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Cadeddu R, Braccagni G, Branca C, van Luik ER, Pittenger C, Thomsen MS, Bortolato M. Activation of M 4 muscarinic receptors in the striatum reduces tic-like behaviours in two distinct murine models of Tourette syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3064-3081. [PMID: 38689378 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Current pharmacotherapies for Tourette syndrome (TS) are often unsatisfactory and poorly tolerated, underscoring the need for novel treatments. Insufficient striatal acetylcholine has been suggested to contribute to tic ontogeny. Thus, we tested whether activating M1 and/or M4 receptors-the two most abundant muscarinic receptors in the striatum-reduced tic-related behaviours in mouse models of TS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Studies were conducted using CIN-d and D1CT-7 mice, two TS models characterized by early-life depletion of striatal cholinergic interneurons and cortical neuropotentiation, respectively. First, we tested the effects of systemic and intrastriatal xanomeline, a selective M1/M4 receptor agonist, on tic-like and other TS-related responses. Then, we examined whether xanomeline effects were reduced by either M1 or M4 antagonists or mimicked by the M1/M3 agonist cevimeline or the M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0467154. Finally, we measured striatal levels of M1 and M4 receptors and assessed the impact of VU0461754 on the striatal expression of the neural marker activity c-Fos. KEY RESULTS Systemic and intrastriatal xanomeline reduced TS-related behaviours in CIN-d and D1CT-7 mice. Most effects were blocked by M4, but not M1, receptor antagonists. VU0467154, but not cevimeline, elicited xanomeline-like ameliorative effects in both models. M4, but not M1, receptors were down-regulated in the striatum of CIN-d mice. Additionally, VU0467154 reduced striatal c-Fos levels in these animals. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of striatal M4, but not M1, receptors reduced tic-like manifestations in mouse models, pointing to xanomeline and M4 PAMs as novel putative therapeutic strategies for TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cadeddu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Giulia Braccagni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Caterina Branca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Easton R van Luik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Brain and Mind Health, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Branca C, Bortolato M. The role of neuroactive steroids in tic disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 160:105637. [PMID: 38519023 PMCID: PMC11121756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Tics are sudden, repetitive movements or vocalizations. Tic disorders, such as Tourette syndrome (TS), are contributed by the interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental variables, leading to abnormalities in the functioning of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuitry. Various neurotransmitter systems, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine, are implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Building on the evidence that tic disorders are predominant in males and exacerbated by stress, emerging research is focusing on the involvement of neuroactive steroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and allopregnanolone, in the ontogeny of tics and other phenotypes associated with TS. Emerging evidence indicates that DHEAS levels are significantly elevated in the plasma of TS-affected boys, and the clinical onset of this disorder coincides with the period of adrenarche, the developmental stage characterized by a surge in DHEAS synthesis. On the other hand, allopregnanolone has garnered particular attention for its potential to mediate the adverse effects of acute stress on the exacerbation of tic severity and frequency. Notably, both neurosteroids act as key modulators of GABA-A receptors, suggesting a pivotal role of these targets in the pathophysiology of various clinical manifestations of tic disorders. This review explores the potential mechanisms by which these and other neuroactive steroids may influence tic disorders and discusses the emerging therapeutic strategies that target neuroactive steroids for the management of tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Branca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Liu J, Lustberg DJ, Galvez A, Liles LC, McCann KE, Weinshenker D. Genetic disruption of dopamine β-hydroxylase dysregulates innate responses to predator odor in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 29:100612. [PMID: 38371489 PMCID: PMC10873756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In rodents, exposure to predator odors such as cat urine acts as a severe stressor that engages innate defensive behaviors critical for survival in the wild. The neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) modulate anxiety and predator odor responses, and we have shown previously that dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-), which reduces NE and increases DA in mouse noradrenergic neurons, disrupts innate behaviors in response to mild stressors such as novelty. We examined the consequences of Dbh knockout on responses to predator odor (bobcat urine) and compared them to Dbh-competent littermate controls. Over the first 10 min of predator odor exposure, controls exhibited robust defensive burying behavior, whereas Dbh -/- mice showed high levels of grooming. Defensive burying was potently suppressed in controls by drugs that reduce NE transmission, while excessive grooming in Dbh -/- mice was blocked by DA receptor antagonism. In response to a cotton square scented with a novel "neutral" odor (lavender), most control mice shredded the material, built a nest, and fell asleep within 90 min. Dbh -/- mice failed to shred the lavender-scented nestlet, but still fell asleep. In contrast, controls sustained high levels of arousal throughout the predator odor test and did not build nests, while Dbh -/- mice were asleep by the 90-min time point, often in shredded bobcat urine-soaked nesting material. Compared with controls exposed to predator odor, Dbh -/- mice demonstrated decreased c-fos induction in the anterior cingulate cortex, lateral septum, periaqueductal gray, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but increased c-fos in the locus coeruleus and medial amygdala. These data indicate that relative ratios of central NE and DA signaling coordinate the type and valence of responses to predator odor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abigail Galvez
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine E. McCann
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Liu J, Lustberg DJ, Galvez A, Liles LC, McCann KE, Weinshenker D. Genetic disruption of dopamine β-hydroxylase dysregulates innate responses to predator odor in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.21.545975. [PMID: 38234825 PMCID: PMC10793432 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In rodents, exposure to predator odors such as cat urine acts as a severe stressor that engages innate defensive behaviors critical for survival in the wild. The neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) modulate anxiety and predator odor responses, and we have shown previously that dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-), which reduces NE and increases DA in mouse noradrenergic neurons, disrupts innate behaviors in response to mild stressors such as novelty. We examined the consequences of Dbh knockout (Dbh -/-) on responses to predator odor (bobcat urine) and compared them to Dbh-competent littermate controls. Over the first 10 min of predator odor exposure, controls exhibited robust defensive burying behavior, whereas Dbh -/- mice showed high levels of grooming. Defensive burying was potently suppressed in controls by drugs that reduce NE transmission, while excessive grooming in Dbh -/- mice was blocked by DA receptor antagonism. In response to a cotton square scented with a novel "neutral" odor (lavender), most control mice shredded the material, built a nest, and fell asleep within 90 min. Dbh -/- mice failed to shred the lavender-scented nestlet, but still fell asleep. In contrast, controls sustained high levels of arousal throughout the predator odor test and did not build nests, while Dbh -/- mice were asleep by the 90-min time point, often in shredded bobcat urine-soaked nesting material. Compared with controls exposed to predator odor, Dbh -/- mice demonstrated decreased c-fos induction in the anterior cingulate cortex, lateral septum, periaqueductal gray, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but increased c-fos in the locus coeruleus and medial amygdala. These data indicate that relative ratios of central NE and DA signaling coordinate the type and valence of responses to predator odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Daniel J. Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Abigail Galvez
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - L. Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Katharine E. McCann
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
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Rusheen AE, Rojas-Cabrera J, Goyal A, Shin H, Yuen J, Jang DP, Bennet KE, Blaha CD, Lee KH, Oh Y. Deep brain stimulation alleviates tics in Tourette syndrome via striatal dopamine transmission. Brain 2023; 146:4174-4190. [PMID: 37141283 PMCID: PMC10545518 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive motor and vocal tics that can lead to self-injury and deleterious mental health complications. While dysfunction in striatal dopamine neurotransmission has been proposed to underlie tic behaviour, evidence is scarce and inconclusive. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic centromedian parafascicular complex (CMPf), an approved surgical interventive treatment for medical refractory Tourette syndrome, may reduce tics by affecting striatal dopamine release. Here, we use electrophysiology, electrochemistry, optogenetics, pharmacological treatments and behavioural measurements to mechanistically examine how thalamic DBS modulates synaptic and tonic dopamine activity in the dorsomedial striatum. Previous studies demonstrated focal disruption of GABAergic transmission in the dorsolateral striatum of rats led to repetitive motor tics recapitulating the major symptom of Tourette syndrome. We employed this model under light anaesthesia and found CMPf DBS evoked synaptic dopamine release and elevated tonic dopamine levels via striatal cholinergic interneurons while concomitantly reducing motor tic behaviour. The improvement in tic behaviour was found to be mediated by D2 receptor activation as blocking this receptor prevented the therapeutic response. Our results demonstrate that release of striatal dopamine mediates the therapeutic effects of CMPf DBS and points to striatal dopamine dysfunction as a driver for motor tics in the pathoneurophysiology of Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Rusheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Juan Rojas-Cabrera
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Abhinav Goyal
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Jason Yuen
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- IMPACT—the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Dong-Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Keven E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Du JC, Chang MH, Yeh CJ, Lee MT, Lee HJ, Chuang SH, Chiou LC. Pivotal Role of Slitrk1 in Adult Striatal Cholinergic Neurons in Mice: Implication in Tourette Syndrome. Ann Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37776102 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The SLIT and NTRK-like 1 (SLITRK1) gene mutation and striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) loss are associated with Tourette syndrome (TS). ChIs comprise only 1 to 2% of striatal neurons but project widely throughout the stratum to impact various striatal neurotransmission, including TS-related dopaminergic transmission. Here, we link striatal Slitrk1, ChI function, and dopaminergic transmission and their associations with TS-like tic behaviors. METHODS Slitrk1-KD mice were induced by bilaterally injecting Slitrk1 siRNA into their dorsal striatum. Control mice received scrambled siRNA injection. Their TS-like tic behaviors, prepulse inhibition, sensory-motor function and dopamine-related behaviors were compared. We also compared dopamine and ACh levels in microdialysates, Slitrk protein and dopamine transporter levels, and numbers of Slitrk-positive ChIs and activated ChIs in the striatum between two mouse groups, and electrophysiological properties between Slitrk-positive and Slitrk-negative striatal ChIs. RESULTS Slitrk1-KD mice exhibit TS-like haloperidol-sensitive stereotypic tic behaviors, impaired prepulse inhibition, and delayed sensorimotor response compared with the control group. These TS-like characteristics correlate with lower striatal Slitrk1 protein levels, fewer Slitrk1-containing ChIs, and fewer activated ChIs in Slitrk1-KD mice. Based on their electrophysiological properties, Slitrk1-negative ChIs are less excitable than Slitrk1-positive ChIs. Slitrk1-KD mice have lower evoked acetylcholine and dopamine levels, higher tonic dopamine levels, and downregulated dopamine transporters in the striatum, increased apomorphine-induced climbing behaviors, and impaired methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion compared with controls. INTERPRETATION Slitrk1 is pivotal in maintaining striatal ChIs activity and subsequent dopaminergic transmission for normal motor functioning. Furthermore, conditional striatal Slitrk1-KD mice may serve as a translational modality with aspects of TS phenomenology. ANN NEUROL 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chieh Du
