1
|
Abstract
Polymeric matrices inherently protect viral vectors from pre-existing immune conditions, limit dissemination to off-target sites, and can sustain vector release. Advancing methodologies in development of particulate based vehicles have led to improved encapsulation of viral vectors. Polymeric delivery systems have contributed to increasing cellular transduction, responsive release mechanisms, cellular infiltration, and cellular signaling. Synthetic polymers are easily customizable, and are capable of balancing matrix retention with cellular infiltration. Natural polymers contain inherent biorecognizable motifs adding therapeutic efficacy to the incorporated viral vector. Recombinant polymers use highly conserved motifs to carefully engineer matrices, allowing for precise design including elements of vector retention and responsive release mechanisms. Composite polymer systems provide opportunities to create matrices with unique properties. Carefully designed matrices can control spatiotemporal release patterns that synergize with approaches in regenerative medicine and antitumor therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Steinhauff
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine , Nano Institute of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine , Nano Institute of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rey-Rico A, Cucchiarini M. PEO-PPO-PEO Tri-Block Copolymers for Gene Delivery Applications in Human Regenerative Medicine-An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518011 PMCID: PMC5877636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineal (poloxamers or Pluronic®) or X-shaped (poloxamines or Tetronic®) amphiphilic tri-block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) have been broadly explored for controlled drug delivery in different regenerative medicine approaches. The ability of these copolymers to self-assemble as micelles and to undergo sol-to-gel transitions upon heating has endowed the denomination of “smart” or “intelligent” systems. The use of PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers as gene delivery systems is a powerful emerging strategy to improve the performance of classical gene transfer vectors. This review summarizes the state of art of the application of PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers in both nonviral and viral gene transfer approaches and their potential as gene delivery systems in different regenerative medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jain M, Frobert A, Valentin J, Cook S, Giraud MN. The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28994792 DOI: 10.3791/55295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jain
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg
| | | | | | - Stéphane Cook
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fishbein I, Guerrero DT, Alferiev IS, Foster JB, Minutolo NG, Chorny M, Monteys AM, Driesbaugh KH, Nagaswami C, Levy RJ. Stent-based delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors with sustained vascular transduction and iNOS-mediated inhibition of in-stent restenosis. Gene Ther 2017; 24:717-726. [PMID: 28832561 PMCID: PMC5709213 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In-stent restenosis remains an important clinical problem in the era of drug eluting stents. Development of clinical gene therapy protocols for the prevention and treatment of in-stent restenosis is hampered by the lack of adequate local delivery systems. Herein we describe a novel stent-based gene delivery platform capable of providing local arterial gene transfer with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. This system exploits the natural affinity of protein G (PrG) to bind to the Fc region of mammalian IgG, making PrG a universal adaptor for surface immobilization of vector-capturing antibodies (Ab). Our results: 1) demonstrate the feasibility of reversible immobilization of AAV2 vectors using vector tethering by AAV2-specific Ab appended to the stent surface through covalently attached PrG, 2) show sustained release kinetics of PrG/Ab-immobilized AAV2 vector particles into simulated physiological medium in vitro and site-specific transduction of cultured cells, 3) provide evidence of long-term (12 weeks) arterial expression of luciferase with PrG/Ab-tethered AAV2Luc, and 4) show anti-proliferative activity and anti-restenotic efficacy of stent-immobilized AAV2iNOS in the rat carotid artery model of stent angioplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Fishbein
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D T Guerrero
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I S Alferiev
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J B Foster
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N G Minutolo
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Chorny
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A M Monteys
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K H Driesbaugh
- The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Nagaswami
- The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R J Levy
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu P, Kong F, Wang J, Lu Q, Xu H, Qi T, Meng J. Involvement of IGF-1 and MEOX2 in PI3K/Akt1/2 and ERK1/2 pathways mediated proliferation and differentiation of perivascular adipocytes. Exp Cell Res 2015; 331:82-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
6
|
Yin RX, Yang DZ, Wu JZ. Nanoparticle drug- and gene-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis. Theranostics 2014; 4:175-200. [PMID: 24465275 PMCID: PMC3900802 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the most common revascularization procedure for coronary artery disease. The use of stents has reduced the rate of restenosis by preventing elastic recoil and negative remodeling. However, in-stent restenosis remains one of the major drawbacks of this procedure. Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have proven to be effective in reducing the risk of late restenosis, but the use of currently marketed DESs presents safety concerns, including the non-specificity of therapeutics, incomplete endothelialization leading to late thrombosis, the need for long-term anti-platelet agents, and local hypersensitivity to polymer delivery matrices. In addition, the current DESs lack the capacity for adjustment of the drug dose and release kinetics appropriate to the disease status of the treated vessel. The development of efficacious therapeutic strategies to prevent and inhibit restenosis after PCI is critical for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The administration of drugs using biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as carriers has generated immense interest due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to facilitate prolonged drug release. Despite the potential benefits of nanoparticles as smart drug delivery and diagnostic systems, much research is still required to evaluate potential toxicity issues related to the chemical properties of nanoparticle materials, as well as to their size and shape. This review describes the molecular mechanism of coronary restenosis, the use of DESs, and progress in nanoparticle drug- or gene-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Goh D, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. Nanotechnology-Based Gene-Eluting Stents. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Goh
