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Hassan FU, Liu C, Mehboob M, Bilal RM, Arain MA, Siddique F, Chen F, Li Y, Zhang J, Shi P, Lv B, Lin Q. Potential of dietary hemp and cannabinoids to modulate immune response to enhance health and performance in animals: opportunities and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285052. [PMID: 38111585 PMCID: PMC10726122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of bioactive compounds abundantly present in Cannabis sativa plant. The active components of cannabis with therapeutic potential are known as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are divided into three groups: plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and synthetic cannabinoids. These compounds play a crucial role in the regulation various physiological processes including the immune modulation by interacting with the endocannabinoid system (A complex cell-signaling system). Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) stimulates the binding of orexigenic peptides and inhibits the attachment of anorexigenic proteins to hypothalamic neurons in mammals, increasing food intake. Digestibility is unaffected by the presence of any cannabinoids in hemp stubble. Endogenous cannabinoids are also important for the peripheral control of lipid processing in adipose tissue, in addition to their role in the hypothalamus regulation of food intake. Regardless of the kind of synaptic connection or the length of the transmission, endocannabinoids play a crucial role in inhibiting synaptic transmission through a number of mechanisms. Cannabidiol (CBD) mainly influences redox equilibrium through intrinsic mechanisms. Useful effects of cannabinoids in animals have been mentioned e.g., for disorders of the cardiovascular system, pain treatment, disorders of the respiratory system or metabolic disorders. Dietary supplementation of cannabinoids has shown positive effects on health, growth and production performance of small and large animals. Animal fed diet supplemented with hemp seeds (180 g/day) or hemp seed cake (143 g/kg DM) had achieved batter performance without any detrimental effects. But the higher level of hemp or cannabinoid supplementation suppress immune functions and reduce productive performance. With an emphasis on the poultry and ruminants, this review aims to highlight the properties of cannabinoids and their derivatives as well as their significance as a potential feed additive in their diets to improve the immune status and health performance of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Maryam Mehboob
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Bilal
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Siddique
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fengming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jingmeng Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Biguang Lv
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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2
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Balsevich G, Petrie GN, Heinz DE, Singh A, Aukema RJ, Hunker AC, Vecchiarelli HA, Yau H, Sticht M, Thompson RJ, Lee FS, Zweifel LS, Chelikani PK, Gassen NC, Hill MN. A genetic variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) exacerbates hormone-mediated orexigenic feeding in mice. eLife 2023; 12:e81919. [PMID: 37039453 PMCID: PMC10159625 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. A polymorphism in FAAH (FAAH C385A) reduces FAAH expression, increases anandamide levels, and increases the risk of obesity. Nevertheless, some studies have found no association between FAAH C385A and obesity. We investigated whether the environmental context governs the impact of FAAH C385A on metabolic outcomes. Using a C385A knock-in mouse model, we found that FAAH A/A mice are more susceptible to glucocorticoid-induced hyperphagia, weight gain, and activation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK inhibition occluded the amplified hyperphagic response to glucocorticoids in FAAH A/A mice. FAAH knockdown exclusively in agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons mimicked the exaggerated feeding response of FAAH A/A mice to glucocorticoids. FAAH A/A mice likewise presented exaggerated orexigenic responses to ghrelin, while FAAH knockdown in AgRP neurons blunted leptin anorectic responses. Together, the FAAH A/A genotype amplifies orexigenic responses and decreases anorexigenic responses, providing a putative mechanism explaining the diverging human findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Daniel E Heinz
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Monell Chemical Senses Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Robert J Aukema
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Avery C Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Hiulan Yau
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Martin Sticht
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Francis S Lee
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Nils C Gassen
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
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Moore CF, Stiltner JW, Davis CM, Weerts EM. Translational models of cannabinoid vapor exposure in laboratory animals. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:63-89. [PMID: 33136615 PMCID: PMC8079522 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most frequently used psychoactive substances in the world. The most common route of administration for cannabis and cannabinoid constituents such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is via smoking or vapor inhalation. Preclinical vapor models have been developed, although the vaporization devices and delivery methods vary widely across laboratories. This review examines the emerging field of preclinical vapor models with a focus on cannabinoid exposure in order to (1) summarize vapor exposure parameters and other methodological details across studies; (2) discuss the pharmacological and behavioral effects produced by exposure to vaporized cannabinoids; and (3) compare behavioral effects of cannabinoid vapor administration with those of other routes of administration. This review will serve as a guide for past and current vapor delivery methods in animals, synergize findings across studies, and propose future directions for this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey W. Stiltner
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elise M. Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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4
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Lillo A, Lillo J, Raïch I, Miralpeix C, Dosrius F, Franco R, Navarro G. Ghrelin and Cannabinoid Functional Interactions Mediated by Ghrelin/CB 1 Receptor Heteromers That Are Upregulated in the Striatum From Offspring of Mice Under a High-Fat Diet. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:786597. [PMID: 34955755 PMCID: PMC8696263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.786597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of ghrelinergic-cannabinoidergic interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) that may impact on the plasticity of reward circuits. The aim of this article was to look for molecular and/or functional interactions between cannabinoid CB1 and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors. In a heterologous system and using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technique we show that human versions of cannabinoid CB1 and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors may form macromolecular complexes. Such receptor heteromers have particular properties in terms of CB1/Gi-mediated signaling and in terms of GHS-R1a-Gq-mediated signaling. On the one hand, just co-expression of CB1R and GHS-R1a led to impairment of cannabinoid signaling. On the other hand, cannabinoids led to an increase in ghrelin-derived calcium mobilization that was stronger at low concentrations of the CB1 receptor agonist, arachidonyl-2’-chloroethylamide (ACEA). The expression of CB1-GHS-R1a receptor complexes in striatal neurons was confirmed by in situ proximity ligation imaging assays. Upregulation of CB1-GHS-R1a- receptor complexes was found in striatal neurons from siblings of pregnant female mice on a high-fat diet. Surprisingly, the expression was upregulated after treatment of neurons with ghrelin (200 nM) or with ACEA (100 nM). These results help to better understand the complexities underlying the functional interactions of neuromodulators in the reward areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iu Raïch
