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Goodman GW, Do TH, Tan C, Ritzel RM. Drivers of Chronic Pathology Following Ischemic Stroke: A Descriptive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:7. [PMID: 38112809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and long-term disability in the world. Considered largely a disease of aging, its global economic and healthcare burden is expected to rise as more people survive into advanced age. With recent advances in acute stroke management, including the expansion of time windows for treatment with intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, we are likely to see an increase in survival rates. It is therefore critically important to understand the complete pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, both in the acute and subacute stages and during the chronic phase in the months and years following an ischemic event. One of the most clinically relevant aspects of the chronic sequelae of stroke is its extended negative effect on cognition. Cognitive impairment may be related to the deterioration and dysfunctional reorganization of white matter seen at later timepoints after stroke, as well as ongoing progressive neurodegeneration. The vasculature of the brain also undergoes significant insult and remodeling following stroke, undergoing changes which may further contribute to chronic stroke pathology. While inflammation and the immune response are well established drivers of acute stroke pathology, the chronicity and functional role of innate and adaptive immune responses in the post-ischemic brain and in the peripheral environment remain largely uncharacterized. In this review, we summarize the current literature on post-stroke injury progression, its chronic pathological features, and the putative secondary injury mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. We present findings from clinical and experimental studies and discuss the long-term effects of ischemic stroke on both brain anatomy and functional outcome. Identifying mechanisms that occur months to years after injury could lead to treatment strategies in the chronic phase of stroke to help mitigate stroke-associated cognitive decline in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Goodman
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Trang H Do
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Hilal S, Cheung CY, Wong TY, Schmetterer L, Chen C. Retinal parameters, cortical cerebral microinfarcts, and their interaction with cognitive impairment. Int J Stroke 2023; 18:70-77. [PMID: 35450485 DOI: 10.1177/17474930221097737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative changes in retinal vessels and thinning of optic nerves have been associated with subclinical (atherosclerosis, inflammation) and clinical age-related brain pathologies (stroke and neurodegeneration). However, data on the association between both retinal vascular and neuronal parameters with cortical cerebral microinfarcts (CMIs) and how these factors jointly influence cognition are lacking. AIM We investigated the association of retinal vascular and neuronal changes with CMIs on 3 T MRI and explored their interaction with cognitive impairment in a memory-clinic population. METHODS A total of 538 participants were included. Retinal vascular parameters (caliber, tortuosity, and fractal dimension) were measured from retinal fundus photographs using a semi-automated computer-assisted program. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thicknesses were obtained from optical coherence tomography. Cortical CMIs were defined as hypointense on T1-weighted MRI, <5 mm in diameter and restricted to the cortex. Cognition was assessed using Clinical Dementia Rating Sum-of-Boxes (CDR-SoB) score and detailed neuropsychological test. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, diagnosis, white matter hyperintensities volume, lacunes, and cerebral microbleeds. RESULTS Larger venular caliber (Rate ratios (RR): 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38, p = 0.014), increased venular fractal dimension (RR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.31-1.91, p ⩽ 0.001), increased venular tortuosity (RR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.35-1.75, p ⩽ 0.001), and thinner GC-IPL (RR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.13-1.36, p ⩽ 0.001) were associated with CMI counts. Among individuals in highest tertile of retinal parameters, a significant interaction was observed between venular tortuosity (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.22, p-interaction = 0.014) and GC-IPL (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.11, p-interaction < 0.001) with CMIs on CDR-SoB. CONCLUSION Retinal vascular and neuronal parameters are associated with cortical CMIs, and persons with both pathologies are likely to have cognitive impairment. Further studies may be warranted to evaluate the clinical utility of retinal parameters and CMI in risk prediction for cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Wu L, Gong X, Wang W, Zhang L, Zhou J, Ming X, Yuan M, Huang W, Wang L. Association of retinal fractal dimension and vessel tortuosity with impaired renal function among healthy Chinese adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:925756. [PMID: 36117976 PMCID: PMC9479094 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.925756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis study investigated the association of retinal fractal dimension (FD) and blood vessel tortuosity (BVT) with renal function [assessed by estimated glomerular filtrate rate (eGFR)] in healthy Chinese adults using swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography (SS-OCTA).Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among ocular treatment–naïve healthy participants from Guangzhou, China. FD and BVT in the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus were measured by SS-OCTA with a 3 × 3 macula model. eGFR was calculated using the Xiangya equation, and impaired renal function (IRF) was defined as eGFR = 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Linear regression was performed to evaluate the relationships between SS-OCTA metrics and renal function.ResultsA total of 729 participants with a mean age of 57.6 ± 9.1 years were included in the final analysis. Compared to participants with normal renal function, those with IRF had lower FD both in the superficial capillary plexus (1.658 ± 0.029 vs. 1.666 ± 0.024, p = 0.001) and deep capillary plexus (1.741 ± 0.016 vs. 1.746 ± 0.016, p = 0.0003), while the deep BVT was larger in participants with IRF than those with normal renal function (1.007 ± 0.002 vs. 1.006 ± 0.002, p = 0.028). The superficial FD was linearly and positively associated with eGFR after adjusting for confounders (β = 0.2257; 95% CI 0.0829–0.3685; p = 0.002), while BVT was not associated with eGFR (all p ≥ 0.05).ConclusionThe patients with IRF had lower FD and larger BVT than those with normal renal function. The superficial FD decreased linearly with renal function deterioration. Our study suggests that the retinal microvasculature can represent a useful indicator of subclinical renal microvascular abnormalities and serve as a useful non-invasive assessment to predict and monitor the progression of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Wu
- The First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xia Gong
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Jiachen Zhou
- The First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xi Ming
- The First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyong Huang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenyong Huang,
| | - Lanhua Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Lanhua Wang,
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Takado Y, Takuwa H, Sampei K, Urushihata T, Takahashi M, Shimojo M, Uchida S, Nitta N, Shibata S, Nagashima K, Ochi Y, Ono M, Maeda J, Tomita Y, Sahara N, Near J, Aoki I, Shibata K, Higuchi M. MRS-measured glutamate versus GABA reflects excitatory versus inhibitory neural activities in awake mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:197-212. [PMID: 34515548 PMCID: PMC8721779 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211045449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess if magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-measured Glutamate (Glu) and GABA reflect excitatory and inhibitory neural activities, respectively, we conducted MRS measurements along with two-photon mesoscopic imaging of calcium signals in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of living, unanesthetized mice. For monitoring stimulus-driven activations of a brain region, MRS signals and mesoscopic neural activities were measured during two consecutive sessions of 15-min prolonged sensory stimulations. In the first session, putative excitatory neuronal activities were increased, while inhibitory neuronal activities remained at the baseline level. In the second half, while excitatory neuronal activities remained elevated, inhibitory neuronal activities were significantly enhanced. We assessed regional neurochemical statuses by measuring MRS signals, which were overall in accordance with the neural activities, and neuronal activities and neurochemical statuses in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome under resting condition. Mesoscopic assessments showed that activities of inhibitory neurons in the cortex were diminished relative to wild-type mice in contrast to spared activities of excitatory neurons. Consistent with these observations, the Dravet model exhibited lower concentrations of GABA than wild-type controls. Collectively, the current investigations demonstrate that MRS-measured Glu and GABA can reflect spontaneous and stimulated activities of neurons producing and releasing these neurotransmitters in an awake condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Yuhei Takado, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Hiroyuki Takuwa, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sampei
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoko Uchida
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagashima
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ochi
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Shibata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory for Human Cognition and Learning, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Makoto Higuchi, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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5
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Shimojo M, Ono M, Takuwa H, Mimura K, Nagai Y, Fujinaga M, Kikuchi T, Okada M, Seki C, Tokunaga M, Maeda J, Takado Y, Takahashi M, Minamihisamatsu T, Zhang M, Tomita Y, Suzuki N, Maximov A, Suhara T, Minamimoto T, Sahara N, Higuchi M. A genetically targeted reporter for PET imaging of deep neuronal circuits in mammalian brains. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107757. [PMID: 34636430 PMCID: PMC8591537 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) allows biomolecular tracking but PET monitoring of brain networks has been hampered by a lack of suitable reporters. Here, we take advantage of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, ecDHFR, and its unique antagonist, TMP, to facilitate in vivo imaging in the brain. Peripheral administration of radiofluorinated and fluorescent TMP analogs enabled PET and intravital microscopy, respectively, of neuronal ecDHFR expression in mice. This technique can be used to the visualize neuronal circuit activity elicited by chemogenetic manipulation in the mouse hippocampus. Notably, ecDHFR-PET allows mapping of neuronal projections in non-human primate brains, demonstrating the applicability of ecDHFR-based tracking technologies for network monitoring. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of TMP analogs for PET studies of turnover and self-assembly of proteins tagged with ecDHFR mutants. These results establish opportunities for a broad spectrum of previously unattainable PET analyses of mammalian brain circuits at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Maki Okada
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Takeharu Minamihisamatsu
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Ming‐Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of NeurologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of NeurologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Anton Maximov
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain ImagingNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
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6