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Farhatnia
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials & Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation
Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milewski K, Zurakowski A, Pajak J, Liszka L, Debinski M, Buszman PP, Samra MA, Dominek P, Aboodi MS, Kaluza GL, Buszman P. Effects of local intracoronary paclitaxel delivery using the Remedy transport catheter on neointimal hyperplasia after stent implantation in a porcine model. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2011; 12:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Xia S, Tai X, Wang Y, An X, Qian G, Dong J, Wang X, Sha B, Wang D, Murthi P, Kalionis B, Wang X, Bai C. Involvement of Gax Gene in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension, Proliferation, and Apoptosis of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:66-73. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0442oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor suppresses the growth of human vascular smooth muscle cells through regulating cell cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4771-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
11
|
Liu P, Zhang C, Zhao YX, Feng JB, Liu CX, Chen WQ, Yao GH, Zhang M, Wang XL, Zhang Y. Gax gene transfer inhibits vascular remodeling induced by adventitial inflammation in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:398-405. [PMID: 20598309 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) and inflammation play an important role in neointimal formation and vascular remodeling. The present study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of transcriptional regulator Gax gene transfection in aortic remodeling induced by adventitial inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty rabbits fed a chow diet were randomly divided into a normal control group (n=10) and experimental group (n=40). All rabbits in the experimental group underwent collar placement around the abdominal aorta and intra-collar injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce adventitial inflammation and they were further divided into model control group, saline-treated group, green fluorescence protein (Ad-GFP)-treated group and Gax gene (Ad-Gax)-treated group, respectively. Four weeks after treatment, the model control group, saline-treated group and Ad-GFP-treated group showed thickened neointima and adventitia, reduced lumen size and increased eccentricity and remodeling index of the abdominal aorta in comparison with the normal control group, whereas Ad-Gax-treated group exhibited attenuated neointimal formation and vascular remodeling (P<0.01-0.05) .The vascular expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, Smads, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), integrins and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) were significantly higher in the model control group, saline-treated group and Ad-GFP-treated group than those in the normal control group (P<0.01-0.05). In contrast, the local expression levels of these cytokines were substantially reduced by Ad-Gax gene transfer (P<0.01-0.05). Similarly, the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including C-reactive protein (CRP), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, MCP-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in the model control group, saline-treated group and Ad-GFP-treated group than those of the Ad-Gax-treated group (P<0.01-0.05). In vitro studies showed that Gax overexpression diminished inflammatory cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated arterial fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Adventitial inflammation induces vascular remodeling via the interactions of multiple inflammatory cytokines and local Gax gene transfer in vivo can significantly inhibit these interactions and thereby attenuate local inflammation and vascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbato JE, Kibbe MR, Tzeng E. The Emerging Role of Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360390250621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Dong LH, Wen JK, Liu G, McNutt MA, Miao SB, Gao R, Zheng B, Zhang H, Han M. Blockade of the Ras–Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase 1/2 Pathway Is Involved in Smooth Muscle 22α–Mediated Suppression of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointima Hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:683-91. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can switch between differentiated and dedifferentiated phenotypes, and this phenotype switch is believed to be essential for repair of vascular injury. We studied the inhibitory effect of smooth muscle 22α (SM22α) on VSMC proliferation in vitro and in vivo and explored the potential molecular mechanisms of this effect.
Methods and Results—
By using coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione
S
-transferase pull-down assays, we have shown that SM22α binds to Ras in SM22α-overexpressed VSMCs in the presence or absence of platelet-derived growth factor–BB stimulation. SM22α arrested cell cycle progression through segregation of Ras with Raf-1 and downregulation of the Raf-1–MEK1/2–extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. The inhibitory effect of SM22α on VSMC proliferation was verified in vivo. The infection of rat carotid arteries with recombinant adenovirus encoding SM22α inhibited neointimal hyperplasia via suppression of the Raf-1–MEK1/2–extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway.
