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Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Host Genetic Impact on Infectious Diseases among Different Ethnic Groups. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2300181. [PMID: 38099246 PMCID: PMC10716055 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are problematic globally, with high prevalence particularly in Africa, attributing to most of the death rates. There have been immense efforts toward developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for these pathogens globally, however, some remain uncured. Disease susceptibility and progression for malaria, TB, HIV, and COVID-19 vary among individuals and are attributed to precautionary measures, environment, host, and pathogen genetics. While studying individuals with similar attributes, it is suggested that host genetics contributes to most of an individual's susceptibility to disease. Several host genes are identified to associate with these pathogens. Interestingly, many of these genes and polymorphisms are common across diseases. This paper analyzes genes and genetic variations within host genes associated with HIV, TB, malaria, and COVID-19 among different ethnic groups. The differences in host-pathogen interaction among these groups, particularly of Caucasian and African descent, and which gene polymorphisms are prevalent in an African population that possesses protection or risk to disease are reviewed. The information in this review could potentially help develop personalized treatment that could effectively combat the high disease burden in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Naidoo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
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Borborema MEDA, de Lucena TMC, Silva JDA. Vitamin D and estrogen steroid hormones and their immunogenetic roles in Infectious respiratory (TB and COVID-19) diseases. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220158. [PMID: 36745756 PMCID: PMC9901533 DOI: 10.1590/1415-4757-gmb-2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of steroid hormones against infectious diseases has been extensively studied. From immunomodulatory action to direct inhibition of microorganism growth, hormones D3 (VD3) and 17β-estradiol (E2), and the genetic pathways modulated by them, are key targets for a better understanding pathogenesis of infectious respiratory diseases (IRD) such as tuberculosis (TB) and the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Currently, the world faces two major public health problems, the outbreak of COVID-19, accounting for more than 6 million so far, and TB, more than 1 million deaths per year. Both, although resulting from different pathogens, the Mtb and the SARS-CoV-2, respectively, are considered serious and epidemic. TB and COVID-19 present similar infection rates between men and women, however the number of complications and deaths resulting from the two infections is higher in men when compared to women in childbearing age, which may indicate a role of the sex hormone E2 in the context of these diseases. E2 and VD3 act upon key gene pathways as important immunomodulatory players and supporting molecules in IRDs. This review summarizes the main roles of these hormones (VD3 and E2) in modulating immune and inflammatory responses and their relationship with TB and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda de Albuquerque Borborema
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thays Maria Costa de Lucena
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de Azevêdo Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil
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3
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Wigger GW, Khani D, Ahmed M, Sayegh L, Auld SC, Fan X, Guidot DM, Staitieh BS. Alcohol impairs recognition and uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by suppressing toll-like receptor 2 expression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:2214-2224. [PMID: 36281822 PMCID: PMC9772112 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol impairs pulmonary innate immune function and is associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor on alveolar macrophages that recognizes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The expression of TLR2 depends, in part, on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. Given our prior work demonstrating the suppression of GM-CSF signaling following chronic alcohol ingestion, we hypothesized that alcohol impairs TLR2 expression via the suppression of GM-CSF and thereby reduces the ability of the macrophage to recognize and phagocytose Mtb. METHODS Primary alveolar macrophages were isolated from control-fed and alcohol-fed rats. Prior to cell isolation, some alcohol-fed rats were treated with intranasal GM-CSF and then endotracheally inoculated with an attenuated strain of Mtb. Primary macrophages were then isolated and immunofluorescence was used to determine phagocytic efficiency and TLR2 expression in the presence and absence of GM-CSF treatment and phagocytic efficiency in the presence and absence of TLR2 neutralization. RESULTS TLR2 expression and phagocytosis of Mtb were significantly lower in the alveolar macrophages of alcohol-fed rats than control-fed rats. In parallel, blocking TLR2 signaling recapitulated this decreased phagocytosis of Mtb. In contrast, intranasal GM-CSF treatment restored TLR2 expression and Mtb phagocytosis in the alveolar macrophages of alcohol-fed rats to levels comparable to those of control-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol ingestion reduces TLR2 protein expression and phagocytosis of Mtb, likely due to impaired GM-CSF signaling. GM-CSF restores membrane-bound TLR2 expression and phagocytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Wigger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darya Khani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariam Ahmed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Layal Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara C Auld
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Silva Lagos L, Luu TV, De Haan B, Faas M, De Vos P. TLR2 and TLR4 activity in monocytes and macrophages after exposure to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and erythromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2972-2983. [PMID: 35897135 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections but also impact immunity. This is usually attributed to antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the microbiota, but antibiotics may have a direct effect on immune cells and immunity-associated receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). OBJECTIVES To investigate whether antibiotics alter TLR2/1, TLR2/6 and TLR4 activity in immune cells. METHODS We evaluated the effects of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and erythromycin on TLR2/1-, TLR2/6- and TLR4-induced NF-κB activation in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells. Furthermore, we studied TNF-α and IL-6 levels in THP-1-derived macrophages after exposure to these antibiotics and TLR ligands. RESULTS Amoxicillin had no effect on any of the TLRs studied. However, ciprofloxacin reduced TLR2/1, TLR2/6 and TLR4 activity in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells and decreased TLR2/1-induced TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages. Doxycycline reduced TLR2/6 and TLR4 activity in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells and TNF-α and IL-6 levels in response to TLR2/6 stimulation in macrophages. Erythromycin decreased TLR2/1 and TLR4 activity in THP1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 cells without changes in TNF-α and IL-6 levels in macrophages. In addition, ciprofloxacin decreased the expression of TLR2 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that some antibiotics may attenuate TLR-dependent monocyte/macrophage responses and likely reduce bacterial clearance. The latter is particularly important in infections with AMR bacteria, where misprescribed antibiotics not only fail in control of AMR infections but might also weaken host defence mechanisms by limiting innate immune responses. Our data suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the deterioration of the immune response during and after antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Silva Lagos
- Immunoendocrinology, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thy Viet Luu
