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Lançoni SS, Albuquerque JP, Nakato AM, Souza de Nieto GCE, Tkac CM, Sigwalt MF, Nohama P, Souto LRT, Nassif PAN. Placental and Neonatal Serum Leptin Levels in Premature Infants After Phototherapy: Are They Determining Factors for the Safe Indication of Passive Exercises? J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:3091-3100. [PMID: 38974370 PMCID: PMC11227856 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s458528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze leptin levels in placental tissue and premature infants undergoing phototherapy and to evaluate the potential for prescribing passive exercise after phototherapy in this population. Patients and Methods This analytical, longitudinal, prospective cohort study included 108 parturients and their respective premature infants. Variables examined included weight, gestational age, body mass index, sex, serum leptin levels in placental tissue, serum bilirubin levels, and reticulocyte count. Results When comparing each group to a leptin threshold, statistically significant differences were observed at all evaluated time points for placental leptin levels (p < 0.001). Additionally, reticulocyte count decreased in relation to rebound time (p < 0.004). No correlations were found between leptin/bilirubin levels, leptin/reticulocytes, onset of nutrition, and BMI/leptin levels. Conclusion The findings regarding leptin levels suggest that prescribing passive exercises to premature infants undergoing phototherapy may be feasible because this intervention did not increase leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Said Lançoni
- Graduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
- Graduate Program on Health Technology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jocilene Pedroso Albuquerque
- Graduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Adriane Muller Nakato
- Graduate Program on Health Technology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Marcelo Tkac
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fabiano Sigwalt
- Graduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Percy Nohama
- Graduate Program on Health Technology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Afonso Nunes Nassif
- Graduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
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Cissé AH, Taine M, Tafflet M, de Lauzon‐Guillain B, Clément K, Khalfallah O, Davidovic L, Lioret S, Charles MA, Heude B. Cord blood leptin level and a common variant of its receptor as determinants of the BMI trajectory: The EDEN mother-child cohort. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12955. [PMID: 35747935 PMCID: PMC9787343 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord blood leptin is an indicator of neonatal fat mass and could shape postnatal adiposity trajectories. Investigating genetic polymorphisms of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) could help understand the mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the association of cord blood leptin level and the LEPR rs9436303 polymorphism, with body mass index (BMI) at adiposity peak (AP) and age at adiposity rebound (AR). METHODS In the EDEN cohort, BMI at AP and age at AR were estimated with polynomial mixed models, for 1713 and 1415 children, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models allowed for examining the associations of cord blood leptin level and LEPR rs9436303 genotype with BMI at AP and age at AR adjusted for potential confounders including birth size groups. We also tested interactions between cord blood leptin level and rs9436303 genotype. RESULTS Increased leptin level was associated with reduced BMI at AP and early age at AR (comparing the highest quintile of leptin level to the others). Rs9436303 G-allele carriage was associated with increased BMI at AP and later age at AR but did not modulate the association with leptin level. CONCLUSION These results illustrate the role of early life body composition and the intrauterine environment in the programming of adiposity in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata H. Cissé
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Marion Taine
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Muriel Tafflet
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | | | - Karine Clément
- NutriOmics Research Unit, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hopital, Nutrition Department ParisSorbonne Université, INSERMParisFrance
| | - Olfa Khalfallah
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, UMR7275, UMR_SValbonneFrance
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, UMR7275, UMR_SValbonneFrance
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Marie A. Charles
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
| | - Barbara Heude
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticSUniversité de Paris‐cité, INSERM, INRAEParisFrance
