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Zheng J, Li Y, Zhang T, Fu Y, Long P, Gao X, Wang Z, Guan Z, Qi X, Hong W, Xiao Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury: PERK as a potential target for intervention. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1455-1466. [PMID: 39075912 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202505000-00028/figure1/v/2024-07-28T173839Z/r/image-tiff Several studies have shown that activation of unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in severe cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Autophagy occurs within hours after cerebral ischemia, but the relationship between ER stress and autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we established experimental models using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in PC12 cells and primary neurons to simulate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We found that prolongation of oxygen-glucose deprivation activated the ER stress pathway protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), increased neuronal apoptosis, and induced autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of ER stress using inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown of the PERK gene significantly attenuated excessive autophagy and neuronal apoptosis, indicating an interaction between autophagy and ER stress and suggesting PERK as an essential target for regulating autophagy. Blocking autophagy with chloroquine exacerbated ER stress-induced apoptosis, indicating that normal levels of autophagy play a protective role in neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Findings from this study indicate that cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury can trigger neuronal ER stress and promote autophagy, and suggest that PERK is a possible target for inhibiting excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yanlin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Peiyan Long
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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Chen HQ, Zhang QG, Zhang XY, Zeng XB, Xu JW, Ling S. 4'-O-methylbavachalcone alleviates ischemic stroke injury by inhibiting parthanatos and promoting SIRT3. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176557. [PMID: 38574839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) can induce massive death of ischemic penumbra neurons via oxygen burst, exacerbating brain damage. Parthanatos is a form of caspase-independent cell death involving excessive activation of PARP-1, closely associated with intense oxidative stress following CIRI. 4'-O-methylbavachalcone (MeBavaC), an isoprenylated chalcone component in Fructus Psoraleae, has potential neuroprotective effects. This study primarily investigates whether MeBavaC can act on SIRT3 to alleviate parthanatos of ischemic penumbra neurons induced by CIRI. MeBavaC was oral gavaged to the middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats after occlusion. The effects of MeBavaC on cerebral injury were detected by the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarct volume. In vitro, PC-12 cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and assessed cell viability and cell injury. Also, the levels of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular Ca2+ levels were detected to reflect mitochondrial function. We conducted western blotting analyses of proteins involved in parthanatos and related signaling pathways. Finally, the exact mechanism between the neuroprotection of MeBavaC and parthanatos was explored. Our results indicate that MeBavaC reduces the cerebral infarct volume and neurological deficit scores in MCAO/R rats, and inhibits the decreased viability of PC-12 cells induced by OGD/R. MeBavaC also downregulates the expression of parthanatos-related death proteins PARP-1, PAR, and AIF. However, this inhibitory effect is weakened after the use of a SIRT3 inhibitor. In conclusion, the protective effect of MeBavaC against CIRI may be achieved by inhibiting parthanatos of ischemic penumbra neurons through the SIRT3-PARP-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Chen
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qing-Guang Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xiang-Bing Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jin-Wen Xu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shuang Ling
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Sánchez Y, Castillo C, Fuentealba J, Sáez-Orellana F, Burgos CF, López JJ, F de la Torre A, Jiménez CA. New Benzodihydrofuran Derivatives Alter the Amyloid β Peptide Aggregation: Strategies To Develop New Anti-Alzheimer Drugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2590-2602. [PMID: 37480555 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is the leading cause of dementia in elderly patients. Amyloid-β peptide (1-42 oligomers) has been identified as a neurotoxic factor, triggering many neuropathologic events. In this study, 15 chalcones were synthesized employing the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction, starting from a compound derived from fomannoxine, a natural benzodihydrofuran whose neuroprotective activity has been proven and reported, and methyl aromatic ketones with diverse patterns of halogenated substitution. As a result, chalcones were obtained, with good to excellent reaction yields from 50 to 98%. Cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed, and their cytoprotective effect against the toxicity associated with Aβ was evaluated on PC-12 cells. Out of the 15 chalcones obtained, only the 4-bromo substituted was cytotoxic at most tested concentrations. Three synthesized chalcones showed a cytoprotective effect against Aβ toxicity (over 37%). The 2,4,5-trifluoro substituted chalcone was the most promising series since it showed a cytoprotective impact with more than 60 ± 5% of recovery of cellular viability; however, 3-fluoro substituted compound also exhibited important values of recovery (50 ± 6%). The fluorine substitution pattern was shown to be more effective for cytoprotective activity. Specifically, substitution with fluorine in the 3,5-positions turned out to be particularly effective for cytoprotection. Furthermore, fluorinated compounds inhibited the aggregation rate of Aβ, suggesting a dual effect that can be the starting point of new molecules with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaíma Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Carolina Castillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Francisco Sáez-Orellana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Carlos Felipe Burgos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Jhon J López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Alexander F de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
| | - Claudio A Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion 4130000, Chile
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Tang L, Fei Y, Su Y, Zhang A, Xiao Q, Mei Y, Su Y, Li Y, Li W, Wang T, Shen Y, Wang W. A neurovascular dual-targeting platelet-like bioinspired nanoplatform for ischemic stroke treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Xie X, Xiao Y, Xu K. Mechanism underlying circularRNA_014301-mediated regulation of neuronal cell inflammation and apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1432. [PMID: 34707713 PMCID: PMC8543437 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes damage to the spinal cord owing to trauma or disease and myelinated fiber tracts that transmit sensation and motor signals to and from the brain. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a recently discovered class of regulatory molecules, and their roles in SCI are still unknown. circRNA_014301 was indicated to be differentially expressed in the spinal cord at the site of SCI in a rat model. To analyze the role of circRNA_014301 in SCI, we exposed rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to construct a PC12 cell inflammatory model. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to analyze cell viability. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA were used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α). Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was employed to detect cell apoptosis, and western blotting was performed to detect the expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax/Bcl-2/cleaved caspase-3) and NF-κB. The results demonstrated that LPS induced inflammation in PC12 cells as evidenced by the reduced cell proliferation and enhanced expression of inflammatory and apoptotic factors under increasing LPS concentrations. Western blotting analyses indicated that circRNA_014301 induced the expression of p-NF-κB/NF-κB, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 following LPS-induced inflammation, and this apoptosis-promoting effect was relieved by small interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown of circRNA_014301. Thus, circRNA_014301 silencing alleviated apoptosis and inflammation in PC12 cells. SCI is invariably associated with spinal cord inflammation, and LPS was used to stimulate apoptosis and inflammatory injury in PC12 cells, and create a cell model of SCI. By promoting PC12 cell apoptosis under inflammatory conditions, it was indicated that circRNA_014301 may suppress SCI. Therefore, circRNA_014301 may represent a potential target for SCI diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankuan Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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10-O-(N N-Dimethylaminoethyl)-Ginkgolide B Methane-Sulfonate (XQ-1H) Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia Via Suppressing Neuronal Apoptosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105987. [PMID: 34273708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 10-O-(N N-dimethylaminoethyl)-ginkgolide B methane-sulfonate (XQ-1H) is an effective novel drug for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease derived from Ginkgolide B, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, whether XQ-1H exerts neuroprotective effect via regulating neuronal apoptosis and the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of XQ-1H in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and the oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced neuronal apoptosis on pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells. RESULTS The results showed that administration of XQ-1H at different dosage (7.8, 15.6, 31.2 mg/kg) reduced the brain infarct and edema, attenuated the neuro-behavioral dysfunction, and improved cell morphology in brain tissue after MCAO/R in rats. Moreover, incubation with XQ-1H (1 µM, 3 µM, 10 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM) could increase the cell viability, and showed no toxic effect to PC-12 cells. XQ-1H at following 1 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM decreased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and suppressed the cell apoptosis in PC-12 cells exposed to OGD/R. In addition, XQ-1H treatment could significantly inhibit caspase-3 activation both in vivo and in vitro, reciprocally modulate the expression of apoptosis related proteins, bcl-2, and bax via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. For mechanism verification, LY294002, the inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway was introduced the expressions of bcl-2 and phosphorylated Akt were down-regulated, the expression of bax was up-regulated, indicating that XQ-1H could alleviate the cell apoptosis through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that XQ-1H treatment could provide a neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro through regulating neuronal survival and inhibiting apoptosis. The findings of the study confirmed that XQ-1H could be develop as a potential drug for treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Optimisation of a PC12 cell-based in vitro stroke model for screening neuroprotective agents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8096. [PMID: 33854099 PMCID: PMC8046774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes death and disability globally but no neuroprotectant is approved for post-stroke neuronal injury. Neuroprotective compounds can be identified using oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) of neuronal cells as an in vitro stroke model. Nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells are frequently used. However, investigators often find their clonal variant undifferentiable and are uncertain of optimal culture conditions. Hence we studied 3 commonly used PC12 variants: PC12 Adh, PC12 from Riken Cell Bank (PC12 Riken) and Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1) cells. We found DMEM the optimal media for PC12 Riken and NS-1 cells. Using a novel serum-free media approach, we identified collagen IV as the preferred adhesive substrate for both cell lines. We found PC12 Adh cells cannot attach without serum and is unable to differentiate using NGF. NS-1 cells differentiated to a maximal 72.7 ± 5.2% %, with substantial basal differentiation. We optimised differentiated NS-1 cells for an in vitro stroke model using 3 h of OGD resulting in ~ 70% viable cells. We screened 5 reported neuroprotectants and provide the first report that serotonin is antiapoptotic in a stroke model and the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) is neuroprotective in PC12 cells. Thus we demonstrate the optimisation and validation for a PC12 cell-based in vitro stroke model.