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jiun Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center of Research for Mental Health and Wellbeing, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lamanna J, Ferro M, Spadini S, Racchetti G, Malgaroli A. The Dysfunctional Mechanisms Throwing Tics: Structural and Functional Changes in Tourette Syndrome. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:668. [PMID: 37622808 PMCID: PMC10451670 DOI: 10.3390/bs13080668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a high-incidence multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics co-occurring with several diverse comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The origin of TS is multifactorial, with strong genetic, perinatal, and immunological influences. Although almost all neurotransmettitorial systems have been implicated in TS pathophysiology, a comprehensive neurophysiological model explaining the dynamics of expression and inhibition of tics is still lacking. The genesis and maintenance of motor and non-motor aspects of TS are thought to arise from functional and/or structural modifications of the basal ganglia and related circuitry. This complex wiring involves several cortical and subcortical structures whose concerted activity controls the selection of the most appropriate reflexive and habitual motor, cognitive and emotional actions. Importantly, striatal circuits exhibit bidirectional forms of synaptic plasticity that differ in many respects from hippocampal and neocortical plasticity, including sensitivity to metaplastic molecules such as dopamine. Here, we review the available evidence about structural and functional anomalies in neural circuits which have been found in TS patients. Finally, considering what is known in the field of striatal plasticity, we discuss the role of exuberant plasticity in TS, including the prospect of future pharmacological and neuromodulation avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Racchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Gilbert DL, Dubow JS, Cunniff TM, Wanaski SP, Atkinson SD, Mahableshwarkar AR. Ecopipam for Tourette Syndrome: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 2023; 151:190459. [PMID: 36628546 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-059574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES All US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for Tourette syndrome are antipsychotics, and their use is limited by the risk of weight gain, metabolic changes, and drug-induced movement disorders. Several small trials suggest that ecopipam, a first-in-class, selective dopamine 1 receptor antagonist, reduces tics with a low risk for these adverse events. This trial sought to further evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ecopipam in children and adolescents with moderate to severe Tourette syndrome. METHODS This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. Subjects aged ≥6 to <18 years with a baseline Yale Global Tic Severity Score Total Tic Score of ≥20 were randomly assigned 1:1 to ecopipam (n = 76) or placebo (n = 77). The primary endpoint was mean change over 12 weeks in the Yale Global Tic Severity Score Total Tic Score. The Clinical Global Impression of Tourette Syndrome Severity was the secondary endpoint. Safety and tolerability were evaluated at each study visit. RESULTS Total tic scores were significantly reduced from baseline to 12 weeks in the ecopipam group compared with placebo (least squares mean differences -3.44, 95% confidence interval -6.09 to -0.79, P = .01). Improvement in Clinical Global Impression of Tourette Syndrome Severity was also greater in the ecopipam group (P = .03). More weight gain was seen in subjects assigned to placebo. No metabolic or electrocardiogram changes were identified. Headache (15.8%), insomnia (14.5%), fatigue (7.9%), and somnolence (7.9%) were the most common adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Among children and adolescents with TS, ecopipam reduces tics to a greater extent than placebo, without observable evidence of common antipsychotic-associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Gilbert
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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The Sapap3 -/- mouse reconsidered as a comorbid model expressing a spectrum of pathological repetitive behaviours. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 36717540 PMCID: PMC9886949 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptom comorbidity is present amongst neuropsychiatric disorders with repetitive behaviours, complicating clinical diagnosis and impeding appropriate treatments. This is of particular importance for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome. Here, we meticulously analysed the behaviour of Sapap3 knockout mice, the recent rodent model predominantly used to study compulsive-like behaviours, and found that its behaviour is more complex than originally and persistently described. Indeed, we detected previously unreported elements of distinct pathologically repetitive behaviours, which do not form part of rodent syntactic cephalo-caudal self-grooming. These repetitive behaviours include sudden, rapid body and head/body twitches, resembling tic-like movements. We also observed that another type of repetitive behaviour, aberrant hindpaw scratching, might be responsible for the flagship-like skin lesions of this mouse model. In order to characterise the symptomatological nature of observed repetitive behaviours, we pharmacologically challenged these phenotypes by systemic aripiprazole administration, a first-line treatment for tic-like symptoms in Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania. A single treatment of aripiprazole significantly reduced the number of head/body twitches, scratching, and single-phase grooming, but not syntactic grooming events. These observations are in line with the high comorbidity of tic- and compulsive-like symptoms in Tourette, OCD and trichotillomania patients.
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10
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Lustberg DJ, Liu JQ, Iannitelli AF, Vanderhoof SO, Liles LC, McCann KE, Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine and dopamine contribute to distinct repetitive behaviors induced by novel odorant stress in male and female mice. Horm Behav 2022; 144:105205. [PMID: 35660247 PMCID: PMC10216880 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to unfamiliar odorants induces an array of repetitive defensive and non-defensive behaviors in rodents which likely reflect adaptive stress responses to the uncertain valence of novel stimuli. Mice genetically deficient for dopamine β-hydroxylase (Dbh-/-) lack the enzyme required to convert dopamine (DA) into norepinephrine (NE), resulting in globally undetectable NE and supranormal DA levels. Because catecholamines modulate novelty detection and reactivity, we investigated the effects of novel plant-derived odorants on repetitive behaviors in Dbh-/- mice and Dbh+/- littermate controls, which have catecholamine levels comparable to wild-type mice. Unlike Dbh+/- controls, which exhibited vigorous digging in response to novel odorants, Dbh-/- mice displayed excessive grooming. Drugs that block NE synthesis or neurotransmission suppressed odorant-induced digging in Dbh+/- mice, while a DA receptor antagonist attenuated grooming in Dbh-/- mice. The testing paradigm elicited high circulating levels of corticosterone regardless of Dbh genotype, indicating that NE is dispensable for this systemic stress response. Odorant exposure increased NE and DA abundance in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Dbh+/- mice, while Dbh-/- animals lacked NE and had elevated PFC DA levels that were unaffected by novel smells. Together, these findings suggest that novel odorant-induced increases in central NE tone contribute to repetitive digging and reflect psychological stress, while central DA signaling contributes to repetitive grooming. Further, we have established a simple method for repeated assessment of stress-induced repetitive behaviors in mice, which may be relevant for modeling neuropsychiatric disorders like Tourette syndrome or obsessive-compulsive disorder that are characterized by stress-induced exacerbation of compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joyce Q Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexa F Iannitelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Samantha O Vanderhoof
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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11
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Carmi L, Brakoulias V, Arush OB, Cohen H, Zohar J. A prospective clinical cohort-based study of the prevalence of OCD, obsessive compulsive and related disorders, and tics in families of patients with OCD. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:190. [PMID: 35300642 PMCID: PMC8932237 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lifetime prevalence of obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD) is currently estimated at 2 - 3% and the prevalence in first-degree family members is estimated to range between 10 and 11%. Separating OCD from other anxiety disorders and including it into the new "obsessive - compulsive and related disorders" (OCRDs) category has had a dramatic impact on the diagnosis, while also contributing to the better understanding of the genetics of these disorders. Indeed, grouping OCD with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and body-focused repetitive behaviors such as trichotillomania (hair pulling), onychophagia (nail biting), and excoriation (skin picking) into the same diagnostic family has resulted in a much greater lifetime prevalence (> 9%). These diagnostic changes necessitate an updated epidemiological study, thus motivating this investigation. METHODS The study sample comprised of 457 patient's cases from an Israeli and an Australian OCD center. Interviews were completed as a part of the intake or during treatment in each of the centers. Prevalence of OCD, OCRDs, tics, and other psychiatric comorbidities in first- and second-degree relatives was assessed by interviewing the OCD patients. Interviews were conducted by at least two researchers (LC, OBA, JZ) and only family information on which the interviewers have reached consensus was considered. RESULTS Initial analyses revealed an increase of OCD and OCRD prevalence in first- and second-degree family members as compared to the current literature due to reclassification of these disorders in DSM-5. CONCLUSION The new category of OCRD has changed the landscape of epidemiological studies in OCD. Further and broader studies are needed in order to better understand the lifetime prevalence of OCRD in first- and second-degrees family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Carmi
- grid.413795.d0000 0001 2107 2845Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Post Trauma Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel ,Israeli Center for the Treatment of Obsessive−Compulsive and Related Disorders, Modiin, Israel
| | - Vlasios Brakoulias
- grid.482212.f0000 0004 0495 2383Western Sydney Obsessive−Compulsive and Related Disorders Service, Western Sydney Local Health District – Mental Health Services, North Parramatta, Australia ,grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Medicine and Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oded Ben Arush
- Israeli Center for the Treatment of Obsessive−Compulsive and Related Disorders, Modiin, Israel
| | - Hagit Cohen
- grid.7489.20000 0004 1937 0511Ministry of Health, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Joseph Zohar
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Post Trauma Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel. .,Israeli Center for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Modiin, Israel.