Conclusion—
These findings suggest that high expression of SM22α inhibits cell proliferation via reduction of the response to mitogen stimuli in VSMCs and provide a novel mechanism by which VSMCs maintain their contractile phenotype and resist mitogenic stimuli in an SM22α-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Dong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Jin-Kun Wen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - George Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Michael A. McNutt
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Sui-Bing Miao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Rui Gao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Bin Zheng
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Hailin Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| | - Mei Han
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.-H.D., J.-K.W., S.-B.M., R.G., B.Z., and M.H.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; the Department of Pharmacology (H.Z.), Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education (G.L.); and the Department of Pathology (M
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Charron T, Nili N, Strauss BH. The cell cycle: a critical therapeutic target to prevent vascular proliferative disease. Can J Cardiol 2007; 22 Suppl B:41B-55B. [PMID: 16498512 PMCID: PMC2780832 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred revascularization approach for most patients with coronary artery disease. However, this strategy is limited by renarrowing of the vessel by neointimal hyperplasia within the stent lumen (in-stent restenosis). Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is a major component in this healing process. This process is mediated by multiple cytokines and growth factors, which share a common pathway in inducing cell proliferation: the cell cycle. The cell cycle is highly regulated by numerous mechanisms ensuring orderly and coordinated cell division. The present review discusses current concepts related to regulation of the cell cycle and new therapeutic options that target aspects of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bradley H Strauss
- Correspondence: Dr Bradley H Strauss, St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B IW8. Telephone 416-864-5913, fax 416-864-5978, e-mail
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kishore R, Losordo DW. Gene therapy for restenosis: biological solution to a biological problem. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 42:461-8. [PMID: 17222423 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains a significant health threat afflicting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite the development of a variety of technologies and catheter based interventions, post-procedure restenosis is still a significant concern. Gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach aimed at modification of cellular processes that give rise to restenosis. When juxtaposed alongside the failure of traditional pharmacotherapeutics to eliminate restenosis, gene therapy has engendered great expectations for cubing coronary restenosis. In this review we have discussed an overview of gene therapy approaches that hve been utilized to reduce restenosis in preclinical and clinical studies, current status of anti-restenosis gene therapy and perspectives on its future application. For brevity, we have limited our discussion on anti-restenosis gene therapy to the introduction of a nucleic acid to the cell, tissue, organ or organism in order to give rise to the expression of a protein, the function of which will confer therapeutic effect. For the purpose of this review, we have focused ou discussion on two relevant anti-restenosis strategies, anti-proliferative and pro-endothelialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishore
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
González JM, Andrés V. Cytostatic gene therapy for occlusive vascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Sriadibhatla S, Yang Z, Gebhart C, Alakhov VY, Kabanov A. Transcriptional Activation of Gene Expression by Pluronic Block Copolymers in Stably and Transiently Transfected Cells. Mol Ther 2006; 13:804-13. [PMID: 16199206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.07.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (Pluronics) enhance gene expression, but the mechanism remains unclear. We examined the effects of Pluronics on gene expression in murine cell models (NIH3T3 fibroblasts, C2C12 myoblasts, and Cl66 mammary adenocarcinoma cells) transfected with luciferase and green fluorescent protein. Addition of Pluronics to stably or transiently transfected cells enhanced transcription of the reporter genes. mRNA levels of the heat-shock protein hsp68 were also increased, whereas a housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was unaffected. Fibroblast and myoblast cells transfected with PathDetect cis-Reporting System constructs were used to examine the involvement of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) in Pluronics enhancement. Pluronics enhanced reporter gene expression controlled by NF-kappaB in both cell models. They also increased expression of a gene under AP-1 in a fibroblast cell line, but not in a myoblast cell line. Activation of the inflammation signaling pathway in myoblast cells by Pluronics was shown by increased IkappaB phosphorylation. No cytotoxicity was observed at doses of Pluronics at which gene expression was increased. Overall, these results indicate that Pluronics can increase the transcription of genes, in part, through the activation of selected stress signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Sriadibhatla
