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Elhassan RM, Hou X, Fang H. Recent advances in the development of allosteric protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1064-1110. [PMID: 34791703 DOI: 10.1002/med.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) superfamily catalyzes tyrosine de-phosphorylation which affects a myriad of cellular processes. Imbalance in signal pathways mediated by PTPs has been associated with development of many human diseases including cancer, metabolic, and immunological diseases. Several compelling evidence suggest that many members of PTP family are novel therapeutic targets. However, the clinical development of conventional PTP-based active-site inhibitors originally was hampered by the poor selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. In this regard, PTPs has been widely dismissed as "undruggable." Nonetheless, allosteric modulation has become increasingly an influential and alternative approach that can be exploited for drug development against PTPs. Unlike active-site inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors exhibit a remarkable target-selectivity, drug-likeness, potency, and in vivo activity. Intriguingly, there has been a high interest in novel allosteric PTPs inhibitors within the last years. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of allosteric inhibitors that have been explored in drug discovery and have shown an excellent result in the development of PTPs-based therapeutics. A special emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanistic studies illustrating applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Elhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Tizaoui K. Multiple sclerosis genetics: Results from meta-analyses of candidate-gene association studies. Cytokine 2018; 106:154-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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Landskron J, Kraggerud SM, Wik E, Dørum A, Bjørnslett M, Melum E, Helland Ø, Bjørge L, Lothe RA, Salvesen HB, Taskén K. C77G in PTPRC (CD45) is no risk allele for ovarian cancer, but associated with less aggressive disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182030. [PMID: 28759630 PMCID: PMC5536273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pan lymphocyte marker CD45 exists in various isoforms arising from alternative splicing of the exons 4, 5 and 6. While naïve T cells express CD45RA translated from an mRNA containing exon 4, exons 4–6 are spliced out to encode the shorter CD45R0 in antigen-experienced effector/memory T cells. The SNP C77G (rs17612648) is located in exon 4 and blocks the exon’s differential splicing from the pre-mRNA, enforcing expression of CD45RA. Several studies have linked C77G to autoimmune diseases but lack of validation in other cohorts has left its role elusive. An incidental finding in an ovarian cancer patient cohort from West Norway (Bergen region, n = 312), suggested that the frequency of C77G was higher among ovarian cancer patients than in healthy Norwegians (n = 1,357) (3.0% vs. 1.8% allele frequency). However, this finding could not be validated in a larger patient cohort from South-East Norway (Oslo region, n = 1,198) with 1.2% allele frequency. Hence, C77G is not associated with ovarian cancer in the Norwegian population. However, its frequency was increased in patients with FIGO stage II, endometrioid histology or an age at diagnosis of 60 years or older indicating a possible association with a less aggressive cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Landskron
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid M. Kraggerud
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Dørum
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Bjørnslett
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Centre, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Helland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A. Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Overexpression of CD45RA isoforms in carriers of the C77G mutation leads to hyporeactivity of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells. Genes Immun 2015; 16:519-27. [PMID: 26355564 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders in regulatory T-cell (T(reg)) function can result in the breakdown of immunological self-tolerance. Thus, the identification of mechanisms controlling the activity of T(reg) is of great relevance. We used T(reg) from individuals carrying the C77G polymorphism as models to study the role of CD45 molecules in humans. C77G prevents splicing of CD45 exon A thereby leading to an aberrant expression pattern of CD45 isoforms in affected individuals. Resting and in vitro expanded/activated CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T(reg) from carriers of C77G strongly expressed CD45RA isoforms whereas these isoforms were almost absent in cells from individuals with wild-type CD45. C77G T(reg) showed diminished upregulation of activation markers, lower phosphorylation of p56(lck)(Y505) and a reduced proliferative potential when stimulated with anti-TcR or anti-TcR plus CD28 mAb suggesting decreased responsiveness to activating stimuli. In addition, the capacity to suppress proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T cells was impaired in C77G T(reg). Furthermore, microarray studies revealed distinct gene expression patterns in T(reg) from C77G carriers. These data suggest that the changes in CD45 isoform combination resulting from the C77G mutation alter the responsiveness of T(reg) to TcR-mediated signaling. Targeting CD45 isoform expression might be a useful approach to modulate T(reg) function.