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12
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Bortolato M, Coffey BJ, Gabbay V, Scheggi S. Allopregnanolone: The missing link to explain the effects of stress on tic exacerbation? J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13022. [PMID: 34423500 PMCID: PMC8800948 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; AP) elicits pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system, ranging from neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory functions to the regulation of mood and emotional responses. Several lines of research show that the brain rapidly produces AP in response to acute stress to reduce the allostatic load and enhance coping. These effects not only are likely mediated by GABAA receptor activation but also result from the contributions of other mechanisms, such as the stimulation of membrane progesterone receptors. In keeping with this evidence, AP has been shown to exert rapid, potent antidepressant properties and has been recently approved for the therapy of moderate-to-severe postpartum depression. In addition to depression, emerging evidence points to the potential of AP as a therapy for other neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, seizures, post-traumatic stress disorder and cognitive problems. Although this evidence has spurred interest in further therapeutic applications of AP, some investigations suggest that this neurosteroid may also be associated with adverse events in specific disorders. For example, our group has recently documented that AP increases tic-like manifestations in several animal models of tic disorders; furthermore, our results indicate that inhibiting AP synthesis and signalling reduces the exacerbation of tic severity associated with acute stress. Although the specific mechanisms of these effects remain partially elusive, our findings point to the possibility that the GABAergic activation by AP may also lead to disinhibitory effects, which could interfere with the ability of patients to suppress their tics. Future studies will be necessary to verify whether these mechanisms may apply to other externalising manifestations, such as impulse-control problems and manic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Research Consortium on NeuroEndocrine Causes of Tics (ReConNECT)
| | - Barbara J. Coffey
- Research Consortium on NeuroEndocrine Causes of Tics (ReConNECT)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral ScienceMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Research Consortium on NeuroEndocrine Causes of Tics (ReConNECT)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
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13
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Yan Y, Tian M, Li M, Zhou G, Chen Q, Xu M, Hu Y, Luo W, Guo X, Zhang C, Xie H, Wu QF, Xiong W, Liu S, Guan JS. ASH1L haploinsufficiency results in autistic-like phenotypes in mice and links Eph receptor gene to autism spectrum disorder. Neuron 2022; 110:1156-1172.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Vilela-Filho O, Santos UM, Castro JC, Reis DM, Domingues-Hajj PMS, Morais BA, Souza JT, Silva DJ, Grandi-Miranda FT, Dalle CR, Milhomem CBSS. Induction of Ticlike Involuntary Movements in Rats by Striatotomy and Subsequent Neurochemical Sensitization. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:e674-e686. [PMID: 34478885 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been proposed that Tourette syndrome is associated with dysfunction in widespread cortical areas and globus pallidus externus hyperactivity secondary to dopaminergic hyperactivity and serotonergic/dynorphinergic hypoactivity. The main objective of this study was to test this hypothesis by developing an animal model of Tourette syndrome via striatotomy, followed by administration of drugs that mimic the neurotransmitter environment, so as to induce globus pallidus externus hyperactivity. METHODS Rats were assigned to 3 groups: stereotactic striatotomy (STT) and striatal sham -lesion (SHAM) groups, treated with anterior and posterior striatum procedures in both hemispheres, and a group of nonoperated animals (NAIVE). Postoperatively, all rodents were blindly administered 3 drug protocols: levodopa/benserazide; levodopa/benserazide/ergotamine/naloxone (MIX); and saline. The animals were filmed at the peak action of these drugs. The videos were evaluated by a single blinded researcher. RESULTS Six types of involuntary movements (IMs) were observed: cephalic, trunk jerks, oromandibular, forepaw jerks, dystonic, and locomotive. The number of animals with IM and the mean number of IM after both levodopa/benserazide and MIX was significantly higher in the STT compared with the SHAM and NAIVE groups. In the SHAM and NAIVE, MIX was superior to levodopa/benserazide in the induction of IM. In the STT, MIX was superior to levodopa/benserazide in the induction of trunk jerks. Appendicular IM were more common after posterior than after anterior striatotomy. CONCLUSIONS These results show that striatotomy, followed by administration of levodopa/benserazide alone or associated with ergotamine and naloxone, is efficacious in inducing IM, supporting the hypothesis that led to this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Vilela-Filho
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Uliana M Santos
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C Castro
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Diego M Reis
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Pryscilla M S Domingues-Hajj
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bárbara A Morais
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Joaquim T Souza
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Délson J Silva
- Neurology Unit, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Flávia T Grandi-Miranda
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Camila R Dalle
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, Clinics Hospital, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Caroline B S S Milhomem
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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15
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The Recurrence of Motor Tics Mediated by Oral Prednisolone Use in Autistic Children: A Case Report. Clin Neuropharmacol 2021; 44:145-147. [PMID: 34132672 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to report motor tics worsening by prednisolone acute treatment, despite the use of aripiprazole and clonidine. It was also aimed to discuss the mechanisms involved in neuropsychiatric adverse effects with the use of corticosteroids. METHODS It was reported a 7-year-old boy patient with a history of autism spectrum disorder and motor tics. He has remitted motor tics with an association between aripiprazole and clonidine. However, was registered motor tics' recurrence with acute use of prednisolone. CONCLUSIONS The neuropsychiatric adverse effects mediated by corticosteroid use are low explored, mainly in pediatric clinical practice. The prednisolone prescription is widespread in childhood and, considering some vulnerable conditions to this type of adverse effects, is imperative.
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16
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The α6 GABA A Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator DK-I-56-1 Reduces Tic-Related Behaviors in Mouse Models of Tourette Syndrome. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020175. [PMID: 33525455 PMCID: PMC7912006 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a disabling neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple, recurrent tics. The pharmacological treatment of TS is currently based on dopaminergic antagonists; however, these drugs are associated with extrapyramidal symptoms and other serious adverse events. Recent evidence suggests that positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors containing α6 subunits (α6 GABAARs) oppose the behavioral effects of dopamine. Building on this evidence, in the present study, we tested the efficacy of DK-I-56-1, a highly selective PAM for α6 GABAARs, in mouse models of TS exhibiting tic-related responses. DK-I-56-1 significantly reduced tic-like jerks and prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in D1CT-7 transgenic mice, a well-documented mouse model of TS. DK-I-56-1 also prevented the exacerbation of spontaneous eyeblink reflex induced by the potent dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958, a proxy for tic-like responses. We also showed that both systemic and prefrontal cortical administration of DK-I-56-1 countered the PPI disruption caused by SKF 82958. Although the effects of DK-I-56-1 were akin to those elicited by dopaminergic antagonists, this drug did not elicit extrapyramidal effects, as measured by catalepsy. These results point to α6 GABAAR PAMs as promising TS therapies with a better safety profile than dopaminergic antagonists.