- Immunoendocrinology, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart De Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul De Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Elloumi N, Tahri S, Fakhfakh R, Abida O, Mahfoudh N, Hachicha H, Marzouk S, Bahloul Z, Masmoudi H. Role of innate immune receptors TLR4 and TLR2 polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility. Ann Hum Genet 2022; 86:137-144. [PMID: 35128637 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Through their recognition of various bacterial cell wall components, TLR2 and TLR4 participate in the innate response and modulate the activation of adaptive immunity. Therefore, the genetic background of these receptors might play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we investigated the possible association between polymorphisms within TLR2 and TLR4 genes with SLE susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 100 SLE patients and 200 unrelated healthy controls of the Tunisian population were enrolled in the study.TLR4rs4986790, TLR4rs4986791, and TLR2rs5743708 genotyping were performed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The number of guanine-thymine (GT) repeat microsatellite in the intron 2 of TLR2 gene was analyzed by sequencing. RESULTS We reported a lack of allelic and genotypic association between SNPs of TLR4 and TLR2 genes and SLE pathogenesis. No correlation was found with any SLE features. However, SLE susceptibility was associated with the GT repeat microsatellite polymorphism in the human TLR2 gene. Further subclassification of alleles into three subclasses revealed a significant association between the long-sized repeats ((GT) >23) and SLE. CONCLUSION Though the results showed the absence of genetic association of TLR4 and TLR2 SNPs with the risk of developing SLE, we have identified a protective association between the microsatellite polymorphism in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene and SLE. Functionally, these (GT)n repeats may confer modifying effects or susceptibility to certain inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Elloumi
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Safa Tahri
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raouia Fakhfakh
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Abida
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Mahfoudh
- Immunology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hend Hachicha
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Marzouk
- Internal Medicine Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhir Bahloul
- Internal Medicine Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Masmoudi
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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6
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TLRs in Mycobacterial Pathogenesis: Black and White or Shades of Gray. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2183-2193. [PMID: 33844035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical role in the innate recognition of pathogens besides orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. These receptors exhibit exquisite specificity for different pathogens or their products and, through a complex network of signalling, generate appropriate immune responses. TLRs induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory signals depending on interactions with the adapter molecules thereby impacting the outcome of infection. Hence, TLR signalling ought to be stringently regulated to avoid harmful effects on the host. Mycobacteria express antigens which are sensed by TLRs leading to activation of various signalling molecules important for initiating the death of infected cells and containment of pathogens. Conversely, it also utilizes TLRs for immune evasion and persistence. Due to the enormous diversity in the repertoire of virulence traits expressed by mycobacteria, genetic variations in TLRs often impair the host's ability to respond to mycobacterial-stress, affecting health and disease manifestations. Thus, understanding TLR signalling is of great importance for insights into host-mycobacterial interactions and designing effective measures for controlling the spread and persistence of the bacterium.
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7
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Song X, Yang T, Zhang X, Yuan Y, Yan X, Wei Y, Zhang J, Zhou C. Comparison of the Microsatellite Distribution Patterns in the Genomes of Euarchontoglires at the Taxonomic Level. Front Genet 2021; 12:622724. [PMID: 33719337 PMCID: PMC7953163 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.622724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) instability within genes can induce genetic variation. The SSR signatures remain largely unknown in different clades within Euarchontoglires, one of the most successful mammalian radiations. Here, we conducted a genome-wide characterization of microsatellite distribution patterns at different taxonomic levels in 153 Euarchontoglires genomes. Our results showed that the abundance and density of the SSRs were significantly positively correlated with primate genome size, but no significant relationship with the genome size of rodents was found. Furthermore, a higher level of complexity for perfect SSR (P-SSR) attributes was observed in rodents than in primates. The most frequent type of P-SSR was the mononucleotide P-SSR in the genomes of primates, tree shrews, and colugos, while mononucleotide or dinucleotide motif types were dominant in the genomes of rodents and lagomorphs. Furthermore, (A)n was the most abundant motif in primate genomes, but (A)n, (AC)n, or (AG)n was the most abundant motif in rodent genomes which even varied within the same genus. The GC content and the repeat copy numbers of P-SSRs varied in different species when compared at different taxonomic levels, reflecting underlying differences in SSR mutation processes. Notably, the CDSs containing P-SSRs were categorized by functions and pathways using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotations, highlighting their roles in transcription regulation. Generally, this work will aid future studies of the functional roles of the taxonomic features of microsatellites during the evolution of mammals in Euarchontoglires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Song
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Tingbang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Caiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
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Mitsui Y, Hou L, Huang X, Odegard KC, Pereira LM, Yuki K. Volatile Anesthetic Sevoflurane Attenuates Toll-Like Receptor 1/2 Activation. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:631-639. [PMID: 32149756 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immunomodulatory effects of anesthetics have been increasingly recognized, their underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major receptors to recognize invading pathogens and danger signals from damaged host tissues to initiate immune responses. Among the TLR family, TLR2 and TLR4 recognize a wide range of ligands and are considered to be important players in perioperative pathophysiology. Based on our recent finding that volatile anesthetics modulate TLR4 function, we tested our hypothesis that they would also modulate TLR2 function. METHODS The effect of anesthetics isoflurane, sevoflurane, propofol, and dexmedetomidine on TLR2 activation was examined by reporter assays. An anesthetic that affected the activation was subjected to in silico rigid docking simulation on TLR2. To test our prediction that sevoflurane and a TLR1/TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 would compete for the same pocket of TLR2, we performed Pam3CSK4 competitive binding assay to TLR2 using HEK cells stably transfected with TLR2 (HEK-TLR2) with or without sevoflurane. We examined the effect of different anesthetics on the functions of human neutrophils stimulated with TLR2 ligands. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS We observed that the attenuation of TLR1/TLR2 activation was seen on sevoflurane exposure but not on isoflurane, propofol, or dexmedetomidine exposure. The attenuation of TLR2/TLR6 activation was not seen in any of the anesthetics tested. The rigid docking simulation predicted that sevoflurane and Pam3CSK4 bound to the same pocket of TLR1/TLR2 complex. The binding of Pam3CSK4 to HEK-TLR2 cells was impaired in the presence of sevoflurane, indicating that sevoflurane and Pam3CSK4 competed for the pocket, as predicted in silico. The stimulation of neutrophils with Pam3CSK4 induced L-selection shedding but did not affect phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production. L-selectin shedding from neutrophils was attenuated only by sevoflurane, consistent with the result of our reporter assays. CONCLUSIONS We found that TLR1/TLR2 activation was attenuated by sevoflurane, but we found no evidence for attenuation by isoflurane, propofol, or dexmedetomidine at clinically relevant concentrations. Our structural analysis and competition assay supported that sevoflurane directly bound to TLR2 at the interphase of the TLR1/TLR2 complex. Sevoflurane attenuated neutrophil L-selectin shedding, an important step for neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mitsui
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lifei Hou
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiayi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kirsten C Odegard
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luis M Pereira
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koichi Yuki