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Leptin Levels of the Perinatal Period Shape Offspring's Weight Trajectories through the First Year of Age. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071451. [PMID: 35406063 PMCID: PMC9003253 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Leptin is a hormone regulating lifetime energy homeostasis and metabolism and its concentration is important starting from prenatal life. We aimed to investigate the association of perinatal leptin concentrations with growth trajectories during the first year of life. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal study, measuring leptin concentration in maternal plasma before delivery, cord blood (CB), and mature breast milk and correlating their impact on neonate’s bodyweight from birth to 1 year of age, in 16 full-term (FT), 16 preterm (PT), and 13 intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) neonates. Results: Maternal leptin concentrations were highest in the PT group, followed by IUGR and FT, with no statistical differences among groups (p = 0.213). CB leptin concentrations were significantly higher in FT compared with PT and IUGR neonates (PT vs. FT; IUGR vs. FT: p < 0.001). Maternal milk leptin concentrations were low, with no difference among groups. Maternal leptin and milk concentrations were negatively associated with all the neonates’ weight changes (p = 0.017 and p = 0.006), while the association with CB leptin was not significant (p = 0.051). Considering each subgroup individually, statistical analysis confirmed the previous results in PT and IUGR infants, with the highest value in the PT subgroup. In addition, this group’s results negatively correlated with CB leptin (p = 0.026) and showed the largest % weight increase. Conclusions: Leptin might play a role in neonatal growth trajectories, characterized by an inverse correlation with maternal plasma and milk. PT infants showed the highest correlation with hormone levels, regardless of source, seeming the most affected group by leptin guidance. Low leptin levels appeared to contribute to critical neonates’ ability to recover a correct body weight at 1 year. An eventual non-physiological “catch-up growth” should be monitored, and leptin perinatal levels may be an indicative tool. Further investigations are needed to strengthen the results.
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Kang SJ, Bae JG, Kim S, Park JH. Birth anthropometry and cord blood leptin in Korean appropriate-for-gestational-age infants born at ≥ 28 weeks' gestation: a cross sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 2020:12. [PMID: 32607107 PMCID: PMC7318406 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-020-00082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated whether leptin during the third trimester was associated with fetal growth compared to IGF-1. Methods One hundred five appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants born at ≥28 weeks’ gestation were enrolled. Cord blood leptin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were collected simultaneously during delivery. Enrolled infants were stratified into three groups according to GA as follows: 28 to < 34 weeks’ gestation, very preterm (VP); 34 to < 37 weeks’ gestation, late preterm (LP); and 37 to < 41 weeks’ gestation, term. Birth weight (BW), birth length (BL), head circumference (HC), and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Leptin and IGF-1 were logarithmically transformed to normalize their distributions in multivariable regression analysis. Results Sixty-eight infants out of 105 infants were preterm (32.5 ± 2.5 weeks), and 37 infants were term (37.8 ± 1.2 weeks). BW, BL, HC, and BMI were higher with increasing gestational age among the three gestational age-specific groups. With regard to hormones, leptin and IGF-1 were higher with increasing gestational age. Log cord serum leptin was independently associated with BW and BL in multivariable linear regression analysis, after adjustment for confounding factors including gestational age, delivery mode, multiple pregnancy, pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, infant’s BMI, and log cord blood IGF-1 levels. Conclusions During the third trimester, cord serum leptin was independently associated with fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Gon Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Li LJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Aris IM, Mantzoros C, Hivert MF, Oken E. Leptin trajectories from birth to mid-childhood and cardio-metabolic health in early adolescence. Metabolism 2019; 91:30-38. [PMID: 30412696 PMCID: PMC6366620 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes satiety, and some evidence suggests that greater early life leptin exposure prevents excessive adiposity gain in later life. However, few studies have analyzed dynamic changes in leptin throughout childhood in relation to later cardio-metabolic health. Our study aims to identify distinct leptin trajectories in childhood, and to examine their associations with cardio-metabolic outcomes in adolescence. METHODS Among children in the Project Viva cohort born 1999-2002 in Massachusetts, we used latent class growth models to identify leptin trajectories independent of maternal BMI, child sex, race/ethnicity, size at birth and current age and size among 1360 children with leptin measured at least once at birth, early childhood (mean 3.3 ± SD 0.3 years), or mid-childhood (7.9 ± 0.8 years). At research visits in early adolescence (13.2 ± 0.9 years), we assessed cardio-metabolic outcomes including adiposity measures, fasting biomarkers, and blood pressure among 855 children. We then applied multiple regression models to examine associations of the leptin trajectories with these cardio-metabolic outcomes in early adolescence, adjusting for child age at outcome, maternal age, education, prenatal smoking and glucose, total gestational weight gain and paternal BMI. RESULTS The latent class growth model identified 3 distinct leptin trajectories: "low stable" (n = 1031, 75.8%), "high-decreasing" (n = 219, 16.1%) and "intermediate-increasing" (n = 110, 8.1%). In adjusted models, the intermediate-increasing leptin trajectory was associated with higher early adolescence adiposity measures (e.g. BMI z-score: 0.62 units; 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.96 and odds of obesity: 2.84: 1.17, 6.94), but lower systolic blood pressure (-0.46 z-score units; -0.74, -0.18), compared to the low-stable group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings on leptin trajectories in childhood suggest important differences and associations with later metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Li
