexes form with modest superhelical tensions for all the tracts examined. Primer extension studies demonstrated significant polymerase arrest within the Pu.Py tracts in one direction of replication only. We found correlation between polymerization arrest and both the potential length of the triplex and superhelical tension of intramolecular triplex formation. The presence of a Pu.Py tract also led to a replication blockade and double-strand breakage using an SV40 in vitro replication assay with HeLa cell extracts. During DNA replication, the G-rich template of the PKD1 Pu.Py tracts may form a triplex structure with the nascent strand, thereby blocking replication and potentially leading to recombination and mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiren P Patel
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited nephropathy, usually of late onset (onset between third to seventh decade), primarily characterized by the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. It is one of the most frequent inherited conditions affecting approximately 1:1,000 Caucasians. Two major genes have been identified and characterized in detail: PKD1 and PKD2, mapping on chromosomes 16p13.3 and 4q21-23, respectively. A third gene, PKD3, has been implicated in selected families. Polycystic kidney disease of types 1 or 2 follows a very similar course of symptoms, both being multisystem pleiotropic disorders of indistinguishable picture on clinical grounds. The only difference is that patients with PKD2 mutations run a milder course compared to PKD1 carriers, with an average 10-20 years later age of onset and lower probability to reach end-stage-renal failure. The proteins polycystin-1 and -2 are trans-membranous glycoproteins hypothesized to participate in a common signaling pathway, interacting with each other and with other proteins, and coordinately expressed in normal and cystic tissue. Renal cysts most probably arise after a second somatic event, which inactivates the inherited healthy allele of the same gene, or perhaps one of the alleles of the other gene counterpart, generating a trans-heterozygous state. This article reviews the reported mutations in PKD2. Mutations of all kinds have been reported over the entire sequence of the PKD2 gene, with no apparent significant clustering and with some evidence of genotype/phenotype correlation. Most families harbor their own private mutations but a few recurrent events have been reported in unrelated families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Deltas
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
An intriguing feature of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the focal and sporadic nature of individual cyst formation. Typically, only a few renal cysts are detectable in an affected individual during the first two decades of life. By the fifth decade, however, hundreds to thousands of renal cysts can be found in most patients. Additionally, significant intra-familial variability of ADPKD has been well documented. Taken together, these findings suggest that factor(s) in addition to the germline mutation of a polycystic kidney disease gene might be required for individual cyst formation. Indeed, recent studies have provided compelling evidence in support of a "two-hit" model of cystogenesis in ADPKD. In this model, inactivation of both copies of a polycystic kidney disease gene by germline and somatic mutations within an epithelial cell provides growth advantages for it to proliferate clonally into a cyst. This article highlights key findings of these recent studies and discusses the controversies and implications of the "two-hit" model in ADPKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Pei
- Divisions of Nephrology and Genomic Medicine Dept of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4.
| |
Collapse
|