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Ma D, Ma Z, Kudo LC, Karsten SL. Automated Capillary-Based Vacuum Pulse-Assisted Instrument for Single-Cell Acquisition and Concurrent Detachment/Adhesion Assay, A-picK. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:519-531. [PMID: 33615859 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320987219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence points to the importance of cell adhesion molecules in cancer metastasis. Alterations in adhesion and attachment properties of neoplastic cells are important biomarkers of the metastatic potential of cancer. Loss of intracellular adhesion is correlated with more invasive phenotype by increasing the chances of malignant cells escaping from their site of origin, promoting metastasis. Therefore, there is great demand for rapid and accurate measurements of individual cell adhesion and attachment. Current technologies that measure adhesion properties in either suspension or bulk (microfluidics) remain very complex (e.g., atomic force microscopy [AFM], optical tweezers). Moreover, existing tools cannot provide measurements for fully attached individual adherent cells as they operate outside of such a force range. Even more importantly, none of the existing approaches permit concurrent and automated single-cell adhesion measurement and collection, which prohibits direct correlation between single-cell adhesion properties and molecular profile. Here, we report a fully automated and versatile platform, A-picK, that offers single-cell adhesion assay and isolation in parallel. We demonstrate the use of this approach for a time course analysis of human lung carcinoma A549 cells and substrate-specific adhesion potential using seven different substrates, including fibronectin, laminin, poly-l-lysine, carboxyl, amine, collagen, and gelatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ma
- NeuroInDx, Inc., Torrance, CA, USA
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9
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Neuroprotective roles of HAX-1 in ischemic neuronal injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113642. [PMID: 33600816 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell-specific protein 1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is a novel mitochondrial protein that regulates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. However, the roles of HAX-1 in ischemic neuronal injury have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, the expression and roles of HAX-1 after ischemic stress were investigated using in vivo and in vitro models. The effect of oxidative stress on the regulation of HAX-1 was examined using knockout mice lacking nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2), which is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after cerebral ischemia. Male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to transient forebrain ischemia induced by 22-min occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries, and striatum samples were analyzed. For in vitro ischemic experiments, oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line was utilized. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis revealed HAX-1 expression in neuronal mitochondria, which was significantly decreased after ischemia in vivo and in vitro. In NOX2 knockout mice, ischemia-induced decrease in HAX-1 expression and ischemic neuronal injury was significantly alleviated compared to those in wild-type mice. Inhibition of HAX-1 using small interfering RNA significantly increased injury in cultured cells after OGD. These findings suggest that HAX-1 has a neuroprotective effect against ischemic neuronal injury, and downregulation of HAX-1 by NOX2-produced ROS induces apoptosis after cerebral ischemia.
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Farkhondeh T, Ashrafizadeh M, Azimi-Nezhad M, Samini F, Aschner M, Samarghandian S. Curcumin Efficacy in a Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced Neuronal PC12 Injury Model. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 14:1146-1155. [PMID: 33538682 PMCID: PMC8329120 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210203211312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose/serum deprivation (GSD), has been used for understanding molecular mechanisms of neuronal damage during ischemia. It has been suggested that curcumin may improve neurodegenerative diseases. AIM In this study, the protective effects of curcumin and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in PC12 cells upon GSD-induced stress. METHODS PC12 cells were cultured in DMEM overnight and then incubated in GSD condition for either 6 or 12h. GSD-treated cells were pretreated with various concentrations of curcumin (10, 20, and 40 μM) for 5h. The cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, oxidative stress, expression of apoptosis-related genes, and IL-6 were determined. RESULTS Curcumin increased cell viability and caused an anti-apoptotic effect in PC12 cells exposed for 12h to GSD . Curcumin also increased antioxidant enzyme expression, suppressed lipid peroxidation, and decreased interleukin-6 secretion in PC12 cells subjected to GSD. In addition, pretreatment with curcumin down-regulated pro-apoptotic (Bax), and up-regulated antiapoptotic (Bcl2) mediators. CONCLUSION Curcumin mitigates many of the adverse effects of ischemia, and therefore, should be considered as an adjunct therapy in ischemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC),
Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand. Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical
Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla,
34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur
University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- UMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV “Interactions
Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie CardioVasculaire”,
Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Fariborz Samini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur
University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Singh A, Chow O, Jenkins S, Zhu L, Rose E, Astbury K, Chen R. Characterizing Ischaemic Tolerance in Rat Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells and Primary Rat Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 453:17-31. [PMID: 33246056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning tissue with sublethal ischaemia or hypoxia can confer tolerance (protection) against subsequent ischaemic challenge. In vitro ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is typically achieved through oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), whereas hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) involves oxygen deprivation (OD) alone. Here, we report the effects of preconditioning of OGD, OD or glucose deprivation (GD) in ischaemic tolerance models with PC12 cells and primary rat neurons. PC12 cells preconditioned (4 h) with GD or OGD, but not OD, prior to reperfusion (24 h) then ischaemic challenge (OGD 6 h), showed greater mitochondrial activity, reduced cytotoxicity and decreased apoptosis, compared to sham preconditioned PC12 cells. Furthermore, 4 h preconditioning with reduced glucose (0.565 g/L, reduced from 4.5 g/L) conferred protective effects, but not for higher concentrations (1.125 or 2.25 g/L). Preconditioning (4 h) with OGD, but not OD or GD, induced stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and upregulation of HIF1 downstream genes (Vegf, Glut1, Pfkfb3 and Ldha). In primary rat neurons, only OGD preconditioning (4 h) conferred neuroprotection. OGD preconditioning (4 h) induced stabilization of HIF1α and upregulation of HIF1 downstream genes (Vegf, Phd2 and Bnip3). In conclusion, OGD preconditioning (4 h) followed by 24 h reperfusion induced ischaemic tolerance (against OGD, 6 h) in both PC12 cells and primary rat neurons. The OGD preconditioning protection is associated with HIF1α stabilization and upregulation of HIF1 downstream gene expression. GD preconditioning (4 h) leads to protection in PC12 cells, but not in neurons. This GD preconditioning-induced protection was not associated with HIF1α stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Oliver Chow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Emily Rose
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Katherine Astbury
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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Wang H, Xu X, Yin Y, Yu S, Ren H, Xue Q, Xu X. Catalpol protects vascular structure and promotes angiogenesis in cerebral ischemic rats by targeting HIF-1α/VEGF. