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Pichot V, Corbier C, Chouchou F, Barthélémy JC, Roche F. CVRanalysis: a free software for analyzing cardiac, vascular and respiratory interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1224440. [PMID: 38250656 PMCID: PMC10797906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1224440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Simultaneous beat-to-beat R-R intervals, blood pressure and respiration signals are routinely analyzed for the evaluation of autonomic cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory regulations for research or clinical purposes. The more recognized analyses are i) heart rate variability and cardiac coherence, which provides an evaluation of autonomic nervous system activity and more particularly parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic arms; ii) blood pressure variability which is mainly linked to sympathetic modulation and myogenic vascular function; iii) baroreflex sensitivity; iv) time-frequency analyses to identify fast modifications of autonomic activity; and more recently, v) time and frequency domain Granger causality analyses were introduced for assessing bidirectional causal links between each considered signal, thus allowing the scrutiny of many physiological regulatory mechanisms. Methods: These analyses are commonly applied in various populations and conditions, including mortality and morbidity predictions, cardiac and respiratory rehabilitation, training and overtraining, diabetes, autonomic status of newborns, anesthesia, or neurophysiological studies. Results: We developed CVRanalysis, a free software to analyze cardiac, vascular and respiratory interactions, with a friendly graphical interface designed to meet laboratory requirements. The main strength of CVRanalysis resides in its wide scope of applications: recordings can arise from beat-to-beat preprocessed data (R-R, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, respiration) or raw data (ECG, continuous blood pressure and respiratory waveforms). It has several tools for beat detection and correction, as well as setting of specific areas or events. In addition to the wide possibility of analyses cited above, the interface is also designed for easy study of large cohorts, including batch mode signal processing to avoid running repetitive operations. Results are displayed as figures or saved in text files that are easily employable in statistical softwares. Conclusion: CVRanalysis is freely available at this website: anslabtools.univ-st-etienne.fr. It has been developed using MATLAB® and works on Windows 64-bit operating systems. The software is a standalone application avoiding to have programming skills and to install MATLAB. The aims of this paper area are to describe the physiological, research and clinical contexts of CVRanalysis, to introduce the methodological approach of the different techniques used, and to show an overview of the software with the aid of screenshots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pichot
- SAINBIOSE U1059, Inserm, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Clinical Physiology and Exercise, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Christophe Corbier
- LASPI EA3059, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Roanne Technology University Institute, Roanne, France
| | - Florian Chouchou
- IRISSE EA4075, UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Barthélémy
- SAINBIOSE U1059, Inserm, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Clinical Physiology and Exercise, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- SAINBIOSE U1059, Inserm, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Clinical Physiology and Exercise, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Samora M, Huo Y, McCuller RK, Chidurala S, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Stone AJ, Harrison ML. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity is attenuated in male UCD-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats: A link between metabolic and autonomic dysfunction. Auton Neurosci 2023; 249:103117. [PMID: 37657371 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have impaired arterial baroreflex function, which may be linked to the co-existence of obesity. However, the role of obesity and its related metabolic impairments on baroreflex dysfunction in T2DM is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of visceral fat and adiponectin, the most abundant cytokine produced by adipocytes, on baroreflex dysfunction in T2DM rats. Experiments were performed in adult male UCD-T2DM rats assigned to the following experimental groups (n = 6 in each): prediabetic (Pre), diabetes-onset (T0), 4 weeks after onset (T4), and 12 weeks after onset (T12). Age-matched healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls. Rats were anesthetized and blood pressure was directly measured on a beat-to-beat basis to assess spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) using the sequence technique. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body composition. Data are presented as mean ± SD. BRS was significantly lower in T2DM rats compared with controls at T0 (T2D: 3.7 ± 3.2 ms/mmHg vs Healthy: 16.1 ± 8.4 ms/mmHg; P = 0.01), but not at T12 (T2D: 13.4 ± 8.1 ms/mmHg vs Healthy: 9.2 ± 6.0 ms/mmHg; P = 0.16). T2DM rats had higher visceral fat mass, adiponectin, and insulin concentrations compared with control rats (all P < 0.01). Changes in adiponectin and insulin concentrations over the measured time-points mirrored one another and were opposite those of the BRS in T2DM rats. These findings demonstrate that obesity-related metabolic impairments may contribute to an attenuated spontaneous BRS in T2DM, suggesting a link between metabolic and autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Samora
