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Di Bartolomeo M, Čerňanová A, Petrušová V, Di Martino S, Hodosy J, Drago F, Micale V, D'Addario C. DNA methylation at cannabinoid type 1 and dopamine D2 receptor genes in saliva samples of psychotic subjects: Is there an effect of Cannabis use? Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107343. [PMID: 39127265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Psychosis is a characterizing feature of many mental disorders that dramatically affects human thoughts and perceptions, influencing the ability to distinguish between what is real and what is not. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as stressful events or drug use, play a pivotal role in the development of symptomatology and therefore changes in the epigenome may be of relevance in modeling a psychotic phenotype. According to the well-documented dysregulation of endocannabinoid and dopaminergic system genes in schizophrenia, we investigated DNA methylation cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CNR1) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) genes in saliva samples from psychotic subjects using pyrosequencing. The epigenetic mark was significantly higher and directly correlated for both genes in psychotic subjects compared to healthy controls. We also showed that these DNA methylation levels were lower in psychotic subjects reporting current delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) consumption, a well-known risk factor for developing psychosis throughout the lifespan, resembling those of controls at least for the DRD2 gene. Overall, our data confirm the key role of CNR1 and DRD2 gene regulation in psychosis and suggest DNA methylation levels at specific CpG sites as potential biomarkers, but just in those psychotic subjects not consuming THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy.
| | - Andrea Čerňanová
- Psychiatric Department SMU, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital Bratislava, Ružinov, Bratislava 82101, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Petrušová
- Psychiatric Department SMU, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital Bratislava, Ružinov, Bratislava 82101, Slovakia
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Július Hodosy
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Bratislava, Ružinov, Bratislava 82101, Slovakia; Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava 81372, Slovakia
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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Kumar P, Chaudhary A, Rai V. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene TaqIA1 Polymorphism and Alcohol Dependence Risk. Indian J Clin Biochem 2024; 39:301-311. [PMID: 39005876 PMCID: PMC11239648 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-023-01122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies are published, that investigated dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) gene TaqIA polymorphism as a risk factor for alcohol dependence (AD) with positive and negative associations. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis of case-control studies that examined the association between DRD2 gene Taq1A polymorphism and alcohol dependence was performed. Eligible articles were identified through a search of databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Springer link, and Google Scholar. The association between the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism and AD susceptibility was conducted using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) as association measures. A total of 69 studies with 9125 cases and 9123 healthy controls were included in the current meta-analysis. Results of the present analysis showed significant association between DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism and AD risk using five genetic modes (allele contrast model-OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.13-1.32, p < 0.0001; homozygote model-OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.18-1.55; p ≤ 0.0001; dominant model-OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.20-1.39; p < 0.0001; recessive model-OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.08-1.36; p = 0.0006). There was no significant association found in subgroup analysis, TaqIA polymorphism was not significantly associated with AD risk in the Asian population under all genetic models, but in the Caucasian population, TaqIA polymorphism was significantly associated with AD risk. Overall, results support the hypothesis that DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism plays a role in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, UP 222003 India
| | - Amrita Chaudhary
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, UP 222003 India
| | - Vandana Rai
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, UP 222003 India
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Shahcheraghi SH, Ayatollahi J, Lotfi M, Aljabali AAA, Al-Zoubi MS, Panda PK, Mishra V, Satija S, Charbe NB, Serrano-Aroca Á, Bahar B, Takayama K, Goyal R, Bhatia A, Almutary AG, Alnuqaydan AM, Mishra Y, Negi P, Courtney A, McCarron PA, Bakshi HA, Tambuwala MM. Gene Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Potential Targets and Tools. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:51-65. [PMID: 35249508 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220304153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders that affect the central nervous system cause considerable pressures on the health care system and have a substantial economic burden on modern societies. The present treatments based on available drugs are mostly ineffective and often costly. The molecular process of neuropsychiatric disorders is closely connected to modifying the genetic structures inherited or caused by damage, toxic chemicals, and some current diseases. Gene therapy is presently an experimental concept for neurological disorders. Clinical applications endeavor to alleviate the symptoms, reduce disease progression, and repair defective genes. Implementing gene therapy in inherited and acquired neurological illnesses entails the integration of several scientific disciplines, including virology, neurology, neurosurgery, molecular genetics, and immunology. Genetic manipulation has the power to minimize or cure illness by inducing genetic alterations at endogenous loci. Gene therapy that involves treating the disease by deleting, silencing, or editing defective genes and delivering genetic material to produce therapeutic molecules has excellent potential as a novel approach for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. With the recent advances in gene selection and vector design quality in targeted treatments, gene therapy could be an effective approach. This review article will investigate and report the newest and the most critical molecules and factors in neuropsychiatric disorder gene therapy. Different genome editing techniques available will be evaluated, and the review will highlight preclinical research of genome editing for neuropsychiatric disorders while also evaluating current limitations and potential strategies to overcome genome editing advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed H Shahcheraghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jamshid Ayatollahi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Marzieh Lotfi
- Abortion Research Center, Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mazhar S Al-Zoubi
- Yarmouk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Pritam K Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Translational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- Nutrition Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, Research Centre for Global Development, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for IPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8397, Japan
| | - Rohit Goyal
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212, India
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Shri Shakti Degree College, Sankhahari, Ghatampur 209206, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
| | - Aaron Courtney
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A McCarron
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid A Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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de Oliveira Figueiredo EC, Calì C, Petrelli F, Bezzi P. Emerging evidence for astrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. Glia 2022; 70:1585-1604. [PMID: 35634946 PMCID: PMC9544982 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder whose heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background influences early brain development, and whose precise etiology is still poorly understood. Schizophrenia is not characterized by gross brain pathology, but involves subtle pathological changes in neuronal populations and glial cells. Among the latter, astrocytes critically contribute to the regulation of early neurodevelopmental processes, and any dysfunctions in their morphological and functional maturation may lead to aberrant neurodevelopmental processes involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, synaptogenesis, and glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. Studies of the mechanisms regulating astrocyte maturation may therefore improve our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corrado Calì
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Childhood traumatic events and the dopaminergic theory of psychosis: A mini-review of studies investigating gene – environment interactions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is great body of evidence showing a relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis onset. Genetic factors moderate the association between childhood adversity and psychosis risk potentially by influencing biological and/or psychological reaction following exposure to adversity. In this review, we discuss studies identifying the specific genetic variants known to affect dopamine levels involved in this interaction. Our review shows that the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), AKT1 gene play a key role in mediating the relationship between childhood adversity and development of psychosis. We have also found conflicting findings on the impact of dopamine genes on the relationship between childhood adversity and development of psychosis, suggesting that other genetic and environmental factors should be taken into account. We here discuss the implications of our findings and future directions.