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17
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Abstract
Background:Tics, defined as quick, rapid, sudden, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalizations are required components of Tourette Syndrome (TS) - a complex disorder characterized by the presence of fluctuating, chronic motor and vocal tics, and the presence of co-existing neuropsychological problems. Despite many advances, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/TS remains unknown.Objective:To address a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of TS. More specifically: 1) the configuration of circuits likely involved; 2) the role of inhibitory influences on motor control; 3) the classification of tics as either goal-directed or habitual behaviors; 4) the potential anatomical site of origin, e.g. cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, or other(s); and 5) the role of specific neurotransmitters (dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and others) as possible mechanisms (Abstract figure).Methods:Existing evidence from current clinical, basic science, and animal model studies are reviewed to provide: 1) an expanded understanding of individual components and the complex integration of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical (CBGTC) circuit - the pathway involved with motor control; and 2) scientific data directly addressing each of the aforementioned controversies regarding pathways, inhibition, classification, anatomy, and neurotransmitters.Conclusion:Until a definitive pathophysiological mechanism is identified, one functional approach is to consider that a disruption anywhere within CBGTC circuitry, or a brain region inputting to the motor circuit, can lead to an aberrant message arriving at the primary motor cortex and enabling a tic. Pharmacologic modulation may be therapeutically beneficial, even though it might not be directed toward the primary abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S. Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Liu S, Tian M, He F, Li J, Xie H, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Yi M, Che F, Ma X, Zheng Y, Deng H, Wang G, Chen L, Sun X, Xu Y, Wang J, Zang Y, Han M, Wang X, Guan H, Ge Y, Wu C, Wang H, Liang H, Li H, Ran N, Yang Z, Huang H, Wei Y, Zheng X, Sun X, Feng X, Zheng L, Zhu T, Luo W, Chen Q, Yan Y, Huang Z, Jing Z, Guo Y, Zhang X, Schaaf CP, Xing J, Wang C, Yu F, Guan JS. Mutations in ASH1L confer susceptibility to Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:476-490. [PMID: 31673123 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by repetitive motor movements and vocal tics. The clinical manifestations of TS are complex and often overlap with other neuropsychiatric disorders. TS is highly heritable; however, the underlying genetic basis and molecular and neuronal mechanisms of TS remain largely unknown. We performed whole-exome sequencing of a hundred trios (probands and their parents) with detailed records of their clinical presentations and identified a risk gene, ASH1L, that was both de novo mutated and associated with TS based on a transmission disequilibrium test. As a replication, we performed follow-up targeted sequencing of ASH1L in additional 524 unrelated TS samples and replicated the association (P value = 0.001). The point mutations in ASH1L cause defects in its enzymatic activity. Therefore, we established a transgenic mouse line and performed an array of anatomical, behavioral, and functional assays to investigate ASH1L function. The Ash1l+/- mice manifested tic-like behaviors and compulsive behaviors that could be rescued by the tic-relieving drug haloperidol. We also found that Ash1l disruption leads to hyper-activation and elevated dopamine-releasing events in the dorsal striatum, all of which could explain the neural mechanisms for the behavioral abnormalities in mice. Taken together, our results provide compelling evidence that ASH1L is a TS risk gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Liu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory & Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenmiao Liu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yeting Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ru Zhang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingji Yi
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine & Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiju Wang
- Child Healthcare Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Medical Record, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingli Wang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yucui Zang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuhai Wang
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongzai Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinlin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunmei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Li
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ni Ran
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaochuan Yang
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhao Wei
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Feng
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanlan Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Chaoyang District of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhan Luo
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qinan Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuze Yan
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zuzhou Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongcui Jing
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yixia Guo
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuzhan Zhang
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Genetics; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fuli Yu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ji-Song Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Cadeddu R, Bäckström T, Floris G, Nordkild P, Segerdahl M, Bortolato M. Isoallopregnanolone reduces tic-like behaviours in the D1CT-7 mouse model of Tourette syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12754. [PMID: 31175669 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by multiple, persistent tics. These semi-voluntary motor and phonic manifestations are typically aggravated by exposure to acute stress, yet the mechanisms underlying this exacerbation remain unclear. Using a well-characterised animal model of TS, the D1CT-7 mouse, we recently showed that acute stress increases tic-like responses and causes sensorimotor gating deficits, as measured by the prepulse inhibition of the startle. We showed that these effects are promoted by the brain synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AP). In line with this idea, inhibition of AP synthesis by finasteride was found to suppress the tic-exacerbating effects of stress; conversely, AP administration resulted in a marked enhancement of the number of tic-like motor bursts. Given that the primary mechanism of AP is based on the positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors, in the present study, we hypothesised that the enhancement in tic-like behaviours induced by either stress or AP may be countered by isoallopregnanolone (isoAP), the natural 3β-epimer of AP that acts as an antagonist to the AP-binding site within GABAA receptors. In agreement with our hypothesis, isoAP (5-10 mg kg-1 , s.c.) dose-dependently reduced the number of tic-like behaviours induced by stress in D1CT-7 mice. These effects were comparable to those elicited by both the benchmark TS therapy haloperidol (0.3 mg kg-1 , i.p.), as well as finasteride (25 mg kg-1 , i.p.). IsoAP also countered the prepulse inhibition deficits secondary to stress in D1CT-7 mice. Finally, isoAP opposed the enhancement of tic-like behaviours induced by AP (15 mg kg-1 , i.p.). Given that isoAP is well-tolerated and has an optimal safety profile, these data suggest that this steroid may have therapeutic properties in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cadeddu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Torbjörn Bäckström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Asarina Pharma, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Floris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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20
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Karthik S, Sharma LP, Narayanaswamy JC. Investigating the Role of Glutamate in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1003-1013. [PMID: 32368062 PMCID: PMC7173854 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s211703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is a ubiquitous excitatory neurotransmitter, which is involved in normal physiology, a variety of central nervous system (CNS) functions, including excitotoxicity and neuronal migration. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Over the years, a growing body of evidence has helped researchers understand the mechanisms underlying glutamatergic involvement in the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this review, we attempt to elucidate the role of glutamate in OCD, which is a chronic psychiatric condition with significant morbidity. This article provides current perspectives on the role played by glutamate in the pathogenesis, clinical symptoms and treatment response in OCD, a critical analysis of existing and emerging evidence, both clinical and preclinical, followed by a summary and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheshachala Karthik
- OCD Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Lavanya P Sharma
- OCD Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- OCD Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
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21
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Abstract
Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations (phonic productions) that are commonly present in children and are required symptoms for the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Despite their frequency, the underlying pathophysiology of tics/Tourette syndrome remains unknown. In this review, we discuss a variety of controversies surrounding the pathophysiology of tics, including the following: Are tics voluntary or involuntary? What is the role of the premonitory urge? Are tics due to excess excitatory or deficient inhibition? Is it time to adopt the contemporary version of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) circuit? and Do we know the primary abnormal neurotransmitter in Tourette syndrome? Data from convergent clinical and animal model studies support complex interactions among the various CBGTC sites and neurotransmitters. Advances are being made; however, numerous pathophysiologic questions persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey S Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Lipton DM, Gonzales BJ, Citri A. Dorsal Striatal Circuits for Habits, Compulsions and Addictions. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:28. [PMID: 31379523 PMCID: PMC6657020 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the neural circuit bases of habits, compulsions, and addictions, behaviors which are all characterized by relatively automatic action performance. We discuss relevant studies, primarily from the rodent literature, and describe how major headway has been made in identifying the brain regions and neural cell types whose activity is modulated during the acquisition and performance of these automated behaviors. The dorsal striatum and cortical inputs to this structure have emerged as key players in the wider basal ganglia circuitry encoding behavioral automaticity, and changes in the activity of different neuronal cell-types in these brain regions have been shown to co-occur with the formation of automatic behaviors. We highlight how disordered functioning of these neural circuits can result in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and drug addiction. Finally, we discuss how the next phase of research in the field may benefit from integration of approaches for access to cells based on their genetic makeup, activity, connectivity and precise anatomical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lipton
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Zuckerman Postdoctoral Scholar, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben J Gonzales
- Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Citri
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Program in Child and Brain Development, MaRS Centre, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Kreilaus F, Chesworth R, Eapen V, Clarke R, Karl T. First behavioural assessment of a novel Immp2l knockdown mouse model with relevance for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and Autism spectrum disorder. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112057. [PMID: 31233820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which shares some clinical features with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The genetic factors relevant to the development of both disorders are yet to be fully understood, however, some genetic association studies have identified inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase subunit 2 (IMMP2L) as a potential risk gene for both GTS and ASD. The impact of Immp2l deficiency on behavioural domains is currently unknown. A new genetic mouse model for Immp2l was developed. Adult heterozygous (HET) and homozygous (HOMO) Immp2l knockdown (Immp2l KD) mice of both sexes were compared to wild type-like (WT) littermates in the open field (OF), social interaction, novel object recognition, marble burying, and prepulse inhibition (PPI). The effect of acute dexamphetamine (2 mg/kg) on OF behaviour was also determined. OF locomotion was significantly higher in HET compared to HOMO male littermates. Male and female HOMO mice were much more sensitive to the locomotor-stimulating effects of dexamphetamine (DEX), whereas only HOMO males exhibited significant increased DEX-induced OF exploration compared to control groups. HOMO females failed to habituate to an acoustic startle stimulus. Furthermore, compared to HOMO females, HET females showed reduced social interaction, and a similar trend was seen in HET males. The Immp2l KD mouse model possesses moderate face validity for preclinical research into GTS and ASD, in particular as dysfunctional dopaminergic neurotransmission appears to be one mechanism leading to disease presentation. The sex-dependent differences observed in most findings reinforce the strong influence of sex in the pathophysiology of GTS and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kreilaus