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Gene Expression Profiling Analysis of Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 28:E244-50. [DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cai A, Qi S, Su Z, Shen H, Yang Y, He L, Dai Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis by iTRAQ. Clin Transl Sci 2015; 8:579-83. [PMID: 25788137 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify and quantify the different proteins expression levels in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to explore the pathogenesis of AS. We performed isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with multiple chromatographic fractionation and tandem mass spectrometry to detect the proteins profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AS patients and healthy controls. Mascot software and the International Protein Index and the Gene Ontology (GO) database were used to conduct the bioinformatics analysis. The differentially expressed proteins were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 1,232 proteins were identified by iTRAQ, of which 183 showed differential expression and 18 differentially expressed proteins were acute phase reactants. Upon mapping of the differentially expressed proteins to GO database, we found four differentially expressed proteins involved in the biological process of cell killing, including up-regulated cathepsin G (CTSG), neutrophil defensin3 (DEFA3), protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC), and down-regulated peroxiredoxin-1(PRDX1),which were consistent with the verified results of ELISA. Our proteomic analyses suggested that the proteins involved in the biological process of cell killing might play an important role in the pathogenesis of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anji Cai
- Department of Laboratory, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Suwen Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhuowa Su
- Department of Laboratory, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Shen
- Department of Laboratory, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Liang He
- Department of Laboratory, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Dai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, No 1017, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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He RJ, Yu ZH, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1227-46. [PMID: 25220640 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTP1B is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTP1B, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2(SHP2), lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases (STEP), mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 (PRL), low molecular weight PTPs (LMWPTP), and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
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Stanford SM, Rapini N, Bottini N. Regulation of TCR signalling by tyrosine phosphatases: from immune homeostasis to autoimmunity. Immunology 2012; 137:1-19. [PMID: 22862552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of the known protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the human genome are expressed in T cells, and significant progress has been made in elucidating the biology of these enzymes in T-cell development and function. Here we provide a systematic review of the current understanding of the roles of PTPs in T-cell activation, providing insight into their mechanisms of action and regulation in T-cell receptor signalling, the phenotypes of their genetically modified mice, and their possible involvement in T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Our projection is that the interest in PTPs as mediators of T-cell homeostasis will continue to rise with further functional analysis of these proteins, and PTPs will be increasingly considered as targets of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Samaan S, Guérin-El Khourouj V, Auboeuf D, Peltier L, Pédron B, Ouachée-Chardin M, Gourgouillon N, Baruchel A, Dalle JH, Sterkers G. Outcome of children treated with haematopoietic-stem cell transplantations from donors expressing the rare C77G variant of the PTPRC (CD45) gene. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:47-57. [PMID: 21323873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The uncommon C77G polymorphism of the Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTPRC) gene (PTPRC; previously termed CD45) could confer an increased risk of immunopathology. This study compared the outcome of children following human leucocyte antigen-matched unrelated haematopoïetic-stem cell transplantations (HSCT) from donors carrying (C77G cases: n = 8) or not (controls: n = 36) the PTPRC C77G polymorphism. Transmission of the PTPRC C77G polymorphism through the graft was suggested by unusual CD45RA phenotype in the donors and/or in the recipients after, but not before HSCT. Restriction-Fragment Length Polymorphism and sequencing confirmed the polymorphism. Overall survival rates were similar in C77G cases and controls (63% vs. 61%). Acute leukaemia relapse tended to be less frequent in C77G cases (0% vs. 32%; P = 0·09). Among recipients surviving ≥ 30 d, acute GVHD (aGVHD) ≥ grade 2 tended to be more frequent (100% vs. 58%; P = 0·07) and the rate of steroid-refractory or -dependant aGVHD higher (67% vs. 28%) in C77G cases. Finally, extensive chronic GVHD tended to occur more frequently (40% vs. 9%) in C77G cases. Recovery of lymphocyte subsets and virus-specific CD4 was similar in C77G cases and controls while interleukin 2 (IL2)-responses through CD3 stimulation were higher in C77G cases (P = 0·004). In conclusion, HSCT from PTPRC C77G donors could increase GVHD risk without compromising overall survival. Altered IL2-responses could be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaan Samaan
- Laboratory of Immunology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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Ramanujam R, Pirskanen R, Hammarström L. The CD45 77C/G allele is not associated with myasthenia gravis - a reassessment of the potential role of CD45 in autoimmunity. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:292. [PMID: 21067564 PMCID: PMC2991343 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The G allele of the CD45 77C/G SNP (rs17612648), which has previously been suggested to be associated with autoimmune disorders, was genotyped in 446 Swedish myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and 2303 matched controls. Results There was no association between the polymorphism and patient group as a whole (p = 0.199), nor with clinical subgroups. Our results add to a growing number of studies unable to find association between the 77C/G polymorphism and autoimmune disorders. One control sample, from an adult blood donor, was homozygous for the G allele, yet negative for a panel of auto-antibodies, representing the first homozygous individual studied in this respect. Conclusions The 77C/G mutation does not predispose to MG, and its role in autoimmunity may have to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ramanujam
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Thude H, Weissenborn S, Vilser C, Müller UA, Kloos C, Wolf G, Beck J, Barz D. No association between transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatase receptor type C (CD45) exon A 77C>G transversion and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a German population. Hum Immunol 2009; 71:220-3. [PMID: 19879912 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The CD45 77C>G transversion (rs17612648) in exon A of the CD45 gene has been reported to be associated with the development of various autoimmune diseases. Because Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a typical autoimmune disease, we performed a study to determine the association of the 77C>G transversion with susceptibility to HT. We enrolled 170 patients and 230 healthy individuals in the study. The 77C>G transversion was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-allele specific restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-ASRA). We found four patients and six control individuals who carried the 77C>G transversion in a heterozygous form. No homozygous individual was detected in patients with HT or control population. The frequency of the 77G allele in patients was 1.2%, which did not significantly differ from 1.3% in controls (p = 0.871). Our data did not reveal any association between CD45 77C>G transversion and susceptibility to HT in a German population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thude
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Transplantation Centre, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Hamburg, Germany.