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Association of DRD2 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in the young Bangladeshi population: A pilot study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05125. [PMID: 33043160 PMCID: PMC7536371 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose DRD2 gene is considered one of the most important candidate genes for the schizophrenia (SCZ) development due to its role in dopamine signaling and no genetic association study has been conducted yet on the Bangladeshi SCZ patients. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of DRD2 genetic polymorphisms (rs4648317, rs4936270, and rs7131056) with SCZ in the Bangladeshi population. Patients and methods This case-control study consisted of 101 SCZ patients and 101 controls. Genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method. Results The average ages were 22.15 and 22.09 years in patients and controls, respectively (p > 0.05). CT genotype of rs4936270 showed a significantly higher risk for the development of SCZ compared to CC genotype (OR = 2.0, p = 0.023), whereas no association was found for TT genotype. For the dominant model and T allele, rs4936270 showed a higher risk for the development of SCZ (OR = 2.01, p = 0.020; OR = 1.76, p = 0.021, respectively), while the recessive model had no association with SCZ. A statistically significant (OR = 2.70, p = 0.036) higher risk was found for the AA genotype, but no association was found for GA genotype of rs4648317 SNP compared to GG genotype. In case of dominant and recessive models, rs4648317 showed no association with SCZ. ‘A’ allele of rs4648317 SNP was found to be significantly associated with the elevated risk of SCZ (OR = 1.50, p = 0.044). No association with SCZ of rs7131056 SNP was found for AC, CC genotypes, dominant, recessive, and allele models. Furthermore, from the haplotyping analysis, we found that CAA and TAA haplotypes of rs4936270, rs7131056 and rs4648317 SNPs are associated with SCZ (χ2 = 8.26, p = 0.004; χ2 = 5.31, p = 0.021, respectively). After Bonferroni correction, the association of SCZ did not withstand with any genotype, allele and haplotype (p < 0.017) except CAA haplotype. Conclusion Our results suggest that DRD2 gene polymorphisms may be associated with the susceptibility of SCZ in the young Bangladeshi population.
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Li H, Zhou DS, Chang H, Wang L, Liu W, Dai SX, Zhang C, Cai J, Liu W, Li X, Fan W, Tang W, Tang W, Liu F, He Y, Bai Y, Hu Z, Xiao X, Gao L, Li M. Interactome Analyses implicated CAMK2A in the genetic predisposition and pharmacological mechanism of Bipolar Disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 115:165-175. [PMID: 31150948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mental illness characterized by fluctuations in mood states, behaviors and energy levels. Growing evidence suggests that genes associated with specific illnesses tend to interact together and encode a tight protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, providing valuable information for understanding their pathogenesis. To gain insights into the genetic and physiological foundation of BPD, we conduct the physical PPI analysis of 184 BPD risk genes distilled from genome-wide association studies and exome sequencing studies. We have identified several hub genes (CAMK2A, HSP90AA1 and PLCG1) among those risk genes, and observed significant enrichment of the BPD risk genes in certain pathways such as calcium signaling, oxytocin signaling and circadian entrainment. Furthermore, while none of the 184 genetic risk genes are "well established" BPD drug targets, our PPI analysis showed that αCaMKII (encoded by CAMK2A) had direct physical PPIs with targets (HRH1, SCN5A and CACNA1E) of clinically used anti-manic BPD drugs, such as carbamazepine. We thus speculated that αCaMKII might be involved in the cellular pharmacological actions of those drugs. Using cultured rat primary cortical neurons, we found that carbamazepine treatment induced phosphorylation of αCaMKII in dose-dependent manners. Intriguingly, previous study showed that CAMK2A heterozygous knockout (CAMK2A+/-) mice exhibited infradian oscillation of locomotor activities that can be rescued by carbamazepine. Our data, in combination with previous studies, provide convergent evidence for the involvement of CAMK2A in the risk of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shao-Xing Dai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanfang He
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; (m)CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Hoffmann C, Van Rheenen TE, Mancuso SG, Zalesky A, Bruggemann J, Lenroot RK, Sundram S, Weickert CS, Weickert TW, Pantelis C, Cropley V, Bousman CA. Exploring the moderating effects of dopaminergic polymorphisms and childhood adversity on brain morphology in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 281:61-68. [PMID: 30253269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental etiologies may contribute to schizophrenia and its associated neurobiological profile. We examined the interaction between dopaminergic polymorphisms, childhood adversity and diagnosis (schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder) on dopamine-related brain structures. Childhood adversity histories and structural MRI data were obtained from 249 (153 schizophrenia/schizoaffective, 96 controls) participants registered in the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank. Polymorphisms in DRD2 and COMT were genotyped and a dopaminergic risk allelic load (RAL) was calculated. Regression analysis was used to test the main and interaction effects of RAL, childhood adversity and diagnosis on volumes of dopamine-related brain structures (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus). A schizophrenia/schizoaffective diagnosis showed significant main effects on bilateral hippocampus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral putamen volumes. RAL showed a significant main effect on left putamen volumes. Furthermore, across the whole sample, a significant two-way interaction between dopaminergic RAL and childhood adversity was found for left putamen volumes. No brain structure volumes were predicted by a three-way interaction that included diagnosis. Our finding suggests the left putamen may be particularly sensitive to dopaminergic gene-environment interactions regardless of diagnosis. However, larger studies are needed to assess whether these interactions are more or less pronounced in those with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Hoffmann
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Serafino G Mancuso
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel K Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chad A Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Lipina TV, Beregovoy NA, Tkachenko AA, Petrova ES, Starostina MV, Zhou Q, Li S. Uncoupling DISC1 × D2R Protein-Protein Interactions Facilitates Latent Inhibition in Disc1-L100P Animal Model of Schizophrenia and Enhances Synaptic Plasticity via D2 Receptors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:31. [PMID: 30245624 PMCID: PMC6137395 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and dopamine receptors D2R have significant contributions to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Our previous study demonstrated that DISC1 binds to D2R and such protein-protein interaction is enhanced in patients with schizophrenia and Disc1-L100P mouse model of schizophrenia (Su et al., 2014). By uncoupling DISC1 × D2R interaction (trans-activator of transcription (TAT)-D2pep), the synthesized TAT-peptide elicited antipsychotic-like effects in pharmacological and genetic animal models, without motor side effects as tardive dyskinesia commonly seen with typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), indicating that the potential of TAT-D2pep of becoming a new APD. Therefore, in the current study, we further explored the APD-associated capacities of TAT-D2pep. We found that TAT-D2pep corrected the disrupted latent inhibition (LI), as a hallmark of schizophrenia associated endophenotype, in Disc1-L100P mutant mice—a genetic model of schizophrenia, supporting further APD’ capacity of TAT-D2pep. Moreover, we found that TAT-D2pep elicited nootropic effects in C57BL/6NCrl inbred mice, suggesting that TAT-D2pep acts as a cognitive enhancer, a desirable feature of APDs of the new generation. Namely, TAT-D2pep improved working memory in T-maze, and cognitive flexibility assessed by the LI paradigm, in C57BL/6N mice. Next, we assessed the impact of TAT-D2pep on hippocampal long-term plasticity (LTP) under basal conditions and upon stimulation of D2 receptors using quinpirole. We found comparable effects of TAT-D2pep and its control TAT-D2pep-scrambled peptide (TAT-D2pep-sc) under basal conditions. However, under stimulation of D2R by quinpirole, LTP was enhanced in hippocampal slices incubated with TAT-D2pep, supporting the notion that TAT-D2pep acts in a dopamine-dependent manner and acts as synaptic enhancer. Overall, our experiments demonstrated implication of DISC1 × D2R protein-protein interactions into mechanisms of cognitive and synaptic plasticity, which help to further understand molecular-cellular mechanisms of APD of the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Lipina
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute for the Medicine and Psychology of Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alina A Tkachenko
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute for the Medicine and Psychology of Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Petrova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute for the Medicine and Psychology of Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
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Potential Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene Variants as Modifiers for the Susceptibility and Clinical Course of Wilson's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:401-408. [PMID: 29992511 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD), an inborn error of copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATPase copper transporting beta (ATP7B) gene, manifests variable age of onset and different degrees of hepatic and neurological disturbances. This complex phenotypical outcome of a classical monogenic disease can possibly be explained by modifier loci regulating the clinical course of the disease. The brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), critical for the survival, morphogenesis, and plasticity of the neurons, and the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), one of the most abundant dopamine receptors in the brain, have been highlighted in the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric diseases. This study aims to identify the potential association between BDNF and DRD2 gene polymorphisms and WD and its clinical characteristics. A total of 164 WD patients and 270 controls from India were included in this study. Two BDNF polymorphisms [p.Val66Met (c.G196A) and c.C270T] and the DRD2 Taq1A (A2/A1 or C/T) polymorphism were examined for their association with WD and some of its clinical attributes, using polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length digestion, and bidirectional sequencing. The C allele and CC genotype of BDNF C270T were significantly overrepresented among controls compared to WD patients. In addition, a significantly higher proportion of the allele coding for Val and the corresponding homozygous genotype of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was found among WD patients with age of onset later than 10 years. Furthermore, the A1A1 genotype of DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism was significantly more common among WD patients with rigidity. Our data suggest that both BDNF and DRD2 may act as potential modifiers of WD phenotype in the Indian context.