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Yu Huo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Richard K McCuller
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Suchit Chidurala
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Audrey J Stone
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michelle L Harrison
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Ferreira M, Laranjo S, Cunha P, Geraldes V, Oliveira M, Rocha I. Orthostatic Stress and Baroreflex Sensitivity: A Window into Autonomic Dysfunction in Lone Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5857. [PMID: 37762798 PMCID: PMC10532155 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal neural control of atria has been considered one of the mechanisms of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) pathogenesis. The baroreceptor reflex has an important role in cardiovascular regulation and may serve as an index of autonomic function. This study aimed to analyze the baroreceptor reflex's role in heart rate regulation during upright tilt (HUT) in patients with lone PAF. The study included 68 patients with lone PAF and 34 healthy individuals who underwent baroreflex assessment. Parameters such as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), number of systolic blood pressure (BP) ramps, and the baroreflex effectiveness index (BEI) were evaluated. The study found that PAF patients had comparable resting BPs and heart rates (HRs) to healthy individuals. However, unlike healthy individuals, PAF patients showed a sustained increase in BP with an upright posture followed by the delayed activation of the baroreceptor function with a blunted HR response and lower BEI values. This indicates a pronounced baroreflex impairment in PAF patients, even at rest. Our data suggest that together with BRS, BEI could be used as a marker of autonomic dysfunction in PAF patients, making it important to further investigate its relationship with AF recurrence after ablation and its involvement in cardiovascular autonomic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ferreira
- Faculdade de Medicina and Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa—CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.F.); (V.G.)
| | - Sérgio Laranjo
- Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology Unit, Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central—CHULC, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.L.); (P.C.); (M.O.)
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cunha
- Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology Unit, Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central—CHULC, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.L.); (P.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Vera Geraldes
- Faculdade de Medicina and Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa—CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.F.); (V.G.)
| | - Mário Oliveira
- Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology Unit, Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central—CHULC, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.L.); (P.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina and Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa—CCUL, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.F.); (V.G.)
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Poskotinova L, Krivonogova E, Demin D, Zenchenko T. Differences in the Sensitivity of the Baroreflex of Heart Rate Regulation to Local Geomagnetic Field Variations in Normotensive and Hypertensive Humans. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1102. [PMID: 35888190 PMCID: PMC9316645 DOI: 10.3390/life12071102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronization between heart rate variability (HRV) in the low-frequency (LF) range (0.04-0.15 Hz) and 1-min variations in the components (X, Y, Z)and the total vector (F) of geomagnetic induction (nT) was studied in normotensive (blood pressure up to 140/90 mmHg) and hypertensive (blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg) individuals living in the Arkhangelsk region (60°51'52″ N 39°31'05″ E).The duration of registration of HRV for each person is 30 min in a sitting position. The most pronounced synchronization of the LF parameter, which reflects baroreflex activity, with variations in the GMF was found in normotensive individuals. The absence of a significant synchronization of the LF parameter with variations in the GMF components indicates a decrease in the sensitivity of the baroreflex mechanism and a risk of dysregulation of vascular tone, especially in people with arterial hypertension, under conditions of instability of the geomagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Poskotinova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (E.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Elena Krivonogova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (E.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Denis Demin