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153300. [PMID: 32866905 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial factor in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of cerebral ischemia is vascular dysfunction in the brain, and vascular remodeling of the brain is the key therapeutic target and strategy for ischemic tissue repair. Catalpol is the main active component of the radix of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, and it exhibits potential pleiotropic protective effects in many brain-related diseases, including stroke. PURPOSE The present study was designed to investigate whether catalpol protects vascular structure and promotes angiogenesis in cerebral ischemic rats and to identify its possible mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Cerebral ischemic rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation-exposed brain microvascular endothelial cells were used to study the therapeutic potential of catalpol in vivo and in vitro. METHODS First, neurological deficits, histopathological morphology, infarct volume, vascular morphology, vessel density, and angiogenesis in focal cerebral ischemic rats were observed to test the potential treatment effects of catalpol. Then, oxygen-glucose deprivation-exposed brain microvascular endothelial cells were used to mimic the pathological changes in vessels during ischemia to study the effects and possible mechanisms of catalpol in protecting vascular structure and promoting angiogenesis. RESULTS The in vivo results showed that catalpol reduced neurological deficit scores and infarct volume, protected vascular structure, and promoted angiogenesis in cerebral ischemic rats. The in vitro results showed that catalpol improved oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage and promoted proliferation, migration, and in vitro tube formation of brain microvascular endothelial cells. The HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α)/VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) pathway was activated by catalpol both in the brains of cerebral ischemic rats and in primary brain microvascular endothelial cells, and the activating effects of catalpol were inhibited by SU1498. CONCLUSION The results of both the in vivo and in vitro studies proved that catalpol protects vascular structure and promotes angiogenesis in focal cerebral ischemic rats and that the mechanism is dependent on HIF-1α/VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica - the Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica - the Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yue Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica - the Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shiqi Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica - the Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huijing Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica - the Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica - the Key Discipline Constructed by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China; Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Manouchehri N, Khodagholi F, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A. Mitochondrial Complex I Is an Essential Player in LPS-Induced Preconditioning in Differentiated PC12 Cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 18:1445-1455. [PMID: 32641953 PMCID: PMC6934967 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) as a protective strategy against noxious insults can decline cell death and apoptosis. It has been approved that mitochondria play a key role in PC mechanism. The critical role of complex I (CI) in oxidative phosphorylation machinery and intracellular ROS production, particularly in the brain, accentuates its possible role in PC-induced neuroprotection. Here, differentiated PC12 cells were preconditioned with ultra-low dose LPS (ULD, 3 μg/mL) prior to exposure to high concentration of LPS (HD, 750 μg/mL). Our results showed that HD LPS treatment reduces cell viability and CI activity, and intensifies expression of cleaved caspase 3 compared to the control group. Intriguingly, PC induction resulted in enhancement of cell viability and CI activity and reduction of caspase3 cleavage compared to HD LPS group. In order to explore the role of CI in PC, we combined the ULD LPS with rotenone, a CI inhibitor. Following rotenone administration, cell viability significantly reduced while caspase3 cleavage increased compared to PC induction group. Taken together, cell survival and reduction of apoptosis followed by PC can be at least partially attributed to the preservation of mitochondrial CI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Manouchehri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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PC12 Cell Line: Cell Types, Coating of Culture Vessels, Differentiation and Other Culture Conditions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040958. [PMID: 32295099 PMCID: PMC7227003 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The PC12 cell line is one of the most commonly used in neuroscience research, including studies on neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, neurosecretion, neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis. Two types of this line are available in the ATCC collection: traditional PC12 cells grown in suspension and well-attached adherent phenotype. PC12 cells grown in suspension tend to aggregate and adhere poorly to non-coated surfaces. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the surface of culture vessels. This paper aims to characterise the use of two distinct variants of PC12 cells as well as describe their differentiation and neuronal outgrowth with diverse NGF concentrations (rat or human origin) on various surfaces. In our study, we evaluated cell morphology, neurite length, density and outgrowth (measured spectrofluorimetrically), and expression of neuronal biomarkers (doublecortin and NeuN). We found that the collagen coating was the most versatile method of surface modification for both cell lines. For adherent cells, the coating was definitely less important, and the poly-d-lysine surface was as good as collagen. We also demonstrated that the concentration of NGF is of great importance for the degree of differentiation of cells. For suspension cells, we achieved the best neuronal characteristics (length and density of neurites) after 14 days of incubation with 100 ng/mL NGF (change every 48 h), while for adherent cells after 3-5 days, after which they began to proliferate. In the PC12 cell line, doublecortin (DCX) expression in the cytoplasm and NeuN in the cell nucleus were found. In turn, in the PC12 Adh line, DCX was not expressed, and NeuN expression was located in the entire cell (both in the nucleus and cytoplasm). Only the traditional PC12 line grown in suspension after differentiation with NGF should be used for neurobiological studies, especially until the role of the NeuN protein, whose expression has also been noted in the cytoplasm of adherent cells, is well understood.
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15
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Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Cerebral I/R-Induced Inflammation through DOR-BDNF/TrkB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3495836. [PMID: 32256638 PMCID: PMC7102411 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3495836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at Shuigou (GV26) and Neiguan (PC6) on poststroke rehabilitation are critically related to the activation of the delta-opioid receptor (DOR). The underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms in DOR activation and EA-mediated neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury were investigated in the current study. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by morphological changes, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and TUNEL staining. The mRNA levels were evaluated by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the protein expression was measured by western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in vitro. Infarct volume was examined by cresyl violet (CV) staining, neurologic recovery was assessed by neurological deficit scores, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined by immunofluorescence in vivo. DOR activation greatly ameliorated morphological injury, reduced LDH leakage and apoptosis, and increased cell viability. It reversed the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation- (OGD/R-) induced downregulation of DOR mRNA and protein, as well as BDNF protein. DOR activation also reduced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and at the same time, increased anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in OGD/R challenged PC12 cells. EA significantly reduced middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion- (MCAO/R-) induced infarct volume and attenuated neurologic deficit scores. It markedly increased the expression of IL-10 and decreased IL-1β, while sham EA did not have any protective effect in MCAO/R-injured rats. DOR activation plays an important role in neuroprotection against OGD/R injury by inhibiting inflammation via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B (BDNF/TrkB) pathway. The neuroprotective efficacy of EA at Shuigou (GV26) and Neiguan (PC6) on cerebral I/R injury may be also related to the inhibition of inflammatory response through the DOR-BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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16
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Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors induce autophagy and have a protective effect in an in-vitro ischaemia model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1597. [PMID: 32005890 PMCID: PMC6994562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared effects of five hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHD) inhibitors on PC12 cells and primary rat neurons following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). At 100 µM, the PHD inhibitors did not cause cytotoxicity and apoptosis. MTT activity was only significantly reduced by FG4592 or Bayer 85-3934 in PC12 cells. The PHD inhibitors at 100 µM significantly increased the LC3-II/LC3-I expression ratio and downregulated p62 in PC12 cells, so did FG4592 (30 µM) and DMOG (100 µM) in neurons. HIF-1α was stabilised in PC12 cells by all the PHD inhibitors at 100 µM except for DMOG, which stabilised HIF-1α at 1 and 2 mM. In primary neurons, HIF-1α was stabilised by FG4592 (30 µM) and DMOG (100 µM). Pretreatment with the PHD inhibitors 24 hours followed by 24 hour reoxygenation prior to 6 hours OGD (0.3% O2) significantly reduced LDH release and increased MTT activity compared to vehicle (1% DMSO) pretreatment. In conclusion, the PHD inhibitors stabilise HIF-1α in normoxia, induce autophagy, and protect cells from a subsequent OGD insult. The new class of PHD inhibitors (FG4592, FG2216, GSK1278863, Bay85-3934) have the higher potency than DMOG. The interplay between autophagy, HIF stabilisation and neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke merits further investigation.
