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Gujarati NA, Chow AK, Mallipattu SK. Central role of podocytes in mediating cellular cross talk in glomerular health and disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F313-F325. [PMID: 38205544 PMCID: PMC11207540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00328.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized epithelial cells that surround the capillaries of the glomeruli in the kidney. Together with the glomerular endothelial cells, these postmitotic cells are responsible for regulating filtrate from the circulating blood with their organized network of interdigitating foot processes that wrap around the glomerular basement membrane. Although podocyte injury and subsequent loss is the hallmark of many glomerular diseases, recent evidence suggests that the cell-cell communication between podocytes and other glomerular and nonglomerular cells is critical for the development and progression of kidney disease. In this review, we highlight these key cellular pathways of communication and how they might be a potential target for therapy in glomerular disease. We also postulate that podocytes might serve as a central hub for communication in the kidney under basal conditions and in response to cellular stress, which may have implications for the development and progression of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehaben A Gujarati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Andrew K Chow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
- Renal Section, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States
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2
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Ando K, Kurashina R, Motoi N, Iizuka T, Inoue M, Maruyama R, Mitani K, Takenobu H, Haruta M, Onuki R, Matsuoka Y, Kamijo T, Kageyama Y. Positive regulatory loop of platelet-derived growth factor DD-induced STAT3 activation is associated with poor prognosis in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:165-170. [PMID: 37517219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has been established for patients with advanced urothelial cancer (UC). The necessity of overcoming resistance to ICIs and identifying a predictive factor for the same has been highlighted, such as the assessment of combination therapy with other targeted drugs and the characterization of molecular signatures in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, we reported that low hemoglobin (Hb) levels and a high platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were significantly associated with overall survival in patients with UC who did not benefit from pembrolizumab treatment. In the present study, we identified a possible link between these unfavorable prognostic indicators and PDGF-DD-induced STAT3 activation in UC. Overlapping patients between the high STAT3- or phosphorylated STAT3-positive score group (as assessed by immunohistochemistry) and low Hb levels or high PLR group (as assessed by blood tests) showed significantly worse outcomes after pembrolizumab treatment. Additionally, using the bladder cancer JMSU1 cell line, we demonstrated a possible positive regulatory loop between autocrine/paracrine PDGF-DD and STAT3 signaling. Therefore, we suggest that STAT3 inhibition and PDGF-DD detection in the tumor microenvironment might represent a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to pembrolizumab. Moreover, this can help identify patients with UC who could benefit from combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiro Ando
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.
| | - Ryo Kurashina
- Department of Urology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iizuka
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Masaharu Inoue
- Department of Urology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Riko Maruyama
- Department of Urology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kouki Mitani
- Department of Urology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hisanori Takenobu
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haruta
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Onuki
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yoh Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yukio Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina, Kita-adachigun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
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3
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Boi R, Ebefors K, Nyström J. The role of the mesangium in glomerular function. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14045. [PMID: 37658606 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
When discussing glomerular function, one cell type is often left out, the mesangial cell (MC), probably since it is not a part of the filtration barrier per se. The MCs are instead found between the glomerular capillaries, embedded in their mesangial matrix. They are in direct contact with the endothelial cells and in close contact with the podocytes and together they form the glomerulus. The MCs can produce and react to a multitude of growth factors, cytokines, and other signaling molecules and are in the perfect position to be a central hub for crosstalk communication between the cells in the glomerulus. In certain glomerular diseases, for example, in diabetic kidney disease or IgA nephropathy, the MCs become activated resulting in mesangial expansion. The expansion is normally due to matrix expansion in combination with either proliferation or hypertrophy. With time, this expansion can lead to fibrosis and decreased glomerular function. In addition, signs of complement activation are often seen in biopsies from patients with glomerular disease affecting the mesangium. This review aims to give a better understanding of the MCs in health and disease and their role in glomerular crosstalk and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Boi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen Y, Jiang L, Lyu K, Lu J, Long L, Wang X, Liu T, Li S. A Promising Candidate in Tendon Healing Events—PDGF-BB. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101518. [PMID: 36291727 PMCID: PMC9599567 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders for which patients seek medical aid, reducing not only the quality of life of the patient but also imposing a significant economic burden on society. The administration of growth factors at the wound site is a feasible solution for enhancing tendon healing. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) has a well-defined safety profile compared to other growth factors and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of PDGF-BB in tendon healing through a comprehensive review of the published literature. Experimental studies suggest that PDGF-BB has a positive effect on tendon healing by enhancing inflammatory responses, speeding up angiogenesis, stimulating tendon cell proliferation, increasing collagen synthesis and increasing the biomechanics of the repaired tendon. PDGF-BB is regarded as a promising candidate in tendon healing. However, in order to realize its full potential, we still need to carefully consider and study key issues such as dose and application time in the future, so as to explore further applications of PDGF-BB in the tendon healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Kexin Lyu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Longhai Long
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tianzhu Liu
- Neurology Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Sen Li
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (S.L.)
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Adeva-Andany MM, Carneiro-Freire N. Biochemical composition of the glomerular extracellular matrix in patients with diabetic kidney disease. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:498-520. [PMID: 36051430 PMCID: PMC9329837 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i7.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the glomeruli, mesangial cells produce mesangial matrix while podocytes wrap glomerular capillaries with cellular extensions named foot processes and tether the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The turnover of the mature GBM and the ability of adult podocytes to repair injured GBM are unclear. The actin cytoskeleton is a major cytoplasmic component of podocyte foot processes and links the cell to the GBM. Predominant components of the normal glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) include glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, laminins, fibronectin-1, and several types of collagen. In patients with diabetes, multiorgan composition of extracellular tissues is anomalous, including the kidney, so that the constitution and arrangement of glomerular ECM is profoundly altered. In patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the global quantity of glomerular ECM is increased. The level of sulfated proteoglycans is reduced while hyaluronic acid is augmented, compared to control subjects. The concentration of mesangial fibronectin-1 varies depending on the stage of DKD. Mesangial type III collagen is abundant in patients with DKD, unlike normal kidneys. The amount of type V and type VI collagens is higher in DKD and increases with the progression of the disease. The GBM contains lower amount of type IV collagen in DKD compared to normal tissue. Further, genetic variants in the α3 chain of type IV collagen may modulate susceptibility to DKD and end-stage kidney disease. Human cellular models of glomerular cells, analyses of human glomerular proteome, and improved microscopy procedures have been developed to investigate the molecular composition and organization of the human glomerular ECM.