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Mohammadi A, Rashidi E, Amooeian VG. Brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum biomarkers in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:25-38. [PMID: 29680514 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, finding a reliable biomarker for the early detection of schizophrenia (Scz) has been a topic of interest. The main goal of the current review is to provide a comprehensive view of the brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum biomarkers of Scz disease. Imaging studies have demonstrated that the volumes of the corpus callosum, thalamus, hippocampal formation, subiculum, parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and amygdala-hippocampal complex were reduced in patients diagnosed with Scz. It has been revealed that the levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were increased in patients with Scz. Decreased mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), nerve growth factor (NGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes have also been reported in Scz patients. Genes with known strong relationships with this disease include BDNF, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4), dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1), neuregulin 1 (NRG1), Reelin (RELN), Selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67), and disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). The levels of dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor 1A and B (5-HTR1A and 5-HTR1B), and 5-HT1B were significantly increased in Scz patients, while the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), and 5-HT receptor 2A (5-HTR2A) were decreased. The increased levels of SELENBP1 and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 subunit α (GSK3α) genes in contrast with reduced levels of B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), human leukocyte antigen DRB1 (HLA-DRB1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRPA3), and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SFRS1) genes have also been reported. This review covers various dysregulation of neurotransmitters and also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of studies attempting to identify candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Rashidi
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghasem Amooeian
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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John J, Kukshal P, Bhatia T, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Possible role of rare variants in Trace amine associated receptor 1 in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 189:190-195. [PMID: 28242106 PMCID: PMC5569002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic mental illness with behavioral abnormalities. Recent common variant based genome wide association studies and rare variant detection using next generation sequencing approaches have identified numerous variants that confer risk for SZ, but etiology remains unclear propelling continuing investigations. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a rare heterozygous variant (c.545G>T; p.Cys182Phe) in Trace amine associated receptor 1 gene (TAAR1 6q23.2) in three affected members in a small SZ family. The variant predicted to be damaging by 15 prediction tools, causes breakage of a conserved disulfide bond in this G-protein-coupled receptor. On screening this intronless gene for additional variant(s) in ~800 sporadic SZ patients, we identified six rare protein altering variants (MAF<0.001) namely p.Ser47Cys, p.Phe51Leu, p.Tyr294Ter, p.Leu295Ser in four unrelated north Indian cases (n=475); p.Ala109Thr and p.Val250Ala in two independent Caucasian/African-American patients (n=310). Five of these variants were also predicted to be damaging. Besides, a rare synonymous variant was observed in SZ patients. These rare variants were absent in north Indian healthy controls (n=410) but significantly enriched in patients (p=0.036). Conversely, three common coding SNPs (rs8192621, rs8192620 and rs8192619) and a promoter SNP (rs60266355) tested for association with SZ in the north Indian cohort were not significant (P>0.05). TAAR1 is a modulator of monoaminergic pathways and interacts with AKT signaling pathways. Substantial animal model based pharmacological and functional data implying its relevance in SZ are also available. However, this is the first report suggestive of the likely contribution of rare variants in this gene to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - K V Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - V L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S N Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Kaur G, Gupta D, Chavan BS, Sinhmar V, Prasad R, Tripathi A, Garg PD, Gupta R, Khurana H, Gautam S, Margoob MA, Aneja J. Identification of genetic correlates of response to Risperidone: Findings of a multicentric schizophrenia study from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 29:174-182. [PMID: 28692863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Risperidone is most commonly used as an antipsychotic in India for treatment of schizophrenia. However, the response to treatment with risperidone is affected by many factors, genetic factors being one of them. So, we attempted to evaluate the association between dopamine D2 (DRD2) receptor, serotonergic (5HT2A) receptor and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms and response to treatment with risperidone in persons with schizophrenia from North India. It was a multicentric 12-weeks prospective study, undertaken in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision, Diagnostic Criteria for Research module (ICD-10 DCR). Patients were treated with incremental dosages of risperidone. Nine gene polymorphisms from three genes viz. DRD2, 5-HT2A and CYP2D6 along with socio-demographical and clinical variables were analyzed to ascertain the association in response to risperidone treatment. The change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to measure the outcome. Significant differences in the frequencies of single nucleotide proteins (SNPs) rs180498 (Taq1D) and rs 6305 (C516T) polymorphisms were found amongst the groups defined according to percent decline in PANSS. The CYP2D6*4 polymorphism differed significantly when drop outs were excluded from analysis. Presence of DRD2 Taq 1 D2D2 and 5-HT2A C516T CT genotypes in patients were more likely to be associated with non-response to risperidone. Ser311Cys (rs1801028) mutation was absent in the North Indian patients suffering from schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit Kaur
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Gupta
- Genetic Centre, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bir Singh Chavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Sinhmar
- Genetic Centre, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, India
| | - Adarsh Tripathi
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P D Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Hitesh Khurana
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Shiv Gautam
- Department of Psychiatry, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed Margoob
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Jitender Aneja
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India.