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Li H, Kittur FS, Hung CY, Li PA, Ge X, Sane DC, Xie J. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Beneficial Effects of Low Glucose on Neuronal Cell Survival in an in vitro Ischemic Penumbral Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:272. [PMID: 33033473 PMCID: PMC7491318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding proteomic changes in the ischemic penumbra are crucial to rescue those salvageable cells and reduce the damage of an ischemic stroke. Since the penumbra region is dynamic with heterogeneous cells/tissues, tissue sampling from animal models of stroke for the molecular study is a challenge. In this study, cultured hippocampal HT22 cells under hypoxia treatment for 17.5 h with 0.69 mM low glucose (H+LG) could mimic ischemic penumbral cells since they had much higher cell viability and viable cell number compared to hypoxia without glucose (H-G) treatment. To validate established cell-based ischemic penumbral model and understand the beneficial effects of low glucose (LG), quantitative proteomics analysis was performed on H+LG, H-G, and normoxia with normal 22 mM glucose (N+G) treated cells. We identified 427 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between H-G and N+G and further identified 105 DAPs between H+LG and H-G. Analysis of 105 DAPs revealed that LG promotes cell survival by activating HIF1α to enhance glycolysis; preventing the dysregulations of extracellular matrix remodeling, cell cycle and division, and antioxidant and detoxification; as well as attenuating inflammatory reaction response, protein synthesis and neurotransmission activity. Our results demonstrated that this established cell-based system could mimic penumbral conditions and can be used for molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Farooqahmed S Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xinghong Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - David C Sane
- Carilion Clinic, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
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18
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Tayarani-Najaran Z, Yazdian-Robati R, Amini E, Salek F, Arasteh F, Emami SA. The mechanism of neuroprotective effect of Viola odorata against serum/glucose deprivation-induced PC12 cell death. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2019; 9:491-498. [PMID: 31763208 PMCID: PMC6823524 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2019.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of brain ischemia and other neurodegenerative disorders. Previous researches have shown the antioxidant activity of Viola odorata L. In this project, we studied neuro-protective and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities of methanol (MeOH) extract and other fractions isolated from V. odorata in PC12 cell line in serum/glucose deprivation (SGD) condition. Materials and Methods: The PC12 neuronal cells were pretreated for 6 hr with MeOH extract and fractions of V. odorata (1 to 25 μg/ml) followed by 24 hr incubation under SGD condition. Cell viability was measured by Alamar Blue® assay. The level of ROS was calculated using DCFH-DA. Also, Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio was analyzed by western blot assay. Results: SGD condition significantly decreased cells viability (p<0.001). Pretreatment with EtOAc (12.5 and 25 µg/ml), BuOH (12, 25, 50 µg/ml) and CH2Cl2 (1.5 µg/ml) fractions of V. odorata reduced SGD-induced cytotoxicity. MeOH extract could not increase the viability significantly. All four semi polar fractions (EtOAc, BuOH, CH2Cl2 and MeOH) decreased SGD-induced ROS production and changed Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Conclusion: V. odorata showed promising effects against SGD condition; further mechanistic and clinical studies are warranted before application of V. odorata as a neuro-protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Elaheh Amini
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Salek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Arasteh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Salem F, Bahrami F, Bahari Z, Jangravi Z, Najafizadeh-Sari S. Agonists of CB1 and NMDA receptors decrease the toxic effect of organophosphorus compound paraoxon on PC12 cells. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Prakash R, Izraely S, Thareja NS, Lee RH, Rappaport M, Kawaguchi R, Sagi-Assif O, Ben-Menachem S, Meshel T, Machnicki M, Ohe S, Hoon DS, Coppola G, Witz IP, Carmichael ST. Regeneration Enhances Metastasis: A Novel Role for Neurovascular Signaling in Promoting Melanoma Brain Metastasis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:297. [PMID: 31024232 PMCID: PMC6465799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural repair after stroke involves initiation of a cellular proliferative program in the form of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and molecular growth signals in the surrounding tissue elements. This cellular environment constitutes a niche in which regeneration of new blood vessels and new neurons leads to partial tissue repair after stroke. Cancer metastasis has similar proliferative cellular events in the brain and other organs. Do cancer and CNS tissue repair share similar cellular processes? In this study, we identify a novel role of the regenerative neurovascular niche induced by stroke in promoting brain melanoma metastasis through enhancing cellular interactions with surrounding niche components. Repair-mediated neurovascular signaling induces metastatic cells to express genes crucial to metastasis. Mimicking stroke-like conditions in vitro displays an enhancement of metastatic migration potential and allows for the determination of cell-specific signals produced by the regenerative neurovascular niche. Comparative analysis of both in vitro and in vivo expression profiles reveals a major contribution of endothelial cells in mediating melanoma metastasis. These results point to a previously undiscovered role of the regenerative neurovascular niche in shaping the tumor microenvironment and brain metastatic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Prakash
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sivan Izraely
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nikita S Thareja
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rex H Lee
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Rappaport
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Orit Sagi-Assif
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomit Ben-Menachem
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Machnicki
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shuichi Ohe
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Dave S Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Isaac P Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Mousavi SH, Bakhtiari E, Hosseini A, Jamialahmadi K. Protective effects of glucosamine and its acetylated derivative on serum/glucose deprivation-induced PC12 cells death: Role of reactive oxygen species. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:121-129. [PMID: 29606966 PMCID: PMC5842483 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.223794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding products with antiapoptotic activities has been one of the approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Serum/glucose deprivation (SGD) has been used as a model for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of neuronal ischemia. Recent studies indicated that glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) have many pharmacological effects including antioxidant activities. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GlcN and GlcNAc against SGD-induced PC12 cells injury. The PC12 cells were pretreated with GlcN and GlcNAc for 2 h, and then exposed to SGD for 6, 12 and 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by flow cytometry using 2',7'- dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a probe. SGD condition caused a significant reduction in cell survival after 6, 12, and 24 h (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with GlcN and GlcNAc (0.6-20 mM) increased cell viability following SGD insult. A significant increase in cell apoptosis was observed in cells under SGD condition after 12 h (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with GlcN and GlcNAc (5-20 mM) decreased apoptosis following SGD condition after 12 h. SGD resulted in a significant increase in intracellular ROS production after 12 h. Pretreatment with both amino sugars at concentrations of 10 to 20 mM could reverse the ROS increment. Results indicated that GlcN and GlcNAc had a cytoprotective property against SGD-induced cell death via anti-apoptosis and antioxidant activities, suggesting that these aminosugers have the potential to be used as novel therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran.,Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Elham Bakhtiari
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran.,Research Center for Patient Safety, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
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22
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Synergistic and Defensive Properties of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia bellerica Extracts Against Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced PC12 Cells Death. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Liu YJ, Wang DY, Yang YJ, Lei WF. Effects and mechanism of dexmedetomidine on neuronal cell injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17:117. [PMID: 28854873 PMCID: PMC5577810 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of dexmedetomidine (DMED) on hypoxia ischemia injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 and primary neuronal cells. METHODS PC12 cells exposed to OGD was used to establish ischemia model. The OGD-induced cell injury was evaluated by alterations of cell viability, apoptosis and expressions of apoptosis-associated proteins. Oxidative stress and expressions of neurotrophic factors after OGD and DMED treatments were also explored. The activation of possible involved signaling pathways were studied after OGD and DMED treatments, along with the addition of inhibitors of these pathways. Finally, the effects of DMED on primary neuronal cells were verified according to the alterations of inflammatory cytokines release and oxidative stress. RESULTS DMED obviously increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis as well as ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in OGD-treated PC12 cells. Then, the OGD-induced changes of LDH, MDA, SOD and GSH-Px as well as decreases of neurotrophic factors were all ameliorated by DMED treatment. Key kinases in Notch/NF-κB signaling pathway were up-regulated by OGD, whereas the up-regulations were decreased by DMED. In addition, inhibitor of Notch or NF-κB could augment the effects of DMED on OGD-induced cell injury. Finally, the protective effects of DMED were verified in primary neuronal cells. CONCLUSION DMED had protective effect on OGD-induced PC12 cell injury, depending on its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative activity and the inhibition of Notch/NF-κB activation. Our findings suggested that DMED could be used as a potential therapeutic drug for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013 China
| | - Duan-Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013 China
| | - Yong-Jian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013 China
| | - Wei-Fu Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
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Liu L, Huang W, Wang J, Song H, Cen J, Ji B. Anthraquinone derivative exerted hormetic effect on the apoptosis in oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced PC12 cells via ERK and Akt activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 262:1-11. [PMID: 27923643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There were accumulated evidences that agents may attenuate neurological disorders through a hormetic effect. This study was designed to investigate hormetic effect of BME on the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. The effect of BME on the intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) formation and pro-survival signals mediated by ERK and Akt as well as transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways was also determined. The present results showed that, at low concentrations, pretreatment with BME triggered stress response by causing ROS production, then, activated survival-promoting signals via ERK and Akt activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, resulting in decrease in cytotoxicity induced by the OGD. It may be accepted that mild pretreatment with BME stimulated transient and moderate ROS production, but activated hormetic signals and induced stress responsive genes. In contrast, high concentrations of BME displayed toxic action due to massive ROS production. These results suggested that the effect of BME on the OGD-induced PC12 cells may be hormetic mechanism including induction of oxidative stress and subsequent activation of stress response gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Song
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Cen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Biansheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, People's Republic of China.