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (E.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Tatyana Zenchenko
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Subhashri S, Pal P, Pal GK, Papa D, Nanda N. Decreased baroreflex sensitivity is associated with cardiometabolic risks and prehypertension status in early-postmenopausal women. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 43:112-119. [PMID: 32896167 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2020.1817475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the link of decreased baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) to cardiometabolic risks and prehypertension status in postmenopausal women during their early menopausal phase. METHODS Premenopausal women (n = 55) and early-postmenopausal women (n = 50) of age group between 40 and 55 years were recruited for the study, and their anthropometric parameters, complete battery of autonomic function tests (AFT), BRS, hormone levels, and cardiometabolic risk parameters were measured and compared between two groups. Correlation analysis of BRS with various physiological and biochemical parameters in these two groups were performed. Multiple regression analysis of BRS with various other associated factors in postmenopausal subjects and bivariate logistic regression analysis for assessing prediction of prehypertension status by BRS in postmenopausal group were performed. RESULTS There was a significant difference in AFT and metabolic parameters between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Sympathovagal imbalance (increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic) was prominent in early-postmenopausal women. Decreased BRS, the marker of cardiovascular (CV) risk was found to be significant (P < .001) and correlated with various cardiometabolic parameters in early-postmenopausal subjects. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that decreased BRS is independently linked to parameters of decreased vagal activity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in early-postmenopausal group. Decreased BRS could predict prehypertension status in early-postmenopausal subjects as confirmed by bivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION Sympathovagal imbalance, decreased BRS and considerable metabolic derangements were observed in women in their early phase of menopause. Decreased BRS appears to be associated with the cardiometabolic risks in these women. Prehypertension status in early-postmenopausal subjects could be predicted by decreased BRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pravati Pal
- Department of Physiology, JIPMER , Puducherry, India
| | | | - Dasari Papa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, JIPMER , Puducherry, India
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Li CH, Sun ZJ, Lu FH, Chou YT, Yang YC, Chang CJ, Wu JS. Epidemiological evidence of increased waist circumference, but not body mass index, associated with impaired baroreflex sensitivity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:158-163. [PMID: 32088179 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was found, the effect of waist circumference (WC) on BRS is still inconclusive. The contradictory results of previous studies may be related to the heterogeneity and relatively small sample size of the subjects examined. The aim of this population-based study was to investigate whether the influence of increased WC is more detrimental to BRS than BMI. A total of 760 community dwellers were recruited and they were classified into Q1 (n = 189), Q2 (n = 183), Q3 (n = 192) and Q4 (n = 196) groups, based on WC quartiles. Spontaneous BRS was determined by spectral α coefficient method. Valsalva ratio was the longest RR interval after release of Valsalva maneuver divided by the shortest RR interval during maneuver. Cardiac autonomic function was calculated by power spectrum of heart rate in low and high frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz; HF, 0.15-0.40 Hz), and LF/HF ratio in supine position for five minutes. There were significant differences in spontaneous BRS and Valsalva ratio among different WC groups. In multivariate analysis, obesity was inversely associated with spontaneous BRS and Valsalva ratio. However, these inverse relationships became insignificant after further adjustment for WC quartiles. In contrast, Q4 vs. Q1, Q3 vs. Q1 and Q2 vs. Q1 of WC were inversely related to spontaneous BRS. Q4 vs. Q1 and Q3 vs. Q1 of WC were negatively associated with the Valsalva ratio. In conclusion, increased and even high-normal WC had a stronger adverse effect on BRS than BMI, independent of cardio-metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hao Li
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jie Sun