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Błasiak E, Łukasiewicz S, Szafran-Pilch K, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Genetic variants of dopamine D2 receptor impact heterodimerization with dopamine D1 receptor. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:235-241. [PMID: 28119185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human dopamine D2 receptor gene has three polymorphic variants that alter its amino acid sequence: alanine substitution by valine in position 96 (V96A), proline substitution by serine in position 310 (P310S) and serine substitution by cysteine in position 311 (S311C). Their functional role has never been the object of extensive studies, even though there is some evidence that their occurrence correlates with schizophrenia. METHODS The HEK293 cell line was transfected with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors (or genetic variants of the D2 receptor), coupled to fluorescent proteins which allowed us to measure the extent of dimerization of these receptors, using a highly advanced biophysical approach (FLIM-FRET). Additionally, Fluoro-4 AM was used to examine changes in the level of calcium release after ligand stimulation of cells expressing different combinations of dopamine receptors. RESULTS Using FLIM-FRET experiments we have shown that in HEK 293 expressing dopamine receptors, polymorphic mutations in the D2 receptor play a role in dimmer formation with the dopamine D1 receptor. The association level of dopamine receptors is affected by ligand administration, with variable effects depending on polymorphic variant of the D2 dopamine receptor. We have found that the level of heteromer formation is reflected by calcium ion release after ligand stimulation and have observed variations of this effect dependent on the polymorphic variant and the ligand. CONCLUSION The data presented in this paper support the hypothesis on the role of calcium signaling regulated by the D1-D2 heteromer which may be of relevance for schizophrenia etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Błasiak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | | | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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15
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Chang H, Li L, Peng T, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Bergen SE, Landén M, Hultman CM, Forstner AJ, Strohmaier J, Hecker J, Schulze TG, Müller-Myhsok B, Reif A, Mitchell PB, Martin NG, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Jamain S, Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Etain B, Kahn JP, Henry C, Rietschel M, Xiao X, Li M. Identification of a Bipolar Disorder Vulnerable Gene CHDH at 3p21.1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5166-5176. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Investigating the structural impact of S311C mutation in DRD2 receptor by molecular dynamics & docking studies. Biochimie 2016; 123:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yamaguchi Y, Lee YA, Goto Y. Dopamine in socioecological and evolutionary perspectives: implications for psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:219. [PMID: 26136653 PMCID: PMC4468839 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission in brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) plays important roles in cognitive and affective function. As such, DA deficits have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accumulating evidence suggests that DA is also involved in social behavior of animals and humans. Although most animals organize and live in social groups, how the DA system functions in such social groups of animals, and its dysfunction causes compromises in the groups has remained less understood. Here we propose that alterations of DA signaling and associated genetic variants and behavioral phenotypes, which have been normally considered as “deficits” in investigation at an individual level, may not necessarily yield disadvantages, but even work advantageously, depending on social contexts in groups. This hypothesis could provide a novel insight into our understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders, and a potential explanation that disadvantageous phenotypes associated with DA deficits in psychiatric disorders have remained in humans through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Yamaguchi
- Section of Cognition and Learning, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Japan
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu Gyeongsan-Si, Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Section of Cognition and Learning, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Japan
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Yao J, Pan YQ, Ding M, Pang H, Wang BJ. Association between DRD2 (rs1799732 and rs1801028) and ANKK1 (rs1800497) polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:1-13. [PMID: 25504812 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphisms in schizophrenia remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether DRD2 polymorphisms influence the risk of schizophrenia and examined the relationship between rs1799732, rs1801028, and rs1800rs028 an23381d rs1800497 genetic variants and the etiology of schizophrenia. Relevant case-control studies were retrieved by database searches and selected according to established inclusion criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the associations. Meta-regression, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and cumulative meta-analysis were performed. A total of 76 studies with 16096 cases and 18965 controls were included. Specifically, 24 studies with 6075 cases and 6643 controls involved rs1799732, 36 studies with 8043 cases and 10194 controls involved rs1801028 and 16 studies with 1978 cases and 2128 controls involved rs1800497. No significant associations were observed between rs1799732 and rs1800rs732 and rs1800497 and schizophrenia. The rs1801028 locus was associated with schizophrenia, with a pooled OR of 1.221 (95% CI = 1.037-1.438, P = 0.016). This meta-analysis indicates that the rs1801028 locus may be associated with schizophrenia. These data provide possible references for future case-control studies related to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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19
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Kaalund SS, Newburn EN, Ye T, Tao R, Li C, Deep-Soboslay A, Herman MM, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Lipska BK, Kleinman JE. Contrasting changes in DRD1 and DRD2 splice variant expression in schizophrenia and affective disorders, and associations with SNPs in postmortem brain. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1258-66. [PMID: 24322206 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine 2 receptor (DRD2) is of major interest to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) both as a target for antipsychotic drug action as well as a SCZ-associated risk gene. The dopamine 1 receptor (DRD1) is thought to mediate some of the cognitive deficits in SCZ, including impairment of working memory that relies on normal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) function. To better understand the association of dopamine receptors with SCZ, we studied the expression of three DRD2 splice variants and the DRD1 transcript in DLPFC, hippocampus and caudate nucleus in a large cohort of subjects (~700), including patients with SCZ, affective disorders and nonpsychiatric controls (from 14th gestational week to 85 years of age), and examined genotype-expression associations of 278 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in or near DRD2 and DRD1 genes. Expression of D2S mRNA and D2S/D2-long (D2L) ratio were significantly increased in DLPFC of patients with SCZ relative to controls (P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively), whereas D2L, D2Longer and DRD1 were decreased (P<0.0001). Patients with affective disorders showed an opposite pattern: reduced expression of D2S (major depressive disorder, P<0.0001) and increased expression of D2L and DRD1 (bipolar disorder, P<0.0001). Moreover, SCZ-associated risk alleles at rs1079727, rs1076560 and rs2283265 predicted increased D2S/D2L expression ratio (P<0.05) in control individuals. Our data suggest that altered splicing of DRD2 and expression of DRD1 may constitute a pathophysiological mechanism in risk for SCZ and affective disorders. The association between SCZ risk-associated polymorphism and the ratio of D2S/D2L is consistent with this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kaalund
- 1] Human Brain Collection Core, IRP, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark [3] Faculty of Health Sciences, Protein Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E N Newburn
- Human Brain Collection Core, IRP, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Ye
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - M M Herman
- Human Brain Collection Core, IRP, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, IRP, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Sun E, Shi Y. MicroRNAs: Small molecules with big roles in neurodevelopment and diseases. Exp Neurol 2014; 268:46-53. [PMID: 25128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the development and functions of the brain. Extensive studies have revealed critical roles for miRNAs in brain development and function. Dysregulation or altered expression of miRNAs is associated with abnormal brain development and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases. This review serves to highlight the versatile roles of these small RNA molecules in normal brain development and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular, two closely related neuropsychiatric disorders of neurodevelopmental origin, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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21