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Z, Zhu J, Sriadibhatla S, Gebhart C, Alakhov V, Kabanov A. Promoter- and strain-selective enhancement of gene expression in a mouse skeletal muscle by a polymer excipient Pluronic P85. J Control Release 2005; 108:496-512. [PMID: 16154658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic triblock copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (Pluronic) significantly enhanced expression of plasmid DNA in the skeletal muscle. In the presence of Pluronic P85 (P85) high levels of expression of a reporter gene (luciferase) were sustained for at least 40 days and the area under the gene expression curve increased by at least 10 times compared to the DNA alone. The effect of Pluronic depended on the strain of the mouse and the type of the promoter used. Thus, P85 enhanced luciferase expression by 17 to 19-fold in immunocompetent C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mice, while no enhancement was observed with athymic Balb/c nu/nu mice. Furthermore, P85 activated the expression of luciferase gene driven by CMV promoter, NFkappaB and p53 response elements. There was much less or no effect on the gene driven by SV40 promoter or AP1 and CRE response elements. Overall, the promoter selectivity suggested that Pluronic induced transcriptional activation of gene expression by activating the p53 and NFkappaB signaling pathways. In addition Pluronic increased the number of DNA copies and thus affected initial stages of gene transfer in a promoter selective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kabanov A, Zhu J, Alakhov V. Pluronic Block Copolymers for Gene Delivery. NON-VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY, SECOND EDITION: PART 1 2005; 53PA:231-261. [PMID: 16243066 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(05)53009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) called Pluronic or poloxamer are commercially available pharmaceutical excipients. They recently attracted considerable attention in gene delivery applications. First, they were shown to increase the transfection with adenovirus and lentivirus vectors. Second, they were shown to increase expression of genes delivered into cells using non-viral vectors. Third, the conjugates of Pluronic with polycations, were used as DNA-condensing agents to form polyplexes. Finally, it was demonstrated that they can increase regional expression of the naked DNA after its injection in the skeletal and cardiac muscles or tumor. Therefore, there is substantial evidence that Pluronic block copolymers can improve gene expression with different delivery routes and different types of vectors, including naked DNA. These results and possible mechanisms of Pluronic effects are discussed. At least in some cases, Pluronic can act as biological adjuvants by activating selected signaling pathways, such as NF-kappaB, and upregulating the transcription of the genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kabanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kabanov AV, Batrakova EV, Sriadibhatla S, Yang Z, Kelly DL, Alakov VY. Polymer genomics: shifting the gene and drug delivery paradigms. J Control Release 2005; 101:259-71. [PMID: 15588910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pluronic, the A-B-A amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide), can up-regulate the expression of selected genes in cells and alter genetic responses to antineoplastic agents in cancer. Two key new findings are discussed in relation to current drug and gene delivery strategies. First, these block copolymers alone and in combination with a polycation, polyethyleneimine, can up-regulate the expression of reporter genes in stably transfected cells. This underscores the ability of selected synthetic polymers to enhance transgene expression through a mechanism that augments improved DNA delivery into a cell. Second, although, when used alone, Pluronic is "genetically benign," when combined with an antineoplastic agent, doxorubicin, it drastically alters pharmacogenomic responses to this agent and prevents the development of multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells. Collectively, these studies propose the need for a thorough assessment of pharmacogenomic effects of polymer therapeutics to maximize the clinical outcomes and understand the pharmacological and toxicological effects of polymer-based drugs and delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kabanov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy and Eppley, University of Nebraska Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen KH, Guo X, Ma D, Guo Y, Li Q, Yang D, Li P, Qiu X, Wen S, Xiao RP, Tang J. Dysregulation of HSG triggers vascular proliferative disorders. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:872-83. [PMID: 15322553 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular proliferative disorders, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, are the most common causes of severe cardiovascular diseases, but a common molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we identify and characterize a novel hyperplasia suppressor gene, named HSG (later re-named rat mitofusin-2). HSG expression was markedly reduced in hyper-proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rat arteries, balloon-injured Wistar Kyoto rat arteries, or ApoE-knockout mouse atherosclerotic arteries. Overexpression of HSG overtly suppressed serum-evoked VSMC proliferation in culture, and blocked balloon injury induced neointimal VSMC proliferation and restenosis in rat carotid arteries. The HSG anti-proliferative effect was mediated by inhibition of ERK/MAPK signalling and subsequent cell-cycle arrest. Deletion of the p21(ras) signature motif, but not the mitochondrial targeting domain, abolished HSG-induced growth arrest, indicating that rHSG-induced anti-proliferation was independent of mitochondrial fusion. Thus, rHSG functions as a cell proliferation suppressor, whereas dysregulation of rHSG results in proliferative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hueih Chen