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hwa Lu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Fonkoue IT, Le N, Kankam ML, DaCosta D, Jones TN, Marvar PJ, Park J. Sympathoexcitation and impaired arterial baroreflex sensitivity are linked to vascular inflammation in individuals with elevated resting blood pressure. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14057. [PMID: 30968587 PMCID: PMC6456445 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated Resting Blood Pressure (ERBP) in the prehypertensive range is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, the mechanisms of which remain unclear. Prior studies have suggested that ERBP may be associated with overactivation and dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). We hypothesized that compared to normotensives (≤120/80 mmHg), ERBP (120/80-139/89 mmHg) has higher SNS activity, impaired arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and increased vascular inflammation. Twenty-nine participants were studied: 16 otherwise healthy individuals with ERBP (blood pressure (BP) 130 ± 2/85 ± 2 mmHg) and 13 matched normotensive controls (mean BP 114 ± 2/73 ± 2 mmHg). We measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), beat-to-beat BP, and continuous electrocardiogram at rest and during arterial BRS testing via the modified Oxford technique. Blood was analyzed for the following biomarkers of vascular inflammation: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Resting MSNA burst frequency (22 ± 2 vs. 16 ± 2 bursts/min, P = 0.036) and burst incidence (36 ± 3 vs. 25 ± 3 bursts/100 heart beats, P = 0.025) were higher in ERBP compared to controls. Cardiovagal BRS was blunted in ERBP compared to controls (13 ± 2 vs. 20 ± 3 msec/mmHg, P = 0.032), while there was no difference in sympathetic BRS between groups. Lp-PLA2 (169 ± 8 vs. 142 ± 9 nmol/min/mL, P = 0.020) and E-selectin (6.89 ± 0.6 vs. 4.45 ± 0.51 ng/mL, P = 0.004) were higher in ERBP versus controls. E-selectin (r = 0.501, P = 0.011) and ICAM-1 (r = 0.481, P = 0.015) were positively correlated with MSNA, while E-selectin was negatively correlated with cardiovagal BRS (r = -0.427, P = 0.030). These findings demonstrate that individuals with ERBP have SNS overactivity and impaired arterial BRS that are linked to biomarkers of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida T. Fonkoue
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
- Research Service LineAtlanta VA Healthcare SystemDecaturGeorgia
| | - Ngoc‐Anh Le
- Biomarker Core LaboratoryAtlanta VA Healthcare SystemDecaturGeorgia
| | - Melanie L. Kankam
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
- Research Service LineAtlanta VA Healthcare SystemDecaturGeorgia
| | - Dana DaCosta
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
- Research Service LineAtlanta VA Healthcare SystemDecaturGeorgia
| | - Toure N. Jones
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
- Research Service LineAtlanta VA Healthcare SystemDecaturGeorgia
| | - Paul J. Marvar
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyInstitute for NeuroscienceGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Jeanie Park
- Renal DivisionDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
- Research Service LineAtlanta VA Healthcare SystemDecaturGeorgia
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Verma S, Bhati P, Ahmad I, Masroor S, Ali K, Singla D, Hussain ME. Co-Existence of hypertension worsens post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery in type 2 diabetes. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S82-S89. [PMID: 30595327 PMCID: PMC6310903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a commonly overlooked complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) characterized by imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the heart. The susceptibility of heart to dysrhythmias and fatal events increases during and after exercise due to a shift in autonomic regulation. Diabetes and hypertension (HTN) frequently occur concurrently and both conditions lead to impaired cardiac autonomic control. However, their impact together on post-exercise autonomic recovery remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of co-existence of HTN on cardiac autonomic recovery (assessed by heart rate recovery and heart rate variability) in patients with T2DM. METHODS Forty eight type 2 diabetic patients (24 normotensive, 24 hypertensive), 24 non-diabetic patients with essential HTN, and 27 healthy controls, were recruited into the study and assessed for heart rate recovery (HRR) following a graded maximal test. Also, heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded before and following the bout of maximal exercise. RESULTS Heart rate recovery at 1 (HRR1min) and 2 (HRR2min) minute(s) showed significant effects for DM (p < 0.001) and HTN (p < 0.001), while DM × HTN interaction was found to be non-significant. Resting HRV showed a significant decline in time-domain variables for the DM group (p < 0.01). Recovery of HRV showed a significant effect of time (p < 0.05) for all indices, the group effect was found significant only for time-domain measures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Both HRR and HRV recovery were impaired in DM and HTN. Moreover, the co-existence of HTN had a synergistic effect, causing further worsening of autonomic recovery in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Verma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Pooja Bhati
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sidra Masroor
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kamran Ali
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Deepika Singla
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohammed Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