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Liu L, Sun T, Xin F, Cui W, Guo J, Hu J. Nerve Growth Factor Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 52:12-18. [PMID: 27760741 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study whether autophagy participates in the neuroprotective effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on neurons treated with alcohol. METHODS The autophagy-related markers were used to explore the role of autophagy in PC12 cells exposed to alcohol or pre-incubated with NGF before initiating the treatment with alcohol (100 mM; 6 h). PC12 cells were pre-incubated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (10 mM; 1 h) or rapamycin (100 nM; 1 h) before co-incubated with alcohol (100 mM; 6 h) in order to investigate the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. PC12 cells were pre-incubated with LY294002 (50 μM; 30 min) before co-incubated with NGF and alcohol in order to analyze the protein expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via western blotting. RESULT By methylthiazoltetrazolium, western blotting and flow cytometry assays, we found that cell viability decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner after treatment with alcohol in PC12 cells. As cells were exposed to alcohol, the levels of LC3-II proteins became elevated, likewise, pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagic inhibitor) or rapamycin (an autophagic inducer) resulted in an increased or decreased percentage of apoptosis in contrast to other alcohol-treated groups, respectively. NGF markedly increased LC3-II production after treatment with alcohol in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, NGF remarkably attenuated the phosphorylation effect of alcohol exposure on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which was suppressed by LY294002 (Akt inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS NGF protects against alcohol-induced neurotoxicity via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. SHORT SUMMARY In this study, we chose the PC12 cell line as a neuronal model, and our results demonstrate that nerve growth factor can induce autophagy with the neuroprotective effect and regulatory mechanisms of alcohol-induced autophagy in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, PR China
| | - Feng Xin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, PR China
| | - Jianquan Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
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Liebelt F, Vertegaal ACO. Ubiquitin-dependent and independent roles of SUMO in proteostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C284-96. [PMID: 27335169 PMCID: PMC5129774 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00091.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular proteomes are continuously undergoing alterations as a result of new production of proteins, protein folding, and degradation of proteins. The proper equilibrium of these processes is known as proteostasis, implying that proteomes are in homeostasis. Stress conditions can affect proteostasis due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins as a result of overloading the degradation machinery. Proteostasis is affected in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple polyglutamine disorders including Huntington's disease. Owing to a lack of proteostasis, neuronal cells build up toxic protein aggregates in these diseases. Here, we review the role of the ubiquitin-like posttranslational modification SUMO in proteostasis. SUMO alone contributes to protein homeostasis by influencing protein signaling or solubility. However, the main contribution of SUMO to proteostasis is the ability to cooperate with, complement, and balance the ubiquitin-proteasome system at multiple levels. We discuss the identification of enzymes involved in the interplay between SUMO and ubiquitin, exploring the complexity of this crosstalk which regulates proteostasis. These enzymes include SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases and ubiquitin proteases counteracting these ligases. Additionally, we review the role of SUMO in brain-related diseases, where SUMO is primarily investigated because of its role during formation of aggregates, either independently or in cooperation with ubiquitin. Detailed understanding of the role of SUMO in these diseases could lead to novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Liebelt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Salvianolic Acid B Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2016; 39:1503-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The effects of NONRATT021972 lncRNA siRNA on PC12 neuronal injury mediated by P2X7 receptor after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:479-87. [PMID: 27100355 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) participates in signal transmission by acting on P2X receptors, and the P2X7 receptor is involved in the pathophysiological changes of ischemic injury. The PC12 cell line is a popular model system to study sympathetic neuronal function. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are highly expressed in the nervous system and serve as regulatory RNAs. In this study, the effects of NONRATT021972 lncRNA siRNA on P2X7-mediated PC12 neuronal injury after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were investigated. Our results showed that the viability of PC12 cells cultured with OGD or the P2X7 agonist BzATP was significantly decreased. Treatment with NONRATT021972 siRNA reversed the decreased viability of PC12 cells under OGD conditions. The upregulated P2X7 mRNA and protein levels in PC12 cells under OGD conditions or BzATP treatment were significantly decreased when pretreated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. Moreover, NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment effectively suppressed the increase in [Ca(2+)]i induced by OGD or P2X7 agonists (ATP or BzATP) in PC12 cells. Therefore, treatment with NONRATT021972 siRNA may decrease sympathetic neuronal injury induced by ischemia.
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YiQiFuMai Powder Injection Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5493279. [PMID: 27087890 PMCID: PMC4818822 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5493279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
YiQiFuMai (YQFM) powder injection as a modern preparation derived from Sheng Mai San, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, its neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanism in cerebral ischemia remain to be explored. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of YQFM on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion- (MCAO-) injured mice and the oxygen-glucose deprivation- (OGD-) induced pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The results showed that single administration of YQFM (1.342 g/kg, i.p.) could reduce the brain infarction and improve the neurological deficits and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) after MCAO for 24 h in mice. Moreover, incubation with YQFM (100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) could increase the cell viability, decrease the caspase-3 activity, and inhibit the cell apoptosis in OGD-induced PC12 cells for 12 h. In addition, YQFM treatment could significantly modulate cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expressions and inhibit the expressions of ER stress-related marker proteins and signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our findings provide the first evidence that YQFM ameliorates cerebral ischemic injury linked with modulating ER stress-related signaling pathways, which provided some new insights for its prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia diseases.