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Science & The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mazighi M, Tchétché D, Hyafil F, Feldman LJ. [Gene therapy of restenosis and atherosclerosis: hopes and facts]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 52:212-7. [PMID: 15145134 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stents are the main technique of coronary revascularization in France and western countries. However, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of in-stent restenosis and the well-recognized roles played by inflammation and cell proliferation led to the development of drug-eluting stents, which have nearly eliminated the risk of restenosis. In this context, the success of gene therapy will depend on our ability to simplify and optimize current protocols of arterial gene transfer. For the time being, arterial gene therapy remains a powerful tool for deciphering the complex pathophysiology of restenosis and will certainly have far-reaching implications in the fields of vascular biology and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mazighi
- Département de cardiologie, U460 Inserm, CHU Bichat-APHP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75877 Paris 18, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Francis DJ, Parish CR, McGarry M, Santiago FS, Lowe HC, Brown KJ, Bingley JA, Hayward IP, Cowden WB, Campbell JH, Campbell GR, Chesterman CN, Khachigian LM. Blockade of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening after balloon injury by the sulfated oligosaccharide PI-88: phosphomannopentaose sulfate directly binds FGF-2, blocks cellular signaling, and inhibits proliferation. Circ Res 2003; 92:e70-7. [PMID: 12690039 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000071345.76095.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is a frequently used interventional technique to reopen arteries that have narrowed because of atherosclerosis. Restenosis, or renarrowing of the artery shortly after angioplasty, is a major limitation to the success of the procedure and is due mainly to smooth muscle cell accumulation in the artery wall at the site of balloon injury. In the present study, we demonstrate that the antiangiogenic sulfated oligosaccharide, PI-88, inhibits primary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and reduces intimal thickening 14 days after balloon angioplasty of rat and rabbit arteries. PI-88 reduced heparan sulfate content in the injured artery wall and prevented change in smooth muscle phenotype. However, the mechanism of PI-88 inhibition was not merely confined to the antiheparanase activity of this compound. PI-88 blocked extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) activity within minutes of smooth muscle cell injury. It facilitated FGF-2 release from uninjured smooth muscle cells in vitro, and super-released FGF-2 after injury while inhibiting ERK1/2 activation. PI-88 inhibited the decrease in levels of FGF-2 protein in the rat artery wall within 8 minutes of injury. PI-88 also blocked injury-inducible ERK phosphorylation, without altering the clotting time in these animals. Optical biosensor studies revealed that PI-88 potently inhibited (Ki 10.3 nmol/L) the interaction of FGF-2 with heparan sulfate. These findings show for the first time the capacity of this sulfated oligosaccharide to directly bind FGF-2, block cellular signaling and proliferation in vitro, and inhibit injury-induced smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in two animal models. As such, this study demonstrates a new role for PI-88 as an inhibitor of intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/etiology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/prevention & control
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oligosaccharides/metabolism
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/drug effects
- Tunica Media/metabolism
- Tunica Media/pathology
- Whole Blood Coagulation Time
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Francis
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bicknell KA, Surry EL, Brooks G. Targeting the cell cycle machinery for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:571-91. [PMID: 12831500 DOI: 10.1211/002235703765344487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease represents a major clinical problem affecting a significant proportion of the world's population and remains the main cause of death in the UK. The majority of therapies currently available for the treatment of cardiovascular disease do not cure the problem but merely treat the symptoms. Furthermore, many cardioactive drugs have serious side effects and have narrow therapeutic windows that can limit their usefulness in the clinic. Thus, the development of more selective and highly effective therapeutic strategies that could cure specific cardiovascular diseases would be of enormous benefit both to the patient and to those countries where healthcare systems are responsible for an increasing number of patients. In this review, we discuss the evidence that suggests that targeting the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular cells provides a novel strategy for the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases. Those cell cycle molecules that are important for regulating terminal differentiation of cardiac myocytes and whether they can be targeted to reinitiate cell division and myocardial repair will be discussed as will the molecules that control vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and endothelial cell proliferation in disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. The main approaches currently used to target the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular disease have employed gene therapy techniques. We will overview the different methods and routes of gene delivery to the cardiovascular system and describe possible future drug therapies for these disorders. Although the majority of the published data comes from animal studies, there are several instances where potential therapies have moved into the clinical setting with promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Bicknell