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Li C, Chang Q, Zhang J, Chai W. Effects of slow breathing rate on heart rate variability and arterial baroreflex sensitivity in essential hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0639. [PMID: 29718876 PMCID: PMC6392805 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is to investigate the effects of slow breathing on heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial baroreflex sensitivity in essential hypertension.We studied 60 patients with essential hypertension and 60 healthy controls. All subjects underwent controlled breathing at 8 and 16 breaths per minute. Electrocardiogram, respiratory, and blood pressure signals were recorded simultaneously. We studied effects of slow breathing on heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory peak, high-frequency (HF) power, low-frequency (LF) power, and LF/HF ratio of HRV with traditional and corrected spectral analysis. Besides, we tested whether slow breathing was capable of modifying baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive subjects.Slow breathing, compared with 16 breaths per minute, decreased the heart rate and blood pressure (all P < .05), and shifted respiratory peak toward left (P < .05). Compared to 16 breaths/minute, traditional spectral analysis showed increased LF power and LF/HF ratio, decreased HF power of HRV at 8 breaths per minute (P < .05). As breathing rate decreased, corrected spectral analysis showed increased HF power, decreased LF power, LF/HF ratio of HRV (P < .05). Compared to controls, resting baroreflex sensitivity decreased in hypertensive subjects. Slow breathing increased baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive subjects (from 59.48 ± 6.39 to 78.93 ± 5.04 ms/mm Hg, P < .05) and controls (from 88.49 ± 6.01 to 112.91 ± 7.29 ms/mm Hg, P < .05).Slow breathing can increase HF power and decrease LF power and LF/HF ratio in essential hypertension. Besides, slow breathing increased baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. These demonstrate slow breathing is indeed capable of shifting sympatho-vagal balance toward vagal activities and increasing baroreflex sensitivity, suggesting a safe, therapeutic approach for essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qinghua Chang
- Cardiovascular Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
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Haarmann H, Mohrlang C, Tschiesner U, Rubin DB, Bornemann T, Rüter K, Bonev S, Raupach T, Hasenfuß G, Andreas S. Inhaled β-agonist does not modify sympathetic activity in patients with COPD. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:46. [PMID: 25924990 PMCID: PMC4460951 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurohumoral activation is present in COPD and might provide a link between pulmonary and systemic effects, especially cardiovascular disease. Because long acting inhaled β-agonists reduce hyperinflation, they could reduce sympathoexcitation by improving the inflation reflex. We aimed to evaluate if inhaled therapy with salmeterol reduces muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) evaluated by microneurography. METHODS MSNA, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration were continually measured. After baseline recording of 20 minutes, placebo was administered; after further 45 minutes salmeterol (50 μg) was administered which was followed by a further 45 minutes of data recording. Additionally, lung function, plasma catecholamine levels, arterial pulse wave velocity, heart rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity were evaluated. Following 4 weeks of treatment with salmeterol 50 μg twice daily, measurements were repeated without placebo administration. RESULTS A total of 32 COPD patients were included. Valid MSNA signals were obtained from 18 patients. Change in MSNA (bursts/100 heart beats) following acute administration of salmeterol did not differ significantly from the change following placebo (-1.96 ± 9.81 vs. -0.65 ± 9.07; p = 0.51) although hyperinflation was significantly reduced. Likewise, no changes in MSNA or catecholamines were observed after 4 weeks. Heart rate increased significantly by 3.8 ± 4.2 (p < 0.01) acutely and 3.9 ± 4.3 bpm (p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Salmeterol treatment was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS By using microneurography as a gold standard to evaluate sympathetic activity we found no change in MSNA following salmeterol inhalation. Thus, despite an attenuation of hyperinflation, the long acting β-agonist salmeterol does not appear to reduce nor incite sympathoexcitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with the European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT No. 2011-001581-18) and ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01536587 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Haarmann
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Thore Bornemann
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Karin Rüter
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Slavtcho Bonev
- Mannheim Biomedical Engineering Laboratories, Medical Faculty at Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Tobias Raupach
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Hasenfuß
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Lung Clinic Immenhausen, Immenhausen, Krs. Kassel, Germany.