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Ebefors K, Bergwall L, Nyström J. The Glomerulus According to the Mesangium. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:740527. [PMID: 35155460 PMCID: PMC8825785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.740527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerulus is the functional unit for filtration of blood and formation of primary urine. This intricate structure is composed of the endothelium with its glycocalyx facing the blood, the glomerular basement membrane and the podocytes facing the urinary space of Bowman's capsule. The mesangial cells are the central hub connecting and supporting all these structures. The components as a unit ensure a high permselectivity hindering large plasma proteins from passing into the urine while readily filtering water and small solutes. There has been a long-standing interest and discussion regarding the functional contribution of the different cellular components but the mesangial cells have been somewhat overlooked in this context. The mesangium is situated in close proximity to all other cellular components of the glomerulus and should be considered important in pathophysiological events leading to glomerular disease. This review will highlight the role of the mesangium in both glomerular function and intra-glomerular crosstalk. It also aims to explain the role of the mesangium as a central component involved in disease onset and progression as well as signaling to maintain the functions of other glomerular cells to uphold permselectivity and glomerular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Bergwall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Metanephric mesenchyme-derived Foxd1 + mesangial precursor cells alleviate mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:553-561. [PMID: 30810761 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is a glomerular disease characterized by the proliferation of mesangial cells and the accumulation of mesangial matrix. No effective treatment is currently able to stop or reverse the disease process. Here, we isolated metanephric mesenchyme-derived Foxd1+ mesangial precursor cells from E13.5 Foxd1Cre; DTRflox double transgenic embryo mice. The Foxd1+ cells showed the cell-specific expression of high levels of Foxd1 without Six2 and manifested specific cell surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells while retaining their differentiation potential. Next, an anti-Thy1 MsPGN rat model was established, and the Foxd1+ cells were injected into the tail veins 24 h later. We found that the Foxd1+ cells could improve the pathological changes to the kidney and significantly reduce proteinuria by inhibiting the sonic hedgehog pathway. Moreover, the Foxd1+ cells could inhibit PDGF-BB-induced activation of mesangial cells by secreting multiple cytokines, including hepatocyte growth factor. Our study uncovered the novel function of Foxd1+ mesangial precursor cells in repairing the damaged mesangium, stabilizing the structure and function of mesangial cells, and restoring their therapeutic effect on the MsPGN. KEY MESSAGES: It is viable to isolate highly purified metanephric mesenchyme-derived Foxd1+ mesangial precursor cells using transgenic mice. Foxd1+ cells could alleviate experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and PDGF-induced mesangial cell proliferation through a variety of mechanisms including inhibiting the sonic hedgehog pathway and secreting multiple cytokines. As the progenitor cells of mesangial cells, Foxd1+ cells could stabilize the structure and function of mesangial cells that had undergone pathological changes.
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8
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:16-36. [PMID: 29909119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects more than 10% of world population and for which treatment options are limited. Renal fibrosis is defined by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which disrupts and replaces the functional parenchyma that leads to organ failure. Kidney's histological structure can be divided into three main compartments, all of which can be affected by fibrosis, specifically termed glomerulosclerosis in glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis in tubulointerstitium and arteriosclerosis and perivascular fibrosis in vasculature. In this review, we summarized the different appearance, cellular origin and major emerging processes and mediators of fibrosis in each compartment. We also depicted and discussed the challenges in translation of anti-fibrotic treatment to clinical practice and discuss possible solutions and future directions.
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Teo FMS, Nyo M, Wong AA, Tan NWH, Koh MT, Chan YF, Chong CY, Chu JJH. Cytokine and Chemokine Profiling in Patients with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Singapore and Malaysia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4087. [PMID: 29511232 PMCID: PMC5840398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a prevalent contagious childhood disease typically associated with fever, oral lesions and limb exanthema. While HFMD is caused by a plethora of serotypes of viruses under the genus Enterovirus within the Picornaviridae family, Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) are considered the main etiological agents. In recent years however, other viruses have also been isolated in considerable numbers from infected individuals in many regions, joining the legion commonly associated with HFMD. The present study investigated the cytokine and chemokine profiles of HFMD patients from Singapore and Malaysia for the first time. Comparative cohort studies of EV-A71-associated HFMD cases revealed that the Malaysia cohort had a distinct profile from the Singapore cohort, and this could be partly attributed by different EV-A71 genotypes. As the isolation of CV-A6, instead of CV-A16, had become prevalent in the Singapore cohort, it was also of particular interest to study the differential cytokine and chemokine profiles. Our data revealed that overlapping as well as unique profiles exist between the two major causative clinical isolates in the Singapore cohort. Having a better understanding of the respective immunological profiles could be useful for more accurate HFMD diagnosis, which is imperative for disease transmission control until multi-valent vaccines and/or broad-spectrum anti-viral drugs become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mei Shan Teo
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Nyo
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anng Anng Wong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalie Woon Hui Tan
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mia Tuang Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
Fibrosis is part of a tissue repair response to injury, defined as increased deposition of extracellular matrix. In some instances, fibrosis is beneficial; however, in the majority of diseases fibrosis is detrimental. Virtually all chronic progressive diseases are associated with fibrosis, representing a huge number of patients worldwide. Fibrosis occurs in all organs and tissues, becomes irreversible with time and further drives loss of tissue function. Various cells types initiate and perpetuate pathological fibrosis by paracrine activation of the principal cellular executors of fibrosis, i.e. stromal mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts, pericytes and myofibroblasts. Multiple pathways are involved in fibrosis, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-signaling being one of the central mediators. Stromal mesenchymal cells express both PDGF receptors (PDGFR) α and β, activation of which drives proliferation, migration and production of extracellular matrix, i.e. the principal processes of fibrosis. Here, we review the role of PDGF signaling in organ fibrosis, with particular focus on the more recently described ligands PDGF-C and -D. We discuss the potential challenges, opportunities and open questions in using PDGF as a potential target for anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Germany.