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miralpeix
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesc Dosrius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UBNeuro), Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Lillo J, Lillo A, Zafra DA, Miralpeix C, Rivas-Santisteban R, Casals N, Navarro G, Franco R. Identification of the Ghrelin and Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor Heteromer Functionality and Marked Upregulation in Striatal Neurons from Offspring of Mice under a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168928. [PMID: 34445634 PMCID: PMC8396234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been reported as orexigenic, i.e., as promoting food intake that, among others, is controlled by the so-called “hunger” hormone, ghrelin. The aim of this paper was to look for functional and/or molecular interactions between ghrelin GHSR1a and cannabinoid CB2 receptors at the central nervous system (CNS) level. In a heterologous system we identified CB2-GHSR1a receptor complexes with a particular heteromer print consisting of impairment of CB2 receptor/Gi-mediated signaling. The blockade was due to allosteric interactions within the heteromeric complex as it was reverted by antagonists of the GHSR1a receptor. Cannabinoids acting on the CB2 receptor did not affect cytosolic increases of calcium ions induced by ghrelin acting on the GHSR1a receptor. In situ proximity ligation imaging assays confirmed the expression of CB2-GHSR1a receptor complexes in both heterologous cells and primary striatal neurons. We tested heteromer expression in neurons from offspring of high-fat-diet mouse mothers as they have more risk to be obese. Interestingly, there was a marked upregulation of those complexes in striatal neurons from siblings of pregnant female mice under a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Lillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - David A. Zafra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (D.A.Z.)
| | - Cristina Miralpeix
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08190 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.); (N.C.)
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08190 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (C.M.); (N.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (D.A.Z.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (UBNeuro), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (R.F.); Tel.: +34-934021208 (R.F.)
| | - Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.); (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (R.F.); Tel.: +34-934021208 (R.F.)
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6
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Fondevila MF, Fernandez U, Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Da Silva Lima N, Buque X, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Alonso C, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Delgado TC, Varela-Rey M, Senra A, Garcia-Outeiral V, Novoa E, Iglesias C, Porteiro B, Beiroa D, Folgueira C, Tojo M, Torres JL, Hernández-Cosido L, Blanco Ó, Arab JP, Barrera F, Guallar D, Fidalgo M, López M, Dieguez C, Marcos M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Arrese M, Garcia-Monzon C, Mato JM, Aspichueta P, Nogueiras R. The L-α-Lysophosphatidylinositol/G Protein-Coupled Receptor 55 System Induces the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2021; 73:606-624. [PMID: 32329085 PMCID: PMC7894478 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 55 is a putative cannabinoid receptor, and l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is its only known endogenous ligand. Although GPR55 has been linked to energy homeostasis in different organs, its specific role in lipid metabolism in the liver and its contribution to the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured (1) GPR55 expression in the liver of patients with NAFLD compared with individuals without obesity and without liver disease, as well as animal models with steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and (2) the effects of LPI and genetic disruption of GPR55 in mice, human hepatocytes, and human hepatic stellate cells. Notably, we found that circulating LPI and liver expression of GPR55 were up-regulated in patients with NASH. LPI induced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and increased lipid content in human hepatocytes and in the liver of treated mice by inducing de novo lipogenesis and decreasing β-oxidation. The inhibition of GPR55 and ACCα blocked the effects of LPI, and the in vivo knockdown of GPR55 was sufficient to improve liver damage in mice fed a high-fat diet and in mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet. Finally, LPI promoted the initiation of hepatic stellate cell activation by stimulating GPR55 and activation of ACC. CONCLUSIONS The LPI/GPR55 system plays a role in the development of NAFLD and NASH by activating ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos F Fondevila
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Centro de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y NutriciónCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Uxia Fernandez
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Maria J Gonzalez-Rellan
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Natalia Da Silva Lima
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Xabier Buque
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain.,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Agueda Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Liver Research UnitSanta Cristina University HospitalInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria PrincesaMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology Alliance-Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedDerioSpain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Liver Disease LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology Alliance-Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedDerioSpain
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Vera Garcia-Outeiral
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Eva Novoa
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Cristina Iglesias
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Centro de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y NutriciónCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Centro de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y NutriciónCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Cintia Folgueira
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Marta Tojo
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Jorge L Torres
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of Salamanca-Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Cosido
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal SurgeryUniversity Hospital of Salamanca-Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Óscar Blanco
- Department of PathologyUniversity Hospital of Salamanca-Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departament of GastroenterologyEscuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileChile and Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE) Facultad de Ciencias Biológicaspontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Francisco Barrera
- Departament of GastroenterologyEscuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileChile and Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE) Facultad de Ciencias Biológicaspontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Diana Guallar
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Centro de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y NutriciónCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Centro de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y NutriciónCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of Salamanca-Institute of Biomedical Research of SalamancaUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Liver Disease LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology Alliance-Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedDerioSpain