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11
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Sueta D, Koibuchi N, Hasegawa Y, Toyama K, Uekawa K, Katayama T, Ma M, Nakagawa T, Waki H, Maeda M, Ogawa H, Kim-Mitsuyama S. Blood pressure variability, impaired autonomic function and vascular senescence in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats are ameliorated by angiotensin blockade. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:101-7. [PMID: 25016364 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elderly hypertensive patients are characterized by blood pressure (BP) variability, impaired autonomic function, and vascular endothelial dysfunction and stiffness. However, the mechanisms causing these conditions are unclear. The present study examined the effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS We surgically implanted telemetry devices in SHR and WKY at the age of 15 weeks (Young) and 80 weeks (Aged). Aged SHR were orally administered either olmesartan or valsartan once daily at 19:00 h (at the beginning of the dark period (active phase)) for 4 weeks to examine the effects on BP variability, impaired autonomic function, and vascular senescence. RESULTS Aging and hypertension in SHR additively caused the following: increased low frequency (LF) power of systolic BP, a decreased spontaneous baroreceptor reflex gain (sBRG), increased BP variability, increased urinary norepinephrine excretion, increased vascular senescence-related beta-galactosidase positive cells and oxidative stress. Treatment with olmesartan or valsartan significantly ameliorated these changes in aged SHR. However, olmesartan ameliorated these changes in aged SHR better than valsartan. The reductions in BP caused by olmesartan in aged SHR were sustained longer than reductions by valsartan. This result indicates longer-lasting inhibition of the AT1 receptor by olmesartan than by valsartan. CONCLUSION ARBs ameliorated autonomic dysfunction, BP variability, and vascular senescence in aged SHR. Olmesartan ameliorated the aging-related disorders better than valsartan and was associated with longer-lasting AT1 receptor inhibition by olmesartan. Thus, the magnitude of improvement of these aging-related abnormalities differs for ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Koibuchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kensuke Toyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ken Uekawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Katayama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - MingJie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masanobu Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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12
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Dauphinot V, Kossovsky MP, Gueyffier F, Pichot V, Gosse P, Roche F, Barthélémy JC. Impaired baroreflex sensitivity and the risks of new-onset ambulatory hypertension, in an elderly population-based study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:4010-4. [PMID: 23870644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of the autonomic nervous system activity may be involved in the development of hypertension. Yet the prognostic values of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in the risk of new-onset ambulatory hypertension have not been investigated. We sought to assess the relationship between heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity parameters and ambulatory hypertension in a community-dwelling elderly cohort. METHODS Normotensive subjects were selected from the PROOF study cohort, including 1011 subjects aged 65 years at baseline. The autonomic nervous system activity was assessed through 24-hour heart rate variability and 15-minute spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity at baseline. Incident hypertension was defined with the 24-hour, day-time and night-time ambulatory blood pressure measurements and antihypertensive treatment use, at two-years of follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, 13.7% of subjects developed day-time hypertension, 18.2% developed night-time hypertension and 13.6% developed 24-hour hypertension. Reduced baroreflex sensitivity at baseline was associated with onset of hypertension after adjustment for blood pressure level, C-reactive protein levels and depression score (OR = 0.45 [0.23-0.86]). Indices of heart rate variability were not associated with hypertension onset. CONCLUSION Baroreflex sensitivity may represent an intermediate goal for prevention of ambulatory hypertension at early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dauphinot
- Memory Research Center Lyon, Hôpital des Charpennes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Medical Hospital, Lyon, France.