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Arrigo A, Aragona E, Bordato A, Amato A, Borghesan F, Bandello F, Battaglia Parodi M. Morphological and Functional Relationship Between OCTA and FA/ICGA Quantitative Features in AMD-Related Macular Neovascularization. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:758668. [PMID: 34746193 PMCID: PMC8564015 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.758668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim was to study the relationship between quantitative information provided by optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) and conventional angiography in macular neovascularization (MNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: The research was designed as an interventional, prospective study. We included 66 eyes (66 patients) affected by naïve MNV. Multimodal imaging included structural OCT, OCTA, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). The follow-up lasted 1 year. Patients were treated by PRN anti-VEGF injections. Based on FA/ICGA examinations, we divided the patients into two categories: low vessel tortuosity (VT) (<8.40) and high VT (>8.40), correlating VT with the MNV area, leakage area, speckled fluorescence (SF) quadrants and MNV area/leakage area ratio. Results: Mean baseline BCVA was 0.50 ± 0.61 LogMAR, improved to 0.31 ± 0.29 LogMAR after 1 year (p < 0.01), with a mean number of 7 ± 2 anti-VEGF injections. The patients revealed type-1 MNV in 36 eyes (55%), mixed type 1 and 2 MNV in 18 eyes (27%), and type-2 MNV in 12 eyes (18%). MNV eyes in high-VT MNV featured poorer BCVA, CMT, and OCTA parameters, higher SF quadrants, and less exudation, compared with low-VT MNV (p < 0.01). Moreover, 30% of high-VT MNV eyes developed outer retinal atrophy. Conclusions: Low VT MNV turned out to be more exudative at the baseline but less damaging to the outer retinal structures, whereas high VT MNV proved to be less exudative but more prone to lead to atrophic changes and visual function deterioration. VT may be usefully applied to artificial intelligence-based models designed to characterize MNV secondary to AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Instititute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Instititute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bordato
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Instititute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Instititute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Borghesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Instititute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Instititute, Milan, Italy
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7
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Kubota M, Kimura Y, Shimojo M, Takado Y, Duarte JMN, Takuwa H, Seki C, Shimada H, Shinotoh H, Takahata K, Kitamura S, Moriguchi S, Tagai K, Obata T, Nakahara J, Tomita Y, Tokunaga M, Maeda J, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Ichise M, Suhara T, Higuchi M. Dynamic alterations in the central glutamatergic status following food and glucose intake: in vivo multimodal assessments in humans and animal models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2928-2943. [PMID: 34039039 PMCID: PMC8545038 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211004150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations of neuronal activities in the brain may underlie relatively slow components of neurofunctional alterations, which can be modulated by food intake and related systemic metabolic statuses. Glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a major role in the regulation of excitatory tones in the central nervous system, although just how dietary elements contribute to the tuning of this system remains elusive. Here, we provide the first demonstration by bimodal positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) that metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) ligand binding and glutamate levels in human brains are dynamically altered in a manner dependent on food intake and consequent changes in plasma glucose levels. The brain-wide modulations of central mGluR5 ligand binding and glutamate levels and profound neuronal activations following systemic glucose administration were further proven by PET, MRS, and intravital two-photon microscopy, respectively, in living rodents. The present findings consistently support the notion that food-associated glucose intake is mechanistically linked to glutamatergic tones in the brain, which are translationally accessible in vivo by bimodal PET and MRS measurements in both clinical and non-clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joao MN Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimada
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shinotoh
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kitamura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Sho Moriguchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tomita Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Ichise
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Kortuem C, Dietter J, Bozkurt Y, Kortuem FC, Abaza A, Wahl S, Ivanov IV, Ueffing M, Voykov B. Vessel Evaluation in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma, Normal Tension Glaucoma and Healthy Controls. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:4269-4280. [PMID: 34707346 PMCID: PMC8544789 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s320505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare changes in central retinal arterial equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), arteriovenous ratio (AVR), tortuosity and fractal dimension in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and in a control group (CG) on fundus photographs. Further, to provide further evidence of vascular change in glaucoma patients using a novel method of tortuosity. Patients and Methods The primary endpoint was the change in CRAE, CRVE, AVR, fractal dimension and tortuosity of the retinal vasculature from baseline, retrospectively analyzed from 2011 to 2017 at the University Eye Hospital Tuebingen. Fundus photos of POAG (N = 49), NTG (N = 38) and CG (N = 18) were computer evaluated and analyzed in the quantities mentioned above. Results CRAE in NTG and POAG and CRVE in NTG significantly decreased (P = 0.02, P = 0.01; P = 0.03) whereas CRVE in POAG increased insignificantly (P = 0.72). In NTG, AVR decreased significantly (P = 0.05), but to a lesser extent than in POAG (P < 0.001). In CG, CRAE decreased insignificantly (P = 0.10), CRVE decreased significantly (P = 0.03) and AVR increased insignificantly (P = 0.77). In POAG tortuosity calculated using standard methods as well as our novel method, increased significantly (P = 0.015-0.04), whereas it did not occur in NTG (P = 0.18-0.57) and CG (P = 0.11-0.21). Fractal dimensions in POAG decreased significantly (P = 0.001-0.002), whereas in NTG and CG changes were insignificant (P = 0.33-0.92). Conclusion Based on a retrospective analysis of fundus photographs, specific retinal vasculature features of the retinal vasculature display significant alterations associated with NTG and POAG. The assessment of tortuosity using our novel method was consistent with previously established methods for analyzing tortuosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kortuem
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Dietter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yagmur Bozkurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Annegret Abaza
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Iliya V Ivanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bogomil Voykov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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9
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QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY PARAMETER VARIATIONS AFTER TREATMENT OF MACULAR NEOVASCULARIZATION SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2021; 41:1463-1469. [PMID: 33315820 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Macular neovascularization (MNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration can be characterized by quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography. The aim of the study was to assess the evolution of quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography parameters after 1 year of antivascular endothelial growth factor injections. METHODS Naive age-related macular degeneration-related MNV eyes were prospectively recruited to analyze optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography parameters, including MNV vessel tortuosity (VT) and reflectivity, at baseline and at the end of the follow-up. Macular neovascularization eyes were categorized by a MNV VT cutoff, and quantitative parameter variations were documented after 1 year of treatment. We divided MNV eyes into Group 1 (MNV VT < 8.40) and Group 2 (MNV VT > 8.40). RESULTS Thrity naive age-related macular degeneration-related MNV eyes (30 patients) were included. Our cohort included 18 Type 1 MNV and 12 Type 2 MNV lesions. Baseline central macular thickness (411 ± 85 µm) improved to 323 ± 54 µm at 1 year (P < 0.01). Only Group 1 MNV displayed significant visual improvement. Macular neovascularization VT values remained stable over the follow-up in both subgroups. Group 2 MNV eyes showed increased MNV reflectivity and increased MNV area at the end of the follow-up. Quantitative retinal capillary plexa parameters were found to be worse in Group 2 MNV. Outer retinal atrophy occurred in 2 of the 18 eyes in MNV Group 1 (11%) and in 6 of the 12 eyes in MNV Group 2 (50%) after 1 year. Vessel density proved to be always worse in Group 2 than in Group 1. CONCLUSION Macular neovascularization VT provides information on the blood flow and identifies two subgroups with different final anatomical and visual outcomes, regardless of the treatment effect.
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), including stroke, is a leading cause of death globally. The retina is an extension of the cerebrum, sharing embryological and vascular pathways. The association between different retinal signs and CeVD has been extensively evaluated. In this review, we summarize recent studies which have examined this association. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched 6 databases through July 2019 for studies evaluating the link between retinal vascular signs and diseases with CeVD. CeVD was classified into 2 groups: clinical CeVD (including clinical stroke, silent cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and stroke mortality), and sub-clinical CeVD (including MRI-defined lacunar infarct and white matter lesions [WMLs]). Retinal vascular signs were classified into 3 groups: classic hypertensive retinopathy (including retinal microaneurysms, retinal microhemorrhage, focal/generalized arteriolar narrowing, cotton-wool spots, and arteriovenous nicking), clinical retinal diseases (including diabetic retinopathy [DR], age-related macular degeneration [AMD], retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion [RAO], and retinal emboli), and retinal vascular imaging measures (including retinal vessel diameter and geometry). We also examined emerging retinal vascular imaging measures and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning (DL) techniques. RESULTS Hypertensive retinopathy signs were consistently associated with clinical CeVD and subclinical CeVD subtypes including subclinical cerebral large artery infarction, lacunar infarction, and WMLs. Some clinical retinal diseases such as DR, retinal arterial and venous occlusion, and transient monocular vision loss are consistently associated with clinical CeVD. There is an increased risk of recurrent stroke immediately after RAO. Less consistent associations are seen with AMD. Retinal vascular imaging using computer assisted, semi-automated software to measure retinal vascular caliber and other parameters (tortuosity, fractal dimension, and branching angle) has shown strong associations to clinical and subclinical CeVD. Other new retinal vascular imaging techniques (dynamic retinal vessel analysis, adaptive optics, and optical coherence tomography angiography) are emerging technologies in this field. Application of AI-DL is expected to detect subclinical retinal changes and discrete retinal features in predicting systemic conditions including CeVD. CONCLUSIONS There is extensive and increasing evidence that a range of retinal vascular signs and disease are closely linked to CeVD, including subclinical and clinical CeVD. New technology including AI-DL will allow further translation to clinical utilization.