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Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Kasinath BS, Choudhury GG. Tyrosines-740/751 of PDGFRβ contribute to the activation of Akt/Hif1α/TGFβ nexus to drive high glucose-induced glomerular mesangial cell hypertrophy. Cell Signal 2017; 42:44-53. [PMID: 28951244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular mesangial cell hypertrophy contributes to the complications of diabetic nephropathy. The mechanism by which high glucose induces mesangial cell hypertrophy is poorly understood. Here we explored the role of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) tyrosine kinase in driving the high glucose-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy. We show that high glucose stimulates the association of the PDGFRβ with PI 3 kinase leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of the latter. High glucose-induced Akt kinase activation was also dependent upon PDGFRβ and its tyrosine phosphorylation at 740/751 residues. Inhibition of PDGFRβ activity, its downregulation and expression of its phospho-deficient (Y740/751F) mutant inhibited mesangial cell hypertrophy by high glucose. Interestingly, expression of constitutively active Akt reversed this inhibition, indicating a role of Akt kinase downstream of PDGFRβ phosphorylation in this process. The transcription factor Hif1α is a target of Akt kinase. siRNAs against Hif1α inhibited the high glucose-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy. In contrast, increased expression of Hif1α induced hypertrophy similar to high glucose. We found that inhibition of PDGFRβ and expression of PDGFRβ Y740/751F mutant significantly inhibited the high glucose-induced expression of Hif1α. Importantly, expression of Hif1α countered the inhibition of mesangial cell hypertrophy induced by siPDGFRβ or PDGFRβ Y740/751F mutant. Finally, we show that high glucose-stimulated PDGFRβ tyrosine phosphorylation at 740/751 residues and the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor regulate the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) expression by Hif1α. Thus we define the cell surface PDGFRβ as a major link between high glucose and its effectors Hif1α and TGFβ for induction of diabetic mesangial cell hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- Department of Medicine, UT Health at San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- VA Biomedical Laboratory Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Pathology, UT Health at San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, UT Health at San Antonio, TX, United States; VA Biomedical Laboratory Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, UT Health at San Antonio, TX, United States; VA Biomedical Laboratory Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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12
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Salva E, Turan SÖ, Akbuğa J. Inhibition of Glomerular Mesangial Cell Proliferation by siPDGF-B- and siPDGFR-β-Containing Chitosan Nanoplexes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1031-1042. [PMID: 27975193 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis is a disease that has a high incidence in humans. In this disease, the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells and the production of extracellular matrix are important. In recent years, the RNAi technology has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases due to its capability to inhibit the gene expression with high specificity and targeting. The objective of this study was to decrease mesangial cell proliferation by knocking down PDGF-B and its receptor, PDGFR-β. To be able to use small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in the treatment of this disease successfully, it is necessary to develop appropriate delivery systems. Chitosan, which is a biopolymer, is used as a siRNA delivery system in kidney drug targeting. In order to deliver siRNA molecules targeted at PDGF-B and PDGFR-β, chitosan/siRNA nanoplexes were prepared. The in vitro characterization, transfection studies, and knockdown efficiencies were studied in immortalized and primary rat mesangial cells. In addition, the effects of chitosan nanoplexes on mesangial cell proliferation and migration were investigated. After in vitro transfection, the PDGF-B and PDGFR-β gene silencing efficiencies of PDGF-B and PDGFR-β targeting siRNA-containing chitosan nanoplexes were 74 and 71% in immortalized rat mesangial cells and 66 and 62% in primary rat mesangial cells, respectively. siPDGF-B- and siPDGFR-β-containing nanoplexes indicated a significant decrease in mesangial cell migration and proliferation. These results suggested that mesangial cell proliferation may be inhibited by silencing of the PDGF-B signaling pathway. Gene silencing approaches with chitosan-based gene delivery systems have promise for the efficient treatment of renal disease.
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Ashour RH, Saad MA, Sobh MA, Al-Husseiny F, Abouelkheir M, Awad A, Elghannam D, Abdel-Ghaffar H, Sobh M. Comparative study of allogenic and xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cells on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:126. [PMID: 27585525 PMCID: PMC5009659 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The paracrine and regenerative activities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may vary with different stem cell sources. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of MSCs from different sources on acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by cisplatin and their influence on renal regeneration. Methods A single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was used to induce AKI in 120 Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with either rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs), human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs), or human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (hAFSCs). 5 × 106 MSCs of different sources were administered through rat tail vein in a single dose, 24 hours after cisplatin injection. Within each group, rats were sacrificed at the 4th, 7th, 11th, and 30th day after cisplatin injection. Serum creatinine, BUN, and renal tissue oxidative stress parameters were measured. Renal tissue was scored histopathologically for evidence of injury, regeneration, and chronicity. Immunohistochemistry was also done using Ki67 for renal proliferative activity evaluation. Results MSCs of the three sources were able to ameliorate cisplatin-induced renal function deterioration and tissue damage. The rat BMSCs-treated group had the lowest serum creatinine by day 30 (0.52 ± 0.06) compared to hADSCs and hAFSCs. All MSC-treated groups had nearly equal antioxidant activity as indicated by the decreased renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at different time intervals. Additionally, all MSCs improved injury and regenerative scores. Rat BMSCs had the highest count and earliest proliferative activity in the renal cortex by day 7 as identified by Ki67; while, hAFSCs seem to have the greatest improvement in the regenerative and proliferative activities with a higher count of renal cortex Ki67-positive cells at day 11 and with the least necrotic lesions. Conclusions Rat BMSCs, hADSCs, and hAFSCs, in early single IV dose, had a renoprotective effect against cisplatin-induced AKI, and were able to reduce oxidative stress markers. Rat BMSCs had the earliest proliferative activity by day 7; however, hAFSCs seemed to have the greatest improvement in the regenerative activities. Human ADSCs were the least effective in the terms of proliferative and regenerative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab H Ashour
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed-Ahdy Saad
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed-Ahmed Sobh
- Zoology Unit-Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amal Awad
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Elghannam
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hassan Abdel-Ghaffar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sobh
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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14