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Nigris F, Lerman LO, Napoli C. New insights in the transcriptional activity and coregulator molecules in the arterial wall. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86:153-68. [PMID: 12419552 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of vascular diseases are associated with abnormal expression of genes that contribute to their pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, but at the same time offer potential therapeutic targets. One of the promising therapeutic approaches targets the pathophysiological pathways leading to aberrant gene activation, namely transcriptional activity and its molecular modulators (agonists, antagonists, coregulators, and nuclear receptors). The transcription factors can be divided into four classes (I-IV) classified by structural elements, like basic leucine zipper (bZIP) or basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), which mediate their DNA binding activity but also determine the classes of drugs that can affect their activity. For example, statins modulate activation of the class-I transcription factor sterol responsive element-binding protein (SREBP), whose target genes including hydroxyl-methyl-glutaryl acetyl Coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, HMG-CoA synthase, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor, all of which are involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Similarly, insulin-like drugs target the nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator-activator-receptor (PPAR)-gamma (class-II), several anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) (class-IV), while others (e.g. flavopiridol, rapamycin, and paclitaxel) target regulation of cell-cycle proteins. Increased understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of disease (e.g. transcriptional activity and its coregulation) will potentially enhance future diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Rutanen J, Puhakka H, Ylä-Herttuala S. Post-intervention vessel remodeling. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1487-91. [PMID: 12407420 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2002] [Accepted: 07/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
By-pass surgery and percutaneous transluminal (coronary) angioplasty, PT(C)A, are standard techniques for the treatment of vascular occlusions. Their usefulness is limited by by-pass graft failure and restenosis occurring after the procedures. Twenty percent of patients treated with PTCA/PTA need a new revascularization procedure within 6 months, despite a successful procedure. Stents are used to prevent restenosis in selected lesions, but in-stent restenosis also remains an important clinical problem. In this review we discuss progress of gene therapy for the treatment of post-PT(C)A restenosis, in-stent restenosis and by-pass graft stenosis over the last 2 years (2000-2002).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rutanen
- AI Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf A Brekken
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Hope Heart Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cejna M, Breuss JM, Bergmeister H, de Martin R, Xu Z, Grgurin M, Losert U, Plenk H, Binder BR, Lammer J. Inhibition of neointimal formation after stent placement with adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of I kappa B alpha in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit model: initial results. Radiology 2002; 223:702-8. [PMID: 12034938 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2233011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the local application of a replication-defective adenovirus construct for the expression of the antiinflammatory protein I kappa B alpha, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), to reduce neointimal formation after stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nitinol stents were implanted in the iliac arteries of hypercholesterolemic rabbits, followed by balloon dilation (30 seconds at 6 atm). Local adenovirus-mediated transfer of I kappa B alpha (3 mL of 10(9) plaque-forming units per milliliter at 6 atm) was performed and compared with three control groups: stent alone, stent plus local delivery of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (3 mL at 6 atm), and stent plus local delivery of control adenovirus coding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) (3 mL of 10(9) plaque-forming units per milliliter at 6 atm). A multichannel balloon was used for local drug delivery and balloon dilation. Animals were sacrificed 1 or 4 weeks after treatment. Effective transfection was demonstrated with immunofluorescence staining. Angiographic patency and luminal diameter were evaluated at quantitative angiography. Luminal and neointimal areas were measured on surface-stained ground sections with methylmethacrylate embedding and the cutting-grinding technique. RESULTS All vessels with stents were patent at angiography. Neointimal area was negligible in all groups 1 week after stent placement (range, 0.42-0.52 mm(2); P =.44; analysis of variance). Neointimal formation was demonstrated in all groups 4 weeks after implantation but was significantly reduced with I kappa B alpha treatment compared with treatment with stent alone (by 22%, from 2.80 mm(2) +/- 0.20 to 2.28 mm(2) +/- 0.14, P =.05), stent plus PBS (by 43%, from 3.26 mm(2) +/- 0.25 to 2.28 mm(2) +/- 0.14, P =.005), and stent plus GFP (by 53%, from 2.32 mm(2) +/- 0.19 to 1.51 mm(2) +/- 0.08, P <.005). CONCLUSION Local adenovirus-mediated I kappa B alpha gene transfer has the potential to reduce intimal hyperplasia after stent placement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Cejna