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Puig MV, Rose J, Schmidt R, Freund N. Dopamine modulation of learning and memory in the prefrontal cortex: insights from studies in primates, rodents, and birds. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:93. [PMID: 25140130 PMCID: PMC4122189 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide a brief overview over the current knowledge about the role of dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex during learning and memory. We discuss work in humans, monkeys, rats, and birds in order to provide a basis for comparison across species that might help identify crucial features and constraints of the dopaminergic system in executive function. Computational models of dopamine function are introduced to provide a framework for such a comparison. We also provide a brief evolutionary perspective showing that the dopaminergic system is highly preserved across mammals. Even birds, following a largely independent evolution of higher cognitive abilities, have evolved a comparable dopaminergic system. Finally, we discuss the unique advantages and challenges of using different animal models for advancing our understanding of dopamine function in the healthy and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Puig
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Rose
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, Department of Biology, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
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22
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Willmott C, Withiel T, Ponsford J, Burke R. COMT Val158Met and cognitive and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1507-14. [PMID: 24786534 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant variability in long-term outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI), making accurate prognosis difficult. In seeking to enhance understanding of outcomes, this study aimed to investigate whether COMT Val(158)Met allele status was associated with performance on neuropsychological measures of attention and working memory, executive functioning, learning and memory, and speed of information processing in the early rehabilitation phase. The study also aimed to examine whether the COMT polymorphism was associated with longer-term functional outcomes. A total of 223 participants (71.3% male) with moderate-to-severe TBI were recruited as rehabilitation inpatients to participate in a prospective, longitudinal head injury outcome study. The three COMT genotype groups (Val/Val, Val/Met, and Met/Met) were well matched for estimated full-scale IQ, years of education, age at injury, and injury severity. Results showed no significant difference between genotypes on neuropsychological measures (all p>0.05) or functional outcome, as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), after controlling for age, education, and severity of injury. The presence of frontal lobe pathology was also not associated with cognitive performance. Those with greater injury severity (i.e., longer duration of post-traumatic amnesia) performed more poorly on measures of processing speed and verbal new learning and recall. It was concluded that there was little support for the influence of COMT Val(158)Met on cognitive function, or functional outcome measures, in the acute rehabilitation phase after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Willmott
- 1 School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Clark KL, Noudoost B. The role of prefrontal catecholamines in attention and working memory. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:33. [PMID: 24782714 PMCID: PMC3986539 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While much progress has been made in identifying the brain regions and neurochemical systems involved in the cognitive processes disrupted in mental illnesses, to date, the level of detail at which neurobiologists can describe the chain of events giving rise to cognitive functions is very rudimentary. Much of the intense interest in understanding cognitive functions is motivated by the hope that it might be possible to understand these complex functions at the level of neurons and neural circuits. Here, we review the current state of the literature regarding how modulations in catecholamine levels within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) alter the neuronal and behavioral correlates of cognitive functions, particularly attention and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Clark
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Behrad Noudoost
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
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Shi S, Leites C, He D, Schwartz D, Moy W, Shi J, Duan J. MicroRNA-9 and microRNA-326 regulate human dopamine D2 receptor expression, and the microRNA-mediated expression regulation is altered by a genetic variant. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13434-44. [PMID: 24675081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Most antipsychotic drugs influence dopaminergic transmission through blocking dopamine receptors, primarily DRD2. We report here the post-transcriptional regulation of DRD2 expression by two brain-expressed microRNAs (miRs), miR-326 and miR-9, in an ex vivo mode, and show the relevance of miR-mediated DRD2 expression regulation in human dopaminergic neurons and in developing human brains. Both miRs targeted the 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of DRD2 in NT2 (neuron-committed teratocarcinoma, which endogenously expresses DRD2) and CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell lines, decreasing luciferase activity measured by a luciferase reporter gene assay. miR-326 overexpression reduced DRD2 mRNA and DRD2 receptor synthesis. Both antisense miR-326 and antisense miR-9 increased DRD2 protein abundance, suggesting an endogenous repression of DRD2 expression by both miRs. Furthermore, a genetic variant (rs1130354) within the DRD2 3'-UTR miR-targeting site interferes with miR-326-mediated repression of DRD2 expression. Finally, co-expression analysis identified an inverse correlation of DRD2 expression with both miR-326 and miR-9 in differentiating dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and in developing human brain regions implicated in schizophrenia. Our study provides empirical evidence suggesting that miR-326 and miR-9 may regulate dopaminergic signaling, and miR-326 and miR-9 may be considered as potential drug targets for the treatment of disorders involving abnormal DRD2 function, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Shi
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201
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Purves-Tyson TD, Owens SJ, Double KL, Desai R, Handelsman DJ, Weickert CS. Testosterone induces molecular changes in dopamine signaling pathway molecules in the adolescent male rat nigrostriatal pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91151. [PMID: 24618531 PMCID: PMC3949980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent males have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, implicating testosterone in the precipitation of dopamine-related psychopathology. Evidence from adult rodent brain indicates that testosterone can modulate nigrostriatal dopamine. However, studies are required to understand the role testosterone plays in maturation of dopamine pathways during adolescence and to elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) by which testosterone exerts its effects. We hypothesized that molecular indices of dopamine neurotransmission [synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase), breakdown (catechol-O-methyl transferase; monoamine oxygenase), transport [vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), dopamine transporter (DAT)] and receptors (DRD1-D5)] would be changed by testosterone or its metabolites, dihydrotestosterone and 17β-estradiol, in the nigrostriatal pathway of adolescent male rats. We found that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone increased DAT and VMAT mRNAs in the substantia nigra and that testosterone increased DAT protein at the region of the cell bodies, but not in target regions in the striatum. Dopamine receptor D2 mRNA was increased and D3 mRNA was decreased in substantia nigra and/or striatum by androgens. These data suggest that increased testosterone at adolescence may change dopamine responsivity of the nigrostriatal pathway by modulating, at a molecular level, the capacity of neurons to transport and respond to dopamine. Further, dopamine turnover was increased in the dorsal striatum following gonadectomy and this was prevented by testosterone replacement. Gene expression changes in the dopaminergic cell body region may serve to modulate both dendritic dopamine feedback inhibition and reuptake in the dopaminergic somatodendritic field as well as dopamine release and re-uptake dynamics at the presynaptic terminals in the striatum. These testosterone-induced changes of molecular indices of dopamine neurotransmission in males are primarily androgen receptor-driven events as estradiol had minimal effect. We conclude that nigrostriatal responsivity to dopamine may be modulated by testosterone acting via androgen receptors to alter gene expression of molecules involved in dopamine signaling during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertia D. Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Owens
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J. Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Analysis of association between dopamine receptor genes’ methylation and their expression profile with the risk of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2013; 23:183-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e328363d6e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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CNTNAP2 is significantly associated with schizophrenia and major depression in the Han Chinese population. Psychiatry Res 2013; 207:225-8. [PMID: 23123147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CNTNAP2, located on 7q35-36.1, encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein mediating cell-cell interactions in the nervous system. CNTNAP2 has been suggested to play an important role in mental diseases such as autism and language disorder. However, we still do not know whether it also confers risk to major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. We analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported to be associated with autism or language impairment in 1135 schizophrenia patients, 1135 unrelated major depression patients, 1135 unrelated bipolar disorder patients and 1135 unrelated normal controls recruited from the Han Chinese population. We found that the genotypes of rs17236239 were significantly associated with schizophrenia and the alleles of rs2710102 and rs2710117 were significantly associated with major depression. According to the location of significant signals, our study indicated that exon 13-15 of CNTNAP2 may play important roles in both schizophrenia and major depression in the Han Chinese population.