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He J, Wang C, Sun Y, Lu B, Cui J, Dong N, Zhang M, Liu Y, Yu B. Exendin-4 protects bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells against oxygen/glucose and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis through the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and the attenuation of ER stress. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:889-900. [PMID: 26935620 PMCID: PMC4790651 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exendin-4 (ex-4) is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist which exerts beneficial effects on glycemic control and promotes cell viability. In the present study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic effects of ex-4, as well as the potential mechanisms responsible for these effects in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) under conditions of oxygen, glucose and serum deprivation (OGD). The apoptosis of the MSCs was induced by subjecting the cells to OGD conditions for 4 h and was detected by Annexin V/PI and Hoechst 33258 staining. The MSCs were pre-conditioned with ex-4 for 12 h prior to being subjected to OGD conditions, and the expression levels of an apoptotic marker (cleaved caspase-3), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers [phosphorylated (p-)protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), PERK, binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)], as well as those of a survival marker (Bcl-2) were measured by western blot analysis. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of ATF-4 and CHOP were determined by RT-qPCR. ELISA was used to examine the activity of intracellular cAMP. Moreover, the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin9-39 (ex9-39), the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting rat ATF-4 and CHOP were co-incubated with the MSCs. The apoptotic rate was markedly diminished following pre-conditioning with ex-4 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The ER stress markers, p-PERK, BIP, ATF-4 and CHOP, were upregulated in the cells subjected to OGD conditions. Ex-4 pre-conditioning significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of ATF-4 and CHOP (P<0.05), and increased the activity of intracellular cAMP (P<0.05). Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic effects of ex-4 were almost reversed by treatment with either H89 or ex9-39 (P<0.05); transfection with siRNA-CHOP significantly reduced the apoptotic rate of the MSCs and did not impair the cytoprotective effects of ex-4. Taken together, these findings suggest that ex-4 protects rat BM-MSCs from OGD-induced apoptosis through the activation of the PKA/cAMP pathway and the attenuation of the ER stress signaling pathway. Ex-4 may thus prove to be a therapeutic agent with the potential to improve the viability of MSCs in the ischemic milieu, and consequently, to optimize the therapeutic effects of MSC therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong He
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jinjin Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Nana Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Maomao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Youbing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
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Mousavi SH, Naghizade B, Pourgonabadi S, Ghorbani A. Protective effect of Viola tricolor and Viola odorata extracts on serum/glucose deprivation-induced neurotoxicity: role of reactive oxygen species. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:434-41. [PMID: 27516984 PMCID: PMC4967839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies indicated that Viola tricolor and Viola odorata are rich sources of antioxidants. This study aimed to determine whether these plants protect neurons against serum/glucose deprivation (SGD)-induced cell death in an in vitro model of ischemia and neurodegeneration. METHODS AND MATERIAL The PC12 neuronal cells were pretreated for 4 hr with 1 to 50 µg/ml of V. odorata or V. tricolor hydroalcoholic extracts followed by 24 hr incubation under SGD condition. Cell viability was evaluated by 4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantitated by flow cytometry using 2',7'- dichlorofluorescin diacetate as a probe. RESULTS SGD condition led to significant decrease in cell viability (p<0.001). Pretreatment with both V. tricolor and V. odorata extracts reduced the SGD-induced cytotoxicity. SGD resulted in a significant increase in intracellular ROS production (p<0.001). Both extracts at concentrations of 25 and 50 µg/ml could reverse the increased ROS production (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Results of the present study showed that V. tricolor and V. odorata protect neuronal cells against SGD-induced cell death, at least in part, by their antioxidant activities. Further studies on the possible application of these plants in prevention or treatment of cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases seem to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behnaz Naghizade
- Payam Noor Shargh, Tehran University of Basic Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Pourgonabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: 00985138002261, Fax: 00985138828566, ghorbania @mums.ac.ir
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Vavilis T, Delivanoglou N, Aggelidou E, Stamoula E, Mellidis K, Kaidoglou A, Cheva A, Pourzitaki C, Chatzimeletiou K, Lazou A, Albani M, Kritis A. Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD) Modulates the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Inflicts Autophagy in a PC12 Hypoxia Cell Line Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:701-12. [PMID: 26239244 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygenation of tissue, imposing severe stress upon cells. It is a major feature of many pathological conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, perinatal asphyxia and can lead to cell death due to energy depletion and increased free radical generation. The present study investigates the effect of hypoxia on the unfolded protein response of the cell (UPR), utilizing a 16-h oxygen-glucose deprivation protocol (OGD) in a PC12 cell line model. Expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), key players of the UPR, was studied along with the expression of glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75), heat shock cognate 70 (HSC70), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, all with respect to the cell death mechanism(s). Cells subjected to OGD displayed upregulation of GRP78 and GRP94 and concurrent downregulation of GRP75. These findings were accompanied with minimal apoptotic cell death and induction of autophagy. The above observation warrants further investigation to elucidate whether autophagy acts as a pro-survival mechanism that upon severe and prolonged hypoxia acts as a concerted cell response leading to cell death. In our OGD model, hypoxia modulates UPR and induces autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofanis Vavilis
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Delivanoglou
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Aggelidou
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Stamoula
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Mellidis
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kaidoglou
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Anthropology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Cheva
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "G. Papanikolaou", Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chryssa Pourzitaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Chatzimeletiou
- Unit of Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Albani
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Kritis
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Bakhtiari E, Hosseini A, Mousavi SH. Protective effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa against serum/glucose deprivation-induced PC12 cells injury. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2015; 5:231-7. [PMID: 26101756 PMCID: PMC4469964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Findings natural products with antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties has been one of the interesting challenges in the search for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including ischemic stroke. Serum/glucose deprivation (SGD) has been used as a model for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuronal damage during ischemia in vitro and for the expansion of neuroprotective drugs against ischemia-induced brain injury. Recent studies showed that Hibiscus sabdariffa exert pharmacological actions such as potent antioxidant. Therefore, in this study we investigated the protective effect of extract of H. sabdariffa against SGD-induced PC12 cells injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were pretreated with different concentrations of H. sabdariffa extract (HSE) for 2 hr, and then exposed to SGD condition for 6, 12 and 18 hr. RESULTS SGD caused a major reduction in cell viability after 6, 12, and 18 hr as compared with control cells (p< 0.001). Pretreatment with HSE (30-500 𝜇g/mL) significantly increased cell viability following SGD insult for 6, 12 and 18 hr. A significant increase in cell apoptosis was seen in cells under SGD condition after 12hr as compared with control cells (p< 0.001). Pretreatment with HSE significantly decreased cell apoptosis subsequent SGD conditionafter12hr at concentration of 60, 125 and 250. CONCLUSION These data showed that HSE had a protective property under SGD condition in PC12 cells, suggesting that H. sabdariffa has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Bakhtiari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Neurocognitive Research center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Tel: 00985118002256, Fax: 00985118828566,
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Dmitriev RI, Papkovsky DB. In vitro ischemia decreases histone H4K16 acetylation in neural cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:138-44. [PMID: 25479088 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases are frequently used against ischemia-induced injury, but the specific mechanisms of their action are poorly understood. Here, we report that following a 5-7-h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) acetylation of histone H4 at residue K16 (H4K16Ac) decreases by 40-80% in both PC12 cells and primary neurons. This effect can be reverted by treatment with trichostatin A, or by supplementation with acetyl-CoA. A decrease in H4K16Ac levels can affect the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1) and Notch-pathway genes in a cell-specific manner. Thus, H4K16 acetylation is important for responses to ischemia and cell energy stress, and depends on both cytosolic and mitochondrial acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan I Dmitriev
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Zhang JH, Di Y, Wu LY, He YL, Zhao T, Huang X, Ding XF, Wu KW, Fan M, Zhu LL. 5-HMF prevents against oxidative injury via APE/Ref-1. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:86-94. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.981260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Anti-apoptotic Effect of Taxodione on Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced PC12 Cells Death. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1103-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lin HC, Narasimhan P, Liu SY, Chan PH, Lai IR. Postconditioning mitigates cell death following oxygen and glucose deprivation in PC12 cells and forebrain reperfusion injury in rats. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:140-8. [PMID: 25082329 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Postconditioning mitigates ischemia-induced cellular damage via a modified reperfusion procedure. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is an important pathophysiological change in reperfusion injury. This study explores the role of MPT modulation underlying hypoxic postconditioning (HPoC) in PC12 cells and studies the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) on rats. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was performed for 10 hr on PC12 cells. HPoC was induced by three cycles of 10-min reoxygenation/10-min rehypoxia after OGD. The MPT inhibitor N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporine (NIM811) and the MPT inducer carboxyatractyloside (CATR) were administered to selective groups before OGD. Cellular death was evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. JC-1 fluorescence signal was used to estimate the mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm ). Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) was induced via the two-vessel occlusion and hypotension method in male Sprague Dawley rats. IPoC was induced by three cycles of 10-sec reperfusion/10-sec reocclusion after index ischemia. HPoC and NIM811 administration attenuated cell death, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activity and maintained △Ψm of PC12 cells after OGD. The addition of CATR negated the protection conferred by HPoC. IPoC reduced neuronal degeneration and cytochrome c release and cleaved caspase-9 expression of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after tGCI. HPoC protected PC12 cells against OGD by modulating the MPT. IPoC attenuated degeneration of hippocampal neurons after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chen Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Castri P, Lee YJ, Ponzio T, Maric D, Spatz M, Bembry J, Hallenbeck J. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and its cleavage products differentially modulate cellular protection through NF-kappaB-dependent signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:640-51. [PMID: 24333653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and its cleavage products regulate cell viability and NF-kappaB activity when expressed in neurons. PARP-1 cleavage generates a 24 kDa (PARP-1(24)) and an 89 kDa fragment (PARP-1(89)). Compared to WT (PARP-1WT), the expression of an uncleavable PARP-1 (PARP-1(UNCL)) or of PARP-1(24) conferred protection from oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) or OGD/restoration of oxygen and glucose (ROG) damage in vitro, whereas expression of PARP-1(89) was cytotoxic. Viability experiments were performed in SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line, as well as in rat primary cortical neurons. Following OGD, the higher viability in the presence of PARP-1UNCL or PARP-1(24) was not accompanied with decreased formation of poly(ADP-riboses) or higher NAD levels. PARP-1 is a known cofactor for NF-kappaB, hence we investigated whether PARP-1 cleavage influences the inflammatory response. All PARP-1 constructs mimicked PARP-1WT in regard to induction of NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus and its increased activation during ischemic challenge. However, expression of PARP-1(89) construct induced significantly higher NF-kB activity than PARP-1WT; and the same was true for NF-kappaB-dependent iNOS promoter binding activity. At a protein level, PARP-1UNCL and PARP-1(24) decreased iNOS (and lower levels of iNOS transcript) and COX-2, and increased Bcl-xL The increased levels of NF-kB and iNOS transcriptional activities, seen with cytotoxic PARP-189, were accompanied by higher protein expression of COX-2 and iNOS (and higher levels of INOS transcript) and lower protein expression of Bcl-xL Taken together, these findings suggest that PARP-1 cleavage products may regulate cellular viability and inflammatory responses in opposing ways during in vitro models of "ischemia".