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Raymond Clarke
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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24
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Delgado-Acevedo C, Estay SF, Radke AK, Sengupta A, Escobar AP, Henríquez-Belmar F, Reyes CA, Haro-Acuña V, Utreras E, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Cho A, Wendland JR, Kulkarni AB, Holmes A, Murphy DL, Chávez AE, Moya PR. Behavioral and synaptic alterations relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder in mice with increased EAAT3 expression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1163-1173. [PMID: 30622300 PMCID: PMC6462043 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe, chronic neuropsychiatric disorder with a strong genetic component. The SLC1A1 gene encoding the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 has been proposed as a candidate gene for this disorder. Gene variants affecting SLC1A1 expression in human brain tissue have been associated with OCD. Several mouse models fully or partially lacking EAAT3 have shown no alterations in baseline anxiety-like or repetitive behaviors. We generated a transgenic mouse model (EAAT3glo) to achieve conditional, Cre-dependent EAAT3 overexpression and evaluated the overall impact of increased EAAT3 expression at behavioral and synaptic levels. Mice with EAAT3 overexpression driven by CaMKIIα-promoter (EAAT3glo/CMKII) displayed increased anxiety-like and repetitive behaviors that were both restored by chronic, but not acute, treatment with fluoxetine or clomipramine. EAAT3glo/CMKII mice also displayed greater spontaneous recovery of conditioned fear. Electrophysiological and biochemical analyses at corticostriatal synapses of EAAT3glo/CMKII mice revealed changes in NMDA receptor subunit composition and altered NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity. By recapitulating relevant behavioral, neurophysiological, and psychopharmacological aspects, our results provide support for the glutamatergic hypothesis of OCD, particularly for the increased EAAT3 function, and provide a valuable animal model that may open novel therapeutic approaches to treat this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Delgado-Acevedo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sebastián F Estay
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Anna K Radke
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Ayesha Sengupta
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Angélica P Escobar
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisca Henríquez-Belmar
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristopher A Reyes
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Valentina Haro-Acuña
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Functional Genomics Section and Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiolopatogía Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrew Cho
- Functional Genomics Section and Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jens R Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section and Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
- Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Frau R, Bortolato M. Repurposing steroidogenesis inhibitors for the therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders: Promises and caveats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 147:55-65. [PMID: 29907425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Steroids exert a profound influence on behavioral reactivity, by modulating the functions of most neurotransmitters and shaping the impact of stress and sex-related variables on neural processes. This background - as well as the observation that most neuroactive steroids (including sex hormones, glucocorticoids and neurosteroids) are synthetized and metabolized by overlapping enzymatic machineries - points to steroidogenic pathways as a powerful source of targets for neuropsychiatric disorders. Inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes have been developed and approved for a broad range of genitourinary and endocrine dysfunctions, opening to new opportunities to repurpose these drugs for the treatment of mental problems. In line with this idea, preliminary clinical and preclinical results from our group have shown that inhibitors of key steroidogenic enzymes, such as 5α-reductase and 17,20 desmolase-lyase, may have therapeutic efficacy in specific behavioral disorders associated with dopaminergic hyperfunction. While the lack of specificity of these effects raises potential concerns about endocrine adverse events, these initial findings suggest that steroidogenesis modulators with greater brain specificity may hold significant potential for the development of alternative therapies for psychiatric problems. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; Tourette Syndrome Center, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; Sleep Medicine Center, University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Monserrato CA, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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26
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Hartmann A, Deniau E, Czernecki V, Negovanska V, d’Harcourt S, Depienne C, Klein-Koerkamp Y, Worbe Y. Tic e sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette. Neurologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)89402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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27
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O'Brien KB, Sharrief AZ, Nordstrom EJ, Travanty AJ, Huynh M, Romero MP, Bittner KC, Bowser MT, Burton FH. Biochemical markers of striatal desensitization in cortical-limbic hyperglutamatergic TS- & OCD-like transgenic mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 89:11-20. [PMID: 29481900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tics and compulsions in comorbid Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are associated with chronic hyperactivity of parallel cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop circuits. Comorbid TS- & OCD-like behaviors have likewise been observed in D1CT-7 mice, in which an artificial neuropotentiating transgene encoding the cAMP-elevating intracellular subunit of cholera toxin (CT) is chronically expressed selectively in somatosensory cortical & amygdalar dopamine (DA) D1 receptor-expressing neurons that activate cortico/amygdalo-striatal glutamate (GLU) output. We've now examined in D1CT-7 mice whether the chronic GLU output from their potentiated cortical/limbic CSTC subcircuit afferents associated with TS- & OCD-like behaviors elicits desensitizing neurochemical changes in the striatum (STR). Microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis and in situ hybridization reveal that the mice's chronic GLU-excited STR exhibits pharmacodynamic changes in three independently GLU-regulated measures of output neuron activation, co-excitation, and desensitization, signifying hyperactive striatal CSTC output and compensatory striatal glial and neuronal desensitization: 1) Striatal GABA, an output neurotransmitter induced by afferent GLU, is increased. 2) Striatal d-serine, a glial excitatory co-transmitter inhibited by afferent GLU, is decreased. 3) Striatal Period1 (Per1), which plays a non-circadian role in the STR as a GLU + DA D1- (cAMP-) dependent repressor thought to feedback-inhibit GLU + DA- triggered ultradian urges and motions, is transcriptionally abolished. These data imply that chronic cortical/limbic GLU excitation of the STR desensitizes its co-excitatory d-serine & DA inputs while freezing its GABA output in an active state to mediate chronic tics and compulsions - possibly in part by abolishing striatal Per1-dependent ultradian extinction of urges and motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Anjail Z Sharrief
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Clark Science Center, 1 College Lane, Sabin-Reed 429, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Eric J Nordstrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Anthony J Travanty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA
| | - Mailee Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Megan P Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Katie C Bittner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA
| | - Michael T Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Frank H Burton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA.
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28
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Rizzo F, Nespoli E, Abaei A, Bar-Gad I, Deelchand DK, Fegert J, Rasche V, Hengerer B, Boeckers TM. Aripiprazole Selectively Reduces Motor Tics in a Young Animal Model for Tourette's Syndrome and Comorbid Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Neurol 2018; 9:59. [PMID: 29487562 PMCID: PMC5816975 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized primarily by motor and vocal tics. Comorbidities such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are observed in over 50% of TS patients. We applied aripiprazole in a juvenile rat model that displays motor tics and hyperactivity. We additionally assessed the amount of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) as an indicator for the presence of vocal tics and evaluated the changes in the striatal neurometabolism using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 11.7T. Thirty-one juvenile spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) underwent bicuculline striatal microinjection and treatment with either aripiprazole or vehicle. Control groups were sham operated and sham injected. Behavior, USVs, and striatal neurochemical profile were analyzed at early, middle, and late adolescence (postnatal days 35 to 50). Bicuculline microinjections in the dorsolateral striatum induced motor tics in SHR juvenile rats. Acute aripiprazole administration selectively reduced both tic frequency and latency, whereas stereotypies, USVs, and hyperactivity remained unaltered. The striatal neurochemical profile was only moderately altered after tic-induction and was not affected by systemic drug treatment. When applied to a young rat model that provides high degrees of construct, face, and predictive validity for TS and comorbid ADHD, aripiprazole selectively reduces motor tics, revealing that tics and stereotypies are distinct phenomena in line with clinical treatment of patients. Finally, our 1H-MRS results suggest a critical revision of the striatal role in the hypothesized cortico-striatal dysregulation in TS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rizzo
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ester Nespoli
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Alireza Abaei
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dinesh K Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jörg Fegert
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Rasche
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Santangelo A, Bortolato M, Mosher LJ, Crescimanno G, Di Giovanni G, Cassioli E, Ricca V, Casarrubea M. Behavioral fragmentation in the D1CT-7 mouse model of Tourette's syndrome. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:703-711. [PMID: 29314714 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The transgenic D1CT-7 mouse is one of the best-characterized animal models of Tourette's syndrome (TS), exhibiting spontaneous tic-like Head-Body Twitches (HBT) and deficits in sensorimotor gating. This study is aimed at evaluating the behavioral dynamics of these mutants and their potential relevance to TS. METHODS The behavior of D1CT-7 and Wild Type littermates was firstly assessed by considering frequencies and durations. To detect recurrent real-time behavioral sequences, the multivariate T-pattern analysis was employed. Analyses of transition probabilities among behaviors further provided an overall picture of the behavioral dynamics. RESULTS T-patterns and transition matrices revealed in D1CT-7 mice a clear-cut hyperactivity compared to controls, with a lower behavioral organization and a marked shift from cautious sniffing toward locomotion. Moreover, the behavioral patterns of the transgenic mice were pervasively disturbed by intrusive tic-like HBT leading to a marked fragmentation of the behavior. Novel exposure to open field provoked a transient inhibitory control over the disrupting phenotype. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that the D1CT-7 mouse model is subjected to a behavioral fragmentation, with repercussions going beyond the simple tic-like phenomenon. These phenotypes are strikingly akin to behavioral problems observed in patients with TS and further validate the power of this model in summarizing pivotal behavioral aspects of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santangelo
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Laura J Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Giuseppe Crescimanno
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarrubea
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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30