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A commentary on DRD2 haplotype associated with negative symptoms and sustained attention deficits in Han Chinese with schizophrenia in Taiwan. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:182. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cho DI, Zheng M, Min C, Kwon KJ, Shin CY, Choi HK, Kim KM. ARF6 and GASP-1 are post-endocytic sorting proteins selectively involved in the intracellular trafficking of dopamine D₂ receptors mediated by GRK and PKC in transfected cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1355-74. [PMID: 23082996 PMCID: PMC3596642 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE GPCRs undergo both homologous and heterologous regulatory processes in which receptor phosphorylation plays a critical role. The protein kinases responsible for each pathway are well established; however, other molecular details that characterize each pathway remain unclear. In this study, the molecular mechanisms that determine the differences in the functional roles and intracellular trafficking between homologous and PKC-mediated heterologous internalization pathways for the dopamine D₂ receptor were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH All of the S/T residues located within the intracellular loops of D₂ receptor were mutated, and the residues responsible for GRK- and PKC-mediated internalization were determined in HEK-293 cells and SH-SY5Y cells. The functional role of receptor internalization and the cellular components that determine the post-endocytic fate of internalized D₂ receptors were investigated in the transfected cells. KEY RESULTS T134, T225/S228/S229 and S325 were involved in PKC-mediated D₂ receptor desensitization. S229 and adjacent S/T residues mediated the PKC-dependent internalization of D₂ receptors, which induced down-regulation and desensitization. S/T residues within the second intracellular loop and T225 were the major residues involved in GRK-mediated internalization of D₂ receptors, which induced receptor resensitization. ARF6 mediated the recycling of D₂ receptors internalized in response to agonist stimulation. In contrast, GASP-1 mediated the down-regulation of D₂ receptors internalized in a PKC-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GRK- and PKC-mediated internalizations of D₂ receptors occur through different intracellular trafficking pathways and mediate distinct functional roles. Distinct S/T residues within D₂ receptors and different sorting proteins are involved in the dissimilar regulation of D₂ receptors by GRK2 and PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Drug Development Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Korea
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Kabbani N, Woll MP, Nordman JC, Levenson R. Dopamine receptor interacting proteins: targeting neuronal calcium sensor-1/D2 dopamine receptor interaction for antipsychotic drug development. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:72-9. [PMID: 21777187 DOI: 10.2174/138945012798868515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
D2 dopamine receptors (D2Rs) represent an important class of receptors in the pharmacological development of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Recent research into D2R signaling suggests that receptor properties are dependent on interaction with a cohort of dopamine receptor interacting proteins (DRIPs) within a macromolecular structure termed the signalplex. One component of this signalplex is neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1) a protein found to regulate the phosphorylation, trafficking, and signaling profile of the D2R in neurons. It has also been found that NCS-1 can contribute to the pathology of schizophrenia and may play a role in the efficacy of antipsychotic drug medication in the brain. In this review we discuss how the selective targeting of a DRIP, such as NCS-1, can be utilized as a novel strategy of drug design for the creation of new therapeutics for a disease such as schizophrenia. Using a fluorescence polarization assay we explore how the ability to detect changes in D2R/NCS-1 interaction can be exploited as an effective screening tool in the isolation and development of lead compounds for antipsychotic drug development. This line of work explores a novel direction in targeting D2Rs via their signalplex components and supports the notion that receptor interacting proteins represent an emerging new class of molecular targets for pharmacological drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. nkabbani@gmu
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Pei Y, Smith AK, Wang Y, Pan Y, Yang J, Chen Q, Pan W, Bao F, Zhao L, Tie C, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhen W, Zhou J, Ma X. The brain-derived neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) val66met polymorphism is associated with geriatric depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:560-6. [PMID: 22610920 PMCID: PMC3549636 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depression has been associated with reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Genetic association studies of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) in geriatric depression have produced inconsistent results. A meta-analysis of studies was conducted to compare the frequency of the BDNF Val66Met variant between cases with geriatric depression and age-matched controls. A total of five studies involving 523 cases with geriatric depression and 1,220 psychiatrically healthy controls was included. Met allele carriers had an increased risk for geriatric depression when compared to Val/Val homozygotes (P = 0.004, OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.13-1.93). Our findings suggest the BDNF Met allele may confer increased risk for depression as individual age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Pan
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weigang Pan
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Bao
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Zhao
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changle Tie
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizheng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhen
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Correspondence to: Prof. Xin Ma, M.D., Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China.
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Rs1076560, a functional variant of the dopamine D2 receptor gene, confers risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese. Neurosci Lett 2012; 518:41-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liu Z, Liu J, An Y, Zhang L, Wang Y. Association between Ser311Cys polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia risk: a meta-analysis in Asian populations. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:261-70. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.february.8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ion channels and schizophrenia: a gene set-based analytic approach to GWAS data for biological hypothesis testing. Hum Genet 2011; 131:373-91. [PMID: 21866342 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disorder. Gene set-based analytic (GSA) methods have been widely applied for exploratory analyses of large, high-throughput datasets, but less commonly employed for biological hypothesis testing. Our primary hypothesis is that variation in ion channel genes contribute to the genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. We applied Exploratory Visual Analysis (EVA), one GSA application, to analyze European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) schizophrenia genome-wide association study datasets for statistical enrichment of ion channel gene sets, comparing GSA results derived under three SNP-to-gene mapping strategies: (1) GENIC; (2) 500-Kb; (3) 2.5-Mb and three complimentary SNP-to-gene statistical reduction methods: (1) minimum p value (pMIN); (2) a novel method, proportion of SNPs per Gene with p values below a pre-defined α-threshold (PROP); and (3) the truncated product method (TPM). In the EA analyses, ion channel gene set(s) were enriched under all mapping and statistical approaches. In the AA analysis, ion channel gene set(s) were significantly enriched under pMIN for all mapping strategies and under PROP for broader mapping strategies. Less extensive enrichment in the AA sample may reflect true ethnic differences in susceptibility, sampling or case ascertainment differences, or higher dimensionality relative to sample size of the AA data. More consistent findings under broader mapping strategies may reflect enhanced power due to increased SNP inclusion, enhanced capture of effects over extended haplotypes or significant contributions from regulatory regions. While extensive pMIN findings may reflect gene size bias, the extent and significance of PROP and TPM findings suggest that common variation at ion channel genes may capture some of the heritability of schizophrenia.
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Voisey J, Swagell CD, Hughes IP, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP. A novel DRD2 single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with schizophrenia predicts age of onset: HapMap tag-single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:77-81. [PMID: 21861710 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is thought to be critical in regulating the dopaminergic pathway in the brain, which is known to be important in the etiology of schizophrenia. It is, therefore, not surprising that most antipsychotic medication acts on DRD2. DRD2 is widely expressed in the brain; levels are reduced in the brains of patients with schizophrenia, and DRD2 polymorphisms have been associated with reduced brain expression. We have previously identified a genetic variant in DRD2, rs6277 to be strongly implicated in schizophrenia susceptibility. METHODS To identity new associations in the DRD2 gene with disease status and clinical severity, we genotyped seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DRD2 by using a multiplex mass spectrometry method. SNPs were chosen by using a haplotype block-based gene-tagging approach; so, the entire DRD2 gene was represented. RESULTS One polymorphism, rs2734839 was found to be significantly associated with schizophrenia as well as late onset age. Individuals carrying the genetic variation were more than twice as likely to have schizophrenia compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DRD2 genetic variation is a good indicator for schizophrenia risk and may also be used as a predictor of age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Souza BR, Tropepe V. The role of dopaminergic signalling during larval zebrafish brain development: a tool for investigating the developmental basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:107-19. [PMID: 21615265 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment depends on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the overall pattern of neurogenesis and neural circuit formation, which has a direct impact on behaviour. Defects in dopamine signalling and brain morphology at a relatively early age, and mutations in neurodevelopmental genes are strongly correlated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. This evidence supports the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental origin of at least some forms of mental illness. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an important vertebrate model system in biomedical research. The ease with which intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be altered during early development, the relatively conserved dopaminergic circuit organisation in the larval brain, and the emergence of simple sensorimotor behaviours very early in development are some of the appealing features that make this organism advantageous for developmental brain and behaviour research. Thus, examining the impact of altered dopamine signalling and disease related genetic aberrations during zebrafish development presents a unique opportunity to holistically analyse the in vivo biochemical, morphological and behavioural significance of altered dopamine signalling during a crucial period of development using a highly tractable vertebrate model organism. Ultimately, this information will shed new light on potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and perhaps serve as a paradigm for investigating the neurodevelopmental origin of other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rezende Souza
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, ON, Canada
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Seeman P. All roads to schizophrenia lead to dopamine supersensitivity and elevated dopamine D2(high) receptors. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 17:118-32. [PMID: 20560996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine D2 receptor is the common target for antipsychotics, and the antipsychotic clinical doses correlate with their affinities for this receptor. Antipsychotics quickly enter the brain to occupy 60-80% of brain D2 receptors in patients (the agonist aripiprazole occupies up to 90%), with most clinical improvement occurring within a few days. The D2 receptor can exist in a state of high-affinity (D2(High) ) or in a state of low-affinity for dopamine (D2Low). AIM The present aim is to review why individuals with schizophrenia are generally supersensitive to dopamine-like drugs such as amphetamine or methyphenidate, and whether the D2(High) state is a common basis for dopamine supersensitivity in the animal models of schizophrenia. RESULTS All animal models of schizophrenia reveal elevations in D2(High) receptors. These models include brain lesions, sensitization by drugs (amphetamine, phencyclidine, cocaine, corticosterone), birth injury, social isolation, and gene deletions in pathways for NMDA, dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS These multiple abnormal pathways converge to a final common pathway of dopamine supersensitivity and elevated D2(High) receptors, presumably responsible for psychotic symptoms. Although antipsychotics alleviate psychosis and reverse the elevation of D2(High) receptors, long-term antipsychotics can further enhance dopamine supersensitivity in patients. Therefore, switching from a traditional antipsychotic to an agonist antipsychotic (aripiprazole) can result in psychotic signs and symptoms. Clozapine and quetiapine do not elicit parkinsonism or tardive dyskinesia because they are released from D2 within 12 to 24 h. Traditional antipsychotics remain attached to D2 receptors for days, preventing relapse, but allowing accumulation that can lead to tardive dyskinesia. Future goals include imaging D2(High) receptors and desensitizing them in early-stage psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Seeman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 260 Heath Street West, Suite 605, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5P 3L6.