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11
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Parodi MB, Arrigo A, Bandello F. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Quantitative Assessment of Macular Neovascularization in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:61. [PMID: 32602906 PMCID: PMC7415901 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe quantitative characteristics of macular neovascularization (MNV) in vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) patients by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods The study design was a prospective case series. All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic assessment, optical coherence tomography, and OCTA. The quantitative OCTA parameters examined included vessel tortuosity and vessel dispersion of the MNV. The primary outcome was OCTA characterization of MNV in VMD. Secondary outcomes included the evolution of MNV over the follow-up. Results A total of 78 eyes were recruited for the study. MNV was identified in 50 eyes (64%) at baseline and in 51 eyes (65%) at the end of the follow-up (mean follow-up, 24.7 ± 9.7 months). MNV was detected in four out of the 30 eyes classified as stages 2 and 3 (13%), showing exudative manifestations and undergoing ranibizumab treatment, leading to clinical stabilization. OCTA detected MNV in 46 out of 48 eyes (96%) classified as stages 4 and 5, showing no evidence of exudative manifestation. All of the non-exudative MNVs were merely observed over the follow-up and received no treatment. At the end of the follow-up, 47 out of 48 eyes displayed MNV (98%). Non-exudative MNVs remained stable over the follow-up. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing vessel tortuosity and vessel dispersion in the two MNV subforms. Conclusions VMD is characterized by two MNV subforms. Exudative MNV is rare and may develop in the early stages of the disease, in association with bleeding and fluid formation. Non-exudative MNV develops very commonly in the advanced stage of VMD, without any exudative manifestation.
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12
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Time Series Tracking of Cerebral Microvascular Adaptation to Hypoxia and Hyperoxia Imaged with Repeated In Vivo Two-Photon Microscopy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:323-327. [PMID: 33966237 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes methodological aspects of image analysis for angiographic image data with long-term two-photon microscopy acquired for the investigation of dynamic changes in the three-dimensional (3D) network structure of the capillaries (less than 8 μm in diameter) in the mouse cerebral cortex. Volume images of the identical capillaries over different periods of days up to 32 days were compared for adaptation under either chronic hypoxia (8-9% O2) or hyperoxia (40-50% O2). We observed that the median diameters of measured capillaries were 5.8, 8.4, 9.0, and 8.4 μm at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks during exposure to hypoxia, respectively (N = 1, n = 2193 pairs at day 0), and 5.4, 5.7, 5.4, 6.0, and 6.1 μm measured weekly up to 32 days under hyperoxia (N = 1, n = 1025 pairs at day 0). In accordance with these changes in capillary diameters, tissue space was also observed to change in a depth-dependent manner under hypoxia, but not hyperoxia. The present methods provide us with a method to quantitatively determine three-dimensional vascular and tissue morphology with the aid of a computer-assisted graphical user interface, which facilitates morphometric analysis of the cerebral microvasculature and its correlation with the adaptation of brain cells imaged simultaneously with the microvasculature.
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13
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Watanabe N, Noda Y, Nemoto T, Iimura K, Shimizu T, Hotta H. Cerebral artery dilation during transient ischemia is impaired by amyloid β deposition around the cerebral artery in Alzheimer's disease model mice. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:57. [PMID: 33302862 PMCID: PMC10718030 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transient ischemia is an exacerbation factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to examine the influence of amyloid β (Aβ) deposition around the cerebral (pial) artery in terms of diameter changes in the cerebral artery during transient ischemia in AD model mice (APPNL-G-F) under urethane anesthesia. Cerebral vasculature and Aβ deposition were examined using two-photon microscopy. Cerebral ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery. The diameter of the pial artery was quantitatively measured. In wild-type mice, the diameter of arteries increased during occlusion and returned to their basal diameter after re-opening. In AD model mice, the artery response during occlusion differed depending on Aβ deposition sites. Arterial diameter changes at non-Aβ deposition site were similar to those in wild-type mice, whereas they were significantly smaller at Aβ deposition site. The results suggest that cerebral artery changes during ischemia are impaired by Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Animal Facility, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Taeko Nemoto
- Animal Facility, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaori Iimura
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Aging Stress Response Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Harumi Hotta
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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14
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Chua J, Hu Q, Ke M, Tan B, Hong J, Yao X, Hilal S, Venketasubramanian N, Garhöfer G, Cheung CY, Wong TY, Chen CLH, Schmetterer L. Retinal microvasculature dysfunction is associated with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:161. [PMID: 33276820 PMCID: PMC7718666 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The retina and brain share many neuronal and vasculature characteristics. We investigated the retinal microvasculature in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 24 AD participants, 37 MCI participants, and 29 controls were diagnosed according to internationally accepted criteria. OCTA images of the superficial and deep capillary plexus (SCP, DCP) of the retinal microvasculature were obtained using a commercial OCTA system (Zeiss Cirrus HD-5000 with AngioPlex, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). The main outcome measures were vessel density (VD) and fractal dimension (FD) in the SCP and DCP within a 2.5-mm ring around the fovea which were compared between groups. Perfusion density of large vessels and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area were additional outcome parameters. Results Age, gender, and race did not differ among groups. However, there was a significant difference in diabetes status (P = 0.039) and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.008) among the groups. After adjusting for confounders, AD participants showed significantly decreased VD in SCP and DCP (P = 0.006 and P = 0.015, respectively) and decreased FD in SCP (P = 0.006), compared to controls. MCI participants showed significantly decreased VD and FD only in SCP (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively) and not the DCP (P > 0.05) compared with controls. There was no difference in the OCTA variables between AD and MCI (P > 0.05). Perfusion density of large vessels and FAZ area did not differ significantly between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions and relevance Eyes of patients with AD have significantly reduced macular VD in both plexuses whereas MCI participants only showed reduction in the superficial plexus. Changes in the retinal microvasculature and capillary network may offer a valuable insight on the brain in AD. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-020-00724-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Qinglan Hu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Mengyuan Ke
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Bingyao Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Sha Tin, Singapore.,Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Hong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Xinwen Yao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Sha Tin, Singapore.,Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore.,Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Sha Tin, Singapore. .,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Sha Tin, Singapore. .,Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Sha Tin, Singapore. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Tagai K, Ono M, Kubota M, Kitamura S, Takahata K, Seki C, Takado Y, Shinotoh H, Sano Y, Yamamoto Y, Matsuoka K, Takuwa H, Shimojo M, Takahashi M, Kawamura K, Kikuchi T, Okada M, Akiyama H, Suzuki H, Onaya M, Takeda T, Arai K, Arai N, Araki N, Saito Y, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Mishra SK, Yamaguchi Y, Kimura Y, Ichise M, Tomita Y, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Shigeta M, Sahara N, Higuchi M, Shimada H. High-Contrast In Vivo Imaging of Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer's and Non-Alzheimer's Disease Tauopathies. Neuron 2020; 109:42-58.e8. [PMID: 33125873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A panel of radiochemicals has enabled in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) of tau pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD), although sensitive detection of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) tau inclusions has been unsuccessful. Here, we generated an imaging probe, PM-PBB3, for capturing diverse tau deposits. In vitro assays demonstrated the reactivity of this compound with tau pathologies in AD and FTLD. We could also utilize PM-PBB3 for optical/PET imaging of a living murine tauopathy model. A subsequent clinical PET study revealed increased binding of 18F-PM-PBB3 in diseased patients, reflecting cortical-dominant AD and subcortical-dominant progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) tau topologies. Notably, the in vivo reactivity of 18F-PM-PBB3 with FTLD tau inclusion was strongly supported by neuropathological examinations of brains derived from Pick's disease, PSP, and corticobasal degeneration patients who underwent PET scans. Finally, visual inspection of 18F-PM-PBB3-PET images was indicated to facilitate individually based identification of diverse clinical phenotypes of FTLD on a neuropathological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tagai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Kubota
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kitamura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Shinotoh
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Neurology Clinic Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sano
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yamamoto
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Maki Okada
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hisaomi Suzuki
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan; National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Mitsumoto Onaya
- National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba 260-8712, Japan
| | - Kimihito Arai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba 260-8712, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Araki
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba 260-8712, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- National Center of Neurology and Pathology Brain Bank, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sushil K Mishra
- Glycoscience Group, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Ichise
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | | | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Shimada
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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16