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departament of GastroenterologyEscuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileChile and Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE) Facultad de Ciencias Biológicaspontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Carmelo Garcia-Monzon
- Liver Research UnitSanta Cristina University HospitalInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria PrincesaMadridSpain
| | - Jose M Mato
- Liver Disease LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology Alliance-Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedDerioSpain.,Liver Metabolism LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance-Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedDerioSpain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain.,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of PhysiologyResearch Centre of Molecular Medicine and Chronic DiseasesUniversity of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Centro de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y NutriciónCentro de Investigación Biomédica en RedSantiago de CompostelaSpain.,Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN)Xunta de GaliciaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
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7
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Daytime-Dependent Changes of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 and Type 2 Expression in Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091844. [PMID: 28837063 PMCID: PMC5618493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the diurnal expression pattern of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) in liver tissue of 12- and 51-week-old normoglycemic Wistar rats. By using real-time RT-PCR, daytime dependent changes in both age groups and, for both, hepatic Cnr1 and Cnr2 receptor mRNA levels were measured. Highest amount of mRNA was detected in the light period (ZT3, ZT6, and ZT9) while the lowest amount was measured in the dark period (ZT18 and ZT21). Diurnal transcript expression pattern was accompanied by comparable changes of protein level for CB1, as shown by Western blotting. The current results support the conclusion that expression pattern of cannabinoid receptors are influenced by light/dark cycle and therefore seems to be under the control of a diurnal rhythm. These findings might explain the differences in the efficacy of cannabinoid receptor agonists or antagonists. In addition, investigation of liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated 12- and 51-week-old rats show alterations in the diurnal profile of both receptors Cnr1 and Cnr2 compared to that of normoglycemic Wistar rats. This suggests an influence of diabetic state on diurnal expression levels of cannabinoid receptors.
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8
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Thompson EE, Jagielo-Miller JE, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A, McLaughlin PJ. CB1 antagonism produces behaviors more consistent with satiety than reduced reward value in food-maintained responding in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:482-91. [PMID: 27005309 PMCID: PMC5531753 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116639287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 antagonists are widely known to reduce motivation for food, but it is not known whether they induce satiety or reduce reward value of food. It may therefore be necessary to compare effects of altered satiety and reward food value in the same appetitive task, and determine whether CB1 antagonism produces a behavior pattern similar to either, both, or neither. A fine-grained analysis of fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) responding for palatable food initially included number and duration of, and between, all lever presses and food tray entries in order to differentiate the pattern of suppression of prefeeding from that caused by reducing the reward value of the pellets with quinine. Discriminant function analysis then determined that these manipulations were best differentiated by effects on tray entries, pellet retrieval latencies, and time of the first response. At 0.5 mg/kg, AM 6527 produced similar effects to reducing reward value, but at 1.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, effects were more similar to those when animals were satiated. We conclude that AM 6527 both reduced reward value and enhanced satiety, but as dose increased, effects on satiety became much more prominent. These findings contribute to knowledge about the behavioral processes affected by CB1 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, PA, USA
| | | | - V Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter J McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, PA, USA
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9
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Edwards A, Abizaid A. Driving the need to feed: Insight into the collaborative interaction between ghrelin and endocannabinoid systems in modulating brain reward systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:33-53. [PMID: 27136126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Independent stimulation of either the ghrelin or endocannabinoid system promotes food intake and increases adiposity. Given the similar distribution of their receptors in feeding associated brain regions and organs involved in metabolism, it is not surprising that evidence of their interaction and its importance in modulating energy balance has emerged. This review documents the relationship between ghrelin and endocannabinoid systems within the periphery and hypothalamus (HYP) before presenting evidence suggesting that these two systems likewise work collaboratively within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to modulate non-homeostatic feeding. Mechanisms, consistent with current evidence and local infrastructure within the VTA, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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10
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A peripheral endocannabinoid mechanism contributes to glucocorticoid-mediated metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:285-90. [PMID: 25535367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421420112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are known to promote the development of metabolic syndrome through the modulation of both feeding pathways and metabolic processes; however, the precise mechanisms of these effects are not well-understood. Recent evidence shows that glucocorticoids possess the ability to increase endocannabinoid signaling, which is known to regulate appetite, energy balance, and metabolic processes through both central and peripheral pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the role of endocannabinoid signaling in glucocorticoid-mediated obesity and metabolic syndrome. Using a mouse model of excess corticosterone exposure, we found that the ability of glucocorticoids to increase adiposity, weight gain, hormonal dysregulation, hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia was reduced or reversed in mice lacking the cannabinoid CB1 receptor as well as mice treated with the global CB1 receptor antagonist AM251. Similarly, a neutral, peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonist (AM6545) was able to attenuate the metabolic phenotype caused by chronic corticosterone, suggesting a peripheral mechanism for these effects. Biochemical analyses showed that chronic excess glucocorticoid exposure produced a significant increase in hepatic and circulating levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, whereas no effect was observed in the hypothalamus. To test the role of the liver, specific and exclusive deletion of hepatic CB1 receptor resulted in a rescue of the dyslipidemic effects of glucocorticoid exposure, while not affecting the obesity phenotype or the elevations in insulin and leptin. Together, these data indicate that glucocorticoids recruit peripheral endocannabinoid signaling to promote metabolic dysregulation, with hepatic endocannabinoid signaling being especially important for changes in lipid metabolism.