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Warchoł M, Wojciechowska M, Kupsz J, Sot-Szewczyk MH, Michalak M, Kołodziejski P, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Krauss H. Association of cord blood ghrelin, leptin and insulin concentrations in term newborns with anthropometric parameters at birth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:151-157. [PMID: 29320365 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, leptin and insulin, generally considered as regulators of energy homeostasis of the organism may be related to fetal and early postnatal growth. Numerous studies have confirmed the presence of these hormones in the cells of the fetus indicating their importance in development at early stages of life. METHODS This study analyzed active and total ghrelin by radioimmunoassay (RIA), leptin and insulin concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 65 cord blood samples, from term newborns, and measured the birth anthropometric parameters [birth weight (BW), head circumference, chest, stomach, thigh and arm circumference]. RESULTS Active ghrelin (AG) concentrations correlated negatively with BW, head circumference, stomach and thigh circumference. When divided by gender, AG correlated negatively with males' BW, stomach and thigh circumference. Females' head circumference correlated negatively with AG. Cord leptin correlated positively with arm circumference. When divided by gender, cord leptin was positively associated with BW and stomach circumference in male newborns and with thigh and arm circumference in female newborns. Insulin concentrations tended to correlate positively with BW in male newborns. CONCLUSIONS In summary, it was confirmed that cord blood ghrelin, leptin and insulin correlate with anthropometric parameters at birth. This study showed a negative correlation of AG with anthropometric parameters, which may emphasize that this hormone is an indicator of growth restriction. This is in contrast to cord leptin and insulin, which are more connected with overgrowth. Taking all the results into consideration, the metabolic status of the fetus and newborn is an essential component in understanding the regulation of perinatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Warchoł
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland, Phone: +48 61 8546520, Fax: +48 61 8546540
| | | | - Justyna Kupsz
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Informatics and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Krauss
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Li LJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Aris IM, Young JG, Mantzoros C, Hivert MF, Oken E. Associations of maternal and cord blood adipokines with offspring adiposity in Project Viva: is there an interaction with child age? Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:608-617. [PMID: 29026216 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher leptin and lower adiponectin correlate with adult and childhood adiposity, but it is unclear how exposure to these adipokines during gestation relates to offspring growth. We aimed to investigate the relationships of maternal and cord adipokines with offspring adiposity across childhood to early adolescence, as well as interactions with child age. METHODS In mother-child pairs in the Project Viva cohort, we measured adipokines in mothers at second trimester (n=1106) and in cord blood at birth (n=657). We measured offspring adiposity indices at early childhood (mean 3.3±s.d. 0.3 years), mid-childhood (7.9±0.8 years) and early adolescence (13.2±0.9 years). We analyzed associations of maternal and cord adipokines with offspring longitudinal adiposity using a linear mixed model adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and other confounders. RESULTS Mothers with higher BMI and GWG had higher leptin. Offspring born to mothers with the highest vs lowest quartile of leptin had lower BMI z-score (-0.49 units, 95% confidence interval (CI):-0.72,-0.26), waist circumference (-2.6 cm, 95% CI: -3.7,-1.5) and sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds (-2.8 mm, 95% CI: -4.1,-1.4) in early life. An interaction term between maternal leptin and child age was positive, suggesting that the associations between maternal leptin and child adiposity were not constant over time. Offspring born to mothers with lowest vs highest quartile of maternal adiponectin had lower early life adiposity (BMI z-score -0.27 units, 95% CI: -0.48,-0.05). Results were similar for cord leptin but not cord adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed higher maternal and cord leptin, and lower maternal adiponectin are associated with lower offspring adiposity from childhood to early adolescence, independent of maternal BMI and GWG. However, the strength of these associations was not constant over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-J Li
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - S L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - J G Young