- Department of Radiology, Division of Angiography and Interventional Radiology, Vienna Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Somatic gene therapy of vascular diseases is a promising new field in modern medicine. Recent advancements in gene transfer technology have greatly evolved our understanding of the pathophysiologic role of candidate disease genes. With this knowledge, the expression of selective gene products provides the means to test the therapeutic use of gene therapy in a multitude of medical conditions. In addition, with the completion of genome sequencing programs, gene transfer can be used also to study the biologic function of novel genes in vivo. Novel genes are delivered to targeted tissue via several different vehicles. These vectors include adenoviruses, retroviruses, plasmids, plasmid/liposomes, and oligonucleotides. However, each one of these vectors has inherent limitations. Further investigations into developing delivery systems that not only allow for efficient, targeted gene transfer, but also are stable and nonimmunogenic, will optimize the clinical application of gene therapy in vascular diseases. This review further discusses the available mode of gene delivery and examines six major areas in vascular gene therapy, namely prevention of restenosis, thrombosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease in congestive heart failure, and ischemia. Although we highlight some of the recent advances in the use of gene therapy in treating vascular disease discovered primarily during the past two years, many excellent studies published during that period are not included in this review due to space limitations. The following is a selective review of practical uses of gene transfer therapy in vascular diseases. This review primarily covers work performed in the last 2 years. For earlier work, the reader may refer to several excellent review articles. For instance, Belalcazer et al. (6) reviewed general aspects of somatic gene therapy and the different vehicles used for the delivery of therapeutic genes. Gene therapy in restenosis and stimulation of angiogenesis in the cardiac muscle are discussed in reviews by several investigators (13,26,57,74,83). In another review, Meyerson et al. (43) discuss advances in gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders and chronic peripheral and cardiac ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J McKay
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, Cardiology Section 111C, University of Arizona, 3601 South 6th Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85723, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakayama Y, Ji-Youn K, Nishi S, Ueno H, Matsuda T. Development of high-performance stent: gelatinous photogel-coated stent that permits drug delivery and gene transfer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 57:559-66. [PMID: 11553886 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(20011215)57:4<559::aid-jbm1202>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-coated metallic stents may provide supplementary functions such as local drug delivery and gene transfer in addition to mechanical dilation function. To this end, we used a photoreactive material consisting of gelatin macromer (multiple styrene-derivatized gelatin) and carboxylated camphorquinone (photo-initiator). A few minutes of visible light irradiation of a stent after dip-coating of an aqueous solution of the photoreactive material resulted in the formation of a homogeneously crosslinked gelatinous layer on the entire exterior surface of the stent. As the metal stent, gold stents under development were used. Rhodamine-conjugated albumin as a model drug or adenoviral vector expressing bacterial beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ) as a model gene were photo-immobilized in the gelatinous gel layer. In vitro experiments using hybrid tubular tissue, which is a self-shrinkaged, vascular smooth muscle cell-incorporated type-I collagen gel, as a vascular model, showed that the immobilized dye-derivatized albumin was released on and permeated into tissues, as observed by confocal laser microscopy, and that the cells transfected with immobilized AdLacZ produced beta-galactosidase up to almost 3 weeks, as observed by x-gal staining. In preliminary in vivo experiments these drug- or adenovirus-immobilized stents were implanted in rabbit common carotid arteries. Within 3 weeks of implantation, drug permeation and gene expression in the vascular tissues were observed, indicating that the gelatinous photogel effectively serves as a matrix or coating for a bioactive stent,which permits drug release as well as gene transfer. This intraluminal approach has the potential to realize drug and gene therapy in atherosclerotic plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakayama
- Department of Bioengineering, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vermeersch P, Nong Z, Stabile E, Varenne O, Gillijns H, Pellens M, Van Pelt N, Hoylaerts M, De Scheerder I, Collen D, Janssens S. L-arginine administration reduces neointima formation after stent injury in rats by a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1604-9. [PMID: 11597933 DOI: 10.1161/hq1001.096645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of vascular stenting is limited by in-stent stenosis. Increased nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling by L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation, the substrate for NO synthase (NOS), or NOS gene transfer may reduce in-stent neointima formation. After stenting, vascular cell proliferation in rat carotid arteries, as measured by 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (5'-BrdU) incorporation, indicated 15+/-8%, 28+/-5%, and 33+/-7% 5'-BrdU-positive vascular cells at 4, 7, and 14 days, respectively. Reporter beta-galactosidase gene transfer efficacy was evidenced by 30% beta-galactosidase-expressing medial smooth muscle cells at 14 days. The intima-to-media ratio (I/M) progressively increased to 2.32+/-0.24 at 14 days. To target in-stent neointima formation, animals were infected with adenoviral vectors (4x10(10) plaque-forming units per mL) expressing NOS2 (AdNOS2) or no transgene (AdRR5), or they received daily doses of L-Arg (500 mg. kg(-1). (d-1) IP). The neointima at 14 days was smaller in L-Arg-treated than in untreated rats (I/M 1.25+/-0.35 vs 2.32+/-0.24, P<0.05, n=7 each) or in AdRR5- and AdNOS2-infected rats (I/M 2.57+/-0.43, n=7 and 1.82+/-0.75, n=8, respectively; P<0.05 for both). The effect of L-Arg was abolished by simultaneous administration of N(G)-nitro L-arginine methyl ester, an NOS inhibitor (2.03+/-0.39, P<0.05, vs L-Arg). Inflammation was markedly less in L-Arg- and AdNOS2-treated than in AdRR5-infected rats. Supplemental L-Arg reduces neointima formation after stenting by way of an NOS-dependent mechanism and may be a valuable strategy to target in-stent stenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Vermeersch