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Song X, Yang T, Yan X, Zheng F, Xu X, Zhou C. Comparison of microsatellite distribution patterns in twenty-nine beetle genomes. Gene 2020; 757:144919. [PMID: 32603771 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) represent an important source of genetic variation that provides a basis for adaptation to different environments in organisms. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of SSRs in twenty-nine beetle genomes and carried out Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of CDSs embedded with perfect SSRs (P-SSRs). The results demonstrated that imperfect SSRs (I-SSRs) represented the most abundant SSR category in beetle genomes and in different genomic regions (CDS, exon, and intron regions). The numbers of P-SSRs, I-SSRs, compound SSRs, and variable number tandem repeats were positively correlated with beetle genome size, whereas neither the frequency nor the density of the SSRs was correlated with genome size. Moreover, our results demonstrated that common genomic features of P-SSRs within the same suborder or family of Coleoptera were rare. Mono-, di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide SSRs were the most abundant P-SSR categories in beetle genomes. The preferred predominant repeat motif among the mononucleotide P-SSRs was (A)n, but the most frequent repeat motifs for other length classes varied differentially among these genomes. Furthermore, the P-SSR type with the highest GC content differed in the beetle genomes and in different genomic regions. CV (coefficient of variability) analysis demonstrated that the repeat copy numbers of P-SSRs presented relatively higher variation in introns than in CDSs and exons. The GO terms of CDSs containing P-SSRs for molecular functions were mainly enriched in "binding" and "transcription". Our findings will be useful for studying the functional roles of microsatellite heterogeneity in beetle adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Song
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Tingbang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fake Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Caiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China.
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10
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Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms and their effect on the immune response to ESAT-6, Pam3CSK4 TLR2 agonist in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and household contacts. Cytokine 2020; 126:154897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Zaki H, Gasmelseed N, Abdalla B, Yip S. Association of toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Sudanese. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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12
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Devi KR, Mukherjee K, Chelleng PK, Kalita S, Das U, Narain K. Association of VDR gene polymorphisms and 22 bp deletions in the promoter region of TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) with increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis: A case-control study in tea garden communities of Assam. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22562. [PMID: 29727015 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases have been reported from tea garden communities of Assam. Till date, no molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the association of candidate gene(s) with the risk PTB in this region. The present case-control study was aimed to investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and 22 bp deletion in the promoter region of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene with the risk of PTB in tea garden communities of Assam. METHODS Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms and TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) gene was carried out for 169 PTB cases and 227 apparently healthy community controls using blood samples by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing. For association study, both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS This study has shown that BsmI and FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB (AOR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.64-7.80, P < .01 for B/b genotype of BsmI and AOR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.40-4.24, P < .01 for F/f genotype of FokI polymorphism). No significant association of TaqI and ApaI polymorphism of VDR gene was found with the risk of PTB. Moreover, this study has revealed that person carrying deletion allele in their TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) gene is significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB having b/b or F/f genotypes in BsmI or FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that BsmI and FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simanta Kalita
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Upasana Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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13
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Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln Polymorphisms in TLR2 Genes Detected in Patients With Tuberculosis in Golestan Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Genetic ancestry effects on the distribution of toll-like receptors (TLRs) gene polymorphisms in a population of the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Qrafli M, Najimi M, Elaouad R, Sadki K. Current immunogenetic predisposition to tuberculosis in the Moroccan population. Int J Immunogenet 2017; 44:286-304. [PMID: 29057608 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease that kills approximately two million people per year, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Numerous genetic epidemiology studies have been conducted of many ethnic groups worldwide and have highlighted the critical impact of the genetic environment on TB distribution. Many candidate genes associated with resistance or susceptibility to TB have been identified. In Morocco, where TB is still a major public health problem, various observations of clinical, microbiological and incidence distribution are heavily affected by genetic background and external environment. Morocco has almost the same clinical profile as do other North African countries, mainly the increase in more extrapulmonary than pulmonary forms of the diseases, when compared to European, Asian or American populations. In addition, a linkage analysis study that examined Moroccan TB patients identified a unique chromosome region that had a strong association with the risk of contracting TB. Other genes in the Moroccan population that were found to be associated seem to be involved predominantly in modulating the innate immunity. In this review, we appraise the major candidate genes that have been reported in Moroccan immunogenetic studies and discuss their updated role in TB, particularly during the first phase of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qrafli
- Physiopathology Team, Immunogenomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Elaouad
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - K Sadki
- Physiopathology Team, Immunogenomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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16
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David S, Aguiar P, Antunes L, Dias A, Morais A, Sakuntabhai A, Lavinha J. Variants in the non-coding region of the TLR2 gene associated with infectious subphenotypes in pediatric sickle cell anemia. Immunogenetics 2017; 70:37-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Robinson RT, Huppler AR. The Goldilocks model of immune symbiosis with Mycobacteria and Candida colonizers. Cytokine 2017; 97:49-65. [PMID: 28570933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria and Candida species include significant human pathogens that can cause localized or disseminated infections. Although these organisms may appear to have little in common, several shared pathways of immune recognition and response are important for both control and infection-related pathology. In this article, we compare and contrast the innate and adaptive components of the immune system that pertain to these infections in humans and animal models. We also explore a relatively new concept in the mycobacterial field: biological commensalism. Similar to the well-established model of Candida infection, Mycobacteria species colonize their human hosts in equilibrium with the immune response. Perturbations in the immune response permit the progression to pathologic disease at the expense of the host. Understanding the immune factors required to maintain commensalism may aid with the development of diagnostic and treatment strategies for both categories of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Anna R Huppler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital and Health System, Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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18
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Bao M, Yi Z, Fu Y. Activation of TLR7 Inhibition of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Survival by Autophagy in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4222-4229. [PMID: 28419514 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of regulation of TLR7 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survival in macrophages. TLR7 expression in macrophages infected by Mtb was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Regulation of TLR7 was achieved by single strand RNA (ssRNA) or siRNA. The effects of TLR7 on Mtb survival and cell viability were detected by acid fast staining and cell counting kit-8, respectively. Cell ultrastructure was observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and autophagy related protein LC3 was analyzed by Western blotting. TLR7 in Mtb infected macrophages was up-regulated and up-regulation of TLR7 could eliminate intracellular Mtb. Up-regulation of TLR7 could increase viability of Mtb infected cells, while down-regulation of TLR7 induced decrease of cell viability compared with the controls. Autophagosome was significantly increased in the Mtb infected macrophages after up-regulation of TLR7 and LC3-II protein showed obvious increase compared with the controls. Autophagosome could not be detected in macrophages after down-regulation of TLR7, rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated, and nuclear week gap was widened. Moreover, LC3-II protein was reduced in Mtb infected macrophages based upon the down-regulation of TLR7. Up-regulation of TLR7 could eliminate intracellular Mtb through autophagy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4222-4229, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zhengjun Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Weifang, 261053, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology of Clinical Medicine College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yurong Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Weifang, 261053, China