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Panaxatriol saponins attenuated oxygen-glucose deprivation injury in PC12 cells via activation of PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:978034. [PMID: 24955212 PMCID: PMC4037606 DOI: 10.1155/2014/978034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Panaxatriol saponins (PTS), the main components extracted from Panax notoginseng, have been shown to be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in China. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor regulating antioxidant and cytoprotective responses to oxidative stress, has received particular attention as a molecular target for pharmacological intervention of ischemic diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of PTS on the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway and the potential role in its protective effect. We found that PTS induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in PC12 cells via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase was involved in the upstream of this PTS activated pathway. Moreover, combination of the main components in PTS significantly enhanced the expression of Nrf2 mediated phase II enzymes. Importantly, the protective effect of PTS against oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD-Rep) induced cell death was significantly attenuated by PI3K inhibitor and antioxidant response element (ARE) decoy oligonucleotides, suggesting that both PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathway are essential during this protective process. Taken together, our results suggest that PTS may activate endogenous cytoprotective mechanism against OGD-Rep induced oxidative injury via the activation of PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Proteomic Identification of Nrf2-Mediated Phase II Enzymes Critical for Protection of Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction against Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Injury in PC12 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:945814. [PMID: 24949080 PMCID: PMC4037622 DOI: 10.1155/2014/945814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine formula Tao Hong Si Wu decoction (THSWD) is traditionally used in China for cerebrovascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of THSWD associated with the cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury are largely unknown. The current study applied the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics to investigate the different protein profiles in PC12 cells with and without the treatment of THSWD. Twenty-six proteins affected by THSWD were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Gene ontology analysis showed that those proteins participated in several important biological processes and exhibited diverse molecular functions. In particular, six of them were found to be phase II antioxidant enzymes, which were regulated by NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Quantitative PCR further confirmed a dose-dependent induction of the six phase II enzymes by THSWD at the transcription level. Moreover, the individual ingredients of THSWD were discovered to synergistically contribute to the induction of phase II enzymes. Importantly, THSWD's protection against oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD-Rep) induced cell death was significantly attenuated by antioxidant response element (ARE) decoy oligonucleotides, suggesting the protection of THSWD may be likely regulated at least in part by Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes. Thus, our data will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of THSWD.
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Doolaanea AA, Mansor N‘I, Mohd Nor NH, Mohamed F. Cellular uptake ofNigella sativaoil-PLGA microparticle by PC-12 cell line. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:600-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.898709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fan B, Liu S, Xu C, Liu J, Kong F, Li G, Zhang C, Gao Y, Xu H, Yu S, Zheng C, Peng L, Song M, Wu B, Lv Q, Zou L, Ying M, Zhang X, Liang S. The role of P2X7 receptor in PC12 cells after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:36-42. [PMID: 24746144 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in signal transmission via acting on P2X receptors. P2X7 receptor is involved in pathophysiological changes of ischemic diseases. The PC12 cell line is a popular model system to study sympathetic neuronal function. In this study, the effects of P2X7 on the viability or [Ca(2+)]i in PC12 cells after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were investigated. The results showed that the viability of PC12 cells was decreased under the condition of OGD. BzATP, a P2X7 agonist, decreased the viability, while P2X7 antagonist oxATP or P2X7 siRNA reversed the viability of PC12 cells under the condition of OGD. The expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in PC12 cells were up-regulated under the condition of OGD or BzATP treatment. The expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in OGD PC12 cells, which were pretreated with oxATP or P2X7 siRNA. It was also found that oxATP or P2X7 siRNA effectively suppressed the increase of [Ca(2+)]i induced by OGD. P2X7 agonist ATP or BzATP enhanced the [Ca(2+)]i rise induced by OGD in PC12 cells. The [Ca(2+)]i peak induced by ATP or BzATP in OGD group was decreased by ERK inhibitor U0126. Therefore, P2X7 antagonists or P2X7 siRNA could depress the sympathetic neuronal damage induced by ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Fanjun Kong
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lichao Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Mofeng Ying
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Jiang W, Chen L, Zhang XJ, Chen J, Li XC, Hou WS, Xiao N. Red photon treatment inhibits apoptosis via regulation of bcl-2 proteins and ROS levels, alleviating hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Neuroscience 2014; 268:66-74. [PMID: 24607343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) are scarce and inefficient. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that red photon plays an important role in anti-inflammatory processes as well as apoptosis, the main trait of HIBD. In this study, we investigated whether red photon can protect from HIBD in SD rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells. Apoptosis, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) rates were assessed in PC12 cells. We found that 6-h irradiation resulted in decreased MMP, ROS and apoptosis rates, although these changes were reversible with prolonged irradiation. Importantly, these effects were sustained for 2-8h upon quenching of the red photon. Similar trends were observed for protein and mRNA expression of bax and bcl-2, with short-term irradiation (6h) inhibiting apoptosis in PC12 Cells. However, long-term (>6h) irradiation caused cell damage. In vivo experiments, bax mRNA and protein levels were reduced after 7days in HIBD model rats treated with red photon, in contrast to bcl-2. Furthermore, we found that bax and bcl-2 were mainly expressed in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus CA1 and CA3. Importantly, Morris Water Maze test results revealed an improvement in learning ability and spatial memory in rats after irradiation. Overall, our data showed that short-term irradiation with red photon in the acute phase inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via regulation of bcl-2-related proteins and reduction of ROS levels, thereby decreasing apoptosis in nerve cells and improving the neurological prognosis of HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiang
- Rehabilitation Centers, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Children Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - L Chen
- Rehabilitation Centers, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Children Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Pediatrics, University-Town Hospital of Chong Qing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - X J Zhang
- Children Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - J Chen
- Children Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - X C Li
- Biological Engineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - W S Hou
- Biological Engineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - N Xiao
- Rehabilitation Centers, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Kikuchi K, Tancharoen S, Ito T, Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Miura N, Kawahara KI, Maruyama I, Murai Y, Tanaka E. Potential of the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) telmisartan, irbesartan, and candesartan for inhibiting the HMGB1/RAGE axis in prevention and acute treatment of stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18899-924. [PMID: 24065095 PMCID: PMC3794813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. The main cause of stroke is atherosclerosis, and the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis is hypertension. Therefore, antihypertensive treatments are recommended for the prevention of stroke. Three angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), telmisartan, irbesartan and candesartan, inhibit the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which is one of the pleiotropic effects of these drugs. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the ligand of RAGE, and has been recently identified as a lethal mediator of severe sepsis. HMGB1 is an intracellular protein, which acts as an inflammatory cytokine when released into the extracellular milieu. Extracellular HMGB1 causes multiple organ failure and contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and stroke. This is the first review of the literature evaluating the potential of three ARBs for the HMGB1-RAGE axis on stroke therapy, including prevention and acute treatment. This review covers clinical and experimental studies conducted between 1976 and 2013. We propose that ARBs, which inhibit the HMGB1/RAGE axis, may offer a novel option for prevention and acute treatment of stroke. However, additional clinical studies are necessary to verify the efficacy of ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoko Morimoto-Yamashita
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Naoki Miura
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ko-ichi Kawahara