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Burton FH. Back to the Future: Circuit-testing TS & OCD. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Bortolato M, Pittenger C. Modeling tics in rodents: Conceptual challenges and paths forward. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:12-19. [PMID: 28237575 PMCID: PMC5568514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of tics have led to the development of novel rodent models capturing different pathophysiological and phenotypic aspects of Tourette syndrome. The proliferation of these models, however, raises vexing questions on what standards should be adopted to assess their theoretical validity and empirical utility. Assessing the homology of a rodent motoric burst with a tic remains problematic, due to our incomplete knowledge of the underpinnings of tics, their high phenotypic complexity and variability, limitations in our ability test key aspects of tic phenomenology (such as premonitory sensory phenomena) in animals, and between-species differences in neuroanatomy and behavioral repertoire. These limitations underscore that any interpretation of behavioral output in an animal model cannot exclusively rely on the recognition of features that bear superficial resemblance with tics, but must be supported by other etiological and convergent phenomenological criteria. NEW METHOD Here, we discuss two complementary approaches for the study and validation of tic-like manifestations in rodents, based respectively on the use of contextual modulators and accompanying features of repetitive motor manifestations and on the reproduction of pathogenic factors. RESULTS Neither strategy can by itself provide convincing evidence that a model informatively recapitulates tic pathophysiology. Their combination holds promise to enhance the rigorous evaluation and translational relevance of rodent models of tic disorders. CONCLUSIONS This systematic consideration of different approaches to the validation and study of animal models of tic pathophysiology provides a framework for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Skaggs Hall, Room 3916, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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Eriguchi Y, Kuwabara H, Inai A, Kawakubo Y, Nishimura F, Kakiuchi C, Tochigi M, Ohashi J, Aoki N, Kato K, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Tsuji S, Doi K, Yoshimura J, Morishita S, Shimada T, Furukawa M, Umekage T, Sasaki T, Kasai K, KanoMD PhD Y. Identification of candidate genes involved in the etiology of sporadic Tourette syndrome by exome sequencing. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:712-723. [PMID: 28608572 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. Although there is a large genetic contribution, the genetic architecture of TS remains unclear. Exome sequencing has successfully revealed the contribution of de novo mutations in sporadic cases with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Here, using exome sequencing, we investigated de novo mutations in individuals with sporadic TS to identify novel risk loci and elucidate the genetic background of TS. Exome analysis was conducted for sporadic TS cases: nine trio families and one quartet family with concordant twins were investigated. Missense mutations were evaluated using functional prediction algorithms, and their population frequencies were calculated based on three public databases. Gene expression patterns in the brain were analyzed using the BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome. Thirty de novo mutations, including four synonymous and four missense mutations, were identified. Among the missense mutations, one in the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (RICTOR)-coding gene (rs140964083: G > A, found in one proband) was predicted to be hazardous. In the three public databases analyzed, variants in the same SNP locus were absent, and variants in the same gene were either absent or present at an extremely low frequency (3/5,008), indicating the rarity of hazardous RICTOR mutations in the general population. The de novo variant of RICTOR may be implicated in the development of sporadic TS, and RICTOR is a novel candidate factor for TS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Eriguchi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sakura Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Disability Services Office, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Inai
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumichika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Aoki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sakura Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kato
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Genome Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Doi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshimura
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimada
- Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Furukawa
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Umekage
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko KanoMD PhD
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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González LF, Henríquez-Belmar F, Delgado-Acevedo C, Cisternas-Olmedo M, Arriagada G, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Murphy DL, Moya PR. Neurochemical and behavioral characterization of neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 heterozygous mice. Biol Res 2017; 50:29. [PMID: 28927446 PMCID: PMC5605982 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe neuropsychiatric condition affecting 1–3% of the worldwide population. OCD has a strong genetic component, and the SLC1A1 gene that encodes neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 is a strong candidate for this disorder. To evaluate the impact of reduced EAAT3 expression in vivo, we studied male EAAT3 heterozygous and wild-type littermate mice using a battery of behavioral paradigms relevant to anxiety (open field test, elevated plus maze) and compulsivity (marble burying), as well as locomotor activity induced by amphetamine. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we also determined tissue neurotransmitter levels in cortex, striatum and thalamus—brain areas that are relevant to OCD. Results Compared to wild-type littermates, EAAT3 heterozygous male mice have unaltered baseline anxiety-like, compulsive-like behavior and locomotor activity. Administration of acute amphetamine (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) increased locomotion with no differences across genotypes. Tissue levels of glutamate, GABA, dopamine and serotonin did not vary between EAAT3 heterozygous and wild-type mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that reduced EAAT3 expression does not impact neurotransmitter content in the corticostriatal circuit nor alter anxiety or compulsive-like behaviors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0138-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F González
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisca Henríquez-Belmar
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Delgado-Acevedo
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gloria Arriagada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. .,Núcleo Milenio Nu-MIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Valparaíso, Chile. .,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso CINV, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Allopregnanolone mediates the exacerbation of Tourette-like responses by acute stress in mouse models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3348. [PMID: 28611376 PMCID: PMC5469807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple tics and sensorimotor abnormalities, the severity of which is typically increased by stress. The neurobiological underpinnings of this exacerbation, however, remain elusive. We recently reported that spatial confinement (SC), a moderate environmental stressor, increases tic-like responses and elicits TS-like sensorimotor gating deficits in the D1CT-7 mouse, one of the best-validated models of TS. Here, we hypothesized that these adverse effects may be mediated by neurosteroids, given their well-documented role in stress-response orchestration. Indeed, SC increased the levels of progesterone, as well as its derivatives 5α-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of D1CT-7 mice. Among these steroids, however, only allopregnanolone (5-15 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently exacerbated TS-like manifestations in D1CT-7, but not wild-type littermates; these effects were countered by the benchmark anti-tic therapy haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg, IP). Furthermore, the phenotypic effects of spatial confinement in D1CT-7 mice were suppressed by finasteride (25-50 mg/kg, IP), an inhibitor of the main rate-limiting enzyme in allopregnanolone synthesis. These findings collectively suggest that stress may exacerbate TS symptoms by promoting allopregnanolone synthesis in the PFC, and corroborate previous clinical results pointing to finasteride as a novel therapeutic avenue to curb symptom fluctuations in TS.
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Godar SC, Bortolato M. What makes you tic? Translational approaches to study the role of stress and contextual triggers in Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:123-133. [PMID: 27939782 PMCID: PMC5403589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple, recurring motor and phonic tics. Rich empirical evidence shows that the severity of tics and associated manifestations is increased by several stressors and contextual triggers; however, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for symptom exacerbation in TS remain poorly understood. This conceptual gap partially reflects the high phenotypic variability in tics, as well as the existing difficulties in operationalizing and standardizing stress and its effects in a clinical setting. Animal models of TS may be highly informative tools to overcome some of these limitations; these experimental preparations have already provided critical insights on key aspects of TS pathophysiology, and may prove useful to identify the neurochemical alterations induced by different stressful contingencies. In particular, emerging knowledge on the role of contextual triggers in animal models of TS may inform the development of novel pharmacological interventions to reduce tic fluctuations in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, United States; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, United States; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Vinner E, Israelashvili M, Bar-Gad I. Prolonged striatal disinhibition as a chronic animal model of tic disorders. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:20-29. [PMID: 28268105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental findings and theoretical models have associated Tourette syndrome with abnormal striatal inhibition. The expression of tics, the hallmark symptom of this disorder, has been transiently induced in non-human primates and rodents by the injection of GABAA antagonists into the striatum, leading to temporary disinhibition. NEW METHOD The novel chronic model of tic expression utilizes mini-osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously in the rat's back for prolonged infusion of bicuculline into the dorsolateral striatum. RESULTS Tics were expressed on the contralateral side to the infusion over a period of multiple days. Tic expression was stable, and maintained similar properties throughout the infusion period. Electrophysiological recordings revealed the existence of tic-related local field potential spikes and individual neuron activity changes that remained stable throughout the infusion period. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The striatal disinhibition model provides a unique combination of face validity (tic expression) and construct validity (abnormal striatal inhibition) but is limited to sub-hour periods. The new chronic model extends the period of tic expression to multiple days and thus enables the study of tic dynamics and the effects of behavior and pharmacological agents on tic expression. CONCLUSIONS The chronic model provides similar behavioral and neuronal correlates of tics as the acute striatal disinhibition model but over prolonged periods of time, thus providing a unique, basal ganglia initiated model of tic expression. Chronic expression of symptoms is the key to studying the time varying properties of Tourette syndrome and the effects of multiple internal and external factors on this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vinner
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Israelashvili
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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37
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Compulsive Social Behavior Emerges after Selective Ablation of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2849-2858. [PMID: 28193688 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3460-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying social dysfunction in neuropsychiatric conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome remain uncertain. However, it is known that dysfunctions in basal ganglia, including a reduced number of striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCIN), are involved in their pathophysiology. To explore the role of SCIN in relation to perseverative behaviors, we characterized a new transgenic mouse model in which inducible ablation of SCIN is achieved with high efficiency in a cell-type- and region-specific manner. Mice were subjected to extensive behavioral testing, including assessment of social behaviors, and corticostriatal functional connectivity was evaluated in vivo Selective SCIN ablation leads to altered social interactions together with exacerbated spontaneously emitted repetitive behaviors. Lesioned mice showed normal motor coordination, balance, and general locomotion. Interestingly, only environmentally driven, but not self-directed, repetitive behaviors were exacerbated in lesioned mice. Remarkably, in mice with SCIN ablation, the normal pattern of social exploration was replayed continuously. The emerging pattern of social interactions is highly predictable and invariant across time. In vivo electrophysiological recordings indicate that SCIN ablation results in an increase of the functional connectivity between different cortical areas and the motor, but not associative, region of the striatum. Our results identify a role of SCIN in suppressing perseverative behaviors, including socially related ones. In sum, SCIN ablation in mice leads to exacerbated ritualistic-like behaviors that affect social performance, providing a link between SCIN dysfunction and the social impairments present in psychiatric disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We sought to uncover the impact of striatal cholinergic interneuron (SCIN) degeneration on perseverative behaviors related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). We found that extensive SCIN ablation results in exacerbated social interactions, in which normal social contacts were replayed continuously in a highly stereotyped, ritualistic pattern. SCIN ablation also leads to an increase in other spontaneously emitted repetitive behaviors without alteration of motor coordination, balance, or locomotion. Moreover, we identify an increase of functional connectivity between frontal cortical areas and the motor region of the striatum as a putative substrate for the observed behavioral alterations. Therefore, perseveration induced by SCIN ablation extends to social performance as occurs in neuropsychiatric conditions such as OCD and TS.