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11
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Metna-Laurent M, Marsicano G. Rising stars: modulation of brain functions by astroglial type-1 cannabinoid receptors. Glia 2014; 63:353-64. [PMID: 25452006 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The type-1-cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptor is amongst the most widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. In few decades, CB1 receptors have been shown to regulate a large array of functions from brain cell development and survival to complex cognitive processes. Understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying these functions of CB1 is complex due to the heterogeneity of the brain cell types on which the receptor is expressed. Although the large majority of CB1 receptors act on neurons, early studies pointed to a direct control of CB1 receptors over astroglial functions including brain energy supply and neuroprotection. In line with the growing concept of the tripartite synapse highlighting astrocytes as direct players in synaptic plasticity, astroglial CB1 receptor signaling recently emerged as the mediator of several forms of synaptic plasticity associated to important cognitive functions. Here, we shortly review the current knowledge on CB1 receptor-mediated astroglial functions. This functional spectrum is large and most of the mechanisms by which CB1 receptors control astrocytes, as well as their consequences in vivo, are still unknown, requiring innovative approaches to improve this new cannabinoid research field.
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12
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Lipina C, Irving AJ, Hundal HS. Mitochondria: a possible nexus for the regulation of energy homeostasis by the endocannabinoid system? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1-13. [PMID: 24801388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates numerous cellular and physiological processes through the activation of receptors targeted by endogenously produced ligands called endocannabinoids. Importantly, this signaling system is known to play an important role in modulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis. For example, current evidence indicates that the ECS becomes overactive during obesity whereby its central and peripheral stimulation drives metabolic processes that mimic the metabolic syndrome. Herein, we examine the role of the ECS in modulating the function of mitochondria, which play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular and systemic energy homeostasis, in large part due to their ability to tightly coordinate glucose and lipid utilization. Because of this, mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with peripheral insulin resistance and glucose intolerance as well as the manifestation of excess lipid accumulation in the obese state. This review aims to highlight the different ways through which the ECS may impact upon mitochondrial abundance and/or oxidative capacity and, where possible, relate these findings to obesity-induced perturbations in metabolic function. Furthermore, we explore the potential implications of these findings in terms of the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders and how these may be used to strategically develop therapies targeting the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Irving
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Mounting evidence substantiates the central role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the modulation of both homeostatic and hedonic elements of appetite and food intake. Conversely, feeding status and dietary patterns directly influence activity of the ECS. Following a general introduction on the functioning of the ECS, the present review specifically addresses its role in the modulation of hedonic eating. Humans possess strong motivational systems triggered by rewarding aspects of food. Food reward is comprised of two components: one appetitive (orienting towards food); the other consummatory (hedonic evaluation), also referred to as 'wanting' and 'liking', respectively. Endocannabinoid tone seems to influence both the motivation to feed and the hedonic value of foods, probably by modifying palatability. Human physiology underlying hedonic eating is still not fully understood. A better understanding of the role of the ECS in the rewarding value of specific foods or diets could offer new possibilities to optimise the balance between energy and nutrient intake for different target groups. These groups include the obese and overweight, and potentially individuals suffering from malnutrition. Examples for the latter group are patients with disease-related anorexia, as well as the growing population of frail elderly suffering from persistent loss of food enjoyment and appetite resulting in malnutrition and involuntary weight loss. It has become clear that the psychobiology of food hedonics is extremely complex and the clinical failure of CB1 inverse agonists including rimonabant (Accomplia®) has shown that 'quick wins' in this field are unlikely.