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Török HP, Bellon V, Konrad A, Lacher M, Tonenchi L, Siebeck M, Brand S, De Toni EN. Functional Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 polymorphisms in the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175180. [PMID: 28388655 PMCID: PMC5384663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest significant genetic overlap with complex mycobacterial diseases like tuberculosis or leprosy. TLR variants have previously been linked to susceptibility for mycobacterial diseases. Here we investigated the contribution to IBD risk of two TLR2 polymorphisms, the low-prevalence variant Arg753Gln and the GTn microsatellite repeat polymorphism in intron 2. We studied association with disease, possible correlations with phenotype and gene-gene interactions. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted a large study in 843 patients with Crohn’s disease, 426 patients with ulcerative colitis and 805 healthy, unrelated controls, all of European origin. Overall, the frequency for carriers of shorter GTn repeats in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene, which have previously been associated with low TLR2 expression and high IL-10 production, was slightly elevated in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis compared to healthy controls (16.0% resp. 16.7% vs. 12.8%). The highest frequency of short GTn carriers was noted among IBD patients on anti TNF-alpha therapy. However, none of these differences was significant in the multivariate analysis. The Arg753Gln polymorphism showed no association with any clinical subtype of IBD, including extensive colitis, for which such an association was previously described. We found no association with specific phenotypic disease subgroups. Also, epistasis analysis revealed no significant interactions between the two TLR2 variants and confirmed IBD susceptibility genes. Conclusions The two functional relevant polymorphisms in TLR2, the GTn microsatellite repeat polymorphism in intron 2 and the Arg753Gln variant do not seem to play a role in the susceptibility to Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Paula Török
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor Bellon
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Fontainebleau, France
- Institut Curie, Paris,France
- INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Konrad
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Lacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurian Tonenchi
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Siebeck
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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20
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Saleh MA, Ramadan MM, Arram EO. Toll-like receptor-2 Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary and peritoneal tuberculosis. APMIS 2017; 125:558-564. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; Al-Azhar University; New Damietta Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Ramadan
- Department of Cardiology; Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Eman O. Arram
- Department of Thoracic Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
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21
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Konowich J, Gopalakrishnan A, Dietzold J, Verma S, Bhatt K, Rafi W, Salgame P. Divergent Functions of TLR2 on Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cells during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:741-748. [PMID: 27920273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that TLR2 is crucial for host resistance against chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, which cell types are key players in this response remain unknown. This led us to decipher the relative contribution of TLR2 on nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic cells in resistance against chronic M. tuberculosis infection in mice infected with M. tuberculosis Erdman. Consistent with our previous report, at 8 wk of infection, TLR2 knockout (TLR2KO)→TLR2KO bone marrow chimeric mice exhibited increased bacterial burden, disorganized accumulation of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, and extensive pulmonary immunopathology compared with wild-type (WT)→WT chimeric mice. Bacterial burden and pulmonary immunopathology of chimeric mice lacking TLR2 in the hematopoietic compartment (TLR2KO→WT) was comparable to TLR2KO mice. In contrast, chimeric mice deficient in TLR2 in the nonhematopoietic compartment (WT→TLR2KO) exhibited a marked attenuation in granulomatous inflammation compared with WT mice. Although the latter mice did not exhibit improved pulmonary bacterial control, significant reductions in bacterial burden in the draining lymph nodes, spleen, and liver were observed. These findings establish that the TLR2-mediated hematopoietic response promotes stable control of pulmonary bacterial burden and granuloma integrity, whereas TLR2 signaling on nonhematopoietic cells may partly facilitate granulomatous inflammation and bacterial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Konowich
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Jillian Dietzold
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Sheetal Verma
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Kamlesh Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | | | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
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22
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Biyikli OO, Baysak A, Ece G, Oz AT, Ozhan MH, Berdeli A. Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Tuberculosis Infection. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e20224. [PMID: 27942355 PMCID: PMC5136443 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Investigation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has revealed new information regarding the immunopathogenesis of this disease. Toll-like receptors can recognize various ligands with a lipoprotein structure in the bacilli. Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR-4 have been identified in association with tuberculosis infection. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between TLR polymorphism and infection progress. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with a radiologically, microbiologically, and clinically proven active tuberculosis diagnosis were included in this 25-month study. Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR-4 polymorphisms and allele distributions were compared between these 29 patients and 100 healthy control subjects. Peripheral blood samples were taken from all patients. Genotyping of TLR-2, TLR-4, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor was performed. The extraction step was completed with a Qiagen mini blood purification system kit (Qiagen, Ontario, Canada) using a peripheral blood sample. The genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS In total, 19 of the 29 patients with tuberculosis infection had a TLR-2 polymorphism, and 20 of the 100 healthy subjects had a TLR-2 polymorphism (P < 0.001). The TLR-4 polymorphism and interferon-γ allele distributions were not statistically correlated. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphism is a risk factor for tuberculosis infection. The limiting factor in this study was the lack of investigation of the interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, which are important in the development of infection. Detection of lower levels of these cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, especially among patients with TLR-2 defects, will provide new data that may support the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Oben Biyikli
- Clinic of Chest Diseases, Kusadasi Universal Hospital,
Aydin, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Baysak
- Chest Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Izmir
University, Izmir, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Aysegul Baysak, Chest Diseases
Department, School of Medicine, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey. Tel: +90-2323995050, Fax:
+90-2323995078, E-mail:
| | - Gulfem Ece
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Izmir
University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adnan Tolga Oz
- Chest Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Izmir
University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Afig Berdeli
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Ege University,
Izmir, Turkey