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Lee KY, Joo EJ, Ji YI, Kim DH, Park JB, Chung IW, Lee SI, Joo YH, Ahn YM, Song JY, Kim YS. Associations between DRDs and schizophrenia in a Korean population: multi-stage association analyses. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:44-52. [PMID: 21178390 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.1.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the dopaminergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major psychosis, including schizophrenia, with dopamine receptor genes (DRDs) presently targeted as the most promising candidate genes. We investigated DRD1-5 for association with schizophrenia using a multi-stage approach in a Korean sample. One hundred forty-two SNPs in DRD1-5 were selected from the dbSNP, and the associations of each SNP were then screened and typed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using pooled DNA samples from 150 patients with major psychosis and 150 controls. Each of the suggested SNPs was then genotyped and tested for an association within the individual samples comprising each pool. Finally, the positively associated SNPs were genotyped in an extended sample of 270 patients with schizophrenia and 350 controls. Among the 142 SNPs, 88 (62%) SNPs in our Korean population were polymorphic. At the pooling stage, 10 SNPs (DRD1: 2, DRD2: 3, and DRD4: 5) were identified (P<0.05). SNPs rs1799914 of DRD1 (P=0.046) and rs752306 of DRD4 (P=0.017) had significantly different allele frequencies in the individually genotyped samples comprising the pool. In the final stage, with the extended sample, the suggestive association of DRD4 with rs752306 was lost, but the association of DRD1 with rs1799914 gained greater significance (P=0.017). In these large-scale multi-stage analyses, we were able to find a possible association between DRD1 and schizophrenia. These findings suggested the potential contribution of a multi-step strategy for finding genes related to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kleinman JE, Law AJ, Lipska BK, Hyde TM, Ellis JK, Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. Genetic neuropathology of schizophrenia: new approaches to an old question and new uses for postmortem human brains. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:140-5. [PMID: 21183009 PMCID: PMC4351748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human postmortem brain studies are critical for elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses. The traditional approach compares patients and control subjects but is potentially confounded by a number of artifacts, including medication, substance misuse, and other secondary effects of illness. Genetic advances now make possible a novel approach that focuses on how allelic variation in risk-associated genes affects expression and function of transcripts and proteins. These questions can be addressed in normal brain, overcoming to some extent the confounding effects of studying brains from subjects with schizophrenia; equally, extension of the studies to include cases also has advantages. Conceptually, the approach may be seen as the neuropathologic counterpart of genetic neuroimaging, representing a potentially powerful intermediate phenotype. For several schizophrenia susceptibility genes, the data show that risk-associated polymorphisms do affect gene expression or the function of the encoded protein; in some instances, expression of downstream or interacting partners of the gene are also altered. A further striking finding is that the implicated transcripts often appear to be enriched in, or specific to, human brain. Some also show enhanced expression in fetal brain. These considerations give unique importance to postmortem human brain tissue in elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and probably other neurodevelopmental disorders as well. Studies of this kind can provide clues as to the biological mechanisms of genetic association, especially when carried out in conjunction with experimental studies. Moreover, the data, interpreted judiciously, can strengthen the plausibility of the association itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Kleinman
- Section on Neuropathology, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hirvonen J, Hietala J. Dysfunctional brain networks and genetic risk for schizophrenia: specific neurotransmitter systems. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 17:89-96. [PMID: 21199447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple neurotransmitter circuits are disturbed in schizophrenia, and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia prevails as the hypothesis with most empirical support. On the other hand, schizophrenia is highly heritable with a pattern consistent with both common and rare allelic variants and gene × environment interaction. Advances in the field of neuroimaging have expanded our knowledge of intermediate phenotypes, the neurobiological processes that convey the risk from the genes to the complex phenotype. In this article, we review the recent and continuously accumulating evidence from in vivo imaging studies aiming at characterizing neurochemical intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia. Dopaminergic alterations in schizophrenia are shared by individuals at genetic risk who do not express the illness, suggesting a "dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia vulnerability." This hypothesis has the potential to help us better understand the dopaminergic dysfunction in the context of the complex pathophysiological process leading to schizophrenia. In the future, neurotransmitter imaging studies should investigate the gene × environment interaction in schizophrenia, and try to identify neurobiological correlates of heightened sensitivity to environmental stressors (e.g., cannabis, childhood trauma, and other psychosocial stress) in genetically vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hirvonen
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
The antipsychotic effectiveness of chlorpromazine and haloperidol started a search for their therapeutic targets. The antipsychotic receptor target turned out to be a dopamine receptor, now cloned as the dopamine D2 receptor. The D2 receptor is the common target for antipsychotics. Antipsychotic clinical doses correlate with their affinities for this receptor. Therapeutic doses of antipsychotics occupy 60 to 80% of brain D2 receptors in patients, but aripiprazole occupies up to 90%. While antipsychotics may take up to six hours to occupy D2 receptors, much clinical improvement occurs within a few days. The receptor has high- and low-affinity states. The D2High state is functional for dopamine-like agonists such as aripiprazole. Most individuals with schizophrenia are supersensitive to dopamine. Animal models of psychosis show that a variety of risk factors, genetic and nongenetic, are associated with behavioral supersensitivity to dopamine, reflected in elevated levels of dopamine D2High receptors. Although antipsychotics such as haloperidol alleviate psychosis and reverse the elevation of D2High receptors, long-term use of traditional antipsychotics can further enhance dopamine supersensitivity in patients. Therefore, switching from a traditional antipsychotic to an agonist antipsychotic such as aripiprazole can result in the emergence of psychotic signs and symptoms. Clozapine and quetiapine do not elicit parkinsonism and rarely result in tardive dyskinesia because they are released from D2 within 12 to 24 hours. Traditional antipsychotics remain attached to D2 receptors for days, preventing relapse, but allowing accumulation that can lead to tardive dyskinesia. Future goals include imaging D2High receptors and desensitizing them in early-stage psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Seeman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