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Grochowy G, Hermiston ML, Kuhny M, Weiss A, Huber M. Requirement for CD45 in fine-tuning mast cell responses mediated by different ligand–receptor systems. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1277-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ordonez L, Bernard I, L'Faqihi-Olive FE, Tervaert JWC, Damoiseaux J, Saoudi A. CD45RC isoform expression identifies functionally distinct T cell subsets differentially distributed between healthy individuals and AAV patients. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5287. [PMID: 19381293 PMCID: PMC2668071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), the proportion of CD45RC T cell subsets is important for disease susceptibility. Their human counterparts are, however, functionally ill defined. In this report, we studied their distribution in healthy controls (HC), AAV patients and in Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients as disease controls. We showed that CD45RC expression level on human CD4 and CD8 T cells identifies subsets that are highly variable among individuals. Interestingly, AAV patients exhibit an increased proportion of CD45RClow CD4 T cells as compared to HC and SLE patients. This increase is stable over time and independent of AAV subtype, ANCA specificity, disease duration, or number of relapses. We also analyzed the cytokine profile of purified CD4 and CD8 CD45RC T cell subsets from HC, after stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs. The CD45RC subsets exhibit different cytokine profiles. Type-1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were produced by all CD45RC T cell subsets, while the production of IL-17, type-2 (IL-4, IL-5) and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines was restricted to the CD45RClow subset. In conclusion, we have shown that CD45RC expression divides human T cells in functionally distinct subsets that are imbalanced in AAV. Since this imbalance is stable over time and independent of several disease parameters, we hypothesize that this is a pre-existing immune abnormality involved in the etiology of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Ordonez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR) 30, Hôpital Purpan and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR) 30, Hôpital Purpan and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra L'Faqihi-Olive
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR) 30, Hôpital Purpan and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR) 30, Hôpital Purpan and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Thude H, Rebstock K, Blume J, Lutz B, Barz D. No association of the CD45 77C>G transversion with inflammatory bowel disease in German patients. Int J Immunogenet 2008; 35:335-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2008.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vang T, Miletic AV, Arimura Y, Tautz L, Rickert RC, Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:29-55. [PMID: 18303998 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of many cellular functions and a growing number of PTPs have been implicated in human disease conditions, such as developmental defects, neoplastic disorders, and immunodeficiency. Here, we review the involvement of PTPs in human autoimmunity. The leading examples include the allelic variant of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22), which is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, and mutations that affect the exon-intron splicing of CD45 (PTPRC). We also find it likely that additional PTPs are involved in susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Finally, we discuss the possibility that PTPs regulating the immune system may serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Vang
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Hennig BJ, Fry AE, Hirai K, Tahara H, Tamori A, Moller M, Hopkin J, Hill AV, Bodmer W, Beverley P, Tchilian E. PTPRC (CD45) variation and disease association studied using single nucleotide polymorphism tagging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 71:458-63. [PMID: 18312479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a haemopoietic tyrosine phosphatase, crucial for lymphocyte signalling. Two polymorphisms (C77G and A138G), which alter CD45 isoform expression, are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases. Using HapMap data, we show that there is substantial linkage disequilibrium across the CD45 gene (PTPRC), with similar patterns in different populations. Employing a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms, correlated with a substantial proportion of variation across this gene, we tested for association with type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease in a Japanese population, hepatitis C in UK population and tuberculin response in a Chinese population. A limited number of common haplotypes was found. Most 138G alleles are present on only one haplotype, which is associated with Graves' disease, supporting previous data that A138G is a functionally important CD45 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Hennig
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Onset and enhancement of systemic sclerosis after treatments for multiple sclerosis. Rheumatol Int 2007; 28:703-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-007-0507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Windhagen A, Sönmez D, Hornig-Do HT, Kalinowsky A, Schwinzer R. Altered CD45 isoform expression in C77G carriers influences cytokine responsiveness and adhesion properties of T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:509-17. [PMID: 17903220 PMCID: PMC2219380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The C77G polymorphism in exon A of the human CD45 gene occurs with low frequency in healthy individuals. An enhanced frequency of C77G individuals has been reported in cohorts of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. C77G individuals overexpress CD45RA isoforms on activated/memory T cells. We have shown previously that aberrant