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Su F, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhang Z. Reprint of: Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:166-178. [PMID: 27255539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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24
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Functional polymorphisms of the TLR7 and TLR8 genes contribute to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:125-31. [PMID: 27156628 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has recently re-emerged as a major global public health threat and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a highly successful pathogen that evolved remarkable strategies to establish persistent infection. There is strong evidence that host genetic factors influence individual susceptibility to TB. In this study, we evaluated the associations between the TLR7 and TLR8 genetic polymorphisms and TB susceptibility in Chinese individuals. The results demonstrated that the frequency of the TLR8-129C allele was higher in male patients with pulmonary TB than in healthy controls (22.9% vs. 6.8%, p < 0.001). Based on haplotype analysis, the frequency of the TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129C haplotype increased the risk for TB infection compared to the wild-type allele (TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129G), with OR = 3.23 (95% CI = 1.58-6.61; p = 0.001). An ex vivo phagocytosis assay that examined the functional effects of these polymorphisms on the defense against MTB revealed higher phagocytosis in monocytes from males with the TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129C genotype than in those with the wild-type allele (73.0 ± 20.3% versus 34.6 ± 8.1%; p = 0.03). In addition, mRNA expression and cytokine production were analyzed in the whole blood of male healthy volunteers stimulated with inactivated MTB ex vivo. TNFα production was lower in TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129C subjects than in those with the wild-type allele (578.4 ± 90.3 pg/ml versus 1043 ± 136 pg/ml; p = 0.03), and the expression of TLR7 was significantly impaired (0.8 ± 0.1 folds, p = 0.05) after MTB stimulation. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that TLR7 and TLR8 genetic polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to MTB infection, and the link is shaped by less effective MTB phagocytosis and impaired TLR signaling.
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25
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Su F, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhang Z. Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:187-198. [PMID: 26526648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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26
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Schurz H, Daya M, Möller M, Hoal EG, Salie M. TLR1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 Variants Associated with Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139711. [PMID: 26430737 PMCID: PMC4592262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the influence of toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility have yielded varying and often contradictory results in different ethnic groups. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between TLR variants and susceptibility to tuberculosis, both across and within specific ethnic groups. METHODS An extensive database search was performed for studies investigating the relationship between TLR and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. Data was subsequently extracted from included studies and statistically analysed. RESULTS 32 articles involving 18907 individuals were included in this meta-analysis, and data was extracted for 14 TLR polymorphisms. Various genetic models were employed. An increased risk of TB was found for individuals with the TLR2 rs3804100 CC and the TLR9 rs352139 GA and GG genotypes, while decreased risk was identified for those with the AG genotype of TLR1 rs4833095. The T allele of TLR6 rs5743810 conferred protection across all ethnic groups. TLR2 rs5743708 subgroup analysis identified the A allele to increase susceptibility to TB in the Asian ethnic group, while conferring protection in the Hispanic group. The T allele of TLR4 rs4986791 was also found to increase the risk of TB in the Asian subgroup. All other TLR gene variants investigated were not found to be associated with TB in this meta-analysis. DISCUSSION Although general associations were identified, most TLR variants showed no significant association with TB, indicating that additional studies investigating a wider range of pattern recognition receptors is required to gain a better understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Schurz
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Michelle Daya
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eileen G. Hoal
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Muneeb Salie
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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27
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Association of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TIRAP polymorphisms with disease susceptibility. Immunol Res 2015; 62:234-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Masjedi MR, Mansouri D, Velayati AA, Casanova JL, Barnes PJ. Interaction of Pattern Recognition Receptors with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 2014; 35:1-10. [PMID: 25312698 PMCID: PMC4306732 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered a major worldwide health problem with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Our understanding of TB immunology has become greater and more refined since the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as an etiologic agent and the recognition of new signaling pathways modulating infection. Understanding the mechanisms through which the cells of the immune system recognize MTB can be an important step in designing novel therapeutic approaches, as well as improving the limited success of current vaccination strategies. A great challenge in chronic disease is to understand the complexities, mechanisms, and consequences of host interactions with pathogens. Innate immune responses along with the involvement of distinct inflammatory mediators and cells play an important role in the host defense against the MTB. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are involved in the recognition of MTB including Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) linked to inflammasome activation. Among the TLR family, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their down-stream signaling proteins play critical roles in the initiation of the immune response in the pathogenesis of TB. The inflammasome pathway is associated with the coordinated release of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 which also play a role in the pathogenesis of TB. Understanding the cross-talk between these signaling pathways will impact on the design of novel therapeutic strategies and in the development of vaccines and immunotherapy regimes. Abnormalities in PRR signaling pathways regulated by TB will affect disease pathogenesis and need to be elucidated. In this review we provide an update on PRR signaling during M. tuberculosis infection and indicate how greater knowledge of these pathways may lead to new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.,Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center and National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, NY, USA.,Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
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Khalilullah SA, Harapan H, Hasan NA, Winardi W, Ichsan I, Mulyadi M. Host genome polymorphisms and tuberculosis infection: What we have to say? EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2013; 63:173-185. [PMID: 26966339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiology studies suggest that host genetic factors play important roles in susceptibility, protection and progression of tuberculosis infection. Here we have reviewed the implications of some genetic polymorphisms in pathways related to tuberculosis susceptibility, severity and development. Large case-control studies examining single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes have been performed in tuberculosis patients in some countries. Polymorphisms in natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-10, vitamin D receptor (VDR), dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), nucleotide oligomerization binding domain 2 (NOD2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant proteins A (SP-A) have been reviewed. These genes have been variably associated with tuberculosis infection and there is strong evidence indicating that host genetic factors play critical roles in tuberculosis susceptibility, severity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Center, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Nabeeh A Hasan
- Research Affiliate, Centre for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wira Winardi
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ichsan Ichsan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Center, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Institute of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycosis, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mulyadi Mulyadi