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Al-Husseiny F, Sobh MA, Ashour RH, Foud S, Medhat T, El-Gilany AH, Elghannam D, Abdel-Ghaffar H, Saad MA, Sobh M. Amniotic Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cut Short the Acuteness of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:70-8. [PMID: 27426088 PMCID: PMC4961106 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2016.9.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cisplatin is a nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. So, preventive measures worth to be evaluated. Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) in prevention or amelioration of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in Sprague-Dawley rates have been tested. METHODS 80 Sprague-Dawley rats (250~300 g) were used and divided into 4 major groups, 20 rats each. Group I: Saline-injected group. Group II: Cisplatin-injected group (5 mg/kg I.P). Group III: Cisplatin-injected and hAFSCs-treated group (5×10⁶ hAFSCs I.V. one day after cisplatin administration). Group IV: Cisplatin-injected and culture media-treated group. Each major group was further divided into 4 equal subgroups according to the timing of sacrifice; 4, 7, 11 and 30 days post-cisplatin injection. Renal function tests were done. Kidney tissue homogenate oxidative stress parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Histopathological scoring systems for active injury, regenerative and chronic changes were analyzed separately. RESULTS hAFSCs characterization and differentiation was proved. Cisplatin injection resulted in a significant increase in serum creatinine and MDA and decrease in SOD, GSH and creatinine clearance. These changes were attenuated early by day 4 with the use of hAFSCs. Cisplatin injection induced tubular necrosis, atrophy, inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis. The use of hAFSCs was associated with significantly lowered injury score at day 4, 7, 11 and 30 with marked regenerative changes starting from day 4. CONCLUSION hAFSCs have both a protective and regenerative activities largely through an antioxidant activity. This activity cut short the acuteness of cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Al-Husseiny
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Rehab H Ashour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samah Foud
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tarek Medhat
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hady El-Gilany
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Elghannam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hassan Abdel-Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed-Ahdy Saad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sobh
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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15
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Moustafa FE, Sobh MA, Abouelkheir M, Khater Y, Mahmoud K, Saad MA, Sobh MA. Study of the Effect of Route of Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:79-89. [PMID: 27426089 PMCID: PMC4961107 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2016.9.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study compares the efficacy of different routes of MSCs administration on kidney damage and regeneration after cisplatin-induced AKI. METHODS A single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was used to induce AKI in 160 rats. MSCs (5×10⁶) were given by either intravenous, intra-arterial or kidney sub capsular injection one day after cisplatin injection. Suitable control groups were included. Rats were sacrificed at 4, 7, 11 and 30 days after cisplatin injection. Kidney function parameters, kidney tissue oxidative stress markers, and scoring for renal tissue injury, regeneration and chronicity were all determined. RESULTS MSCs by any routes were able to ameliorate kidney function deterioration and renal tissue damage induced by cisplatin. The overall results of the three routes were equal. Differences between the different routes in one parameter were transient and inconsistent with other parameters. CONCLUSIONS Changing the route of MSCs injection does not have a major influence on the outcome. Future evaluation should focus on differences between the routes of administration considering the long term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma E Moustafa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
| | - Mohamed-A Sobh
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
| | - Youmna Khater
- Mansoura Medical Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
| | - Khalid Mahmoud
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
| | - Mohamed-Ahdy Saad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Sobh
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
- Mansoura Medical Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt
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16
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Elhusseini FM, Saad MAAA, Anber N, Elghannam D, Sobh MA, Alsayed A, El-Dusoky S, Sheashaa H, Abdel-Ghaffar H, Sobh M. Long Term Study of Protective Mechanisms of Human Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cisplatin Induced Kidney injury in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2016. [PMID: 27398000 PMCID: PMC4929892 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Long-term evaluation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and the probable renal protective activities of stem cells are lacking up until now. We evaluated the early and long-term role of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in prevention or amelioration of cisplatin induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. For this, we determined the kidney tissue level of oxidative stress markers in conjugation with a renal histopathological scoring system of both acute and chronic renal changes. METHODS This study used eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 250-300g. They were assigned into four equal groups (each group n=20): (I) Negative control group, rats injected with single dose of 1 ml normal saline. (II) Positive control cisplatin, rats injected with a single dose of 5 mg/kg I.P in 1 ml saline. (III) Cisplatin and culture media group, rats injected with 0.5 ml of culture media single dose into the tail vein and (IV) Cisplatin and ADMSCs group, rats injected with a single dose of 0.5 ml of culture media containing 5 x10(6)ADMSCs into the tail vein one day after cisplatin administration. Each main group was further divided according to the timing of sacrifice into four subgroups (each subgroup n=5). Rats in the subgroup A were sacrificed after 4 days; subgroup B were sacrificed after 7 days; subgroup C were sacrificed after 11 days; and subgroup D were sacrificed after 30 days. Before sacrifice, 24 hrs.-urine was collected using a metabolic cage. Renal function was evaluated through blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. Kidney tissue homogenate oxidative stress parameters, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione (GSH) were determined. In addition, histopathological analysis for active injury, regenerative and chronic changes was performed. RESULTS ADMSCs were characterized and their capability of differentiation was proved. Cisplatin induced a significant increase in plasma creatinine and tissue MDA and induced a decrease in SOD, GSH and creatinine clearance. ADMSCs attenuated these changes. Cisplatin resulted in prominent histopathological changes in the term of tubular necrosis, atrophy, inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis. ADMSCs significantly lowered the injury score at day 4, 7, 11 and 30 with marked regenerative changes starting from day 4 and limited fibrotic score at day 30. CONCLUSION ADMSCs have both protective and regenerative abilities with consequent limitation of the development of renal fibrosis after the cisplatin induced acute tubular necrosis, largely through an anti-oxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aziza Alsayed
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sara El-Dusoky
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Sobh
- Urology and Nephrology Center; Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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17
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Ebefors K, Liu P, Lassén E, Elvin J, Candemark E, Levan K, Haraldsson B, Nyström J. Mesangial cells from patients with IgA nephropathy have increased susceptibility to galactose-deficient IgA1. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:40. [PMID: 27044423 PMCID: PMC4820936 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis in the world, affecting close to a million people. Circulating galactose-deficient IgA (gd-IgA), present in patients with IgAN, form immune complex deposits in the glomerular mesangium causing local proliferation and matrix expansion. Intriguing though, individuals having gd-IgA deposits in the kidneys do not necessarily have signs of glomerular disease. Recurrence of IgAN only occurs in less than half of transplanted patients with IgAN, indicating that gd-IgA is not the only factor driving the disease. We hypothesize that, in addition to IgA complexes, patients with IgAN possess a subtype of mesangial cells highly susceptible to gd-IgA induced cell proliferation. Methods To test the hypothesis, we designed a technique to culture primary mesangial cells from renal biopsies obtained from IgAN patients and controls. The cell response to gd-IgA treatment was then measured both on gene and protein level and the proliferation rate of the cells in response to PDGF was investigated. Results When treated with gd-IgA, mesangial cells from patients with IgAN express and release more PDGF compared to controls. In addition, the mesangial cells from patients with IgAN were more responsive to treatment with PDGF resulting in an increased proliferation rate of the cells compared to control. Mesangial cells cultured from patients with IgAN expressed and released more IL-6 than controls and had a higher expression of matrix genes. Both mesangial cells derived from patients with IgAN and controls increased their expressed TGFβ1 and CCL5 when treated with gd-IgA. Conclusion We conclude that mesangial cells derived from IgAN patients have a mesangioproliferative phenotype with increased reactivity to IgA and that these cellular intrinsic properties may be important for the development of IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Peidi Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emelie Lassén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Elvin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Candemark