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13
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Ciriello J. Plasma leptin inhibits the response of nucleus of the solitary tract neurons to aortic baroreceptor stimulation. Brain Res Bull 2013; 97:96-103. [PMID: 23792336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptin receptors have been identified within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and leptin injections into the caudal NTS inhibit the baroreceptor reflex. However, whether plasma leptin alters the discharge of NTS neurons mediating aortic baroreceptor reflex activity is not known. A series of electrophysiological single unit recording experiments was done in the urethane-chloralose anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated Wistar and Zucker obese rat with either their neuroaxis intact or with mid-collicular transections. Single units in NTS antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of depressor sites in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) were found to display a cardiac cycle-related rhythmicity. These units were tested for their responses to stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) and intra-carotid injections of leptin (50-200ng/0.1ml). Of 63 single units tested in NTS, 33 were antidromically activated by stimulation of CVLM depressor sites and 18 of these single units responded with a decrease in discharge rate after intracarotid injections of leptin. Thirteen of these leptin responsive neurons (∼72%) were excited by ADN stimulation. Furthermore, the excitatory response of these single units to ADN stimulation was attenuated by about 50% after the intracarotid leptin injection. Intracarotid injections of leptin (200ng/0.1ml) in the Zucker obese rat did not alter the discharge rate of NTS-CVLM projecting neurons. These data suggest that leptin exerts a modulatory effect on brainstem neuronal circuits that control cardiovascular responses elicited during the reflex activation of arterial baroreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ciriello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.
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14
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Ciriello J. Leptin in nucleus of the solitary tract alters the cardiovascular responses to aortic baroreceptor activation. Peptides 2013; 44:1-7. [PMID: 23535030 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggests that neurons expressing the long form of the leptin receptor form at least two distinct groups within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS): a group within the lateral NTS (Slt) and one within the medial (Sm) and gelantinosa (Sg) NTS. Discrete injections of leptin into Sm and Sg, a region that receives chemoreceptor input, elicit increases in arterial pressure (AP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). However, the effect of microinjections of leptin into Slt, a region that receives baroreceptor input is unknown. Experiments were done in the urethane-chloralose anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated Wistar or Zucker obese rat to determine leptin's effect in Slt on heart rate (HR), AP and RSNA during electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN). Depressor sites within Slt were first identified by the microinjection of l-glutamate (Glu; 0.25M; 10nl) followed by leptin microinjections. In the Wistar rat leptin microinjection (50ng; 20nl) into depressor sites within the lateral Slt elicited increases in HR and RSNA, but no changes in AP. Additionally, leptin injections into Slt prior to Glu injections at the same site or to stimulation of the ADN were found to attenuate the decreases in HR, AP and RSNA to both the Glu injection and ADN stimulation. In Zucker obese rats, leptin injections into NTS depressor sites did not elicit cardiovascular responses, nor altered the cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of ADN. Those data suggest that leptin acts at the level of NTS to alter the activity of neurons that mediate the cardiovascular responses to activation of the aortic baroreceptor reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ciriello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.
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15
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Adams ST, Salhab M, Hussain ZI, Miller GV, Leveson SH. Obesity-related hypertension and its remission following gastric bypass surgery - a review of the mechanisms and predictive factors. Blood Press 2012; 22:131-7. [PMID: 23244451 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2012.749570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that hypertension and obesity appear to be associated. The exact mechanism by which they are linked is unclear and remains a topic of a great deal of research. Current NICE guidelines recommend that patients with a BMI in excess of 35 kg/m(2) should be considered for bariatric surgery if they have a concomitant obesity-associated condition, of which hypertension is one. The commonest bariatric procedure in the UK is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, which has been shown to result in long-standing remission of hypertension in up to 93% of patients. This paper summarizes the existing literature on the main theories as to how obesity leads to hypertension as well as the literature concerning the effects of gastric bypass surgery on hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Timothy Adams
- Department of General Surgery, York Hospital, Wigginton Road, York YO318HE, UK.