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Fowler SC, Mosher LJ, Godar SC, Bortolato M. Assessment of gait and sensorimotor deficits in the D1CT-7 mouse model of Tourette syndrome. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:37-44. [PMID: 28099872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. While TS patients have been also shown to exhibit subtle abnormalities of sensorimotor integration and gait, animal models of this disorder are seldom tested for these functions. To fill this gap, we assessed gait and sensorimotor integration in the D1CT-7 mouse, one of the best-validated animal models of TS. D1CT-7 mice exhibit spontaneous tic-like manifestations, which, in line with the clinical phenomenology of TS, are markedly exacerbated by environmental stress. Thus, to verify whether stress may affect sensorimotor integration and gait functions in D1CT-7 mice, we subjected these animals to a 20-min session of spatial confinement, an environmental stressor that was recently shown to worsen tic-like manifestations. Immediately following this manipulation (or no confinement, for controls), animals were subjected to either the sticky-tape task, to test for sensorimotor integration; or a 60-min session in an open field (42×42cm) force-plate actometer for gait analysis. Gait analyses included spatial, temporal, and dynamic (force) parameters. D1CT-7 mice displayed a longer latency to remove a sticky tape, indicating marked impairments in sensorimotor integration; furthermore, these mutants exhibited shortened stride length, increased stride rate, nearly equal early-phase velocity, and higher late-phase velocity. D1CT-7 mice also ran with greater force amplitude than wild-type (WT) littermates. None of these phenotypes was worsened by spatial confinement. These results highlight the potential importance of testing sensorimotor integration and gait functions as a phenotypic correlate of cortical connectivity deficits in animal models of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Fowler
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Laura J Mosher
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT, USA
| | - Sean C Godar
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT, USA
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Pittenger C. Histidine Decarboxylase Knockout Mice as a Model of the Pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome and Related Conditions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 241:189-215. [PMID: 28233179 PMCID: PMC5538774 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While the normal functions of histamine (HA) in the central nervous system have gradually come into focus over the past 30 years, the relationship of abnormalities in neurotransmitter HA to human disease has been slower to emerge. New insight came with the 2010 description of a rare nonsense mutation in the biosynthetic enzyme histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) that was associated with Tourette syndrome (TS) and related conditions in a single family pedigree. Subsequent genetic work has provided further support for abnormalities of HA signaling in sporadic TS. As a result of this genetic work, Hdc knockout mice, which were generated more than 15 years ago, have been reexamined as a model of the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions. Parallel work in these KO mice and in human carriers of the Hdc mutation has revealed abnormalities in the basal ganglia system and its modulation by dopamine (DA) and has confirmed the etiologic, face, and predictive validity of the model. The Hdc-KO model thus serves as a unique platform to probe the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions, and to generate specific hypotheses for subsequent testing in humans. This chapter summarizes the development and validation of this model and recent and ongoing work using it to further investigate pathophysiological changes that may contribute to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale Child Study Center, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recognized as mainly characterized by compulsivity rather than anxiety and, therefore, was removed from the anxiety disorders chapter and given its own in both the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the Beta Draft Version of the 11th revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). This revised clustering is based on increasing evidence of common affected neurocircuits between disorders, differently from previous classification systems based on interrater agreement. In this article, we focus on the classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs), examining the differences in approach adopted by these 2 nosological systems, with particular attention to the proposed changes in the forthcoming ICD-11. At this stage, notable differences in the ICD classification are emerging from the previous revision, apparently converging toward a reformulation of OCRDs that is closer to the DSM-5.
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Spinello C, Laviola G, Macrì S. Pediatric Autoimmune Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections and Tourette's Syndrome in Preclinical Studies. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:310. [PMID: 27445678 PMCID: PMC4928151 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Tourette's Syndrome (TS) - a multifactorial pediatric disorder characterized by the recurrent exhibition of motor tics and/or vocal utterances - can partly depend on immune dysregulation provoked by early repeated streptococcal infections. The natural and adaptive antibody-mediated reaction to streptococcus has been proposed to potentially turn into a pathological autoimmune response in vulnerable individuals. Specifically, in conditions of increased permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB), streptococcus-induced antibodies have been proposed to: (i) reach neuronal targets located in brain areas responsible for motion control; and (ii) contribute to the exhibition of symptoms. This theoretical framework is supported by indirect evidence indicating that a subset of TS patients exhibit elevated streptococcal antibody titers upon tic relapses. A systematic evaluation of this hypothesis entails preclinical studies providing a proof of concept of the aforementioned pathological sequelae. These studies shall rest upon individuals characterized by a vulnerable immune system, repeatedly exposed to streptococcus, and carefully screened for phenotypes isomorphic to the pathological signs of TS observed in patients. Preclinical animal models may thus constitute an informative, useful tool upon which conducting targeted, hypothesis-driven experiments. In the present review we discuss the available evidence in preclinical models in support of the link between TS and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus infections (PANDAS), and the existing gaps that future research shall bridge. Specifically, we report recent preclinical evidence indicating that the immune responses to repeated streptococcal immunizations relate to the occurrence of behavioral and neurological phenotypes reminiscent of TS. By the same token, we discuss the limitations of these studies: limited evidence of behavioral phenotypes isomorphic to tics and scarce knowledge about the immunological phenomena favoring the transition from natural adaptive immunity to pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spinello
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Macrì
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma, Italy
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42
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Nespoli E, Rizzo F, Boeckers TM, Hengerer B, Ludolph AG. Addressing the Complexity of Tourette's Syndrome through the Use of Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:133. [PMID: 27092043 PMCID: PMC4824761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by fluctuating motor and vocal tics, usually preceded by sensory premonitions, called premonitory urges. Besides tics, the vast majority—up to 90%—of TS patients suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, mainly attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The etiology of TS remains elusive. Genetics is believed to play an important role, but it is clear that other factors contribute to TS, possibly altering brain functioning and architecture during a sensitive phase of neural development. Clinical brain imaging and genetic studies have contributed to elucidate TS pathophysiology and disease mechanisms; however, TS disease etiology still is poorly understood. Findings from genetic studies led to the development of genetic animal models, but they poorly reflect the pathophysiology of TS. Addressing the role of neurotransmission, brain regions, and brain circuits in TS disease pathomechanisms is another focus area for preclinical TS model development. We are now in an interesting moment in time when numerous innovative animal models are continuously brought to the attention of the public. Due to the diverse and largely unknown etiology of TS, there is no single preclinical model featuring all different aspects of TS symptomatology. TS has been dissected into its key symptomst hat have been investigated separately, in line with the Research Domain Criteria concept. The different rationales used to develop the respective animal models are critically reviewed, to discuss the potential of the contribution of animal models to elucidate TS disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Nespoli
- Competence in Neuro Spine Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of UlmUlm, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- Competence in Neuro Spine Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andrea G Ludolph
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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Yael D, Israelashvili M, Bar-Gad I. Animal Models of Tourette Syndrome-From Proliferation to Standardization. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:132. [PMID: 27065791 PMCID: PMC4814698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood onset disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics and associated with multiple comorbid symptoms. Over the last decade, the accumulation of findings from TS patients and the emergence of new technologies have led to the development of novel animal models with high construct validity. In addition, animal models which were previously associated with other disorders were recently attributed to TS. The proliferation of TS animal models has accelerated TS research and provided a better understanding of the mechanism underlying the disorder. This newfound success generates novel challenges, since the conclusions that can be drawn from TS animal model studies are constrained by the considerable variation across models. Typically, each animal model examines a specific subset of deficits and centers on one field of research (physiology/genetics/pharmacology/etc.). Moreover, different studies do not use a standard lexicon to characterize different properties of the model. These factors hinder the evaluation of individual model validity as well as the comparison across models, leading to a formation of a fuzzy, segregated landscape of TS pathophysiology. Here, we call for a standardization process in the study of TS animal models as the next logical step. We believe that a generation of standard examination criteria will improve the utility of these models and enable their consolidation into a general framework. This should lead to a better understanding of these models and their relationship to TS, thereby improving the research of the mechanism underlying this disorder and aiding the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Yael
- The Leslie and Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Israelashvili
- The Leslie and Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- The Leslie and Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
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44
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Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Song C, Berridge KC, Graybiel AM, Fentress JC. Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 17:45-59. [PMID: 26675822 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-grooming is a complex innate behaviour with an evolutionarily conserved sequencing pattern and is one of the most frequently performed behavioural activities in rodents. In this Review, we discuss the neurobiology of rodent self-grooming, and we highlight studies of rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders--including models of autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder--that have assessed self-grooming phenotypes. We suggest that rodent self-grooming may be a useful measure of repetitive behaviour in such models, and therefore of value to translational psychiatry. Assessment of rodent self-grooming may also be useful for understanding the neural circuits that are involved in complex sequential patterns of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Institutes of Chemical Technologies and Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.,Graduate Institute of Neural Cognitive Science, China Medical University, Taichung 000001, Taiwan
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525E University Str, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John C Fentress
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