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M-F Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Mericq V, Martinez-Aguayo A, Uauy R, Iñiguez G, Van der Steen M, Hokken-Koelega A. Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:50-62. [PMID: 27539244 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that both the intrauterine environment and growth during early life can influence the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, in adulthood. Here, we review the available human data supporting increased metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age; the adrenal and pubertal modifications that contribute to this risk; metabolic changes that occur during adolescence and early adulthood; and approaches to potentially modify or decrease risk of metabolic disease. The risks associated with delivery at term or preterm are compared for each period of life. Knowledge of these associations is fundamental for the paediatric community to develop preventive strategies early during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8330091, Chile
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Aguayo
- Pediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8330074, Chile
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Pediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8330074, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, 7810851, Chile
| | - German Iñiguez
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8330091, Chile
| | - Manouk Van der Steen
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3001 KB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3001 KB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Steinbrekera B, Roghair R. Modeling the impact of growth and leptin deficits on the neuronal regulation of blood pressure. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R47-R60. [PMID: 27613336 PMCID: PMC5148679 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The risk of hypertension is increased by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth. In the search for modifiable etiologies for this life-threatening cardiovascular morbidity, a number of pathways have been investigated, including excessive glucocorticoid exposure, nutritional deficiency and aberration in sex hormone levels. As a neurotrophic hormone that is intimately involved in the cardiovascular regulation and whose levels are influenced by glucocorticoids, nutritional status and sex hormones, leptin has emerged as a putative etiologic and thus a therapeutic agent. As a product of maternal and late fetal adipocytes and the placenta, circulating leptin typically surges late in gestation and declines after delivery until the infant consumes sufficient leptin-containing breast milk or accrues sufficient leptin-secreting adipose tissue to reestablish the circulating levels. The leptin deficiency seen in IUGR infants is a multifactorial manifestation of placental insufficiency, exaggerated glucocorticoid exposure and fetal adipose deficit. The preterm infant suffers from the same cascade of events, including separation from the placenta, antenatal steroid exposure and persistently underdeveloped adipose depots. Preterm infants remain leptin deficient beyond term gestation, rendering them susceptible to neurodevelopmental impairment and subsequent cardiovascular dysregulation. This pathologic pathway is efficiently modeled by placing neonatal mice into atypically large litters, thereby recapitulating the perinatal growth restriction-adult hypertension phenotype. In this model, neonatal leptin supplementation restores the physiologic leptin surge, attenuates the leptin-triggered sympathetic activation in adulthood and prevents leptin- or stress-evoked hypertension. Further pathway interrogation and clinical translation are needed to fully test the therapeutic potential of perinatal leptin supplementation.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Adult
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fetal Growth Retardation/drug therapy
- Fetal Growth Retardation/metabolism
- Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Humans
- Hypertension/etiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Leptin/deficiency
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/metabolism
- Leptin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/drug therapy
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/metabolism
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Leptin/agonists
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Steinbrekera
- Stead Family Department of PediatricsCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert Roghair
- Stead Family Department of PediatricsCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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10
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Karakosta P, Roumeliotaki T, Chalkiadaki G, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Venihaki M, Malliaraki N, Kampa M, Castanas E, Kogevinas M, Mantzoros C, Chatzi L. Cord blood leptin levels in relation to child growth trajectories. Metabolism 2016; 65:874-82. [PMID: 27173466 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin represents a potential modulator of developmental programming of childhood obesity. We investigated the association of cord blood leptin with growth trajectories from birth to early childhood. MATERIALS/METHODS We used data from the prospective mother-child cohort "Rhea", Crete, Greece. Cord blood samples from 642 neonates were collected. 578 (90%) children had complete follow up data from birth to 4years. We measured child weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, blood pressure, and serum lipids, leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein in early childhood (median 4.2years). We estimated growth trajectories from 3months up to 4years using random-effects linear-spline models. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Mean cord blood leptin levels were 7.3ng/mL (standard deviation: 6.3). Children with high cord blood leptin (>90th percentile) exhibited lower weight, height and body mass index from 6months to early childhood. Each SD increase in cord blood leptin was associated with lower weight at the age of 4 by 242g (95% CI: -416, -69). In a stratified analysis, the reverse association was observed in children born small for gestational age (p for interaction=0.001), and in those exhibiting rapid infant growth during the first 3months of life (p for interaction=0.002). Cord blood leptin levels were not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors at 4years. CONCLUSIONS Long term programming effects of in utero exposure to leptin extends beyond infancy into early childhood. Further studies are needed to explore potential effect modification by intrauterine and early infancy growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Karakosta
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Chalkiadaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Sarri
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Vassilaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Niki Malliaraki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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11
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van Poelje MW, van de Lagemaat M, Lafeber HN, Van Weissenbruch MM, Rotteveel J. Relationship between fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and leptin in preterm infants between term age and 6 months' corrected age. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 82:405-10. [PMID: 25531233 DOI: 10.1159/000369393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In term subjects, fat mass (FM) is positively associated with leptin, whereas studies in preterm infants show conflicting results. However, none of these studies measured FM by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This study aims to relate FM measured by DEXA in relation to leptin and growth in preterm infants. METHODS In 139 preterm infants, weight (kg) and length (cm) were measured at birth, term age, and 6 months' corrected age (CA). FM (kg), measured by whole-body DEXA, and leptin (µg/l) were measured at term age and 6 months' CA. RESULTS At term age and 6 months' CA, FM was associated with leptin (β = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.51-2.36, and β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.26-0.48, respectively; p < 0.001). Gain in weight standard deviation score (SDS) between term age and 6 months' CA was associated with FM and leptin at 6 months' CA (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.18-0.30, and β = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.16-0.33, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In preterm infants, FM measured by DEXA is associated with leptin, which indicates that leptin is a marker of body FM during the first 6 months after term age. Gain in weight SDS between term age and 6 months' CA results in higher FM and higher leptin at 6 months' CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel W van Poelje
- Pediatrics Department, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Gossai A, Lesseur C, Farzan S, Marsit C, Karagas MR, Gilbert-Diamond D. Association between maternal urinary arsenic species and infant cord blood leptin levels in a New Hampshire Pregnancy Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:180-6. [PMID: 25460635 PMCID: PMC4262605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an important pleiotropic hormone involved in the regulation of nutrient intake and energy expenditure, and is known to influence body weight in infants and adults. High maternal levels of arsenic have been associated with reduced infant birth weight, but the mechanism of action is not yet understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between in utero arsenic exposure and infant cord blood leptin concentrations within 156 mother-infant pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) who were exposed to low to moderate levels of arsenic through well water and diet. In utero arsenic exposure was obtained from maternal second trimester urinary arsenic concentration, and plasma leptin levels were assessed through immunoassay. Results indicate that urinary arsenic species concentrations were predictive of infant cord blood leptin levels following adjustment for creatinine, infant birth weight for gestational age percentile, infant sex, maternal pregnancy-related weight gain, and maternal education level amongst 149 white mother-infant pairs in multivariate linear regression models. A doubling or 100% increase in total urinary arsenic concentration (iAs+MMA+DMA) was associated with a 10.3% (95% CI: 0.8-20.7%) increase in cord blood leptin levels. A 100% increase in either monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was also associated with an 8.3% (95% CI: -1.0-18.6%) and 10.3% (95% CI: 1.2-20.2%) increase in cord blood leptin levels, respectively. The association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) and cord blood leptin was of similar magnitude and direction as other arsenic species (a 100% increase in iAs was associated with a 6.5% (95% CI: -3.4-17.5%) increase in cord blood leptin levels), albeit not significant. These results suggest in utero exposure to low levels of arsenic influences cord blood leptin concentration and presents a potential mechanism by which arsenic may impact early childhood growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anala Gossai