- Pulmonology Department, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Pothlichet J, Quintana-Murci L. The genetics of innate immunity sensors and human disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:157-208. [PMID: 23570315 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.777064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate immunity microbial sensors have been increasingly studied and shown to play a critical role in innate responses to microbes in several experimental in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, their role in the human response to infection in natural conditions has just started to be deciphered, by means of clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies and epidemiological genetic studies. Here, we summarize the major findings concerning the genetic diversity of the various families of microbial sensors in humans, and of other molecules involved in the signaling pathways they trigger. Specifically, we review the genetic associations, revealed by both clinical and epidemiological genetics studies, of microbial sensors from five different families: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In particular, we consider the relationships between variation at the genes encoding these molecules and susceptibility to and the severity of infectious diseases and other clinical conditions associated with immune dysfunction, including autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, and cancer. Despite the fact that the genetic links between innate immunity sensors and human disorders remain still limited, human genetics studies are increasingly improving our understanding of the genuine functions of microbial sensors and downstream signaling molecules in the natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
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Influence of Intron II microsatellite polymorphism in human toll-like receptor 2 gene in leprosy. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1034-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Carmona J, Cruz A, Moreira-Teixeira L, Sousa C, Sousa J, Osorio NS, Saraiva AL, Svenson S, Kallenius G, Pedrosa J, Rodrigues F, Castro AG, Saraiva M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Are Differentially Recognized by TLRs with an Impact on the Immune Response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67277. [PMID: 23840651 PMCID: PMC3693941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis associates with a wide spectrum of disease outcomes. The Beijing (Bj) lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is suggested to be more virulent than other Mtb lineages and prone to elicit non-protective immune responses. However, highly heterogeneous immune responses were reported upon infection of innate immune cells with Bj strains or stimulation with their glycolipids. Using both in vitro and in vivo mouse models of infection, we here report that the molecular mechanism for this heterogeneity may be related to distinct TLR activations. Among this Mtb lineage, we found strains that preferentially activate TLR2, and others that also activate TLR4. Recognition of Mtb strains by TLR4 resulted in a distinct cytokine profile in vitro and in vivo, with specific production of type I IFN. We also uncover a novel protective role for TLR4 activation in vivo. Thus, our findings contribute to the knowledge of the molecular basis underlying how host innate immune cells handle different Mtb strains, in particular the intricate host-pathogen interaction with strains of the Mtb Bj lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Carmona
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andrea Cruz
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lucia Moreira-Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carole Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno S. Osorio
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Saraiva
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Stefan Svenson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Kallenius
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Antonio G. Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail: (AGC); (MS)
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail: (AGC); (MS)
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Host defense and recruitment of Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells to the lungs in chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection requires toll-like receptor 2. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003397. [PMID: 23785280 PMCID: PMC3681744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute resistance to low dose M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is not dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. However, whether TLR2 contributes to resistance in chronic Mtb infection has remained uncertain. Here we report that, following low dose aerosol infection with Mtb, mice lacking TLR2 (TLR2KO), in comparison with wild type (WT) mice, exhibit enhanced cellular infiltration and inflammation in the lungs, and fail to stably control bacterial burden during chronic infection. IFNγ and IL-17 was expressed at equivalent levels in the two groups; however, the characteristic accumulation of Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in pulmonary granulomas was significantly reduced in TLR2KO mice. Nonetheless, this reduction in Tregs was independent of whether Tregs expressed TLR2 or not. To directly link the reduced number of Tregs to the increased inflammation present in the TLR2KO mice, we used a macrophage adoptive transfer model. At seven weeks post-Mtb infection, TLR2KO mice, which were adoptively transferred with WT macrophages, displayed enhanced accumulation of Tregs in the lungs and a concomitant reduction in inflammation in contrast with control mice that received TLR2KO macrophages. However, the pulmonary bacterial burden between the two groups remained similar indicating that TLR2's role in modulating immunopathology is functionally distinct from its role in restricting Mtb growth in chronic infection. Together, these findings unequivocally demonstrate that TLR2 contributes to host resistance against chronic Mtb infection and reveal a novel role for TLR2 in mediating the recruitment of Foxp3⁺ Tregs to the lungs to control inflammation.
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Medvedev AE. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms, inflammatory and infectious diseases, allergies, and cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:467-84. [PMID: 23675778 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ-line-encoded innate immune sensors that recognize conserved microbial structures and host alarmins and signal expression of MHC proteins, costimulatory molecules, and inflammatory mediators by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and other cell types. These processes activate immediate and early mechanisms of innate host defense, as well as initiate and orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TLR genes have been associated with altered susceptibility to infectious, inflammatory, and allergic diseases, and have been found to play a role in tumorigenesis. Critical advances in our understanding of innate immune functions and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered complex interactions of genetic polymorphisms within TLRs and environmental factors. However, conclusions obtained in the course of such analyses are restricted by limited power of many studies that is likely to explain controversial findings. Further, linkages to certain ethnic backgrounds, gender, and the presence of multigenic effects further complicate the interpretations of how the TLR SNPs affect immune responses. For many TLRs, the molecular mechanisms by which SNPs impact receptor functions remain unknown. In this review, I have summarized current knowledge about the TLR polymorphisms, their impact on TLR signaling, and associations with various inflammatory, infectious, allergic diseases and cancers, and discussed the directions of future scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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Vaz J, Akbarshahi H, Andersson R. Controversial role of toll-like receptors in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:616-630. [PMID: 23431068 PMCID: PMC3574587 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common clinical condition with an incidence of about 300 or more patients per million annually. About 10%-15% of patients will develop severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and of those, 10%-30% may die due to SAP-associated complications. Despite the improvements done in the diagnosis and management of AP, the mortality rate has not significantly declined during the last decades. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that seem to play a major role in the development of numerous diseases, which make these molecules attractive as potential therapeutic targets. TLRs are involved in the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, a potentially lethal complication in SAP. In the present review, we explore the current knowledge about the role of different TLRs that have been described associated with AP. The main candidate for targeting seems to be TLR4, which recognizes numerous damage-associated molecular patterns related to AP. TLR2 has also been linked with AP, but there are only limited studies that exclusively studied its role in AP. There is also data suggesting that TLR9 may play a role in AP.