expression of CD45RA isoforms enhances the intensity of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. Here we report that the C77G polymorphism also influences the responsiveness of T cells to cytokines and alters their adhesion properties. When stimulated by interleukin (IL)-2, C77G T cells proliferated more strongly than wild-type controls and showed accelerated phosphorylation of Janus kinase (Jak1). Furthermore, C77G T cells exhibited a higher tendency to form homotypic aggregates in culture which could be enhanced significantly by antibody-mediated triggering of the variant CD45RA molecules. These data indicate that the changes in CD45 isoform combination resulting from C77G may not only affect TCR signalling but also cytokine-driven T cell responses and cellular adhesion. Altered immune responsiveness may enhance susceptibility of C77G carriers for certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Windhagen
- Abteilung Neurologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Tchilian EZ, Gil J, Navarro ML, Fernandez-Cruz E, Chapel H, Misbah S, Ferry B, Renz H, Schwinzer R, Beverley PCL. Unusual case presentations associated with the CD45 C77G polymorphism. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:448-54. [PMID: 17100764 PMCID: PMC1810399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45, the leucocyte common antigen, is a haematopoietic cell specific tyrosine phosphatase. Human polymorphic CD45 variants are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases and alter the phenotype and function of lymphocytes, establishing CD45 as an important regulator of immune function. Here we report four patients with diverse diseases with unusual clinical features. All four have the C77G polymorphism of CD45 exon 4, which alters the splicing and CD45RA/CD45R0 phenotype of lymphocytes. We suggest that C77G may be a contributing factor in these unusual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Tchilian
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, UK
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22
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Pelidou SH, Tsifetaki N, Giannopoulos S, Deretzi G, Voulgari P, Kyritsis A. Multiple sclerosis associated with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int 2006; 27:771-3. [PMID: 17171345 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-006-0282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been increasingly reported in association with other autoimmune diseases not primary affected the nervous system. The coexistence of MS and systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been rarely described. We report here the case of a 46-year-old female patient with longstanding MS since the age of 26, who developed SSc 12 years later. Her MS was of the relapsing-remitting type, but the definite diagnosis was not made until the age of 33. MS diagnosis was based on medical history, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies and positive cerebrospinal fluid analysis. One year after the diagnosis of MS, she developed Raynaud's phenomenon, skin tightness and hypopigmented patches, suggestive of scleroderma. Further investigation with laboratory studies, including serology, hand and chest X-rays, and chest computerized tomography scan confirmed the SSc diagnosis. Our report highlights the interesting association between MS and SSc that may be due to an overlapping pathogenetic mechanism for both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syngliti-Henrietta Pelidou
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina Medical School, University Hospital of Ioannina, 1 Panepistimioupoli, Ioannina, 451 10, Greece
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23
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Montoya M, Dawes R, Reid D, Lee LN, Piercy J, Borrow P, Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL. CD45 is required for type I IFN production by dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2150-8. [PMID: 16856204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte tyrosine phosphatase, essential for normal immune responses. We have studied the function of splenic dendritic cells of CD45(+/+), CD45(-/-), CD45RABC and CD45RO transgenic mice. We show that there are increased numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in CD45(-/-) mice. DC of all mice are capable of responding to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection by up-regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules. DC of CD45(-/-) mice have an impaired capacity to produce type I interferons in response to LCMV infection in vivo. These data indicate that lack of CD45 expression in DC has a profound effect on their function. This is largely restored by CD45RABC or CD45RO transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montoya
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, UK
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24
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Dawes R, Petrova S, Liu Z, Wraith D, Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. Combinations of CD45 isoforms are crucial for immune function and disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3417-25. [PMID: 16517710 PMCID: PMC2619577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the CD45 Ag in hemopoietic cells is essential for normal development and function of lymphocytes, and both mice and humans lacking expression exhibit SCID. Human genetic variants of CD45, the exon 4 C77G and exon 6 A138G alleles, which alter the pattern of CD45 isoform expression, are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases. We constructed transgenic mice expressing either an altered level or combination of CD45 isoforms. We show that the total level of CD45 expressed is crucial for normal TCR signaling, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine production. Most importantly, transgenic lines with a normal level, but altered combinations of CD45 isoforms, CD45(RABC/+) and CD45(RO/+) mice, which mimic variant CD45 expression in C77G and A138G humans, show more rapid onset and increased severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CD45(RO/+) cells produce more TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Thus, for the first time, we have shown experimentally that it is the combination of CD45 isoforms that affects immune function and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/pharmacology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms/deficiency