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Department of Biomedical Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshinaka Murai
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-942-31-7542; Fax: +81-942-31-7695
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Protective Effect of Punica granatum L. against Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced PC12 Cells Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:716730. [PMID: 23935674 PMCID: PMC3723082 DOI: 10.1155/2013/716730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and development of natural products with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties have been one of the most interesting and promising approaches in the search for the treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases including ischemic stroke. Serum/glucose deprivation (SGD) has served as an excellent in vitro model for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuronal damage during ischemia and for the development of neuroprotective drugs against ischemia-induced brain injury. Recent studies suggested that pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) or its active constituents exert pharmacological actions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Therefore, in this study we investigated the possible protective effects of different extracts of pomegranate against SGD-induced PC12 cells injury. Initially, the cells were pretreated with different concentrations of pulp hydroalcoholic extract (PHE), pulp aqueous extract (PAE) and pomegranate juice (PJ) for 2 h and then deprived of serum/glucose (SGD) for 6 and 12 h. SGD caused a significant reduction in cell viability (measured by the MTT assay) after 6 and 12 h, as compared with control cells (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with PHE, PAE, and PJ significantly and concentration-dependently increased cell viability following SGD insult for 6 and 12 h. A significant increase in DNA damage (measured by the comet assay) was seen in nuclei of cells following SGD for 12 h (P < 0.001). In control groups, no significant difference was seen in DNA damage between PHE, PAE, and PJ-pretreated and vehicle-pretreated PC12 cells (P > 0.05). PHE, PAE, and PJ pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in DNA damage following ischemic insult (P < 0.001). This suppression of DNA damage by PHE, PAE and PJ was found to be concentration dependent. These data indicate that there is a cytoprotective property in PHE, PAE, and PJ under SGD condition in PC12 cells, suggesting that pomegranate has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Lee YJ, Hallenbeck JM. SUMO and ischemic tolerance. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:771-81. [PMID: 23775726 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hibernating squirrels slow blood flow to a crawl, but sustain no damage to brain or other tissues. This phenomenon provides an excellent model of natural tolerance to ischemia. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a 100-residue peptide that modifies other proteins by being attached to the epsilon amino group of specific lysine residues. The discovery of massive SUMOylation (by both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3) occurring in the brains of 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) during hibernation torpor had opened the door to the studies on SUMO and ischemic tolerance reviewed here. Ischemic stress was shown to increase the levels of SUMO conjugation, especially SUMO-2/3, mostly during reperfusion in animal models and during restoration of oxygen and glucose in cell culture systems. Over-expression or depletion of SUMOs and/or Ubc9 (the SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme) increases or decreases (respectively) the levels of SUMO conjugates. Elevated global SUMO conjugations were shown to cytoprotect from ischemic insults; conversely, depressed SUMOylation sensitized cells. Global protein conjugation not only by SUMOs, but also by other ubiquitin-like modifiers (ULMs) including NEDD8, ISG15, UFM1 and FUB1 was shown to be significantly increased in the brains of hibernating ground squirrels during torpor. These increases in multiple ULM conjugations may orchestrate the cellular events in hibernating ground squirrels that induce a state of natural tolerance through their multipronged effects. Certain miRNAs such as the miR-200 family and the miR-182 family were shown, at least partly, to control the levels of these ULM conjugations. Lowering the levels of these miRNAs leads to an increase in global SUMOylation/ULM conjugation, thereby providing the tolerance to ischemia. This suggests that these miRNAs may be good targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-ja Lee
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bldg10/Rm5B06, MSC 1401, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Hunsberger JG, Fessler EB, Chibane FL, Leng Y, Maric D, Elkahloun AG, Chuang DM. Mood stabilizer-regulated miRNAs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: identifying associations and functions. Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:450-464. [PMID: 23724168 PMCID: PMC3665918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying mechanisms to enhance neuroprotection holds tremendous promise in developing new treatments for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. We sought to determine the potential role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in neuroprotection following neuronal death. A neuronal culture system of rat cerebellar granule cells was used to examine miRNA expression changes following glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and neuroprotective treatments. Combination treatment with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid provided near-complete protection from glutamate excitotoxicity. Numerous miRNAs were detected by microarrays to be regulated by the combined lithium and valproic acid treatment, and the following candidates were confirmed using real-time PCR: miR-34a, miR-147b, miR-182, miR-222, miR-495, and miR-690. We then verified the apoptotic actions of miR-34a mimic in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) under basal conditions and following endoplasmic reticulum stress. To gain insight into the function of these mood stabilizer-regulated miRNAs, we performed two separate analyses: a candidate approach using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis that was restricted to only our PCR-verified miRNAs, and a global approach using DIANA-mirPath that included all significantly regulated miRNAs. It was observed that the pathways associated with mood stabilizer-regulated miRNAs in our study (global approach) are strongly associated with pathways implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. We also observed an overlap in the mood stabilizer-regulated miRNAs identified from our study along with dysregulated miRNAs in both neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. We anticipate that these associations and overlaps implicate critical pathways and miRNAs in disease mechanisms for novel therapeutic treatments that may hold potential for many neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hunsberger
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily B Fessler
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fairouz L Chibane
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Leng
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
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The Role of HSPA12B in Regulating Neuronal Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:311-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sharifi AM, Mousavi SH. Studying the effects of lead on DNA fragmentation and proapoptotic bax and antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein expression in PC12 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 18:75-9. [PMID: 20020893 DOI: 10.1080/15376510701665814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The nervous system is one of the most important targets of lead poisoning. Despite decades of study, the exact mechanism of lead toxicity has not been fully elucidated. One of the suggested mechanisms of lead toxicity is induction of apoptosis, which has not been shown yet in some neuronal cells such as pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). Therefore, the present study sought to examine the effect of lead poisoning on apoptosis in PC12 cells as a suitable model of neuronal cell study. The present results showed that lead could induce toxicity in PC12 cells after 24 hours with as little as 1 muM in a concentration-dependent manner. In Western blot analysis, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression in cells incubated with 3, 30, and 90 muM lead acetate significantly increased compared to controls. Additionally, a DNA laddering pattern in lead-treated cells was shown, which could indicate nuclear fragmentation. It might be concluded that lead could cause PC12 cell death, in which apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Sharifi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Formation of new vessels during development and in the mature mammal generally proceeds through angiogenesis. Although a variety of molecules and signaling pathways are known to underlie endothelial cell sprouting and remodeling during angiogenesis, many aspects of this complex process remain unexplained. Here we show that the transmembrane semaphorin6A (Sema6A) is expressed in endothelial cells, and regulates endothelial cell survival and growth by modulating the expression and signaling of VEGFR2, which is known to maintain endothelial cell viability by autocrine VEGFR signaling. The silencing of Sema6A in primary endothelial cells promotes cell death that is not rescued by exogenous VEGF-A or FGF2, attributable to the loss of prosurvival signaling from endogenous VEGF. Analyses of mouse tissues demonstrate that Sema6A is expressed in angiogenic and remodeling vessels. Mice with null mutations of Sema6A exhibit significant defects in hyaloid vessels complexity associated with increased endothelial cell death, and in retinal vessels development that is abnormally reduced. Adult Sema6A-null mice exhibit reduced tumor, matrigel, and choroidal angiogenesis compared with controls. Sema6A plays important roles in development of the nervous system. Here we show that it also regulates vascular development and adult angiogenesis.
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