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14
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Catalán V, Whyte L, Díaz-Arteaga A, Vázquez-Martínez R, Rotellar F, Guzmán R, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Pulido MR, Russell WR, Imbernón M, Ross RA, Malagón MM, Dieguez C, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Nogueiras R. The L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 system and its potential role in human obesity. Diabetes 2012; 61:281-91. [PMID: 22179809 PMCID: PMC3266411 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is a putative cannabinoid receptor, and l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is its only known endogenous ligand. We investigated 1) whether GPR55 is expressed in fat and liver; 2) the correlation of both GPR55 and LPI with several metabolic parameters; and 3) the actions of LPI on human adipocytes. We analyzed CB1, CB2, and GPR55 gene expression and circulating LPI levels in two independent cohorts of obese and lean subjects, with both normal or impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Ex vivo experiments were used to measure intracellular calcium and lipid accumulation. GPR55 levels were augmented in the adipose tissue of obese subjects and further so in obese patients with type 2 diabetes when compared with nonobese subjects. Visceral adipose tissue GPR55 correlated positively with weight, BMI, and percent fat mass, particularly in women. Hepatic GPR55 gene expression was similar in obese and type 2 diabetic subjects. Circulating LPI levels were increased in obese patients and correlated with fat percentage and BMI in women. LPI increased the expression of lipogenic genes in visceral adipose tissue explants and intracellular calcium in differentiated visceral adipocytes. These findings indicate that the LPI/GPR55 system is positively associated with obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona Catalonia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Girona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lauren Whyte
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K
| | - Adenis Díaz-Arteaga
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Vázquez-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Rotellar
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rocío Guzmán
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina R. Pulido
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K
| | - Mónica Imbernón
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K
| | - María M. Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona Catalonia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Corresponding author: Ruben Nogueiras,
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15
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Bell-Anderson KS, Aouad L, Williams H, Sanz FR, Phuyal J, Larter CZ, Farrell GC, Caterson ID. Coordinated improvement in glucose tolerance, liver steatosis and obesity-associated inflammation by cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonism in fat Aussie mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35:1539-48. [PMID: 21386801 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat Aussie mice (foz/foz) are morbidly obese, glucose intolerant and have liver steatosis that develops into steatohepatitis on a high-fat diet. The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist SR141716 has been shown to improve obesity-associated metabolic complications in humans and rodent models. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of SR141716 in foz/foz mice. DESIGN Male wildtype (WT) and foz/foz mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet (45% saturated fat). Vehicle or SR141716 (10 mg kg(-1) per day) was administered in jelly once daily for 4 weeks from 4 months of age. RESULTS Foz/foz mice were obese but had less epididymal adipose tissue mass than fat-fed WT mice despite being significantly heavier. Liver weight was increased by twofold in foz/foz compared with WT mice and showed significant steatogenesis associated with impaired liver function. Foz/foz and fat-fed WT mice were glucose intolerant as determined by oral glucose tolerance test. In chow-fed foz/foz mice, SR141716 reduced body weight, liver weight, reversed hepatosteatosis and glucose intolerance. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue gene expression of the macrophage-specific marker Cd68 reflected the improvements in the metabolic status by SR141716 in these mice. CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the hypothesis that foz/foz mice have defective lipid metabolism, are unable to adequately store fat in adipose tissue but instead sequester fat ectopically in other metabolic tissues (liver) leading to insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis associated with inflammation. Our findings suggest that SR141716 can improve liver lipid metabolism in foz/foz mice in line with improved insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bell-Anderson
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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16
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Garland T, Schutz H, Chappell MA, Keeney BK, Meek TH, Copes LE, Acosta W, Drenowatz C, Maciel RC, van Dijk G, Kotz CM, Eisenmann JC. The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:206-29. [PMID: 21177942 PMCID: PMC3008631 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.048397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammals expend energy in many ways, including basic cellular maintenance and repair, digestion, thermoregulation, locomotion, growth and reproduction. These processes can vary tremendously among species and individuals, potentially leading to large variation in daily energy expenditure (DEE). Locomotor energy costs can be substantial for large-bodied species and those with high-activity lifestyles. For humans in industrialized societies, locomotion necessary for daily activities is often relatively low, so it has been presumed that activity energy expenditure and DEE are lower than in our ancestors. Whether this is true and has contributed to a rise in obesity is controversial. In humans, much attention has centered on spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the latter sometimes defined so broadly as to include all energy expended due to activity, exclusive of volitional exercise. Given that most people in Western societies engage in little voluntary exercise, increasing NEAT may be an effective way to maintain DEE and combat overweight and obesity. One way to promote NEAT is to decrease the amount of time spent on sedentary behaviours (e.g. watching television). The effects of voluntary exercise on other components of physical activity are highly variable in humans, partly as a function of age, and have rarely been studied in rodents. However, most rodent studies indicate that food consumption increases in the presence of wheels; therefore, other aspects of physical activity are not reduced enough to compensate for the energetic cost of wheel running. Most rodent studies also show negative effects of wheel access on body fat, especially in males. Sedentary behaviours per se have not been studied in rodents in relation to obesity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate the important role of dopamine, in addition to other neural signaling networks (e.g. the endocannabinoid system), in the control of voluntary exercise. A largely separate literature points to a key role for orexins in SPA and NEAT. Brain reward centers are involved in both types of physical activities and eating behaviours, likely leading to complex interactions. Moreover, voluntary exercise and, possibly, eating can be addictive. A growing body of research considers the relationships between personality traits and physical activity, appetite, obesity and other aspects of physical and mental health. Future studies should explore the neurobiology, endocrinology and genetics of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by examining key brain areas, neurotransmitters and hormones involved in motivation, reward and/or the regulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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17