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Dawes
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Svetla Petrova
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - David Wraith
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Z. Tchilian
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Elma Z. Tchilian, The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, U.K. E-mail address:
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25
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Liu Z, Dawes R, Petrova S, Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. CD45 regulates apoptosis in peripheral T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2006; 18:959-66. [PMID: 16621865 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a key mechanism for regulating lymphocyte numbers. Murine lymph node lymphocytes cultured in vitro without added stimuli show significant levels of apoptosis over 24 h, detectable by staining with Annexin V. CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes from transgenic (Tg) mice expressing single CD45RABC or CD45RO isoforms show increased apoptosis and the extent of apoptosis is inversely correlated with the level of CD45 expression. CD45 Tg cells exhibit phosphatidyl serine translocation and DNA oligonucleosome formation, and can be partially rescued from apoptosis by culture in caspase inhibitors or common gamma-chain-binding cytokines. We conclude that CD45 is an important regulator of spontaneous apoptosis in T lymphocytes and this mechanism may contribute to the disease associations reported for individuals expressing CD45 variant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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26
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Ward V, Hennig BJ, Hirai K, Tahara H, Tamori A, Dawes R, Saito M, Bangham C, Stephens H, Goldfeld AE, Kunachiwa W, Leetrakool N, Hopkin J, Dunstan S, Hill A, Bodmer W, Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. Geographical distribution and disease associations of the CD45 exon 6 138G variant. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:235-9. [PMID: 16538473 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is crucial for normal lymphocyte signalling, and altered CD45 expression has major effects on immune function. Both mice and humans lacking CD45 expression are severely immunodeficient, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CD45 gene that cause altered splicing have been associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases. Recently, we identified an exon 6 A138G polymorphism resulting in an increased proportion of activated CD45RO T cells and altered immune function. Here we report a significantly reduced frequency of the 138G allele in hepatitis C Japanese patients and a possibly reduced frequency in type I diabetes. The allele is widely distributed in the Far East and India, indicating that it may have a significant effect on disease burden in a large part of the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ward
- Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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27
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Do HT, Baars W, Borns K, Windhagen A, Schwinzer R. The 77C->G mutation in the human CD45 (PTPRC) gene leads to increased intensity of TCR signaling in T cell lines from healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:931-8. [PMID: 16393978 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 77C-->G mutation in exon A of the human CD45 gene occurs with low frequency in healthy individuals. An enhanced frequency of 77C-->G individuals has been reported in cohorts of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and HIV-1. To investigate the mechanisms by which the variant allele may contribute to disease susceptibility, we compared T cell reactivity in heterozygous carriers of the mutation (healthy individuals and multiple sclerosis patients) and wild-type controls. In vitro-generated T cell lines and freshly isolated CD4+CD45R0+ primed/memory T cells from 77C-->G individuals aberrantly expressed CD45RA isoforms and showed enhanced proliferation and IL-2 production when stimulated with anti-TCR/CD3 mAb or Ag. Mutant T cell lines contained a more active pool of p56lck tyrosine kinase and responded with increased phosphorylation of Zap70 and TCR-zeta and an enhanced Ca2+ flux to TCR/CD3 stimulation. These data suggest that 77C-->G may act as a risk factor for certain diseases by increasing the intensity of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue-Tran Do
- Transplantationslabor, Klinik für Viszeral-und Transplantationschirurgie, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL. Altered CD45 expression and disease. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:146-53. [PMID: 16423560 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD45, the leucocyte common antigen, is a haemopoietic cell-specific tyrosine phosphatase. Many isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, but their function remains obscure. The extracellular domain of CD45 is highly polymorphic in all vertebrates. Importantly, human polymorphic variants that alter CD45 isoform expression are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases, establishing CD45 as an important immunomodulator with a significant influence on disease burden. Here, we discuss the new opportunities provided by the human variants for investigating and understanding how CD45 regulates antigen receptor signalling, cytokine responses and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Z Tchilian
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, UK RG 20 7NN.