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sriram V, Patterson C. Cell cycle in vasculoproliferative diseases: potential interventions and routes of delivery. Circulation 2001; 103:2414-9. [PMID: 11352893 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.19.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and restenosis of epicardial vessels are among the greatest challenges facing the clinical cardiologist, and phenotypic modulation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells are major components of the vasculoproliferative response. Proliferation is regulated by the interplay of regulatory proteins at checkpoints in the cell cycle that alter cellular growth. Activation of the cell cycle and the genetic control of its progression are final common pathways in this process. Investigators have postulated that cell-cycle inhibition using drugs and genetic or physical methods has the potential to reverse or prevent the vasculoproliferative process. The current challenge is to translate in vitro data demonstrating the efficacy of cell-cycle inhibition to clinical trials. At present, the steps that must be taken to meet this goal are (1) to design methods of delivery of these agents to specific sites, (2) to identify appropriate cellular targets to elicit cell-cycle arrest, and (3) to improve the therapeutic ratio by minimizing potential side effects. This review discusses current concepts of the cell cycle, target-regulating mechanisms, and possible interventions in vasculoproliferative diseases. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that use antiproliferative agents in the hope of limiting the course of these diseases, as well as the promise that antiproliferative therapy holds in the coming decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sriram
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Teiger E, Deprez I, Fataccioli V, Champagne S, Dubois-Randé JL, Eloit M, Adnot S. Gene therapy in heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2001; 55:148-54. [PMID: 11325212 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(01)00040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of gene therapy to the field of cardiovascular disorders has been the subject of intensive work over the recent period. Gene therapy for cardiovascular disorders is now fast developing with most therapies being devoted to the consequences (ischemia) rather than the causes of atherosclerotic diseases. Recent human clinical trials have shown that injection of naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia or chronic myocardial ischemia. Promising studies in animals have also fueled enthusiasm for treatment of human restenosis by gene therapy, but clinical applications are warranted. Application of gene transfer to other cardiovascular diseases will require the coordinated development of a variety of new technologies, as well as a better definition of cellular and gene targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Teiger
- Inserm U492, Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, H pital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Takáts Z, Vékey K, Hegedüs L. Qualitative and quantitative determination of poloxamer surfactants by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:805-810. [PMID: 11344541 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Poloxamers are polyethylene-polypropylene glycol linear co-polymers. A simple matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) method has been developed for the determination of the average molecular weight of poloxamers. The molecular mass of five standard poloxamers determined by MALDI closely corresponds to that specified by the manufacturers, and no mass distribution effects were observed. Quantitation of distributions based on the molecular mass envelope using electrospray (ES) ionization was unsuccessful. To overcome this problem, quantitation was based on fragment ions (m/z 45 and 59) which gave reproducible signals using a very high orifice voltage ( approximately 200 eV). Poloxamer concentrations were determined accurately with a good linear response using the standard addition method. We believe that the use of very small fragment ions for quantitation of polymers may become a widely applicable general technique.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Calibration
- Molecular Weight
- Ophthalmic Solutions/analysis
- Poloxamer/analysis
- Poloxamer/chemistry
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/standards
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/standards
- Surface-Active Agents/analysis
- Surface-Active Agents/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Takáts
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Homeodomain-containing transcription factors are critical in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, and they play an important role in organogenesis and pattern formation during embryogenesis. There is evidence that some of them are oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The cardiovascular system undergoes extensive remodeling during embryogenesis and disease states such as atherosclerosis and tumor-induced angiogenesis, and homeobox genes may play an important role in regulating these processes. Recently, homeobox genes have been detected in both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and they are implicated in pathological processes such as arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty and tumor-induced angiogenesis. The cellular function of some of these genes is beginning to be elucidated. Therefore, we briefly review what is currently known about the involvement of homeobox transcription factors in both physiological and pathological vascular remodeling and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Gorski
- Division of Surgical Oncology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|