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Levan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Haan S, Bahlawane C, Wang J, Nazarov PV, Muller A, Eulenfeld R, Haan C, Rolvering C, Vallar L, Satagopam VP, Sauter T, Wiesinger MY. The oncogenic FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion protein displays skewed signaling properties compared to its wild-type PDGFRα counterpart. JAKSTAT 2015; 4:e1062596. [PMID: 26413425 PMCID: PMC4583054 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1062596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of oncogenic kinases is frequently observed in human cancers, but the underlying mechanism and resulting effects on global signaling are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the oncogenic FIP1L1-PDGFRα kinase exhibits a significantly different signaling pattern compared to its PDGFRα wild type counterpart. Interestingly, the activation of primarily membrane-based signal transduction processes (such as PI3-kinase- and MAP-kinase- pathways) is remarkably shifted toward a prominent activation of STAT factors. This diverging signaling pattern compared to classical PDGF-receptor signaling is partially coupled to the aberrant cytoplasmic localization of the oncogene, since membrane targeting of FIP1L1-PDGFRα restores activation of MAPK- and PI3K-pathways. In stark contrast to the classical cytokine-induced STAT activation process, STAT activation by FIP1L1-PDGFRα does neither require Janus kinase activity nor Src kinase activity. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of STAT5 activation via FIP1L1-PDGFRα in more detail and found that STAT5 activation does not involve an SH2-domain-mediated binding mechanism. We thus demonstrate that STAT5 activation occurs via a non-canonical activation mechanism in which STAT5 may be subject to a direct phosphorylation by FIP1L1-PDGFRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Haan
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Christelle Bahlawane
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Jiali Wang
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Genomics Research Unit; Luxembourg Institute of Health; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Genomics Research Unit; Luxembourg Institute of Health; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - René Eulenfeld
- Signal Transduction Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Claude Haan
- Signal Transduction Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Rolvering
- Signal Transduction Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Genomics Research Unit; Luxembourg Institute of Health; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Venkata P Satagopam
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine; University of Luxembourg ; Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Systems Biology Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Monique Yvonne Wiesinger
- Systems Biology Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
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19
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Constitutive activation of oncogenic PDGFRα-mutant proteins occurring in GIST patients induces receptor mislocalisation and alters PDGFRα signalling characteristics. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:21. [PMID: 25880691 PMCID: PMC4396151 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are mainly characterised by the presence of activating mutations in either of the two receptor tyrosine kinases c-KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα). Most mechanistic studies dealing with GIST mutations have focused on c-KIT and far less is known about the signalling characteristics of the mutated PDGFRα proteins. Here, we study the signalling capacities and corresponding transcriptional responses of the different PDGFRα proteins under comparable genomic conditions. Results We demonstrate that the constitutive signalling via the oncogenic PDGFRα mutants favours a mislocalisation of the receptors and that this modifies the signalling characteristics of the mutated receptors. We show that signalling via the oncogenic PDGFRα mutants is not solely characterised by a constitutive activation of the conventional PDGFRα signalling pathways. In contrast to wild-type PDGFRα signal transduction, the activation of STAT factors (STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5) is an integral part of signalling mediated via mutated PDGF-receptors. Furthermore, this unconventional STAT activation by mutated PDGFRα is already initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum whereas the conventional signalling pathways rather require cell surface expression of the receptor. Finally, we demonstrate that the activation of STAT factors also translates into a biologic response as highlighted by the induction of STAT target genes. Conclusion We show that the overall oncogenic response is the result of different signatures emanating from different cellular compartments. Furthermore, STAT mediated responses are an integral part of mutated PDGFRα signalling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-015-0096-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Boor P, Ostendorf T, Floege J. PDGF and the progression of renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29 Suppl 1:i45-i54. [PMID: 24493869 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive renal diseases represent a global medical problem, in part because we currently lack effective treatment strategies. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) might represent one such novel strategy. PDGFs are required for normal kidney development by the recruitment of mesenchymal cells to both glomeruli and the interstitium. PDGFs are expressed in renal mesenchymal cells and, upon injury, in epithelial and infiltrating cells. They exert autocrine and paracrine effects on PDGF receptor-bearing mesenchymal cells, i.e. mesangial cells, fibroblasts and vascular smooth-muscle cells, which are crucially involved in progressive renal diseases. Proliferation but also migration and activation of these mesenchymal cells are the major effects mediated by PDGFs. These actions predefine the major roles of PDGFs in renal pathology, particularly in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis and interstitial fibrosis. Whereas for the former, the role of PDGFs is very well described and established, the latter is increasingly better documented as well. An involvement of PDGFs in other renal diseases, e.g. acute kidney injury, vascular injury and hypertensive as well as diabetic nephropathy, is less well established or presently unknown. Nevertheless, PDGFs represent a promising therapeutic option for progressive renal diseases, especially those characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and interstitial fibrosis. Clinical studies are eagerly awaited, in particular, since several drugs inhibiting PDGF signalling are available for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boor
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Vannucchi MG, Traini C, Manetti M, Ibba-Manneschi L, Faussone-Pellegrini MS. Telocytes express PDGFRα in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 17:1099-108. [PMID: 24151977 PMCID: PMC4118169 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TC), a cell population located in the connective tissue of many organs of humans and laboratory mammals, are characterized by a small cell body and extremely long and thin processes. Different TC subpopulations share unique ultrastructural features, but express different markers. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, cells with features of TC were seen to be CD34-positive/c-kit-negative and several roles have been proposed for them. Other interstitial cell types with regulatory roles described in the gut are the c-kit-positive/CD34-negative/platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα)-negative interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and the PDGFRα-positive/c-kit-negative fibroblast-like cells (FLC). As TC display the same features and locations of the PDGFRα-positive cells, we investigated whether TC and PDGFRα-positive cells could be the same cell type. PDGFRα/CD34, PDGFRα/c-kit and CD34/c-kit double immunolabelling was performed in full-thickness specimens from human oesophagus, stomach and small and large intestines. All TC in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle coat were PDGFRα/CD34-positive. TC formed a three-dimensional network in the submucosa and in the interstitium between muscle layers, and an almost continuous layer at the submucosal borders of muscularis mucosae and circular muscle layer. Moreover, TC encircled muscle bundles, nerve structures, blood vessels, funds of gastric glands and intestinal crypts. Some TC were located within the muscle bundles, displaying the same location of ICC and running intermingled with them. ICC were c-kit-positive and CD34/PDGFRα-negative. In conclusion, in the human GI tract the TC are PDGFRα-positive and, therefore, might correspond to the FLC. We also hypothesize that in human gut, there are different TC subpopulations probably playing region-specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Reiser J, Sever S, Faul C. Signal transduction in podocytes--spotlight on receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:104-15. [PMID: 24394191 PMCID: PMC4109315 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney filtration barrier is a complex multicellular, multicomponent structure that maintains homeostasis by regulating electrolytes, acid-base balance, and blood pressure (via maintenance of salt and water balance). To perform these multiple functions, podocytes--an important component of the filtration apparatus--must process a series of intercellular signals. Integrating these signals with diverse cellular responses enables a coordinated response to various conditions. Although mature podocytes are terminally differentiated and cannot proliferate, they are able to respond to growth factors. It is possible that the initial response of podocytes to growth factors is beneficial and protective, and might include the induction of hypertrophic cell growth. However, extended and/or uncontrolled growth factor signalling might be maladaptive and could result in the induction of apoptosis and podocyte loss. Growth factors signal via the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on their target cells and around a quarter of the 58 RTK family members that are encoded in the human genome have been identified in podocytes. Pharmacological inhibitors of many RTKs exist and are currently used in experimental and clinical cancer therapy. The identification of pathological RTK-mediated signal transduction pathways in podocytes could provide a starting point for the development of novel therapies for glomerular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Cohn Building, Suite 724, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sanja Sever
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christian Faul
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 North West 10th Avenue (R-762), Batchelor Building 626, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Li F, Xu L, Gai X, Zhou Z, Wang L, Zhang H, Gai Y, Song L, Yu J, Liang C. The involvement of PDGF/VEGF related factor in regulation of immune and neuroendocrine in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1240-1248. [PMID: 23933264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Members of the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family have been implicated in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell migration, vascular development, angiogenesis and neural development. In the present study, a novel PDGF/VEGF related factor gene was cloned and identified in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (designated as EsPVF1). The full-length cDNA of EsPVF1 was of 1173 bp, consisting a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 54 bp, a 3' UTR of 1131 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 588 bp encoding 196 amino acid residues. A signal peptide of 20 amino acid residues, a PDGF/VEGF homology growth factor domain of 81 amino acids, and a typical cysteine knot motif (CXCXC) were identified in the deduced amino acid sequence of EsPVF1. By fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR, the EsPVF1 mRNA was detected ubiquitously in the select tissues of hemocytes, gonad, heart, muscle, hepatopancreas and gill, with the high abundance in hemocytes and gonad. The mRNA expression level of EsPVF1 was up-regulated and reached the highest at 24 h after Vibrio anguillarum challenge, while it was induced at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h compared with the untreated group after Pichia pastoris GS115 challenge. Tissue injury also induced the mRNA expression of EsPVF1 in hemocytes of crabs, and the expression level increased obviously at 8 h. The cDNA fragment encoding mature peptide of EsPVF1 was recombined and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Biogenic amine in hemolymph pre-incubated with recombinant protein of EsPVF1 (rEsPVF1) was detected by fluorimetric method. Norepinephrine and dopamine in hemolymph incubated with rEsPVF1 were higher than that in the blank group. Therefore, EsPVF1 could significantly provoke the release of norepinephrine and dopamine. The results collectively indicated that EsPVF1 was involved in regulation of the immune response and neuroendocrine system in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Li
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Kurahashi M, Nakano Y, Peri LE, Townsend JB, Ward SM, Sanders KM. A novel population of subepithelial platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive cells in the mouse and human colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G823-34. [PMID: 23429582 PMCID: PMC3652001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00001.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently platelet-derived growth factor-α-positive cells (PDGFRα(+) cells), previously called "fibroblast-like" cells, have been described in the muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells form networks and are involved in purinergic motor neurotransduction. Examination of colon from mice with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) driven from the endogenous Pdgfra (PDGFRα-eGFP mice) revealed a unique population of PDGFRα(+) cells in the mucosal layer of colon. We investigated the phenotype and potential role of these cells, which have not been characterized previously. Expression of PDGFRα and several additional proteins was surveyed in human and murine colonic mucosae by immunolabeling; PDGFRα(+) cells in colonic mucosa were isolated from PDGFRα-eGFP mice, and the gene expression profile was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found for the first time that PDGFRα was expressed in subepithelial cells (subepithelial PDGFRα(+) cells) forming a pericryptal sheath from the base to the tip of crypts. These cells were in close proximity to the basolateral surface of epithelial cells and distinct from subepithelial myofibroblasts, which were identified by expression of α-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin. PDGFRα(+) cells also lay in close proximity to varicose processes of nerve fibers. Mouse subepithelial PDGFRα(+) cells expressed Toll-like receptor genes, purinergic receptor genes, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 4 receptor gene, and hedgehog signaling genes. Subepithelial PDGFRα(+) cells occupy an important niche in the lamina propria and may function in transduction of sensory and immune signals and in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kurahashi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yasuko Nakano
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Lauren E. Peri
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Jared B. Townsend
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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van Roeyen CRC, Zok S, Pruessmeyer J, Boor P, Nagayama Y, Fleckenstein S, Cohen CD, Eitner F, Gröne HJ, Ostendorf T, Ludwig A, Floege J. Growth arrest-specific protein 1 is a novel endogenous inhibitor of glomerular cell activation and proliferation. Kidney Int 2012; 83:251-63. [PMID: 23254899 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific protein-1 (GAS1) is a GPI-anchored protein which is highly expressed in embryonic mouse fibroblasts and inhibits their proliferation. Glomerular mesangial cells release soluble GAS1 protein into the supernatant in vitro. Growth arrest led to GAS1 overexpression and increased release. Secretion involved disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 and 17 as signified by inhibition experiments. Recombinant soluble GAS1 protein inhibited the proliferation of mesangial cells. Conversely, the induction of mesangial cell proliferation by PDGF-BB or -DD led to downregulation of GAS1 mRNA. Specific ligands of the PDGF α-receptor, PDGF-AA and -CC, had no effect. The GAS1 protein was localized in podocytes in kidneys from healthy rats. During the time course of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in anti-Thy1.1-treated rats, glomerular GAS1 expression decreased prior to the onset of mesangial cell proliferation and increased at later stages during glomerular recovery. Finally, a plasmid expressing soluble GAS1 fused to an Fc fragment was systemically overexpressed in rats with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. This ameliorated renal damage was indicated by decreased albuminuria and serum creatinine. Gas1/Fc-transfected rats also exhibited a reduction of the glomerular mesangial cell activation and proliferation. Thus, GAS1 is a novel endogenous inhibitor of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and may be a novel therapeutic target in mesangioproliferative glomerular diseases.