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Russell JC, Kelly SE, Diane A, Wang Y, Mangat R, Novak S, Vine DF, Proctor SD. Rimonabant-mediated changes in intestinal lipid metabolism and improved renal vascular dysfunction in the JCR:LA-cp rat model of prediabetic metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G507-16. [PMID: 20508159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rimonabant (SR141716) is a specific antagonist of the cannabinoid-1 receptor. Activation of the receptor initiates multiple effects on central nervous system function, metabolism, and body weight. The hypothesis that rimonabant has protective effects against vascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome was tested using JCR:LA-cp rats. JCR:LA-cp rats are obese if they are cp/cp, insulin resistant, and exhibit associated micro- and macrovascular disease with end-stage myocardial and renal disease. Treatment of obese rats with rimonabant (10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), 12-24 wk of age) caused transient reduction in food intake for 2 wk, without reduction in body weight. However, by 4 wk, there was a modest, sustained reduction in weight gain. Glycemic control improved marginally compared with controls, but at the expense of increased insulin concentration. In contrast, rimonabant normalized fasting plasma triglyceride and reduced plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and acute phase protein haptoglobin in cp/cp rats. Furthermore, these changes were accompanied by reduced postprandial intestinal lymphatic secretion of apolipoprotein B48, cholesterol, and haptoglobin. While macrovascular dysfunction and ischemic myocardial lesion frequency were unaffected by rimonabant treatment, both microalbuminuria and glomerular sclerosis were substantially reduced. In summary, rimonabant has a modest effect on body weight in freely eating obese rats and markedly reduces plasma triglyceride levels and microvascular disease, in part due to changes in intestinal metabolism, including lymphatic secretion of apolipoprotein B48 and haptoglobin. We conclude that rimonabant improves renal disease and intestinal lipid oversecretion associated with an animal model of the metabolic syndrome that appears to be independent of hyperinsulinemia or macrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Russell
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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18
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Leite CE, Mocelin CA, Petersen GO, Leal MB, Thiesen FV. Rimonabant: an antagonist drug of the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of obesity. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:217-24. [PMID: 19443932 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, an ever-increasing problem in the industrialized world, has long been a target of research for a cure or, at least, control of its expansion. In the search for treatment, the recently discovered endocannabinoid system has emerged as a new target for controlling obesity and its associated conditions. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in controlling weight and energy balance in humans. This system is activated to a greater extent in obese patients, and the specific blockage of its receptors is the aim of rimonabant, one of the most recent drugs created for the treatment of obesity. This drug acts as a blockade for endocannabinoid receptors found in the brain and peripheral organs that play an important role on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Clinical studies have confirmed that, when used in combination with a low calorie diet, rimonabant promotes loss in body weight, loss in abdominal circumference, and improvements in dyslipidemia. Rimonabant is also being tested as a potential anti-smoking treatment since endocannabinoids are related to the pleasurable effect of nicotine. Thus, rimonabant constitutes a new therapeutic approach to obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Studies show effectiveness in weight loss; however, side effects such as psychiatric alterations have been reported, including depression and anxiety. These side effects have led the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to not approve this drug in the United States. For a more complete evaluation on the safety of this drug, additional studies are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Leite
- Toxicology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 12, Bloco D, Sala 140, CEP: 90619-900, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
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19
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Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Lean mean fat reducing "ghrelin" machine: hypothalamic ghrelin and ghrelin receptors as therapeutic targets in obesity. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:2-16. [PMID: 19573543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions not only in Western societies but also in the developing world. Current pharmacological treatments for obesity are either lacking in efficacy and/or are burdened with adverse side effects. Thus, novel strategies are required. A better understanding of the intricate molecular pathways controlling energy homeostasis may lead to novel therapeutic intervention. The circulating hormone, ghrelin represents a major target in the molecular signalling regulating food intake, appetite and energy expenditure and its circulating levels often display aberrant signalling in obesity. Ghrelin exerts its central orexigenic action mainly in the hypothalamus and in particular in the arcuate nucleus via activation of specific G-protein coupled receptors (GHS-R). In this review we describe current pharmacological models of how ghrelin regulates food intake and how manipulating ghrelin signalling may give novel insight into developing better and more selective anti-obesity drugs. Accumulating data suggests multiple ghrelin variants and additional receptors exist to play a role in energy metabolism and these may well play an important role in obesity. In addition, the recent findings of hypothalamic GHS-R crosstalk and heterodimerization may add to the understanding of the complexity of bodyweight regulation.
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20
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Wu CH, Hung MS, Song JS, Yeh TK, Chou MC, Chu CM, Jan JJ, Hsieh MT, Tseng SL, Chang CP, Hsieh WP, Lin Y, Yeh YN, Chung WL, Kuo CW, Lin CY, Shy HS, Chao YS, Shia KS. Discovery of 2-[5-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-1,5,5-trimethyl-1,5-dihydro-imidazol-4-thione (BPR-890) via an Active Metabolite. A Novel, Potent and Selective Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Inverse Agonist with High Antiobesity Efficacy in DIO Mice. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4496-510. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900471u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Chen Chou
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Ming Chu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiing-Jyh Jan
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Tsang Hsieh
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shi-Liang Tseng
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Ping Chang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Ping Hsieh
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yinchiu Lin
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Nan Yeh
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Ling Chung
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Horng-Shing Shy
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Sheng Chao
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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21
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Differential response to a selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist (SR141716: rimonabant) in female mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behaviour. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 19:812-20. [PMID: 19020416 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32831c3b6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a naturally rewarding behaviour in human beings and can be associated with feelings of euphoria and analgesia. The endocannabinoid system may play a role in the perception of neurobiological rewards during and after prolonged exercise. Mice from lines that have been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running (high runner or HR lines) may have evolved neurobiological mechanisms that increase the incentive salience of endurance-type exercise. Here, we test the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signalling has been altered in the four replicate HR lines as compared with four nonselected control lines. After 18 days of acclimation to cages with attached wheels, we injected mice with rimonabant (SR141716), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist. During the time of normal peak running, each mouse received, in a randomized order, intraperitoneal injection of rimonabant (0.1 or 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle, over 9 days. Drug response was quantified as wheel revolutions, time and speed 10-70 min postinjection. Rimonabant decreased running in all mice; however, female HR mice differentially decreased running speed and distance (but not time) as compared with control females. We conclude that altered endocannabinoid signalling plays a role in the high wheel running of female HR mice.