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Nagai Y, Miyakawa N, Takuwa H, Hori Y, Oyama K, Ji B, Takahashi M, Huang XP, Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Xiong Y, Urushihata T, Hirabayashi T, Fujimoto A, Mimura K, English JG, Liu J, Inoue KI, Kumata K, Seki C, Ono M, Shimojo M, Zhang MR, Tomita Y, Nakahara J, Suhara T, Takada M, Higuchi M, Jin J, Roth BL, Minamimoto T. Deschloroclozapine, a potent and selective chemogenetic actuator enables rapid neuronal and behavioral modulations in mice and monkeys. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1157-1167. [PMID: 32632286 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chemogenetic technology designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) afford remotely reversible control of cellular signaling, neuronal activity and behavior. Although the combination of muscarinic-based DREADDs with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) has been widely used, sluggish kinetics, metabolic liabilities and potential off-target effects of CNO represent areas for improvement. Here, we provide a new high-affinity and selective agonist deschloroclozapine (DCZ) for muscarinic-based DREADDs. Positron emission tomography revealed that DCZ selectively bound to and occupied DREADDs in both mice and monkeys. Systemic delivery of low doses of DCZ (1 or 3 μg per kg) enhanced neuronal activity via hM3Dq within minutes in mice and monkeys. Intramuscular injections of DCZ (100 μg per kg) reversibly induced spatial working memory deficits in monkeys expressing hM4Di in the prefrontal cortex. DCZ represents a potent, selective, metabolically stable and fast-acting DREADD agonist with utility in both mice and nonhuman primates for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohisa Miyakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Justin G English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Arrigo A, Aragona E, Di Nunzio C, Bandello F, Parodi MB. Quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters in Type 1 Macular Neovascularization Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:48. [PMID: 32934898 PMCID: PMC7463176 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to study type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) features by means of advanced postprocessing analyses. Methods We recruited patients affected by naïve type 1 MNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and age-matched controls. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination and multimodal imaging. They were treated with pro-re-nata anti-VEGF injections. The ensuing follow-up lasted 24 months. Quantitative OCT and OCTA parameters were statistically analyzed to obtain cutoff values able to distinguish two clinically different patient subgroups. Main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness, vessel density of superficial, deep and choriocapillaris plexa, vessel tortuosity (VT) of MNV, vessel dispersion of MNV, number of injections, blooding, pigment epithelium detachment, subretinal fluid, photoreceptor elongation, subretinal fibrosis, and outer retinal atrophy. Results Ninety-one eyes (91 patients; 49 men; mean age 78 ± 7 years) and 91 control eyes were included. Mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA was 0.46 ± 0.56 at baseline, increasing up to 0.29 ± 0.30 after 2 years of treatment (P < 0.01). The mean number of intravitreal injections was 7.1 ± 2.0 during the first year and 4.5 ± 1.4 during the second year. A baseline VT cutoff of 8.40 detected two patients’ subgroups differing significantly in terms of BCVA improvement after 2 years of treatment. Conclusions OCTA-based classification of type 1 MNV, performed at baseline, provided useful information in terms of the functional outcome achievable after 24 months of anti-VEGF treatment. Translational Relevance Quantitative OCTA-based classification of type 1 MNV, performed at baseline, provided useful information in terms of the functional outcome achievable after 24 months of anti-VEGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Nunzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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18
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Nadal J, Deverdun J, Champfleur NM, Carriere I, Creuzot‐Garcher C, Delcourt C, Chiquet C, Kawasaki R, Villain M, Ritchie K, Le Bars E, Daien V. Retinal vascular fractal dimension and cerebral blood flow, a pilot study. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e63-e71. [PMID: 31545560 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular and brain microcirculation share embryological and histological similarities. The retinal vascular fractal dimension (FD) is a marker of retinal vascular complexity of the vascular tree. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between cerebral blood flow (CBF), retinal vascular FD and other retinal vascular markers. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis comprising 26 individuals ≥65 years old from the Cognitive REServe and Clinical ENDOphenotype (CRESCENDO) cohort of relative healthy older adults. Retinal vascular FD was measured from fundus photographs by using the semi-automated Singapore Eye Vessel Assessment (SIVA) software. CBF was estimated using a 2D pulsed ASL MRI sequence. Associations between blood flow and retinal parameters were analysed using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Cerebral blood flow was positively associated with venular FD (R2 = 0.32, p = 0.03). This association was stronger in the anterior versus posterior brain territories (R2 = 0.35 [p = 0.001] versus R2 = 0.16 [p = 0.07], respectively). Global CBF was correlated with arteriolar branching angle (R2 = 0.23, p = 0.01) and tortuosity (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.02). Global CBF was not correlated with other SIVA parameters. CONCLUSIONS Retinal venular complexity summarized by the FD was associated with cerebral blood flow as well as retinal arteriolar tortuosity and branching angle. Larger prospective clinical studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nadal
- Department of Ophthalmology Nîmes University Hospital Nîmes Cedex 9 France
- I2FH Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine Montpellier University Hospital Center Gui de Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
| | - Jeremy Deverdun
- I2FH Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine Montpellier University Hospital Center Gui de Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
| | - Nicolas Menjot Champfleur
- I2FH Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine Montpellier University Hospital Center Gui de Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
- Department of Neuroradiology Montpellier University Hospital Center Gui de Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb University of Montpellier Montpellier France
- Department of Medical Imaging Caremeau University Hospital Center Nimes France
| | - Isabelle Carriere
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research INSERM Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Catherine Creuzot‐Garcher
- Department of Ophthalmology Dijon University Hospital Dijon France
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group CSGA UMR 1324 INRA 6265 CNRS Burgundy University Dijon France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center Team LEHA Inserm UMR 1219 Univ. Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Christophe Chiquet
- Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble France
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Grenoble France
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Yamagata University Yamagata Japan
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Max Villain
- Department of Ophthalmology Gui De Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research INSERM Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Emmanuelle Le Bars
- I2FH Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine Montpellier University Hospital Center Gui de Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
- Department of Neuroradiology Montpellier University Hospital Center Gui de Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Daien
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research INSERM Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
- Department of Ophthalmology Gui De Chauliac Hospital Montpellier France
- The Save Sight Institute Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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19
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Zhang X, Xiao H, Liu C, Liu S, Zhao L, Wang R, Wang J, Wang T, Zhu Y, Chen C, Wu X, Lin D, Qiu W, Yu-Wai-Man P, Lu Z, Lin H. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Reveals Distinct Retinal Structural and Microvascular Abnormalities in Cerebrovascular Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:588515. [PMID: 33132836 PMCID: PMC7561709 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.588515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) is one of the leading global causes of death and severe disability. To date, retinal microangiopathy has become a reflection of cerebral microangiopathy, mirroring the vascular pathological modifications in vivo. To evaluate the retinal structure and microvasculature in patients with CeVD, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and Department of Neurology of Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). CeVD patients (n = 121; 238 eyes) and healthy controls (n = 44; 57 eyes) were included in the analysis. The CeVD group showed significant thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in the temporal and nasal quadrants, and thinning of the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) in the inferior quadrant, while macular microvasculature reduction was prominent in all nine quadrants. There were significant correlations between OCTA parameters, visual acuity, and transcranial doppler parameters in the CeVD group. The specific structural parameters combining microvasculature indices showed the best diagnostic accuracies (AUC = 0.918) to discriminate CeVD group from healthy controls. To conclude, we proved that OCTA reveals specific patterns of retinal structural changes and extensive macular microvascular changes in CeVD. Additionally, these retinal abnormalities could prove useful disease biomarkers in the management of individuals at high risk of debilitating complications from a cerebrovascular event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Psychological and Neurological Diseases Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Psychological and Neurological Diseases Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Chuan Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duoru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Psychological and Neurological Diseases Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Psychological and Neurological Diseases Research Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haotian Lin,
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20
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Association between Coronary Artery Measurements and Retinal Microvasculature in Children with New Onset of Kawasaki Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16714. [PMID: 31723195 PMCID: PMC6853953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
About a quarter of children with new onset of Kawasaki disease (KD) encounter coronary arterial involvement. While KD is known to cause vasculitis of medium-sized vessels, few studies have been done to study the involvement of the microcirculation. We aimed to investigate the association between coronary arterial dilatation and retinal microvasculature in a pilot setting, in order to further study the pathophysiological mechanism of KD from the perspective of small vessels changes. We performed a cross-sectional, observational, hospital-based study on 11 children aged 2 years and above with new-onset KD. Cardiac imaging technicians performed the echocardiographic examinations and recorded right coronary artery (RCA), left coronary artery (LCA) and left anterior descending artery (LAD). Qualified retinal graders reviewed and graded standardised retinal photographs to assess retinal microvascular parameters. Among 11 participants, there were 7 boys and 4 girls. Median and interquartile range of participants’ age were 5.92 (3.08) years. After adjusting for age and sex, each unit increase in LAD (mm) was significantly associated with increment of retinal arteriolar tortuosity (4.25 × 10−5 units, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.19, 7.32). Retinal arteriolar geometric changes were associated with LAD dilatation in 11 children with new onset of KD. Our pilot provided proof-of-concept that retinal imaging might be useful for detecting coronary arterial involvement in young children with KD and it needs further investigation.
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21
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Rivaroxaban Promotes Reduction of Embolus Size within Cerebrocortical Microvessels in a Mouse Model of Embolic Stroke. Keio J Med 2019; 68:45-53. [PMID: 30504650 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2018-0010-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested that direct oral anticoagulants exert a prothrombolytic effect against intracardiac thrombi. We hypothesized that these anticoagulants may also help recanalize occluded intracranial arteries via prothrombolytic effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of rivaroxaban, a direct oral anticoagulant, on fibrin emboli within the cerebrocortical microvessels in a mouse model of embolic stroke. Fibrin emboli prepared ex vivo were injected into the common carotid artery of male C57BL/6 mice, and embolization in the microvessels on the brain surface was observed through a cranial window. Oral administration of rivaroxaban was initiated a week before injection of the emboli. The number and sizes of the emboli were measured at two time points: immediately after and 3 h after the embolus injection in the rivaroxaban-treated mice (n =6) and untreated mice (n =7). The rates of recanalization and change in the embolus size were analyzed between the two groups. Complete recanalization was observed only in the rivaroxaban group (three mice in the rivaroxaban group compared with none in the control group). A significantly higher rate of reduction of the embolus size was observed in the rivaroxaban group than in the control group (P=0.0216). No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the serum levels of the following coagulation markers: thrombin-antithrombin III complexes, D-dimers, or plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex. Our findings indicate that rivaroxaban may promote reduction in the size of stagnated fibrin emboli in cerebrocortical microvessels in cases of embolic stroke.