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shohreh Farzan
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Carmen Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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13
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Brunner S, Schmid D, Hüttinger K, Much D, Brüderl M, Sedlmeier EM, Kratzsch J, Amann-Gassnerl U, Bader BL, Hauner H. Effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on the maternal and fetal leptin axis in relation to infant body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:217-24. [PMID: 23596009 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in maternal nutrition on the maternal and cord blood leptin axis and their association with infant body composition up to 2 years. DESIGN AND METHODS 208 healthy pregnant women were randomized to either a dietary intervention to reduce the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio from 15th week of gestation until 4 months postpartum or a control group. Leptin, soluble leptin receptor and free leptin index were determined in maternal and cord plasma and related to infant body composition assessed by skinfold thicknesses up to 2 years. RESULTS The intervention had no effect on either the maternal or fetal leptin axis. Maternal leptin in late pregnancy was inversely related to infant weight and lean body mass (LBM) up to 2 years, after multiple adjustments. Cord leptin was positively related to weight, body fat, and LBM at birth, and inversely associated with weight, BMI, fat mass, and LBM at 2 years and weight gain up to 2 years. The contribution of cord leptin to infant outcomes was overall stronger compared with maternal leptin. CONCLUSIONS Both, maternal and fetal leptin were associated with subsequent infant anthropometry with a greater impact of fetal leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brunner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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14
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Terrazzan AC, Procianoy RS, Silveira RC. Neonatal cord blood adiponectin and insulin levels in very low birth weight preterm and healthy full-term infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:616-20. [PMID: 23844719 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.823939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies concerning adiponectin and insulin concentration in cord blood of very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm and full-term newborns, small and appropriate for gestational age (GA). AIM To compare adiponectin and insulin concentrations between preterm and full-term infants, and to determine their relation with birth weight (BW) and size for GA. METHODS A cross-sectional study of VLBW preterm newborns with GA < 32 weeks and BW < 1500 g, and full-term newborns with GA > 37 weeks born at our hospital between January 2010 and May 2011, was conducted. EXCLUSION CRITERIA major congenital malformation, inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal anomalies. Adiponectin was determined by enzimoimunoassay with ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and insulin was assayed by chemiluminescence method. RESULTS A total of 127 newborns were studied, 55 VLBW preterm (28 SGA), and 72 full-term (7 SGA). Insulin cord blood concentrations in preterm and full-term newborns were similar. Adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in preterm than in full-term infants: 1.57 ± 0.74 pg/ml versus 2.4 ± 0.22 pg/ml (p < 0.001), respectively. Regression analyses showed that, after controlling for several neonatal and maternal factors, preterm birth was the only significant predictor of adiponectin concentrations. CONCLUSION Being born prematurely is the main determinant factor for lower adiponectin concentration in umbilical cord blood of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Terrazzan
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Section, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Brazil
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15
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Boeke CE, Mantzoros CS, Hughes MD, L Rifas-Shiman S, Villamor E, Zera CA, Gillman MW. Differential associations of leptin with adiposity across early childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1430-7. [PMID: 23408391 PMCID: PMC3659179 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of perinatal and 3-year leptin with weight gain and adiposity through 7 years. DESIGN AND METHODS In Project Viva, plasma leptin from mothers at 26-28 weeks' gestation (n = 893), umbilical cord vein at delivery (n = 540), and children at 3 years (n = 510) was assessed in relation to BMI z-score, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, and dual X-ray absorptiometry body fat. RESULTS 50.1% of children were male and 29.5% non-white. Mean (SD) maternal, cord, and age 3 leptin concentrations were 22.9 (14.2), 8.8 (6.4), and 1.8 (1.7) ng/ml, respectively, and 3- and 7-year BMI z-scores were 0.46 (1.00) and 0.35 (0.97), respectively. After adjusting for parental and child characteristics, higher maternal and cord leptin were associated with less 3-year adiposity. For example, mean 3-year BMI z-score was 0.5 lower (95% CI: -0.7, -0.2; P-trend = 0.003) among children whose mothers' leptin concentrations were in the top versus bottom quintile. In contrast, higher age 3 leptin was associated with greater weight gain and adiposity through age 7 [e.g., change in BMI z-score from 3 to 7 years was 0.2 units (95% CI: -0.0, 0.4; P-trend =0.05)]. CONCLUSION Higher perinatal leptin was associated with lower 3-year adiposity, whereas higher age 3 leptin was associated with greater weight gain and adiposity by 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Boeke