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22
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LoVerme J, Duranti A, Tontini A, Spadoni G, Mor M, Rivara S, Stella N, Xu C, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and characterization of a peripherally restricted CB1 cannabinoid antagonist, URB447, that reduces feeding and body-weight gain in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:639-43. [PMID: 19128970 PMCID: PMC3690177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists reduce body weight in rodents and humans, but their clinical utility as anti-obesity agents is limited by centrally mediated side effects. Here, we describe the first mixed CB(1) antagonist/CB(2) agonist, URB447 ([4-amino-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl](phenyl)methanone), which lowers food intake and body-weight gain in mice without entering the brain or antagonizing central CB(1)-dependent responses. URB447 may provide a useful pharmacological tool for investigating the cannabinoid system, and might serve as a starting point for developing clinically viable CB(1) antagonists devoid of central side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse LoVerme
- Department of Pharmacology, 360 MedScience II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, 360 MedScience II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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Akbas F, Gasteyger C, Sjödin A, Astrup A, Larsen TM. A critical review of the cannabinoid receptor as a drug target for obesity management. Obes Rev 2009; 10:58-67. [PMID: 18721231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoids, with the well-known stimulatory effect of Cannabis sativa on appetite, has offered a new drug target for obesity treatment. Cannabinoids act on two different receptors: CB1 receptors which are sited in the brain and many peripheral tissues, and CB2 receptors which are primarily found in immune system cells. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists act centrally by blocking CB1 receptors, thereby reducing food intake. Moreover, they probably also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore energy expenditure, as has been suggested by animal experiments. Despite these promising mechanisms of action, recent clinical studies examining the effect of the two CB1 receptor antagonists rimonabant and taranabant showed that the attained weight loss did not exceed that attained with other currently approved anti-obesity medications. Moreover, potentially severe psychiatric adverse effects limit their clinical use. As several new CB1 receptor antagonists are presently undergoing development, it remains to be elucidated to what extent they differ in terms of efficacy and safety. This review primarily discusses how close cannabinoid receptor antagonists are to the ideal anti-obesity drug, with respect to their mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akbas
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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24
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Marsicano G, Lafenêtre P. Roles of the endocannabinoid system in learning and memory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2009; 1:201-30. [PMID: 21104385 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a central role in the regulation of learning and memory processes. The fine-tuned regulation of neural transmission by the system is likely to be the mechanism underlying this important function. In this chapter, we review the data in the literature showing the direct involvement of the physiological activation of cannabinoid receptors in the modulation of different forms of learning and memory. When possible, we also address the likely mechanisms of this involvement. Finally, given the apparent special role of the ECS in the extinction of fear, we propose a reasonable model to assess how neuronal networks could be influenced by the endocannabinoids in these processes. Overall, the data reviewed indicate that, despite the enormous progress of recent years, much is still to be done to fully elucidate the mechanisms of the ECS influence on learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marsicano
- Group Molecular Mechanisms of Behavioural Adaptation, Research Centre INSERM U862 NeuroCentre Magendie Université Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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25
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Nogueiras R, Veyrat-Durebex C, Suchanek PM, Klein M, Tschöp J, Caldwell C, Woods SC, Wittmann G, Watanabe M, Liposits Z, Fekete C, Reizes O, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Tschöp MH. Peripheral, but not central, CB1 antagonism provides food intake-independent metabolic benefits in diet-induced obese rats. Diabetes 2008; 57:2977-91. [PMID: 18716045 PMCID: PMC2570394 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blockade of the CB1 receptor is one of the promising strategies for the treatment of obesity. Although antagonists suppress food intake and reduce body weight, the role of central versus peripheral CB1 activation on weight loss and related metabolic parameters remains to be elucidated. We therefore specifically assessed and compared the respective potential relevance of central nervous system (CNS) versus peripheral CB1 receptors in the regulation of energy homeostasis and lipid and glucose metabolism in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Both lean and DIO rats were used for our experiments. The expression of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism was measured by real-time PCR, and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps were used for insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism studies. RESULTS Specific CNS-CB1 blockade decreased body weight and food intake but, independent of those effects, had no beneficial influence on peripheral lipid and glucose metabolism. Peripheral treatment with CB1 antagonist (Rimonabant) also reduced food intake and body weight but, in addition, independently triggered lipid mobilization pathways in white adipose tissue and cellular glucose uptake. Insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose uptake were enhanced, while hepatic glucose production was decreased during peripheral infusion of the CB1 antagonist. However, these effects depended on the antagonist-elicited reduction of food intake. CONCLUSIONS Several relevant metabolic processes appear to independently benefit from peripheral blockade of CB1, while CNS-CB1 blockade alone predominantly affects food intake and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research Centre, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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26
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Perrini S, Leonardini A, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Biological specificity of visceral adipose tissue and therapeutic intervention. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:277-86. [PMID: 18946788 DOI: 10.1080/13813450802334752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With excess energy storage, obesity develops, leading to increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The distribution of body fat appears to be even more important than the total amount of fat. Abdominal and, in particular, visceral adiposity is strongly linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, sleep apnea, and other complications of obesity. Visceral adiposity, manifested as a high waist circumference, is now accepted as a major component of the metabolic syndrome. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the adverse impact of visceral fat accumulation remain to be established. This review will focus on the analysis of the biological specificity of adipose tissue located in the abdominal region, and will explore intervention strategies targeting the impaired function of the visceral adipocyte as potential therapies for the cardio-metabolic outcomes of patients with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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27