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22
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Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Osada T, Masamoto K, Kawaguchi H, Izawa Y, Itoh Y, Kanno I, Suzuki N, Nakahara J. Spatiotemporal dynamics of red blood cells in capillaries in layer I of the cerebral cortex and changes in arterial diameter during cortical spreading depression and response to hypercapnia in anesthetized mice. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12552. [PMID: 31050358 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Control of red blood cell velocity in capillaries is essential to meet local neuronal metabolic requirements, although changes of capillary diameter are limited. To further understand the microcirculatory response during cortical spreading depression, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of red blood cell velocity in intraparenchymal capillaries. METHODS In urethane-anesthetized Tie2-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, the velocity of fluorescence-labeled red blood cells flowing in capillaries in layer I of the cerebral cortex was automatically measured with our Matlab domain software (KEIO-IS2) in sequential images obtained with a high-speed camera laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscope system. RESULTS Cortical spreading depression repeatedly increased the red blood cell velocity prior to arterial constriction/dilation. During the first cortical spreading depression, red blood cell velocity significantly decreased, and sluggishly moving or retrograde-moving red blood cells were observed, concomitantly with marked arterial constriction. The velocity subsequently returned to around the basal level, while oligemia after cortical spreading depression with slight vasoconstriction remained. After several passages of cortical spreading depression, hypercapnia-induced increase of red blood cell velocity, regional cerebral blood flow and arterial diameter were all significantly reduced, and the correlations among them became extremely weak. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with our previous findings, these simultaneous measurements of red blood cell velocity in multiple capillaries, arterial diameter and regional cerebral blood flow support the idea that red blood cell flow might be altered independently, at least in part, from arterial regulation, that neuro-capillary coupling plays a role in rapidly meeting local neural demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Tomita Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Tomita Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Haruki Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Osada
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Koletar MM, Dorr A, Brown ME, McLaurin J, Stefanovic B. Refinement of a chronic cranial window implant in the rat for longitudinal in vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy of neurovascular function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5499. [PMID: 30940849 PMCID: PMC6445076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal studies using two–photon fluorescence microscopy (TPFM) are critical for facilitating cellular scale imaging of brain morphology and function. Studies have been conducted in the mouse due to their relatively higher transparency and long term patency of a chronic cranial window. Increasing availability of transgenic rat models, and the range of established behavioural paradigms, necessitates development of a chronic preparation for the rat. However, surgical craniotomies in the rat present challenges due to craniotomy closure by wound healing and diminished image quality due to inflammation, restricting most rat TPFM experiments to acute preparations. Long-term patency is enabled by employing sterile surgical technique, minimization of trauma with precise tissue handling during surgery, judicious selection of the size and placement of the craniotomy, diligent monitoring of animal physiology and support throughout the surgery, and modification of the home cage for long-term preservation of cranial implants. Immunohistochemical analysis employing the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) showed activation and recruitment of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages directly inferior to the cranial window at one week after surgery, with more diffuse response in deeper cortical layers at two weeks, and amelioration around four weeks post craniotomy. TPFM was conducted up to 14 weeks post craniotomy, reaching cortical depths of 400 µm to 600 µm at most time-points. The rate of signal decay with increasing depth and maximum cortical depth attained had greater variation between individual rats at a single time-point than within a rat across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Koletar
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mary E Brown
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
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24
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Gandhi R, Tsoumpas C. Preclinical Imaging Biomarkers for Postischaemic Neurovascular Remodelling. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:3128529. [PMID: 30863220 PMCID: PMC6378027 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of understanding the pathological alterations that underlie ischaemic injuries, such as vascular remodelling and reorganisation, there is a need for recognising the capabilities and limitations of in vivo imaging techniques. Thus, this review presents contemporary published research of imaging modalities that have been implemented to study postischaemic neurovascular changes in small animals. A comparison of the technical aspects of the various imaging tools is included to set the framework for identifying the most appropriate methods to observe postischaemic neurovascular remodelling. A systematic search of the PubMed® and Elsevier's Scopus databases identified studies that were conducted between 2008 and 2018 to explore postischaemic neurovascular remodelling in small animal models. Thirty-five relevant in vivo imaging studies are included, of which most made use of magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography, whilst various optical modalities were also utilised. Notably, there is an increasing trend of using multimodal imaging to exploit the most beneficial properties of each imaging technique to elucidate different aspects of neurovascular remodelling. Nevertheless, there is still scope for further utilising noninvasive imaging tools such as contrast agents or radiotracers, which will have the ability to monitor neurovascular changes particularly during restorative therapy. This will facilitate more successful utility of the clinical imaging techniques in the interpretation of neurovascular reorganisation over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, West Yorkshire, UK
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Liu T, Rajadhyaksha M, Dickensheets DL. MEMS-in-the-lens architecture for a miniature high-NA laser scanning microscope. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:59. [PMID: 31263558 PMCID: PMC6592906 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser scanning microscopes can be miniaturized for in vivo imaging by substituting optical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices in place of larger components. The emergence of multifunctional active optical devices can support further miniaturization beyond direct component replacement because those active devices enable diffraction-limited performance using simpler optical system designs. In this paper, we propose a catadioptric microscope objective lens that features an integrated MEMS device for performing biaxial scanning, axial focus adjustment, and control of spherical aberration. The MEMS-in-the-lens architecture incorporates a reflective MEMS scanner between a low-numerical-aperture back lens group and an aplanatic hyperhemisphere front refractive element to support high-numerical-aperture imaging. We implemented this new optical system using a recently developed hybrid polymer/silicon MEMS three-dimensional scan mirror that features an annular aperture that allows it to be coaxially aligned within the objective lens without the need for a beam splitter. The optical performance of the active catadioptric system is simulated and imaging of hard targets and human cheek cells is demonstrated with a confocal microscope that is based on the new objective lens design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10022 USA
| | - David L. Dickensheets
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
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Chuangsuwanich T, Moothanchery M, Tsz Chung Yan A, Schmetterer L, Girard MJA, Pramanik M. Photoacoustic imaging of lamina cribrosa microcapillaries in porcine eyes. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:4865-4871. [PMID: 30118104 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.004865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the embedded nature of the lamina cribrosa (LC) microcapillary network, conventional imaging techniques have failed to obtain the high-resolution images needed to assess the perfusion state of the LC. In this study, both optical resolution (OR) and acoustic resolution (AR) photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) techniques were used to obtain static and dynamic information about LC perfusion in ex vivo porcine eyes. The OR-PAM system could resolve a perfused LC microcapillary network with a lateral resolution of 4.2 μm and also provided good depth information (33 μm axial resolution) to visualize through-thickness vascular variations. The AR-PAM system was capable of detecting time-dependent perfusion variations. This study represents the first step towards using an emerging imaging modality (PAM) to study the LC's perfusion, which could be a basis for further investigation of the hemodynamic aspects of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Wang CH, Lin TL, Muo CH, Lin CH, Huang YC, Fu RH, Shyu WC, Liu SP. Increase of Meningitis Risk in Stroke Patients in Taiwan. Front Neurol 2018; 9:116. [PMID: 29551991 PMCID: PMC5841157 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The blood–brain barrier (BBB) not only provides a physical obstruction but also recruits and activates neutrophils in cases of infection. Hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke reportedly induces the disruption of the BBB. However, few studies have reported a correlation between the incidence of meningitis in patients with a history of stroke. This study tested the hypothesis that patients with a history of stroke may be more vulnerable to meningitis. Methods Stroke and age-matched comparison (n = 29,436 and 87,951, respectively) cohorts were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database (2000–2011). Correlations between the two cohorts were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard regression model, Kaplan–Meier curve, and log-rank tests. Results The incidence of meningitis was higher in the stroke cohort compared to that in the comparison cohort [hazard ratio (HR), 2.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.23–3.74, p < 0.001]. After adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, the estimated HR in the stroke cohort was 2.55-fold higher than that in the comparison cohort (CI, 1.94–3.37; p < 0.001). Notably, patients who had experienced hemorrhagic stroke had a higher incidence rate of meningitis than those with a history of ischemic stroke, except for patients older than 75 years (incidence rates in hemorrhagic/ischemic stroke patients, 3.14/1.48 in patients younger than 45 years, 1.52/0.41 in 45- to 64-year group, 1.15/0.90 in 65- to 74-year group, 0.74/0.93 in patients older than 75 years). Moreover, stroke patients who had undergone head surgery had the highest meningitis risk (adjusted HR, 8.66; 95% CI, 5.55–13.5; p < 0.001) followed by stroke patients who had not undergone head surgery (adjusted HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.57–2.82; p < 0.001). Conclusion Our results indicated that stroke patients have higher risks of meningitis. Compromised BBB integrity in stroke patients may lead to increased vulnerability to infectious pathogens. In summary, our study provided new evidence of the clinical relationship between stroke and meningitis, and our findings suggest the need for precautions to prevent meningitis in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie-Hong Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Li Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Muo
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Huan Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Huei Fu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Translational Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Social Work, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tsukada N, Katsumata M, Oki K, Minami K, Abe T, Takahashi S, Itoh Y, Suzuki N. Diameter of fluorescent microspheres determines their distribution throughout the cortical watershed area in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1679:109-115. [PMID: 29203170 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A hemodynamic mechanism has long been assumed to play an important role in watershed infarction. In recent years, however, clinical evidence has indicated that an embolic mechanism is involved. The mechanism by which emboli are trapped preferentially in watershed areas remains unclear. In the present study, we developed a mouse embolus model using fluorescent microspheres with different diameters and evaluated the role of the microspheres' diameters in the generation of a watershed-patterned distribution. We injected fluorescent microspheres of four different diameters (i.e., 13, 24, 40, and 69 μm) into the internal carotid artery of C57BL/6 mice either (1) without ligation of the common carotid artery (normal perfusion pressure model: NPPM) or (2) with ligation of the common carotid artery (low perfusion pressure model: LPPM). Left common carotid artery ligation induced reductions in local cerebral blood flow in both the periphery and the core area of the left middle cerebral artery. A greater reduction in the border-zone area between the left anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery was also noted. After 24 h, the brains were removed and the distribution of the microspheres in the brain was evaluated using a fluorescence microscope. The 24-μm microspheres were distributed in the watershed area more frequently than the other microsphere sizes (P < .05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's test). Meanwhile, the distribution rates were similar between the NPPM and LPPM models for all microsphere sizes. This study suggested that the distribution pattern of the microspheres was only affected by the microspheres' diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tsukada
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsumata
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Oki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Minami