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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16
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Garratt ES, Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Burdge GC, Lillycrop KA. Tissue-specific 5' heterogeneity of PPARα transcripts and their differential regulation by leptin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67483. [PMID: 23825665 PMCID: PMC3692471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding nuclear receptors comprise multiple 5'untranslated exons, which give rise to several transcripts encoding the same protein, allowing tissue-specific regulation of expression. Both human and mouse peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α genes have multiple promoters, although their function is unknown. Here we have characterised the rat PPARα promoter region and have identified three alternative PPARα transcripts, which have different transcription start sites owing to the utilisation of distinct first exons. Moreover these alternative PPARα transcripts were differentially expressed between adipose tissue and liver. We show that while the major adipose (P1) and liver (P2) transcripts were both induced by dexamethasone, they were differentially regulated by the PPARα agonist, clofibric acid, and leptin. Leptin had no effect on the adipose-specific P1 transcript, but induced liver-specific P2 promoter activity via a STAT3/Sp1 mechanism. Moreover in Wistar rats, leptin treatment between postnatal day 3-13 led to an increase in P2 but not P1 transcription in adipose tissue which was sustained into adulthood. This suggests that the expression of the alternative PPARα transcripts are in part programmed by early life exposure to leptin leading to persistent change in adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism through specific activation of a quiescent PPARα promoter. Such complexity in the regulation of PPARα may allow the expression of PPARα to be finely regulated in response to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S. Garratt
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark A. Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
Nowadays, an increased number of premature infants survive. The medical challenge is to reduce their postnatal morbidities with a special focus towards a decrease in metabolic risks. In this manuscript, we will examine available evidence of perinatal, infancy, and childhood consequences of prematurity on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we add some recent data on how nutritional intervention could modify these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of de Chile, Santa Rosa 1234, 2° piso, Casilla 226-3 Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Ohkawa N, Shoji H, Kitamura T, Suganuma H, Yoshikawa N, Suzuki M, Lee T, Hisata K, Shimizu T. IGF-I, leptin and active ghrelin levels in very low birth weight infants during the first 8 weeks of life. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:37-41. [PMID: 19785636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the relationship between plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), leptin, active ghrelin levels, and postnatal growth in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHOD Plasma IGF-I, leptin, and active ghrelin levels were measured at birth and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after birth in 61 VLBW infants, including 31 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 30 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. RESULTS Insulin-like growth factor I levels were the lowest at birth, but increased gradually over the first 8 weeks of life. IGF-I was positively correlated with body weight, body length and body mass index at all time points. Leptin levels did not change over the study period. Ghrelin levels were significantly lower at birth; however, there were no significant differences between the levels after 2 weeks of age. Leptin and ghrelin levels were not correlated with anthropometrical measures. IGF-I levels at birth were significantly lower in SGA than in AGA infants, but the leptin and ghrelin levels were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Insulin-like growth factor I is related to length and weight gain in the prenatal and the early postnatal periods in VLBW infants, but this does not appear to be the case for leptin and ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohkawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Begriche K, Massart J, Fromenty B. Effects of β-aminoisobutyric acid on leptin production and lipid homeostasis: mechanisms and possible relevance for the prevention of obesity. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:269-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An adverse prenatal environment may induce long-term metabolic consequences, in particular obesity and insulin resistance. Although the mechanisms are unclear, this 'programming' has generally been considered an irreversible change in developmental trajectory. Recent work has highlighted the importance of the hormone leptin during critical windows of development in the pathogenesis of programming related disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Maintaining a critical leptin level during development may allow the normal maturation of tissues and pathways involved in metabolic homeostasis and a period of relative hypo or hyperleptinemia may induce some of the metabolic adaptations which underlie developmental programming. Furthermore, nutritional or therapeutic intervention in postnatal life can ameliorate the consequences of developmental malprogramming and, at least in the rodent, developmental programming is potentially reversible by intervention with leptin late in the phase of developmental plasticity. SUMMARY Inappropriate growth during pregnancy or lactation can result in individuals with an increased risk of later obesity and related metabolic sequelae. Taken together, recent studies highlight the importance of leptin in disorders manifest as a consequence of developmental programming and offer exciting new strategies for therapeutic intervention, whether it be maternal or neonatal intervention or targeted nutritional manipulation in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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21
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Abstract
Premature infants of low and extremely low birth weight represent a challenge for neonatal intensive care units and paediatricians. These neonates may be at increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes perinatally and during childhood. During the first week of postnatal life, infants born prematurely are at risk of abnormalities in glucose homeostasis. Additionally, there are major differences in their glucose/insulin homeostasis compared with infants born at term. Preterm infants are at risk of hypoglycaemia, due to decreases in deposits of glycogen and fat that occur during the third trimester, and also to transient hyperinsulinaemia. Hyperglycaemia may also be observed in preterm infants during the perinatal period. These infants are unable to suppress glucose production within a large range of glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin secretory response is inappropriate, insulin processing is immature and there is an increased ratio of the glucose transporters Glut-1/Glut-2 in fetal tissues, which limits sensitivity and hepatocyte reaction to increments in glucose/insulin concentration during hyperglycaemia. In addition, increased concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha present in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and induce insulin resistance. It has been proposed that the reduced insulin sensitivity may result from adaptation to an adverse in utero environment during a critical period of development. We have investigated postnatal insulin resistance in 60 children born with very low birth weight and either small for gestational age or at an appropriate size for gestational age. This study showed that IUGR, rather than low birth weight itself, was associated with increased fasting insulin levels. As poor fetal growth may be associated with the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in later life, it is important that we continue to increase our understanding of the effects of IUGR on postnatal growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago.
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22
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Mai XM, Gäddlin PO, Nilsson L, Leijon I. Early rapid weight gain and current overweight in relation to asthma in adolescents born with very low birth weight. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16:380-5. [PMID: 16101929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early catch-up growth and subsequent overweight are suggested to be associated with later cardiovascular diseases and later type II diabetes. However, the impact of early catch-up growth and childhood overweight on the development of asthma has been less studied, particularly in children born with very low birth weight (VLBW). A birth cohort of 74 VLBW children (birth weight < or = 1500 g) was followed from birth and investigated on asthma at 12 yr of age. Early rapid weight gain was in one way defined as an increase of weight > or =1 standard deviation score (SDS) at 6 months of corrected postnatal age. Current overweight was defined by body mass index (BMI) exceeding 21.2 and 21.7 kg/m(2), respectively, for boys and girls at 12 yr of age. Current asthma was diagnosed by a pediatrician, according to asthma ever in combination with a positive response to hypertonic saline bronchial provocation test and/or wheeze at physical examination at 12 yr old. Being overweight at 12 yr of age was associated with an increased risk for current asthma in the VLBW children [crude odds ratio (OR): 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-22.2]. After adjustment for early weight gain and neonatal risk, the OR of overweight increased nearly three times (adjusted OR: 15.3, 95% CI: 2.5-90.6). Early rapid weight gain seemed to be inversely associated with current asthma (adjusted OR: 0.49 for an increase of weight equal to 1 SDS, 95% CI: 0.23-1.02, p = 0.06). In addition, early rapid weight gain was inversely associated with the magnitude of bronchial responsiveness at 12 yr (coefficient -1.15, p < 0.01). There was a strong and positive association between overweight and asthma at 12 yr of age in the VLBW children. This strong association had been reduced by early rapid weight gain, possibly via the reduction of bronchial responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Mai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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