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Bays HE, González-Campoy JM, Bray GA, Kitabchi AE, Bergman DA, Schorr AB, Rodbard HW, Henry RR. Pathogenic potential of adipose tissue and metabolic consequences of adipocyte hypertrophy and increased visceral adiposity. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 6:343-68. [PMID: 18327995 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
When caloric intake exceeds caloric expenditure, the positive caloric balance and storage of energy in adipose tissue often causes adipocyte hypertrophy and visceral adipose tissue accumulation. These pathogenic anatomic abnormalities may incite metabolic and immune responses that promote Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. These are the most common metabolic diseases managed by clinicians and are all major cardiovascular disease risk factors. 'Disease' is traditionally characterized as anatomic and physiologic abnormalities of an organ or organ system that contributes to adverse health consequences. Using this definition, pathogenic adipose tissue is no less a disease than diseases of other body organs. This review describes the consequences of pathogenic fat cell hypertrophy and visceral adiposity, emphasizing the mechanistic contributions of genetic and environmental predispositions, adipogenesis, fat storage, free fatty acid metabolism, adipocyte factors and inflammation. Appreciating the full pathogenic potential of adipose tissue requires an integrated perspective, recognizing the importance of 'cross-talk' and interactions between adipose tissue and other body systems. Thus, the adverse metabolic consequences that accompany fat cell hypertrophy and visceral adiposity are best viewed as a pathologic partnership between the pathogenic potential adipose tissue and the inherited or acquired limitations and/or impairments of other body organs. A better understanding of the physiological and pathological interplay of pathogenic adipose tissue with other organs and organ systems may assist in developing better strategies in treating metabolic disease and reducing cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bays
- L-MARC Research Center, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors have been described as two prime sites of action for endocannabinoids. Both the localization and pharmacology of these two G-protein-coupled receptors are well-described, and numerous selective ligands have been characterized. The physiological effects of Cannabis sativa (cannabis) and a throughout study of the endocannabinoid system allowed for the identification of several pathophysiological conditions--including obesity, dyslipidemia, addictions, inflammation, and allergies--in which blocking the cannabinoid receptors might be beneficial. Many CB1 receptor antagonists are now in clinical trials, and the results of several studies involving the CB1 antagonist lead compound rimonabant (SR141716A) are now available. This review describes the pharmacological tools that are currently available and the animal studies supporting the therapeutic use of cannabinoid receptor antagonists and inverse agonists. The data available from the clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio G Muccioli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its subset nonalcoholic steatohepatitis represent the liver manifestations of insulin resistance. This review briefly summarizes advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its prevalence, natural history and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The recognition of the role the renin-angiotensin system in promoting insulin resistance is worth noting because of available drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum stress has also become a recent target of investigation because endoplasmic reticulum stress is common in obesity, diabetes and various forms of liver disease including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endoplasmic reticulum stress may be responsible for activation of c-Jun kinase, a process that may cause the hepatocellular injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Progress has also been made in estimating the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and children. Patients enrolled in the Dallas Heart Study were found to have a 33% prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and children dying of accidental deaths in San Diego were found to have a 13% prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Because about 10% of people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are at risk for progressive fibrosis, the burden of this disease is now quite substantial. SUMMARY Incremental progress in understanding nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis promises to lead to new therapeutic options for this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Neuschwander-Tetri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University Liver Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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30
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Duffy D, Rader D. Endocannabinoid Antagonism: Blocking the Excess in the Treatment of High-Risk Abdominal Obesity. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:35-43. [PMID: 17292044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is a prevalent, worldwide problem linked to cardiometabolic comorbidities and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. First-line therapy to reduce such risk revolves around diet and exercise; however, such changes are often difficult to implement and unsuccessful. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of underlying metabolic derangements could provide new targets for pharmacologic therapy. One system that has gained recent attention is the endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system has a significant role in central appetite control and peripheral lipogenesis and is up-regulated in diet-induced obesity. Rimonabant is a selective cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist and is the first compound of its type to test the hypothesis that down-regulating an overactive endocannabinoid system could have therapeutic benefit not only for weight loss but also for the atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance that cluster with abdominal obesity in particular. Animal models have been critical for elucidating the role of the endocannabinoid system in obesity and in demonstrating that antagonism with rimonabant can induce loss of visceral fat and improve insulin sensitivity. Early human trials with rimonabant have confirmed significant reductions in weight, as well as favorable changes in atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation. Interestingly, some of these beneficial metabolic effects are partially weight-loss-independent, confirming the importance of peripheral endocannabinoid system effects in addition to central effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Duffy
- Division of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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31
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Muccioli GG, Lambert DM. Latest advances in cannabinoid receptor antagonists and inverse agonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.10.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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