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sahara N, Shimojo M, Ono M, Takuwa H, Febo M, Higuchi M, Suhara T. In Vivo Tau Imaging for a Diagnostic Platform of Tauopathy Using the rTg4510 Mouse Line. Front Neurol 2017; 8:663. [PMID: 29375461 PMCID: PMC5770623 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of tau deposition with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tau-positive neurological disorders collectively referred to as tauopathies indicates contribution of tau aggregates to neurotoxicity. The discovery of tau gene mutations in FTDP-17-tau kindreds has provided unequivocal evidence that tau abnormalities alone can induce neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, visualization of tau accumulation would offer a reliable, objective index to aid in the diagnosis of tauopathy and to assess the disease progression. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tau lesions is currently available using several tau PET ligands. Because most tau PET ligands have the property of an extrinsic fluorescent dye, these ligands are considered to be useful for both PET and fluorescence imaging. In addition, small-animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is available for both structural and functional imaging. Using these advanced imaging techniques, in vivo studies on a mouse model of tauopathy will provide significant insight into the translational research of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the utilities of PET, MRI, and fluorescence imaging for evaluating the disease progression of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
While stroke research represents the primary interface between circulation and brain research, the hemostasis system also carries a pivotal role in the mechanism of vascular brain injury. The complex interrelated events triggered by the energy crisis have a specific spatial and temporal pattern arching from the initial damage to the final events of brain repair. The complexity of the pathophysiology make it difficult to model this disease, therefore it is challenging to find appropriate therapeutic targets. The ever-persistent antagonism between the positive results of drug candidates in the experimental stroke models and the failures of the clinical trials prompts changes in the research strategy, especially in the field of potential neuroprotective therapies. System biology approach could initiate new directions in the future for both preclinical and clinical research. Incentive methods aimed at anti-apoptosis mechanisms and the augmentation of post-ischemic brain repair could benefit the facts, that these processes can be targeted much longer following the cell-necrosis in the hyper-acute phase. Sequential monitoring of candidate genes and proteins responsible for stroke progression and post-stroke repair seems to be useful both in therapeutic target-identification, and in clinical testing. Understanding the mechanism behind the effect of selegiline and other drugs capable of activating the anti-apoptotic gene expression could help to find new approaches to enhance the regenerative potential in the remodeling of neuronal and microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Department Section of Vascular Neurology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Városmajor Street 68, 1122, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Amerikai Street 57, 1145, Hungary.
| | - S Nardai
- Department Section of Vascular Neurology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Városmajor Street 68, 1122, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Amerikai Street 57, 1145, Hungary
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31
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Ito H, Takuwa H, Tajima Y, Kawaguchi H, Urushihata T, Taniguchi J, Ikoma Y, Seki C, Ibaraki M, Masamoto K, Kanno I. Changes in effective diffusivity for oxygen during neural activation and deactivation estimated from capillary diameter measured by two-photon laser microscope. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:325-330. [PMID: 27344668 PMCID: PMC10718004 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The relation between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) can be expressed using the effective diffusivity for oxygen in the capillary bed (D) as OEF = 1 - exp(-D/CBF). The D value is proportional to the microvessel blood volume. In this study, changes in D during neural activation and deactivation were estimated from changes in capillary and arteriole diameter measured by two-photon microscopy in awake mice. Capillary and arteriole vessel diameter in the somatosensory cortex and cerebellum were measured under neural activation (sensory stimulation) and neural deactivation [crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD)], respectively. Percentage changes in D during sensory stimulation and CCD were 10.3 ± 7.3 and -17.5 ± 5.3 % for capillary diameter of <6 μm, respectively. These values were closest to the percentage changes in D calculated from previously reported human positron emission tomography data. This may indicate that thinner capillaries might play the greatest role in oxygen transport from blood to brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ito
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Junko Taniguchi
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanobu Ibaraki
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Akita Research Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Center for Frontier Science and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Masamoto K, Toriumi H, Osada T, Kanno I, Suzuki N. Dynamic diameter response of intraparenchymal penetrating arteries during cortical spreading depression and elimination of vasoreactivity to hypercapnia in anesthetized mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:657-670. [PMID: 26935936 PMCID: PMC5381456 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16636396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) induces marked hyperemia with a transient decrease of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), followed by sustained oligemia. To further understand the microcirculatory mechanisms associated with CSD, we examined the temporal changes of diameter of intraparenchymal penetrating arteries during CSD. In urethane-anesthetized mice, the diameter of single penetrating arteries at three depths was measured using two-photon microscopy during passage of repeated CSD, with continuous recordings of direct current potential and rCBF. The first CSD elicited marked constriction superimposed on the upstrokes of profound dilation throughout each depth of the penetrating artery, and the vasoreaction temporally corresponded to the change of rCBF. Second or later CSD elicited marked dilation with little or no constriction phase throughout each depth, and the vasodilation also temporally corresponded to the increase of rCBF. Furthermore, the peak dilation showed good negative correlations with basal diameter and increase of rCBF. Vasodilation induced by 5% CO2 inhalation was significantly suppressed after CSD passage at any depth as well as hyperperfusion. These results may indicate that CSD-induced rCBF changes mainly reflect the diametric changes of the intraparenchymal arteries, despite the elimination of responsiveness to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruki Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Osada
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheung CYL, Ikram MK, Chen C, Wong TY. Imaging retina to study dementia and stroke. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 57:89-107. [PMID: 28057562 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With increase in life expectancy, the number of persons suffering from common age-related brain diseases, including neurodegenerative (e.g., dementia) and cerebrovascular (e.g., stroke) disease is expected to rise substantially. As current neuro-imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging may not be able to detect subtle subclinical changes (resolution <100-500 μm) in dementia and stroke, there is an urgent need for other complementary techniques to probe the pathophysiology of these diseases. The retina - due to its anatomical, embryological and physiological similarities with the brain - offers a unique and accessible "window" to study correlates and consequences of subclinical pathology in the brain. Retinal components such as the microvasculature and retinal ganglion cell axons can now be visualized non-invasively using different retinal imaging techniques e.g., ocular fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Advances in retinal imaging may provide new and potentially important insights into cerebrovascular neurodegenerative processes in addition to what is currently possible with neuro-imaging. In this review, we present an overview of the current literature on the application of retinal imaging in the study of dementia and stroke. We discuss clinical implications of these studies, novel state-of-the-art retinal imaging techniques and future directions aimed at evaluating whether retinal imaging can be an additional investigation tool in the study of dementia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Yim-Lui Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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34
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McGrory S, Cameron JR, Pellegrini E, Warren C, Doubal FN, Deary IJ, Dhillon B, Wardlaw JM, Trucco E, MacGillivray TJ. The application of retinal fundus camera imaging in dementia: A systematic review. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 6:91-107. [PMID: 28229127 PMCID: PMC5312461 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The ease of imaging the retinal vasculature, and the evolving evidence suggesting this microvascular bed might reflect the cerebral microvasculature, presents an opportunity to investigate cerebrovascular disease and the contribution of microvascular disease to dementia with fundus camera imaging. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess the measurement of retinal properties in dementia using fundus imaging. Results Ten studies assessing retinal properties in dementia were included. Quantitative measurement revealed significant yet inconsistent pathologic changes in vessel caliber, tortuosity, and fractal dimension. Retinopathy was more prevalent in dementia. No association of age-related macular degeneration with dementia was reported. Discussion Inconsistent findings across studies provide tentative support for the application of fundus camera imaging as a means of identifying changes associated with dementia. The potential of fundus image analysis in differentiating between dementia subtypes should be investigated using larger well-characterized samples. Future work should focus on refining and standardizing methods and measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGrory
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James R Cameron
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Enrico Pellegrini
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Warren
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fergus N Doubal
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE Project and Computer Vision and Image Processing Group School of Science and Engineering (Computing), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J MacGillivray
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; VAMPIRE Project and Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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35
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Nishino A, Takuwa H, Urushihata T, Ito H, Ikoma Y, Matsuura T. Vasodilation Mechanism of Cerebral Microvessels Induced by Neural Activation under High Baseline Cerebral Blood Flow Level Results from Hypercapnia in Awake Mice. Microcirculation 2016; 22:744-52. [PMID: 26454149 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of the baseline CBF level at resting state on neurovascular coupling. METHODS Diameters of arterioles, capillaries, and venulas in awake mouse brain were measured by a two-photon microscope. Vasodilation in each of the cerebral vessels was caused by three experimental conditions: (1) sensory stimulation, (2) 5% CO2 inhalation (hypercapnia), (3) simultaneous exposure to sensory stimulation and 5% CO2 inhalation. CBF and CBV were also measured by a microscope and a CCD camera. RESULTS Increases in CBF and CBV were observed under all experimental conditions. After the increases in CBF and CBV due to hypercapnia, additional increases in CBF and CBV occurred during sensory stimulation. Diameter changes in arterioles were significantly larger than those in capillaries and venulas under both sensory stimulation and 5% CO2 inhalation. Additional vasodilation from sensory stimulation was observed under hypercapnia. The diameter change in each vessel type during sensory stimulation was maintained under simultaneous exposure to sensory stimulation and hypercapnia. CONCLUSIONS The diameter change of cerebral vessels during neural activation is reproducible regardless of whether baseline CBF has increased or not. Our finding directly demonstrates the concept of uncoupling between energy consumption and energy supply during cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nishino
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuura
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Blood-brain barrier breakdown and neovascularization processes after stroke and traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2016; 28:556-64. [PMID: 26402408 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiogenesis or vascular reorganization plays a role in recovery after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we have focused on two major events that occur during stroke and TBI from a vascular perspective - what is the process and time course of blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown? and how does the surrounding vasculature recover and facilitate repair? RECENT FINDINGS Despite differences in the primary injury, the BBB changes overlap between stroke and TBI. Disruption of BBB involves a series of events: formation of caveolae, trans and paracellular disruption, tight junction breakdown and vascular disruption. Confounding factors that need careful assessment and standardization are the severity, duration and extent of the stroke and TBI that influences BBB disruption. Vascular repair proceeds through long-term neovascularization processes: angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis. Enhancing each of these processes may impart beneficial effects in endogenous recovery. SUMMARY Our understanding of BBB breakdown acutely after the cerebrovascular injury has come a long way; however, we lack a clear understanding of the course of BBB disruption and BBB recovery and the evolution of individual cellular events associated with BBB change. Neovascularization responses have been widely studied in stroke for their role in functional recovery but the role of vascular reorganization after TBI in recovery is much less defined.