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29
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Dawes R, Hennig B, Irving W, Petrova S, Boxall S, Ward V, Wallace D, Macallan DC, Thursz M, Hill A, Bodmer W, Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. Altered CD45 expression in C77G carriers influences immune function and outcome of hepatitis C infection. J Med Genet 2006; 43:678-84. [PMID: 16505159 PMCID: PMC2564592 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A polymorphism in exon 4 (C77G) of CD45 that alters CD45 splicing has been associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases in humans. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of C77G in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals and study the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy and hepatitis C infected C77G carriers. RESULTS C77G individuals showed an increased proportion of primed CD45RA and effector memory CD8 T cells and more rapid activation of the lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) following CD3 stimulation. Transgenic mice with CD45 expression mimicking that in human C77G variants had more activated/memory T cells, more rapid proliferative responses, and activation of Lck. CONCLUSIONS Changes in CD45 isoform expression can alter immune function in human C77G variants and CD45 transgenic mice. The C77G allele may influence the outcome of HCV infection.
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30
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Dmitrienko S, Hoar DI, Balshaw R, Keown PA. Immune Response Gene Polymorphisms in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2005; 80:1773-82. [PMID: 16378074 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000184624.54005.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell activation and regulation are under genetic control and vary between individuals. However, the influence of functional immune response gene polymorphisms on transplant outcomes remains controversial. METHODS A case-control design compared 100 white renal transplant recipients with or without acute graft rejection during the first year posttransplant and 50 normal controls. The polymorphic frequencies of the T-cell signaling genes CD45, CD40L and CTLA-4, and the cytokine genes TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 were studied. The primary analysis examined rejection risk, and subsidiary analyses graft failure and patient death. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed no significant association between acute rejection and single nucleotide polymorphisms in CTLA-4, TGF-beta1, IL-10 or TNF-alpha genes or dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in IFN-gamma and CD40L genes. Allele CD40L-147 was associated with reduced graft failure (P=0.004), and TGFb-25pro with increased graft failure (P=0.0007), although the latter showed a bidirectional dose effect. There was no significant association between patient death and any polymorphisms in the genes examined. The variant (G) allele of the CD45 gene was not detected in the study population. Minor differences in carriage rates observed by univariate analysis did not predict graft or patient outcome in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The primary analysis demonstrated no significant association between the immune response gene polymorphisms examined and acute renal graft rejection in Caucasian patients receiving triple immunosuppression. Subsidiary analyses suggesting an influence of CD40L and TGFbeta1 genes on graft survival require independent confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Dmitrienko
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Tong A, Nguyen J, Lynch KW. Differential Expression of CD45 Isoforms Is Controlled by the Combined Activity of Basal and Inducible Splicing-regulatory Elements in Each of the Variable Exons. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38297-304. [PMID: 16172127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human CD45 gene encodes five isoforms of a transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that differ in their extracellular domains as a result of alternative splicing of exons 4-6. Expression of the CD45 isoforms is tightly regulated in peripheral T cells such that resting cells predominantly express the larger CD45 isoforms, encoded by mRNAs containing two or three variable exons. In contrast, activated T cells express CD45 isoforms encoded by mRNAs lacking most or all of the variable exons. We have previously identified the sequences within CD45 variable exon 4 that control its level of inclusion into spliced mRNAs. Here we map the splicingregulatory sequences within CD45 variable exons 5 and 6. We show that, like exon 4, exons 5 and 6 each contain an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) and an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE), which together determine the level of exon inclusion in naïve cells. We further demonstrate that the primary activation-responsive silencing motif in exons 5 and 6 is homologous to that in exon 4 and, as in exon 4, binds specifically to the protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L. Together these studies reveal common themes in the regulation of the CD45 variable exons and provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed physiological expression of CD45 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
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32
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Do HT, Baars W, Schwinzer R. Functional significance of the 77C --> G polymorphism in the human CD45 gene: enhanced T-cell reactivity by variantly expressed CD45RA isoforms. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:51-2. [PMID: 15808544 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H-T Do
- Transplantationslabor, Klinik für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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33