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Druszczynska M, Wlodarczyk M, Janiszewska-Drobinska B, Kielnierowski G, Zawadzka J, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Fol M, Szpakowski P, Rudnicka K, Chmiela M, Rudnicka W. Monocyte signal transduction receptors in active and latent tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:851452. [PMID: 23401703 PMCID: PMC3562648 DOI: 10.1155/2013/851452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that promote either resistance or susceptibility to TB disease remain insufficiently understood. Our aim was to compare the expression of cell signaling transduction receptors, CD14, TLR2, CD206, and β2 integrin LFA-1 on monocytes from patients with active TB or nonmycobacterial lung disease and healthy individuals with M.tb latency and uninfected controls to explain the background of the differences between clinical and subclinical forms of M.tb infection. A simultaneous increase in the expression of the membrane bound mCD14 receptor and LFA-1 integrin in patients with active TB may be considered a prodrome of breaking immune control by M.tb bacilli in subjects with the latent TB and absence of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Druszczynska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Wlodarczyk
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Janiszewska-Drobinska
- Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation, Szpitalna 5, 95-080 Tuszyn, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kielnierowski
- Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation, Szpitalna 5, 95-080 Tuszyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawadzka
- Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation, Szpitalna 5, 95-080 Tuszyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalewicz-Kulbat
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Szpakowski
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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The host genetic diversity in malaria infection. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:940616. [PMID: 23316245 PMCID: PMC3532872 DOI: 10.1155/2012/940616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations exposed to Plasmodium infection develop genetic mechanisms of protection against severe disease. The clinical manifestation of malaria results primarily from the lysis of infected erythrocytes and subsequent immune and inflammatory responses. Herein, we review the genetic alterations associated with erythrocytes or mediators of the immune system, which might influence malaria outcome. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes related to molecules involved in mechanisms of cytoadherence and their influence on malaria pathology are also discussed. The results of some studies have suggested that the combinatorial effects of a set of genetic factors in the erythrocyte-immunology pathway might be relevant to host resistance or susceptibility against Plasmodium infection. However, these results must be interpreted with caution because of the differences observed in the functionality and frequency of polymorphisms within different populations. With the recent advances in molecular biology techniques, more robust studies with reliable data have been reported, and the results of these studies have identified individual genetic factors for consideration in preventing severe disease and the individual response to treatment.
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Mycobacterium indicus pranii mediates macrophage activation through TLR2 and NOD2 in a MyD88 dependent manner. Vaccine 2012; 30:5748-54. [PMID: 22796586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) is a non-pathogenic strain of mycobacterium and has been used as a vaccine against tuberculosis and leprosy. Here, we investigated the role of different pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of heat-killed MIP by macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with MIP caused upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (like TNFα and IL-1β) which was mediated through both TLR2 and NOD2, as revealed by our knockdown and/or knockout studies. Mechanistically, MIP-induced macrophage activation was shown to result in NF-κB activation and drastically abrogated by MyD88 deficiency, suggesting its regulation via an MyD88-dependent, NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, the IFN-inducible cytokine, CXCL10, which is known target of the TRIF-dependent TLR pathway was found to be upregulated in response to MIP but, in an MyD88-dependent manner. Collectively, these results demonstrate macrophages to recognize and respond to MIP through a TLR2, NOD2 and an MyD88-dependent pathway. However, further studies should clarify whether additional TLR-dependent or -independent pathways also exist in regulating the full spectrum of MIP action on macrophage activation.
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Qidwai T, Jamal F, Khan MY. DNA Sequence Variation and Regulation of Genes Involved in Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:568-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM. The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22566960 PMCID: PMC3342043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. This review will discuss the current status of TLR2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on these organisms. We will emphasize both canonical and non-canonical responses to TLR2 ligands with emphasis on whether the inflammation induced by these responses contributes to the disease state or to protection from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira-Nascimento
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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Different patterns of Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms in populations of various ethnic and geographic origins. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1917-22. [PMID: 22354034 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00121-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon the invasion of the host by microorganisms, innate immunity is triggered through pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied class of PRRs, and they recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various microorganisms. A large number of studies have shown that genetic variation in TLRs may influence susceptibility to infections. We assessed the genetic variation of TLR2, which encodes one of the most important TLRs, in various populations around the globe and correlated it with changes in the function of the molecule. The three best-known nonsynonymous TLR2 polymorphisms (1892C>A, 2029C>T, and 2258G>A) were assessed in different populations from the main continental masses: Romanians, Vlax-Roma, Dutch (European populations), Han Chinese (East Asia), Dogon, Fulani (Africa), and Trio Indians (America). The 2029C>T polymorphism was absent in both European and non-European populations, with the exception of the Vlax-Roma, suggesting that this polymorphism most likely arose in Indo-Aryan people after migration into South Asia. The 1892C>A polymorphism that was found exclusively in European populations, but not in Asian, African, or American volunteers, probably occurred in proto-Indo-Europeans. Interestingly, 2258G>A was present only in Europeans, including Vlax-Roma, but at a very low frequency. The differential pattern of the TLR2 polymorphisms in various populations may explain some of the differences in susceptibility to infections between these populations.