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Takuwa H, Ikoma Y, Yoshida E, Tashima H, Wakizaka H, Shinaji T, Yamaya T. Development of a simultaneous optical/PET imaging system for awake mice. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:6430-40. [PMID: 27514436 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/17/6430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of multiple physiological parameters are essential for the study of brain disease mechanisms and the development of suitable therapies to treat them. In this study, we developed a measurement system for simultaneous optical imaging and PET for awake mice. The key elements of this system are the OpenPET, optical imaging and fixation apparatus for an awake mouse. The OpenPET is our original open-type PET geometry, which can be used in combination with another device because of the easily accessible open space of the former. A small prototype of the axial shift single-ring OpenPET was used. The objective lens for optical imaging with a mounted charge-coupled device camera was placed inside the open space of the AS-SROP. Our original fixation apparatus to hold an awake mouse was also applied. As a first application of this system, simultaneous measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by laser speckle imaging (LSI) and [(11)C]raclopride-PET were performed under control and 5% CO2 inhalation (hypercapnia) conditions. Our system successfully obtained the CBF and [(11)C]raclopride radioactivity concentration simultaneously. Accumulation of [(11)C]raclopride was observed in the striatum where the density of dopamine D2 receptors is high. LSI measurements could be stably performed for more than 60 minutes. Increased CBF induced by hypercapnia was observed while CBF under the control condition was stable. We concluded that our imaging system should be useful for investigating the mechanisms of brain diseases in awake animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Hoshikawa R, Kawaguchi H, Takuwa H, Ikoma Y, Tomita Y, Unekawa M, Suzuki N, Kanno I, Masamoto K. Dynamic Flow Velocity Mapping from Fluorescent Dye Transit Times in the Brain Surface Microcirculation of Anesthetized Rats and Mice. Microcirculation 2016; 23:416-25. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering; University of Electro-Communications; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Human Informatics Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering; University of Electro-Communications; Tokyo Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center; University of Electro-Communications; Tokyo Japan
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40
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Nishino A, Tajima Y, Takuwa H, Masamoto K, Taniguchi J, Wakizaka H, Kokuryo D, Urushihata T, Aoki I, Kanno I, Tomita Y, Suzuki N, Ikoma Y, Ito H. Long-term effects of cerebral hypoperfusion on neural density and function using misery perfusion animal model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25072. [PMID: 27116932 PMCID: PMC4846861 DOI: 10.1038/srep25072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the chronic effects of cerebral hypoperfusion on neuronal density and functional hyperemia using our misery perfusion mouse model under unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO). Neuronal density evaluated 28 days after UCCAO using [(11)C]flumazenil-PET and histology indicated no neurologic deficit in the hippocampus and neocortex. CBF response to sensory stimulation was assessed using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Percentage changes in CBF response of the ipsilateral hemisphere to UCCAO were 18.4 ± 3.0%, 6.9 ± 2.8%, 6.8 ± 2.3% and 4.9 ± 2.4% before, and 7, 14 and 28 days after UCCAO, respectively. Statistical significance was found at 7, 14 and 28 days after UCCAO (P < 0.01). Contrary to our previous finding (Tajima et al. 2014) showing recovered CBF response to hypercapnia on 28 days after UCCAO using the same model, functional hyperemia was sustained and became worse 28 days after UCCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nishino
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, 1010 Sakurai, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-8535, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Taniguchi
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kokuryo
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Shimojo M, Higuchi M, Suhara T, Sahara N. Imaging Multimodalities for Dissecting Alzheimer's Disease: Advanced Technologies of Positron Emission Tomography and Fluorescence Imaging. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:482. [PMID: 26733795 PMCID: PMC4686595 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in advanced imaging technologies has expanded our toolbox for monitoring a variety of biological aspects in living subjects including human. In vivo radiological imaging using small chemical tracers, such as with positron emission tomography, represents an especially vital breakthrough in the efforts to improve our understanding of the complicated cascade of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it has provided the most reliable visible biomarkers for enabling clinical diagnosis. At the same time, in combination with genetically modified animal model systems, the most recent innovation of fluorescence imaging is helping establish diverse applications in basic neuroscience research, from single-molecule analysis to animal behavior manipulation, suggesting the potential utility of fluorescence technology for dissecting the detailed molecular-based consequence of AD pathophysiology. In this review, our primary focus is on a current update of PET radiotracers and fluorescence indicators beneficial for understanding the AD cascade, and discussion of the utility and pitfalls of those imaging modalities for future translational research applications. We will also highlight current cutting-edge genetic approaches and discuss how to integrate individual technologies for further potential innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Shimojo
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences Chiba, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Molecular Neuroimaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences Chiba, Japan
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Sudo H, Tsuji AB, Sugyo A, Takuwa H, Masamoto K, Tomita Y, Suzuki N, Imamura T, Koizumi M, Saga T. Establishment and evaluation of a new highly metastatic tumor cell line 5a-D-Luc-ZsGreen expressing both luciferase and green fluorescent protein. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:525-32. [PMID: 26691676 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Although advances in diagnostic imaging for early detection, surgical techniques and chemotherapy have improved overall survival, the prognosis of patients with metastatic breast cancer remains poor. Understanding cancer cell dynamics in the metastatic process is important to develop new therapeutic strategies. Experimental animal models and imaging would be powerful tools for understanding of the molecular events of multistep process of metastasis. In the present study, to develop a new cancer cell line that is applicable to bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging, we transfected the expression vector of a green fluorescent protein ZsGreen1 into a metastatic cell line 5a-D-Luc, which is a subclone of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line expressing luciferase, and established a new tumor cell line 5a-D-Luc-ZsGreen expressing both luciferase and ZsGreen1. The 5a-D-Luc-ZsGreen cells proliferate more rapidly and have a more invasive phenotype compared with 5a-D-Luc cells following intracardiac injection. Metastasis sites were easily detected in the whole body by bioluminescence imaging and in excised tissues by ex vivo fluorescence imaging. The fluorescence of 5a-D-Luc-ZsGreen cells was not lost after formalin fixation and decalcification. It enabled us to easily evaluate tumor spread and localization at the cellular level in microscopic analysis. The strong fluorescence of 5a-D-Luc-ZsGreen cells allowed for real-time imaging of circulating tumor cells in cerebral blood vessels of live animals immediately after intracardiac injection of cells using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy. These findings suggest that the 5a-D-Luc-ZsGreen cells would be a useful tool for research on mechanisms of metastatic process in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Sudo
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Aya Sugyo
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Center for Frontier Science and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Koizumi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Yasui T, Mabuchi Y, Toriumi H, Ebine T, Niibe K, Houlihan DD, Morikawa S, Onizawa K, Kawana H, Akazawa C, Suzuki N, Nakagawa T, Okano H, Matsuzaki Y. Purified Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Promote Osteogenic Regeneration. J Dent Res 2015; 95:206-14. [PMID: 26494655 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515610748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem/progenitor cells (hDPSCs) are attractive candidates for regenerative therapy because they can be easily expanded to generate colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) on plastic and the large cell numbers required for transplantation. However, isolation based on adherence to plastic inevitably changes the surface marker expression and biological properties of the cells. Consequently, little is currently known about the original phenotypes of tissue precursor cells that give rise to plastic-adherent CFU-Fs. To better understand the in vivo functions and translational therapeutic potential of hDPSCs and other stem cells, selective cell markers must be identified in the progenitor cells. Here, we identified a dental pulp tissue-specific cell population based on the expression profiles of 2 cell-surface markers LNGFR (CD271) and THY-1 (CD90). Prospectively isolated, dental pulp-derived LNGFR(Low+)THY-1(High+) cells represent a highly enriched population of clonogenic cells--notably, the isolated cells exhibited long-term proliferation and multilineage differentiation potential in vitro. The cells also expressed known mesenchymal cell markers and promoted new bone formation to heal critical-size calvarial defects in vivo. These findings suggest that LNGFR(Low+)THY-1(High+) dental pulp-derived cells provide an excellent source of material for bone regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yasui
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ebine
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Niibe
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - D D Houlihan
- Centre for Liver Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Morikawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Onizawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - H Kawana
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Akazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nakagawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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Takuwa H, Maeda J, Ikoma Y, Tokunaga M, Wakizaka H, Uchida S, Kanno I, Taniguchi J, Ito H, Higuchi M. [(11)C]Raclopride binding in the striatum of minimally restrained and free-walking awake mice in a positron emission tomography study. Synapse 2015; 69:600-6. [PMID: 26360510 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesia and restraint stress have profound impacts on brain functions, including neural activity and cerebrovascular function, possibly influencing functional and neurochemical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data. For circumventing this effect, we developed an experimental system enabling PET imaging of free-walking awake mice with minimal restraints by fixing the head to a holder. The applicability of this system was investigated by performing PET imaging of D2 dopamine receptors with [(11)C]raclopride under the following three different conditions: (1) free-walking awake state; (2) 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia; and (3) whole-body restraint without anesthesia. [(11)C]raclopride binding potential (BP(ND)) values under isoflurane anesthesia and restrained awake state were significantly lower than under free-walking awake state (P < 0.01). Heart rates in restrained awake mice were significantly higher than those in free-walking awake mice (P < 0.01), suggesting that free-walking awake state minimized restraint stress during the PET scan. [(11)C] raclopride-PET with methamphetamine (METH) injection was also performed in awake and anesthetized mice. METH-induced reduction of [(11)C]raclopride BP(ND) in anesthetized mice showed a trend to be less than that in free-walking awake mice, implying that pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic transmissions could be sensitively captured by PET imaging of free-walking awake mice. We concluded that our system is of utility as an in vivo assaying platform for studies of brain functions and neurotransmission elements in small animals, such as those modeling neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shouko Uchida