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Thude H, Gerlach K, Richartz B, Krack A, Brenke B, Pethig K, Figulla HR, Barz D. No Association Between Transmembrane Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type C (CD45) Exon A Point Mutation (77C>G) and Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:1008-12. [PMID: 16360841 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether a 77C>G polymorphism in exon A of the CD45 gene causing a variant CD45RA expression pattern is associated with the development of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), we studied a total of 414 individuals (104 patients and 310 controls). CD45RA expression pattern on lymphocytes was examined by flow cytometric analysis and subsequently the CD45 77C>G polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-allele specific restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-ASRA). We found 5 patients and 8 control individuals displaying the variant CD45RA expression pattern. All identified individuals carried the heterozygous CD45 77C>G polymorphism. The frequency of the 77G allele in the patient group was 2.4%, which was not significantly different from 1.3% found in the control group (p=0.327). In conclusion, the data of this preliminary study could not reveal any association between the CD45 77C>G polymorphism and susceptibility to idiopathic DCM in a German population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Thude
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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34
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Thude H, Rosenhahn S, Hunger-Dathe W, Müller UA, Barz D. A transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (CD45) exon A point mutation (77 C to G) is not associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a German population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 31:245-7. [PMID: 15548260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2004.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether a C to G transversion at position 77 in exon A of the CD45 gene is associated with the development of diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), we studied 165 patients and 220 control individuals. The frequency of the 77G allele in the control group was 1.1%, which was not significantly different from the 1.2% found in the patient group (P = 0.922). The C to G transversion does not seem to be associated with susceptibility for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thude
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
The 77C-->G polymorphism in exon 4 of CD45 or protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type C (PTPRC) has been investigated in families with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in several cohorts of sporadic patients and controls, however, with conflicting results. To better understand the role of this functionally important polymorphism in MS, we investigated the transmission of the 'G' allele from unaffected parents to their affected children in 176 families by using linkage and association statistics. The 'G' allele was transmitted to the affected offspring in five of the seven pedigrees carrying this allele and the TRANSMIT program detected association with a P=0.0342. We conclude that the 77C-->G PTPRC polymorphism is present and preferentially transmitted in a small subgroup (<5%) of MS families, which may only be detected with complementary methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vyshkina
- Department of Neurology, SLRHC, Columbia University, New York, NY 10019, USA
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36
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Loers G, Aboul-Enein F, Bartsch U, Lassmann H, Schachner M. Comparison of myelin, axon, lipid, and immunopathology in the central nervous system of differentially myelin-compromised mutant mice: a morphological and biochemical study. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 27:175-89. [PMID: 15485773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to compare different myelin-compromised mouse mutants with regard to myelin morphology in relation to axon-, lipid-, and immunopathology as a function of age. Mouse mutants deficient in the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) display subtle and severe myelin pathologies in the central nervous system (CNS), respectively. Animals doubly deficient in MAG and the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) show defects similar to those present in MAG single mutants while mice deficient in MAG and the nonreceptor type tyrosine kinase Fyn are severely hypomyelinated, in addition to the MAG-specific myelin abnormalities. These mutant mice showed distinct myelin pathologies in different regions of the central nervous system and generally displayed a decrease in axonal integrity with age. Myelin pathology did not correlate locally with axon transection and with an involvement of the immune system as seen by numbers of CD3-positive lymphocytes and MAC-3-positive macrophages. Interestingly, the degree of these cellular abnormalities also did not correlate with abnormalities in levels of phospholipids, arachidonic acid, cholesterol, and apolipoprotein E (apoE). Moreover, these changes in lipid metabolism, including immune system-related arachidonic acid, preceded cellular pathology. The combined observations point to differences, but also similarities in the relation of myelin, axon, and immunopathology with genotype, and to a common aggravation of the phenotype with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Cocco E, Murru MR, Melis C, Schirru L, Solla E, Lai M, Rolesu M, Marrosu MG. PTPRC (CD45) C77G mutation does not contribute to multiple sclerosis susceptibility in Sardinian patients. J Neurol 2004; 251:1085-8. [PMID: 15372250 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A linkage and association of the CD45 (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type C) C77G polymorphism and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been found in some studies