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PARK YUKYOUNG, JANG BYEONGCHURL, CHOI MISUN. Platelet-derived growth factor-D induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat mesangial cells through activation of PI3K/PKB and PKCs. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:447-52. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Seikrit C, Henkel C, van Roeyen CRC, Bokemeyer D, Eitner F, Martin IV, Boor P, Knuchel R, Meyer HE, Muller-Newen G, Eriksson U, Floege J, Ostendorf T. Biological responses to PDGF-AA versus PDGF-CC in renal fibroblasts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:889-900. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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28
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van Roeyen CRC, Boor P, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Rong S, Kunter U, Martin IV, Kaitovic A, Fleckenstein S, Perbal B, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R, Ostendorf T, Floege J. A novel, dual role of CCN3 in experimental glomerulonephritis: pro-angiogenic and antimesangioproliferative effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1979-90. [PMID: 22538190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to factors that promote mesangial cell proliferation, little is known about their endogenous inhibitors. During experimental mesangioproliferative nephritis, expression of the glomerular CCN3 (nephroblastoma overexpressed gene [NOV]) gene is reduced before the proliferative phase and increased in glomeruli and serum when mesangial cell proliferation subsides. To further elucidate its role in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, CCN3 systemically was overexpressed by muscle electroporation in healthy or nephritic rats. This increased CCN3 serum concentrations more than threefold for up to 56 days. At day 5 after disease induction, CCN3-transfected rats showed an increase in glomerular endothelial area and in mRNA levels of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and PDGF-C. At day 7, CCN3 overexpression decreased mesangial cell proliferation, including expression of α-smooth muscle actin and matrix accumulation of fibronectin and type IV collagen. In progressive nephritis (day 56), overexpression of CCN3 resulted in decreased albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and reduced cortical collagen type I accumulation. In healthy rat kidneys, overexpression of CCN3 induced no morphologic changes but regulated glomerular gene transcripts (reduced transcription of PDGF-B, PDGF-D, PDGF-receptor-β, and fibronectin, and increased PDGF-receptor-α and PDGF-C mRNA). These data identify a dual role for CCN3 in experimental glomerulonephritis with pro-angiogenic and antimesangioproliferative effects. Manipulation of CCN3 may represent a novel approach to help repair glomerular endothelial damage and mesangioproliferative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Nakagawa T, Inoue H, Sasahara M. Platelet-derived growth factor and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:80-5. [PMID: 22123208 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834db4d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in glomerular disease. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidence indicates a critical involvement of PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β) signaling in glomerular disease. Augmented signaling via PDGFR-β is involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Therefore, targeting PDGFR-β signaling is a viable therapeutic strategy for glomerular diseases. However, current PDGFR-β antagonists are nonspecific, and their long-term effects remain to be elucidated. To develop effective intervention therapies targeting PDGF signaling, it is necessary to clarify the specific involvement of PDGF in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease. A novel PDGFR-β targeting mouse model has provided new insight into the postnatal role of PDGFR-β in aging-related mesangial sclerosis and the glomerular remodeling after nephrectomy. Furthermore, the same study indicated the redundancy of growth factor signals underlying glomerular remodeling. In this context, other studies have suggested a role for PDGFR-α signaling and collaborating growth factors to compensate for PDGFR-β in the kidney glomerulus. SUMMARY Intervention in growth factor signaling could be a valuable therapeutic strategy for kidney glomerular diseases. Further studies are required to characterize the pathogenesis of these diseases for the successful development of such a therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Nakagawa
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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van Roeyen CR, Eitner F, Boor P, Moeller MJ, Raffetseder U, Hanssen L, Bücher E, Villa L, Banas MC, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Ostendorf T, Floege J. Induction of progressive glomerulonephritis by podocyte-specific overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor-D. Kidney Int 2011; 80:1292-305. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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van Roeyen CRC, Ostendorf T, Floege J. The platelet-derived growth factor system in renal disease: an emerging role of endogenous inhibitors. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:542-51. [PMID: 21872965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family consists of four isoforms which are secreted as homodimers (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC and PDGF-DD) or heterodimers (PDGF-AB), and two receptor chains (PDGFR-α and -β). All members of the PDGF system are constitutively or inducibly expressed in renal cells and are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and migration, the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Particular roles have been identified in mediating mesangioproliferative changes, renal interstitial fibrosis and glomerular angiogenesis. Different endogenous inhibitors of PDGF-induced biological responses exist which affect the activation/deactivation of PDGF isoforms, the activity of the PDGFRs, or which block downstream signaling pathways of the autophosphorylated PDGFRs. The novel endogenous inhibitor nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV, CCN3) reduces PDGF-induced cell proliferation and is downregulated by PDGF isoforms itself. Among all identified inhibitors only few "true" PDGF antagonists have been identified. A better understanding of these inhibitors may aid in the design of novel therapeutic approaches to PDGF-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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Boor P, van Roeyen CRC, Kunter U, Villa L, Bücher E, Hohenstein B, Hugo CPM, Eriksson U, Satchell SC, Mathieson PW, Eitner F, Floege J, Ostendorf T. PDGF-C mediates glomerular capillary repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:58-69. [PMID: 20489153 PMCID: PMC2893651 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cell injury is a key component of a variety of diseases. Factors involved in glomerular endothelial cell repair are promising therapeutic agents for such diseases. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C has pro-angiogenic properties; however, nothing is known about such functions in the kidney. We therefore investigated the consequences of either PDGF-C infusion or inhibition in rats with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, which is accompanied by widespread glomerular endothelial cell damage. We also assessed the role of PDGF-C in a mouse model of thrombotic microangiopathy as well as in cultured glomerular endothelial cells. PDGF-C infusion in nephritic rats significantly reduced mesangiolysis and microaneurysm formation, whereas glomerular endothelial cell area and proliferation increased. PDGF-C infusion specifically up-regulated glomerular fibroblast growth factor-2 expression. In contrast, antagonism of PDGF-C in glomerulonephritis specifically reduced glomerular endothelial cell area and proliferation and increased mesangiolysis. Similarly, PDGF-C antagonism in murine thrombotic microangiopathy aggravated the disease and reduced glomerular endothelial area. In conditionally immortalized glomerular endothelial cells, PDGF-C was mitogenic and induced a 27-fold up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 mRNA. PDGF-C also exerted indirect pro-angiogenic effects, since it induced endothelial cell mitogens and pro-angiogenic factors in mesangial cells and macrophages. These results identify PDGF-C as a novel, potent pro-angiogenic factor in the kidney that can accelerate capillary healing in experimental glomerulonephritis and thrombotic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Park JE, Tan HS, Datta A, Lai RC, Zhang H, Meng W, Lim SK, Sze SK. Hypoxic tumor cell modulates its microenvironment to enhance angiogenic and metastatic potential by secretion of proteins and exosomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1085-99. [PMID: 20124223 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900381-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under hypoxia, tumor cells produce a secretion that modulates their microenvironment to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Here, we observed that hypoxic or reoxygenated A431 carcinoma cells exhibited enhanced angiogenic and metastatic potential such as reduced cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, increased invasiveness, and production of a secretion with increased chorioallantoic membrane angiogenic activity. Consistent with these observations, quantitative proteomics revealed that under hypoxia the tumor cells secreted proteins involved in angiogenesis, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and immune cell recruitment. Unexpectedly, the secreted proteins were predominantly cytoplasmic and membrane proteins. Ultracentrifugation at 100,000 x g precipitated 54% of the secreted proteins and enriched for many exosome-associated proteins such as the tetraspanins and Alix and also proteins with the potential to facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis. Two tetraspanins, CD9 and CD81, co-immunoprecipitated. Together, these data suggested that tumor cells secrete proteins and exosomes with the potential to modulate their microenvironment and facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
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PDGF-A, -C, and -D but not PDGF-B Increase TGF-β1 and Chronic Rejection in Rat Cardiac Allografts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:691-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.178558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Chronic rejection is the main reason for the poor long-term survival of heart transplant recipients and is characterized by cardiac allograft inflammation, fibrosis, and arteriosclerosis. We examined the specific roles of different platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands (A–D)—potent mesenchymal cell mitogens—in rat cardiac allografts.