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Junko Taniguchi
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Biophysics Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Lapi D, Colantuoni A. Remodeling of Cerebral Microcirculation after Ischemia-Reperfusion. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:22-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000381096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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46
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Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Osada T, Masamoto K, Kawaguchi H, Itoh Y, Kanno I, Suzuki N. Hyperperfusion counteracted by transient rapid vasoconstriction followed by long-lasting oligemia induced by cortical spreading depression in anesthetized mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:689-98. [PMID: 25586145 PMCID: PMC4420891 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) involves mass depolarization of neurons and glial cells accompanied with changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and energy metabolism. To further understand the mechanisms of CBF response, we examined the temporal diametric changes in pial arteries, pial veins, and cortical capillaries. In urethane-anesthetized mice, the diameters of these vessels were measured while simultaneously recording rCBF with a laser Doppler flowmeter. We observed a considerable increase in rCBF during depolarization in CSD induced by application of KCl, accompanied by a transient dip of rCBF with marked vasoconstriction of pial arteries, which resembled the response to pin-prick-induced CSD. Arterial constriction diminished or disappeared during the second and third passages of CSD, whereas the rCBF increase was maintained without a transient dip. Long-lasting oligemia with a decrease in the reciprocal of mean transit time of injected dye and mild constriction of pial arteries was observed after several passages of the CSD wave. These results indicate that CSD-induced rCBF changes consist of initial hyperemia with a transient dip and followed by a long-lasting oligemia, partially corresponding to the diametric changes of pial arteries, and further suggest that vessels other than pial arteries, such as intracortical vessels, are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Osada
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yata K, Nishimura Y, Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Suzuki N, Tanaka T, Mizoguchi A, Tomimoto H. In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Neurovascular Unit Under Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Stroke 2014; 45:3698-703. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Proper brain function is maintained by an integrated system called the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprised cellular and acellular elements. Although the individual features of specific neurovascular components are understood, it is unknown how they respond to ischemic stress as a functional unit. Therefore, we established an in vivo imaging method and clarified the NVU response to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
Methods—
Green mice (b-act-EGFP) with SR101 plasma labeling were used in this experiment. A closed cranial window was made over the left somatosensory cortex. To mimic chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis operations using microcoils. In vivo real-time imaging was performed using 2-photon laser-scanning microscopy during the preoperative period, and after 1 day and 1 and 2 weeks of bilateral common carotid artery stenosis or sham operations.
Results—
Our method allowed 3-dimensional observation of most of the components of the NVU, as well as dynamic capillary microcirculation. Under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, we did not detect any structural changes of each cellular component in the NVU; however, impairment of microcirculation was detected over a prolonged period. In the pial small arteries and veins, rolling and adhesion of leukocyte were detected, more prominently in the latter. In the deep cortical capillaries, flow stagnation because of leukocyte plugging was frequently observed.
Conclusions—
We established an in vivo imaging method for real-time visualization of the NVU. It seems that under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, leukocyte activation has a critical role in microcirculation disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yata
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- From the Department of Neurology (K.Y., H.T.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics (Y.N., T.T.), and Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication (A.M.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan (M.U., Y.T., N.S.)
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Pial arteries respond earlier than penetrating arterioles to neural activation in the somatosensory cortex in awake mice exposed to chronic hypoxia: an additional mechanism to proximal integration signaling? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1761-70. [PMID: 25074744 PMCID: PMC4269753 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pial and penetrating arteries have a crucial role in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) to meet neural demand in the cortex. Here, we examined the longitudinal effects of chronic hypoxia on the arterial diameter responses to single whisker stimulation in the awake mouse cortex, where activity-induced responses of CBF were gradually attenuated. The vasodilation responses to whisker stimulation under prehypoxia normal conditions were 8.1% and 12% relative to their baselines in the pial arteries and penetrating arterioles, respectively. After 3 weeks of hypoxia, however, these responses were significantly reduced to 5.5% and 4.1%, respectively. The CBF response, measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), induced by the same whisker stimulation was also attenuated (14% to 2.6%). A close linear correlation was found for the responses between the penetrating arteriolar diameter and LDF, and their temporal dynamics. After 3 weeks of chronic hypoxia, the initiation of vasodilation in the penetrating arterioles was significantly extended, but the pial artery responses remained unchanged. These results show that vasodilation of the penetrating arterioles followed the pial artery responses, which are not explainable in terms of proximal integration signaling. The findings therefore indicate an additional mechanism for triggering pial artery dilation in the neurovascular coupling.
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Takuwa H, Matsuura T, Nishino A, Sakata K, Tajima Y, Ito H. Development of new optical imaging systems of oxygen metabolism and simultaneous measurement in hemodynamic changes using awake mice. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 237:9-15. [PMID: 25192830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PET allows the measurement of CBF, CBV and CMRO2 in human and plays an important role in the diagnosis of pathologic conditions and clinical research. On the other hand, in animal studies, there is no optical imaging system for evaluating changes in CBF and CBV, and oxygen metabolism, from the same brain area under awake condition. NEW METHOD In the present study, we developed a simultaneous measurement system of LSI and IOSI, which was verified by LDF. Moreover, to evaluate oxygen metabolism, FAI was performed from the same brain area as LSI and IOSI measurements. RESULTS The change in CBF according to LSI was correlated with that by LDF. Similarly, the change in CBV obtained by IOSI was also correlated with RBC concentration change measured by LDF. The change in oxygen metabolism by FAI was associated with that in CBF obtained by LSI, although the change in CBF was greater than that in oxygen metabolism. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) We revealed that the relationship between oxygen metabolism and CBF as measured by our system was in good agreement with the relationship between CMRO2 and CBF in human PET studies. CONCLUSIONS Our measurement system of CBF, CBV and oxygen metabolism is not only useful for studying neurovascular coupling, but also easily corroborates human PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuura
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Division of Thermo-Biosystem Relations, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Asuka Nishino
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Division of Thermo-Biosystem Relations, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sakata
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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Ong YT, Hilal S, Cheung CYL, Xu X, Chen C, Venketasubramanian N, Wong TY, Ikram MK. Retinal vascular fractals and cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:305-13. [PMID: 25298774 PMCID: PMC4176466 DOI: 10.1159/000363286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal microvascular network changes have been found in patients with age-related brain diseases such as stroke and dementia including Alzheimer's disease. We examine whether retinal microvascular network changes are also present in preclinical stages of dementia. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 300 Chinese participants (age: ≥60 years) from the ongoing Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore study who underwent detailed clinical examinations including retinal photography, brain imaging and neuropsychological testing. Retinal vascular parameters were assessed from optic disc-centered photographs using a semiautomated program. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered, and cognitive function was summarized as composite and domain-specific Z-scores. Cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) and dementia were diagnosed according to standard diagnostic criteria. Results Among 268 eligible nondemented participants, 78 subjects were categorized as CIND-mild and 69 as CIND-moderate. In multivariable adjusted models, reduced retinal arteriolar and venular fractal dimensions were associated with an increased risk of CIND-mild and CIND-moderate. Reduced fractal dimensions were associated with poorer cognitive performance globally and in the specific domains of verbal memory, visuoconstruction and visuomotor speed. Conclusion A sparser retinal microvascular network, represented by reduced arteriolar and venular fractal dimensions, was associated with cognitive impairment, suggesting that early microvascular damage may be present in preclinical stages of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore ; Department of Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Carol Yim-Lui Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore ; Department of Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Tien Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore ; Department of Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore ; Department of Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Department of Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore ; Department of Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore ; Department of Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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