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16
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Chen JS, Wang HJ, Chang WC, Jao CC, Wu BT, Shyu WC, Lee SD. Altered nitroxidergic and NMDA receptor-mediated modulation of baroreflex-mediated heart rate in obese Zucker rats. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:932-6. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Malpas SC. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:513-57. [PMID: 20393193 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines how the sympathetic nervous system plays a major role in the regulation of cardiovascular function over multiple time scales. This is achieved through differential regulation of sympathetic outflow to a variety of organs. This differential control is a product of the topographical organization of the central nervous system and a myriad of afferent inputs. Together this organization produces sympathetic responses tailored to match stimuli. The long-term control of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is an area of considerable interest and involves a variety of mediators acting in a quite distinct fashion. These mediators include arterial baroreflexes, angiotensin II, blood volume and osmolarity, and a host of humoral factors. A key feature of many cardiovascular diseases is increased SNA. However, rather than there being a generalized increase in SNA, it is organ specific, in particular to the heart and kidneys. These increases in regional SNA are associated with increased mortality. Understanding the regulation of organ-specific SNA is likely to offer new targets for drug therapy. There is a need for the research community to develop better animal models and technologies that reflect the disease progression seen in humans. A particular focus is required on models in which SNA is chronically elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Malpas
- Department of Physiology and the Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland and Telemetry Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand.
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18
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Collier SR, Kanaley JA, Carhart R, Frechette V, Tobin MM, Bennett N, Luckenbaugh AN, Fernhall B. Cardiac autonomic function and baroreflex changes following 4 weeks of resistance versus aerobic training in individuals with pre-hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 195:339-48. [PMID: 18774947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cardiac autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) are altered in individuals with hypertension. Aerobic exercise (AE) training has been shown to improve both measures, yet little is known about the effects of resistance exercise (RE). The purpose of this study was to examine the heart rate variability (HRV) and BRS following 4 weeks of resistance or aerobic training in a population with borderline high blood pressure (BP). METHODS Twenty-nine mild hypertensives were recruited and randomly assigned to 4 weeks of RE or AE training. Before and after training, resting measures of HRV frequencies and BRS were obtained. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in resting systolic BP for both exercise training modes (RE 136 +/- 3.0 pre- to 132 +/- 3.4 post-training vs. AE 142 +/- 4.0 pre- to 137 +/- 3.6 mmHg post-training, P = 0.019). Diastolic BP decreased significantly following both exercise training modes (RE 78 +/- 1.31 pre to 74 +/- 1.1 post vs. AE 80 +/- 1.7 pre to 77 +/- 1.6 mmHg post, P = 0.002). A significant time by training mode interaction for low frequency : high frequency (HF) ratio (P = 0.017) with AE decreasing the ratio (275.21 +/- 67.28 to 161.26 +/- 61.49) and RE increasing this ratio (143.73 +/- 65.00 to 227.83 +/- 59.41). Natural log-transformed (ln) HRV values showed a time-by-training mode interaction for ln HF (P = 0.05) as ln HF increased (4.7 +/- 0.38 to 5.4 +/- 0.35 ms(2)) following AE and decreased (5.98 +/- 0.37 to 5.76 +/- 0.42 ms(2)) following RE. BRS increased following aerobic training and decreased after resistance training (6.74 +/- 1.2 to 7.94 +/- 1.3 and 10.44 +/- 1.2 to 9.1 +/- 1.2 ms mmHg(-1) respectively, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise improved the autonomic nervous system (increasing vagal tone, reducing sympathovagal balance while increasing BRS) while RE showed no improvements in cardiac autonomic tone and decreased BRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Collier
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, 820 Comstock Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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