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Grados M, Prazak M, Saif A, Halls A. A review of animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a focus on developmental, immune, endocrine and behavioral models. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 11:27-43. [PMID: 26558411 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Several models of OCD exist, many which employ behaviors such as over-grooming or hoarding as correlates for compulsive behaviors - often using a response to serotonergic agents as evidence for their validity. Recent discoveries in the genetics of OCD and the identification of aberrancies of glutamatergic, hormonal, and immune pathways in the OCD phenotype highlight a need to review existing of animal models of OCD. The focus of attention to these pathways may lead to possible new targets for drug discovery. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors describe frameworks for animal models in OCD conceptualized as either biological (e.g., developmental, genetic, and endocrine pathways), or behavioral (e.g., repetitive grooming, and stereotypies). In addition, the authors give special attention to the emerging role of glutamate in OCD. EXPERT OPINION While many animal models for OCD demonstrate pathologic repetitive behavior phenotypes, which are relieved by serotoninergic agents, animal models based on reversal learning, perseverative responding, and neurodevelopmental mechanisms represent robust new paradigms. Glutamatergic influences in these new animal models suggest that drug discovery using neuroprotective approaches may represent a new stage for pharmacologic developments in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grados
- a Department of Psychiatry , Johns Hopkins University , 1800 Orleans St. - 12th floor, Baltimore , MD 21287 , USA
| | - Michael Prazak
- b Department of Medicine , Dow University of Health Sciences , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Saif
- c Department of Psychology Grand Forks , University of North Dakota , ND , USA
| | - Andrew Halls
- a Department of Psychiatry , Johns Hopkins University , 1800 Orleans St. - 12th floor, Baltimore , MD 21287 , USA
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"Hyperglutamatergic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit" breaker drugs alleviate tics in a transgenic circuit model of Tourette׳s syndrome. Brain Res 2015; 1629:38-53. [PMID: 26453289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain circuits underlying tics in Tourette׳s syndrome (TS) are unknown but thought to involve cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop hyperactivity. We previously engineered a transgenic mouse "circuit model" of TS by expressing an artificial neuropotentiating transgene (encoding the cAMP-elevating, intracellular A1 subunit of cholera toxin) within a small population of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing somatosensory cortical and limbic neurons that hyperactivate cortico/amygdalostriatal glutamatergic output circuits thought to be hyperactive in TS and comorbid obsessive-compulsive (OC) disorders. As in TS, these D1CT-7 ("Ticcy") transgenic mice׳s tics were alleviated by the TS drugs clonidine and dopamine D2 receptor antagonists; and their chronic glutamate-excited striatal motor output was unbalanced toward hyperactivity of the motoric direct pathway and inactivity of the cataleptic indirect pathway. Here we have examined whether these mice׳s tics are countered by drugs that "break" sequential elements of their hyperactive cortical/amygdalar glutamatergic and efferent striatal circuit: anti-serotonoceptive and anti-noradrenoceptive corticostriatal glutamate output blockers (the serotonin 5-HT2a,c receptor antagonist ritanserin and the NE alpha-1 receptor antagonist prazosin); agmatinergic striatothalamic GABA output blockers (the presynaptic agmatine/imidazoline I1 receptor agonist moxonidine); and nigrostriatal dopamine output blockers (the presynaptic D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine). Each drug class alleviates tics in the Ticcy mice, suggesting a hyperglutamatergic CSTC "tic circuit" could exist in TS wherein cortical/amygdalar pyramidal projection neurons׳ glutamatergic overexcitation of both striatal output neurons and nigrostriatal dopaminergic modulatory neurons unbalances their circuit integration to excite striatothalamic output and create tics, and illuminating new TS drug strategies.
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Godar SC, Mosher LJ, Strathman HJ, Gochi AM, Jones CM, Fowler SC, Bortolato M. The D1CT-7 mouse model of Tourette syndrome displays sensorimotor gating deficits in response to spatial confinement. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:2111-21. [PMID: 26171666 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The D1CT-7 mouse is one of the best known animal models of Tourette syndrome (TS), featuring spontaneous tic-like behaviours sensitive to standard TS therapies; these characteristics ensure a high face and predictive validity of this model, yet its construct validity remains elusive. To address this issue, we studied the responses of D1CT-7 mice to two critical components of TS pathophysiology: the exacerbation of tic-like behaviours in response to stress and the presence of sensorimotor gating deficits, which are thought to reflect the perceptual alterations causing the tics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH D1CT-7 and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a 20 min session of spatial confinement (SC) within an inescapable, 10 cm wide cylindrical enclosure. Changes in plasma corticosterone levels, tic-like behaviours and other spontaneous responses were measured. SC-exposed mice were also tested for the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response (a sensorimotor gating index) and other TS-related behaviours, including open-field locomotion, novel object exploration and social interaction and compared with non-confined counterparts. KEY RESULTS SC produced a marked increase in corticosterone concentrations in both D1CT-7 and WT mice. In D1CT-7, but not WT mice, SC exacerbated tic-like and digging behaviours, and triggered PPI deficits and aggressive responses. Conversely, SC did not modify locomotor activity or novel object exploration in D1CT-7 mice. Both tic-like behaviours and PPI impairments in SC-exposed D1CT-7 mice were inhibited by standard TS therapies and D1 dopamine receptor antagonism. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings collectively support the translational and construct validity of D1CT-7 mice with respect to TS. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura J Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Hunter J Strathman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Andrea M Gochi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cori M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Stephen C Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Problem Gambling Research Studies (ProGResS) Network, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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48
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Yael D, Vinner E, Bar-Gad I. Pathophysiology of tic disorders. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1171-8. [PMID: 26179434 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tics are the defining symptom of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders (TDs); however, they form only a part of their overall symptoms. The recent surge of studies addressing the underlying pathophysiology of tics has revealed an intricate picture involving multiple brain areas and complex pathways. The myriad of pathophysiological findings stem, at least partially, from the multifaceted properties of tics and the disorders that express them. Distinct brain pathways mediate the expression of tics, whereas others are involved in the generation of the premonitory urge, associated comorbidities, and other changes in brain state. Expression of these symptoms is controlled by additional networks underlying voluntary suppression by the patient or those reflecting overall behavioral state. This review aims to simplify the complex picture of tic pathophysiology by dividing it into these key components based on converging data from human and animal model studies. Thus, involvement of the corticobasal ganglia pathway and its interaction with motor, sensory, limbic, and executive networks in each of the components as well as their control by different neuromodulators is described. This division enables a focused definition of the neuronal systems involved in each of these processes and allows a better understanding of the pathophysiology of TDs as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Yael
- The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Esther Vinner
- The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Israelashvili M, Loewenstern Y, Bar-Gad I. Abnormal neuronal activity in Tourette syndrome and its modulation using deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:6-20. [PMID: 25925326 PMCID: PMC4493664 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00277.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common childhood-onset disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics that are typically accompanied by a multitude of comorbid symptoms. Pharmacological treatment options are limited, which has led to the exploration of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a possible treatment for severe cases. Multiple lines of evidence have linked TS with abnormalities in the motor and limbic cortico-basal ganglia (CBG) pathways. Neurophysiological data have only recently started to slowly accumulate from multiple sources: noninvasive imaging and electrophysiological techniques, invasive electrophysiological recordings in TS patients undergoing DBS implantation surgery, and animal models of the disorder. These converging sources point to system-level physiological changes throughout the CBG pathway, including both general altered baseline neuronal activity patterns and specific tic-related activity. DBS has been applied to different regions along the motor and limbic pathways, primarily to the globus pallidus internus, thalamic nuclei, and nucleus accumbens. In line with the findings that also draw on the more abundant application of DBS to Parkinson's disease, this stimulation is assumed to result in changes in the neuronal firing patterns and the passage of information through the stimulated nuclei. We present an overview of recent experimental findings on abnormal neuronal activity associated with TS and the changes in this activity following DBS. These findings are then discussed in the context of current models of CBG function in the normal state, during TS, and finally in the wider context of DBS in CBG-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Israelashvili
- The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yocheved Loewenstern
- The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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50
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Aida T, Yoshida J, Nomura M, Tanimura A, Iino Y, Soma M, Bai N, Ito Y, Cui W, Aizawa H, Yanagisawa M, Nagai T, Takata N, Tanaka KF, Takayanagi R, Kano M, Götz M, Hirase H, Tanaka K. Astroglial glutamate transporter deficiency increases synaptic excitability and leads to pathological repetitive behaviors in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1569-79. [PMID: 25662838 PMCID: PMC4915262 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the ratio of cellular excitation to inhibition (E/I ratio) has been proposed to underlie the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette's syndrome (TS). A proper E/I ratio is achieved via factors expressed in neuron and glia. In astrocytes, the glutamate transporter GLT1 is critical for regulating an E/I ratio. However, the role of GLT1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders remains unknown because mice with a complete deficiency of GLT1 exhibited seizures and premature death. Here, we show that astrocyte-specific GLT1 inducible knockout (GLAST(CreERT2/+)/GLT1(flox/flox), iKO) mice exhibit pathological repetitive behaviors including excessive and injurious levels of self-grooming and tic-like head shakes. Electrophysiological studies reveal that excitatory transmission at corticostriatal synapse is normal in a basal state but is increased after repetitive stimulation. Furthermore, treatment with an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine ameliorated the pathological repetitive behaviors in iKO mice. These results suggest that astroglial GLT1 has a critical role in controlling the synaptic efficacy at corticostriatal synapses and its dysfunction causes pathological repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Aida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asami Tanimura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iino
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Soma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ning Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanpeng Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Yanagisawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumi Nagai
- Laboratory for Neuron-Glia Circuitry, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Laboratory for Neuron-Glia Circuitry, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,JST, CREST, Saitama, Japan,The Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan, Tel: +81 3 5803 5846, Fax: +81 3 5803 5843, E-mail:
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