but not in others. We analysed the C77G polymorphism in MS patients from the genetically homogeneous population of Sardinia. Using the transmission disequilibrium test, the mutation has been sought in 241 patients and 217 healthy sibs (HS) from singleton MS families and it was found in 5 (2.07 %) affected and 3 (1.38%) HS from 7 heterozygous parents (1.45 %). Transmission of the G77 allele was 71.4 % (TDT = 1.3, P = 0.26) in patients and 50% (TDT = 0, P = 1) in HS. Stratifying families according to carriage of MS-predisposing (DR+) or not-predisposing (DR-) HLA-DR-DQ genotype in patients, percentage of G77 transmission to DR+ patients was 33 (TDT = 0.33, P = 0.56, Pc = 1.12), while it was 100 (TDT = 4, P = 0.045, Pc = 0.09) in the DR-patients. We concluded that, despite the presence of CD45 G77 polymorphism in a few patients who did not carry the HLADR- DQ MS-predisposing molecules, CD45 did not contribute to development of the disease in Sardinian MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cocco
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale Binaghi, Via Is Guadazzonis, 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
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Boxall S, Stanton T, Hirai K, Ward V, Yasui T, Tahara H, Tamori A, Nishiguchi S, Shiomi S, Ishiko O, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y, Dawes R, Bodmer W, Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. Disease associations and altered immune function in CD45 138G variant carriers. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2377-84. [PMID: 15333587 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD45 antigen is a haemopoietic cell specific tyrosine phosphatase essential for antigen receptor mediated signalling in lymphocytes. Expression of different patterns of alternatively spliced CD45 isoforms is associated with distinct functions. We recently identified a polymorphism in exon 6 (A138G) of the gene encoding CD45 (PTPRC) that results in altered CD45 splicing. The 138G allele is present at a high frequency among Japanese (23.7%), with 5.1% individuals homozygous for the G allele. In this study we show that the A138G polymorphism is the cause of altered CD45 isoform expression, promoting splicing towards low molecular weight CD45 isoforms. We further report that the frequency of A138G heterozygotes is significantly reduced in number in cohorts of patients with autoimmune Graves' disease or hepatitis B infection, whereas G138G homozygotes are absent from a cohort of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. We also show that 138G individuals exhibit altered cytokine production in vitro and an increased proportion of memory T cells. These data suggest that the 138G variant allele strongly influences these diseases by modulation of immune mechanisms and may have achieved its high frequency as a result of a natural selection probably related to pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Boxall
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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Stanton T, Boxall S, Bennett A, Kaleebu P, Watera C, Whitworth J, French N, Dawes R, Hill AVS, Bodmer W, Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. CD45 variant alleles: possibly increased frequency of a novel exon 4 CD45 polymorphism in HIV seropositive Ugandans. Immunogenetics 2004; 56:107-10. [PMID: 15057492 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD45 (leucocyte common) antigen is a haemopoietic cell specific tyrosine phosphatase essential for antigen receptor signalling in lymphocytes, and expression of different CD45 isoforms is associated with distinct functions. Here we describe a novel polymorphism in exon 4 (A54G) of the gene encoding CD45 (PTPRC) that results in an amino acid substitution of Thr-19 to Ala in exon 4. The 54G allele was identified in African Ugandan populations and was found with a suggestive but not statistically significant increase in frequency amongst HIV-seropositive Ugandans. This suggests that the 54G variant and CD45 splicing abnormalities might be associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Stanton
- Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
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Boxall S, McCormick J, Beverley P, Strobel S, De Filippi P, Dawes R, Klersy C, Clementi R, De Juli E, Ferster A, Wallace D, Aricò M, Danesino C, Tchilian E. Abnormal cell surface antigen expression in individuals with variant CD45 splicing and histiocytosis. Pediatr Res 2004; 55:478-84. [PMID: 14630980 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000106803.15344.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are members of a group of rare heterogenous disorders, the histiocytoses, characterized by uncontrolled accumulation of pleomorphic infiltrates of leukocytes. The etiology of these diseases is mainly unknown. CD45 is a hemopoietic cell specific tyrosine phosphatase essential for antigen receptor mediated signaling in lymphocytes and different patterns of CD45 splicing are associated with distinct functions. Recently a polymorphism (C77G) in exon 4 of CD45 causing abnormal CD45 splicing and a point mutation affecting CD45 dimerization were implicated in multiple sclerosis in humans and lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity in mice respectively. Here we show that two patients with HLH exhibited abnormal CD45 splicing caused by the C77G variant allele, while a further 21 HLH patients have normal CD45. We have also examined 62 LCH patients and found three to have the C77G mutation. Peripheral blood thymus-derived (T) CD8(+) cells from normal individuals carrying the C77G mutation show a significant decrease in the proportion of cells expressing L-selectin and increased frequency of cells with LFA-1(hi) expression. It remains to be established whether C77G is a contributing factor in these histiocytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Boxall
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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