Methods and Results—
PDGFR-α mRNA was upregulated in acutely-rejecting, and PDGF-A and PDGF-C mRNA in chronically-rejecting cardiac¢hatn allografts. In acute rejection, PDGFR-α immunoreactivity increased in the media of arteries. In chronically-rejecting allografts, immunoreactivity of all PDGF ligands and receptors—except that of PDGF-B ligand—was found in the intima of arteries, and the expression of PDGF-A and PDGF-C was seen in cardiomyocytes. Intracoronary adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2)-mediated PDGF-A and -D gene transfer enhanced cardiac allograft inflammation. AAV2-PDGF-A, AAV2-PDGF-C, and AAV2-PDGF-D significantly upregulated profibrotic TGF-β1 mRNA and accelerated cardiac fibrosis and arteriosclerosis. In contrast, AAV2-PDGF-B did not aggravate chronic rejection.
Conclusions—
We found that alloimmune response induces PDGF-A, PDGF-C, and PDGF-D expression in the graft vasculature. PDGF-A, PDGF-C, and PDGF-D mediated profibrotic and proarteriosclerotic effects in transplanted hearts involving the TGF-β1 pathway. Inhibition of signaling of all PDGF-ligands except that of PDGF-B may thus be needed to inhibit chronic rejection in cardiac allografts.
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Imatinib for hepatocellular cancer--focus on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling and liver function. Cancer Lett 2008; 260:146-54. [PMID: 18083304 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of imatinib are partly mediated by the inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is highly expressed in the liver. In this phase-I/II trial pharmacokinetic parameters of imatinib given for hepatocellular cancer were similar to those previously derived from CML patients. The AUC of N-desmethyl-imatinib depended on liver function; the metabolism of imatinib was otherwise comparable to other populations. During short-termed imatinib treatment (4 weeks, 400 mg/d), plasma PDGF significantly decreased. The AUC of N-desmethyl-imatinib could best be attributed to the pharmacodynamic effect of PDGF inhibition (r=-0.679 [95% CI: -0.917 to -0.0868], p=0.031).
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Eitner F, Bücher E, van Roeyen C, Kunter U, Rong S, Seikrit C, Villa L, Boor P, Fredriksson L, Bäckström G, Eriksson U, Ostman A, Floege J, Ostendorf T. PDGF-C is a proinflammatory cytokine that mediates renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:281-9. [PMID: 18184860 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eitner
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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van Roeyen CRC, Eitner F, Scholl T, Boor P, Kunter U, Planque N, Gröne HJ, Bleau AM, Perbal B, Ostendorf T, Floege J. CCN3 is a novel endogenous PDGF-regulated inhibitor of glomerular cell proliferation. Kidney Int 2008; 73:86-94. [PMID: 17914348 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CCN proteins affect cell proliferation, migration, attachment, and differentiation. We identified CCN3 as a suppressed gene following platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB or -DD stimulation in a cDNA-array analysis of mesangial cells. In vitro growth-arrested mesangial cells overexpressed and secreted CCN3, whereas the addition of the recombinant protein inhibited cell growth. Induction of mesangial cell proliferation by PDGF-BB or the specific PDGF beta-receptor ligand PDGF-DD led to downregulation of CCN3 mRNA, confirming the array study. Specific PDGF alpha-receptor ligands had no effect. CCN3 protein was found in arterial smooth muscle cells, the medullary interstitium, and occasional podocytes in the healthy rat kidney. Glomerular CCN3 was low prior to mesangial proliferation but increased as glomerular cell proliferation subsided during mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (GN). Inhibition of PDGF-B in mesangioproliferative disease led to overexpression of glomerular CCN3 mRNA. CCN3 localized mostly to podocytes in human glomeruli, but this expression varied widely in different human glomerulonephritides. Glomerular cell proliferation negatively correlated with CCN3 expression in necrotizing GN. Our study identifies CCN3 as an endogenous inhibitor of mesangial cell growth and a modulator of PDGF-induced mitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R C van Roeyen
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany
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Floege J, Eitner F, Alpers CE. A New Look at Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Renal Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 19:12-23. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, van Roeyen CRC, Ostendorf T, Floege J, Gressner AM, Weiskirchen R. Pro-fibrogenic potential of PDGF-D in liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2007; 46:1064-74. [PMID: 17397961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We analyzed the expression of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) in an experimental bile duct-ligated (BDL) rat model and assessed its biological function in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and myofibroblasts (MFB). METHODS The mRNA for PDGF-A, -B, -C, -D and for PDGF receptor-alpha and -beta chains (PDGFRalpha and PDGFRbeta) in normal and fibrotic rat livers was assessed quantitatively. Protein levels of PDGF-D were quantified by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The relative mRNA expression of all PDGF isoforms and receptors upregulated upon BDL and PDGF-A, -B and -D expression was significantly higher than that of PDGF-C. PDGF-D and PDGFRbeta protein also increased markedly. Immunostaining revealed that PDGF-D is localized along the fibrotic septa of the periportal- and perisinusoidal areas. Besides PDGF-B, PDGF-D is the second most potent PDGF isoform in PDGFRbeta signaling within HSC/MFB, evidenced by PDGFRbeta autophosphorylation and activation of the downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2-, JNK-, p38 MAPK, and PKB/Akt while PDGF-C effects were minimal. PDGF-D exerted mitogenic and fibrogenic effects in both cultured HSC and MFB comparable to PDGF-B but PDGF-A and -C showed only marginal fibrogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS PDGF-D possesses potential pathogenetic properties for HSC activation and matrix remodeling in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, and Division of Nephrology, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Kunter U, Rong S, Boor P, Eitner F, Müller-Newen G, Djuric Z, van Roeyen CR, Konieczny A, Ostendorf T, Villa L, Milovanceva-Popovska M, Kerjaschki D, Floege J. Mesenchymal stem cells prevent progressive experimental renal failure but maldifferentiate into glomerular adipocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1754-64. [PMID: 17460140 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a major cause of renal failure. This study sought to determine whether intrarenal injection of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can preserve renal function in a progressive rat model of GN. Early in GN (day 10), fluorescently labeled rat MSC localized to more than 70% of glomeruli, ameliorated acute renal failure, and reduced glomerular adhesions. Fifty days later, proteinuria had progressed in controls to 40 +/- 25 mg/d but stayed low in MSC-treated rats (13 +/- 4 mg/d; P < 0.01). Renal function on day 60 in the MSC group was better than in medium controls. Kidneys of the MSC group as compared with controls on day 60 contained 11% more glomeruli per 1-mm(2) section of cortex but also significantly more collagen types I, III, and IV and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Approximately 20% of the glomeruli of MSC-treated rats contained single or clusters of large adipocytes with pronounced surrounding fibrosis. Adipocytes exhibited fluorescence in their cytoplasm and/or intracellular lipid droplets. Lipid composition in these adipocytes in vivo mirrored that of MSC that underwent adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Thus, in this GN model, the early beneficial effect of MSC of preserving damaged glomeruli and maintaining renal function was offset by a long-term partial maldifferentiation of intraglomerular MSC into adipocytes accompanied by glomerular sclerosis. These data suggest that MSC treatment can be a valuable therapeutic approach only if adipogenic maldifferentiation is prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Kunter
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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