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Greene JA, Sam-Agudu N, John CC, Opoka RO, Zimmerman PA, Kazura JW. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and cerebral malaria: TLR2 Δ22 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria in a case control study. Malar J 2012; 11:47. [PMID: 22336003 PMCID: PMC3306729 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria endemic areas, host genetics influence whether a Plasmodium falciparum-infected child develops uncomplicated or severe malaria. TLR2 has been identified as a receptor for P. falciparum-derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), and polymorphisms within the TLR2 gene may affect disease pathogenesis. There are two common polymorphisms in the 5' un-translated region (UTR) of TLR2, a 22 base pair deletion in the first unstranslated exon (Δ22), and a GT dinucleotide repeat in the second intron (GTn). METHODS These polymorphisms were examined in a Ugandan case control study on children with either cerebral malaria or uncomplicated malaria. Serum cytokine levels were analysed by ELISA, according to genotype and disease status. In vitro TLR2 expression was measured according to genotype. RESULTS Both Δ22 and GTn polymorphisms were highly frequent, but only Δ22 heterozygosity was associated with protection from cerebral malaria (OR 0.34, 95% confidence intervals 0.16, 0.73). In vitro, heterozygosity for Δ22 was associated with reduced pam3cys inducible TLR2 expression in human monocyte derived macrophages. In uncomplicated malaria patients, Δ22 homozygosity was associated with elevated serum IL-6 (p = 0.04), and long GT repeat alleles were associated with elevated TNF (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Reduced inducible TLR2 expression may lead to attenuated pro-inflammatory responses, a potential mechanism of protection from cerebral malaria present in individuals heterozygous for the TLR2 Δ22 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Greene
- Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Sánchez D, Lefebvre C, Rioux J, García LF, Barrera LF. Evaluation of Toll-like receptor and adaptor molecule polymorphisms for susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Colombian population. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:216-23. [PMID: 22221660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunological studies have supported the idea that innate immunity is critical for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans. Despite the overwhelming evidence showing the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the in vitro recognition of Mtb, the in vivo significance of individual TLRs has been more difficult to demonstrate consistently. We were interested in examining the role of genes of TLRs and molecules involved in their signalling cascades, and a case-control study was designed to test the association of polymorphisms of these innate immune genes with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a Colombian population. In this study, we did not find an association with TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, MyD88 or MAL/TIRAP polymorphic variants. These findings suggest that those genes are not involved as risk factors for pulmonary TB in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sánchez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Zhao M, Xue Y, Zhao Z, Li F, Fan D, Wei L, Sun X, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li J. Association of CD14 G(-1145)A and C(-159)T polymorphisms with reduced risk for tuberculosis in a Chinese Han population. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3425-31. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.25.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Promoter microsatellites as modulators of human gene expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 769:41-54. [PMID: 23560304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5434-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellites in and around genes have been shown to modulate levels of gene expression in multiple organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Here we will discuss promoter microsatellites known to modulate gene expression, with a few key examples related to the human brain. Many of the microsatellites we discuss are highly conserved in mammals, indicating that selection may favor their retention as "tuning knobs" of gene expression. We will also discuss the mechanisms by which microsatellites in promoters can alter gene expression as they expand and contract, with particular attention to secondary structures like Z-DNA and H-DNA. We suggest that promoter microsatellites, especially those that are highly conserved, may be an important source of human phenotypic variation.
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Leprosy and the natural selection for psoriasis. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Veltkamp M, van Moorsel CHM, Rijkers GT, Ruven HJT, Grutters JC. Genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor gene cluster (TLR10-TLR1-TLR6) influences disease course in sarcoidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 79:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xu X, Steere RR, Fedorchuk CA, Pang J, Lee JY, Lim JH, Xu H, Pan ZK, Maggirwar SB, Li JD. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor is required for NTHi-induced NF-κB-dependent inflammation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28216. [PMID: 22132240 PMCID: PMC3223233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a hallmark of many serious human diseases. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important human pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in both adults and children. NTHi infections are characterized by inflammation, which is mainly mediated by nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent production of proinflammatory mediators. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to play important roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. Its role in regulating NF-κB activation and inflammation, however, remains largely unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we demonstrate that EGFR plays a vital role in NTHi-induced NF-κB activation and the subsequent induction of proinflammatory mediators in human middle ear epithelial cells and other cell types. Importantly, we found that AG1478, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR potently inhibited NTHi-induced inflammatory responses in the middle ears and lungs of mice in vivo. Moreover, we found that MKK3/6-p38 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are required for mediating EGFR-dependent NF-κB activation and inflammatory responses by NTHi. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Here, we provide direct evidence that EGFR plays a critical role in mediating NTHi-induced NF-κB activation and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Given that EGFR inhibitors have been approved in clinical use for the treatment of cancers, current studies will not only provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of inflammation, but may also lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of respiratory inflammatory diseases and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America.
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Kutikhin AG. Association of polymorphisms in TLR genes and in genes of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway with cancer risk. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1095-116. [PMID: 21872627 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a family of receptors directly recognizing a wide spectrum of exogenous and endogenous ligands playing the key role in realization of innate and adaptive immune response, and participating in the processes of cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair. Polymorphisms in TLR genes may shift balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, modulating the risk of infection, chronic inflammation and cancer. The short list of TLR polymorphisms perspective for oncogenomic investigations can include rs10008492, rs4833103, rs5743815, rs11466657, rs7696175 (TLR1-TLR6-TLR10 gene cluster); rs3804100, rs4696480, -196 - -174 del (Delta22), GT-microsatellite polymorphism (TLR2); 829A/C (TLR3); rs5743836, rs352140 (TLR9). The extended list can additionally include rs4833095 rs5743551, rs5743618 (TLR1); rs5743704, rs62323857, rs1219178642 (TLR2); rs5743305, rs3775291, rs121434431, rs5743316 (TLR3); rs5744168 (TLR5); rs179008 (TLR7); rs3764880, rs2407992 (TLR8); rs352139, rs187084, rs41308230, rs5743844 (TLR9); rs4129009 (TLR10). General reasons for discrepancies between studies are insufficiency of sample size, age/gender/BMI/ethnic/racial differences, differences in prevalence of infectious agent in case and control groups, differences in immune response caused by specific ligand, differences in stratification, methods of diagnostics of cancer or chronic inflammatory conditions, genotyping methods, and chance. Future well-designed studies on large samples should shed light on the significance of TLR polymorphisms for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Epidemiology and Central Research Laboratory, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation.
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Abstract
Vaccines represent a potent tool to prevent or contain infectious diseases with high morbidity or mortality. However, despite their widespread use, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effective elicitation of protective immune responses by vaccines. Recent research suggests that this represents the cooperative action of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Immunity is made of a multifaceted set of integrated responses involving a dynamic interaction of thousands of molecules, whose list is constantly updated to fill the several empty spaces of this puzzle. The recent development of new technologies and computational tools permits the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of immunity over time. Here, we review the role of the innate immunity in the host response to vaccine antigens and the potential of systems biology in providing relevant and novel insights in the mechanisms of action of vaccines to improve their design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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