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An association study of DRD2 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2010; 477:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bertolino A, Taurisano P, Pisciotta NM, Blasi G, Fazio L, Romano R, Gelao B, Lo Bianco L, Lozupone M, Di Giorgio A, Caforio G, Sambataro F, Niccoli-Asabella A, Papp A, Ursini G, Sinibaldi L, Popolizio T, Sadee W, Rubini G. Genetically determined measures of striatal D2 signaling predict prefrontal activity during working memory performance. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9348. [PMID: 20179754 PMCID: PMC2825256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation of the gene coding for D2 receptors (DRD2) has been associated with risk for schizophrenia and with working memory deficits. A functional intronic SNP (rs1076560) predicts relative expression of the two D2 receptors isoforms, D2S (mainly pre-synaptic) and D2L (mainly post-synaptic). However, the effect of functional genetic variation of DRD2 on striatal dopamine D2 signaling and on its correlation with prefrontal activity during working memory in humans is not known. METHODS Thirty-seven healthy subjects were genotyped for rs1076560 (G>T) and underwent SPECT with [123I]IBZM (which binds primarily to post-synaptic D2 receptors) and with [123I]FP-CIT (which binds to pre-synaptic dopamine transporters, whose activity and density is also regulated by pre-synaptic D2 receptors), as well as BOLD fMRI during N-Back working memory. RESULTS Subjects carrying the T allele (previously associated with reduced D2S expression) had striatal reductions of [123I]IBZM and of [123I]FP-CIT binding. DRD2 genotype also differentially predicted the correlation between striatal dopamine D2 signaling (as identified with factor analysis of the two radiotracers) and activity of the prefrontal cortex during working memory as measured with BOLD fMRI, which was positive in GG subjects and negative in GT. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that this functional SNP within DRD2 predicts striatal binding of the two radiotracers to dopamine transporters and D2 receptors as well as the correlation between striatal D2 signaling with prefrontal cortex activity during performance of a working memory task. These data are consistent with the possibility that the balance of excitatory/inhibitory modulation of striatal neurons may also affect striatal outputs in relationship with prefrontal activity during working memory performance within the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Cho D, Zheng M, Min C, Ma L, Kurose H, Park JH, Kim KM. Agonist-induced endocytosis and receptor phosphorylation mediate resensitization of dopamine D(2) receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:574-86. [PMID: 20160122 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of agonist-induced internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were analyzed using mutant dopamine D(2) receptors (D(2)Rs) in which all possible GPCR kinase (GRK) phosphorylation sites were mutated or the affinity for beta-arrestins was altered. Agonist-induced internalization of D(2)Rs involved a phosphorylation-dependent component, which was mediated by serine/threonine (S/T) residues in the second loop and T225 in the third loop, and a phosphorylation-independent component. GRK2-mediated enhancement of the internalization and inhibition of D(2)R signaling did not involve receptor phosphorylation, and only the former required the enzymatic activity of GRK2. The phosphorylation-deficient mutant (D(2)R-intracellular loop 2/3) recycled more slowly and showed more agonist-induced desensitization than did the wild-type D(2)R, suggesting that receptor phosphorylation mediates the recycling of the internalized receptors and enhances receptor resensitization. Blockade of the agonist-induced internalization of D(2)R-intracellular loop 2/3 provoked desensitization as in wild-type D(2)R, suggesting that certain cellular processes other than receptor dephosphorylation occurring within the endocytic vesicle are responsible for the resensitization of D(2)R. When dissociation between D(2)R and beta-arrestin was inhibited or when the expression of cellular beta-arrestins was decreased, agonist-induced desensitization of D(2)R did not occur, suggesting that dissociation from beta-arrestin is the main cellular process required for resensitization of D(2)R and is achieved through agonist-induced internalization. These results indicate that, in the regulation of some GPCRs, phosphorylation-independent association with beta-arrestin plays a major role in agonist-induced desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongim Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 500-757, Korea
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Yoon S, Noh JS, Choi SY, Baik JH. Effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on body weight and food intake in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:235-41. [PMID: 20117094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many atypical antipsychotic drugs cause weight gain, but the mechanism of this weight gain is unclear. To dissect the role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), an important receptor in the pharmacology of antipsychotic drugs, we analyzed the effect of olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone on changes in body weight and food intake in male wild-type (WT) and D2R knockout (D2R(-/-)) mice. The oral delivery of atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine (5 and 10mg/kg), risperidone (0.1 and 1.0mg/kg) and ziprasidone (10 and 20mg/kg) in both strains mice for 2 weeks suppressed body weight gain, except for olanzapine treatment in D2R(-/-) mice. Olanzapine treatment suppressed body weight gain and decreased food intake in WT mice, but also reduced fat body mass and locomotor activity, whereas D2R(-/-) mice did not show these changes. Ziprasidone and risperidone treatment produced similar responses in WT and D2R(-/-) mice. These data suggest the involvement of D2R in the effect of olanzapine on metabolic regulation. Further studies are required to explore the implications of D2R activity in antipsychotic-mediated metabolic complications.
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Itokawa M, Arinami T, Toru M. Advanced Research on Dopamine Signaling to Develop Drugs for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Ser311Cys Polymorphisms of the Dopamine D2–Receptor Gene and Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:1-5. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r07fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Family-based association testing strongly implicates DRD2 as a risk gene for schizophrenia in Han Chinese from Taiwan. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:885-93. [PMID: 18332877 PMCID: PMC2755547 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The gene that codes for dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2 on chromosome 11q23) has long been a prime functional and positional candidate risk gene for schizophrenia. Collectively, prior case-control studies found a reliable effect of the Ser311Cys DRD2 polymorphism (rs1801028) on risk for schizophrenia, but few other polymorphisms in the gene had ever been evaluated and no adequately powered family-based association study has been performed to date. Our objective was to test 21 haplotype-tagging and all three known nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DRD2 for association with schizophrenia in a family-based study of 2408 Han Chinese, including 1214 affected individuals from 616 families. We did not find a significant effect of rs1801028, but we did find significant evidence for association of schizophrenia with two multi-marker haplotypes spanning blocks of strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) and nine individual SNPs (Ps<0.05). Importantly, two SNPs (rs1079727 and rs2283265) and both multi-marker haplotypes spanning entire LD blocks (including one that contained rs1801028) remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. These results further add to the body of data implicating DRD2 as a schizophrenia risk gene; however, a causal variant(s) in DRD2 remains to be elucidated by further fine mapping of the gene, with particular attention given to the area surrounding the third through fifth exons.
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Glatt SJ, Chandler SD, Bousman CA, Chana G, Lucero GR, Tatro E, May T, Lohr JB, Kremen WS, Everall IP, Tsuang MT. Alternatively Spliced Genes as Biomarkers for Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Psychosis: A Blood-Based Spliceome-Profiling Exploratory Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:164-188. [PMID: 21532980 DOI: 10.2174/1875692110907030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Transcriptomic biomarkers of psychiatric diseases obtained from a query of peripheral tissues that are clinically accessible (e.g., blood cells instead of post-mortem brain tissue) have substantial practical appeal to discern the molecular subtypes of common complex diseases such as major psychosis. To this end, spliceome-profiling is a new methodological approach that has considerable conceptual relevance for discovery and clinical translation of novel biomarkers for psychiatric illnesses. Advances in microarray technology now allow for improved sensitivity in measuring the transcriptome while simultaneously querying the "exome" (all exons) and "spliceome" (all alternatively spliced variants). The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of spliceome-profiling to discern transcriptomic biomarkers of psychosis. METHODS: We measured exome and spliceome expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 13 schizophrenia patients, nine bipolar disorder patients, and eight healthy control subjects. Each diagnostic group was compared to each other, and the combined group of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients was also compared to the control group. Furthermore, we compared subjects with a history of psychosis to subjects without such history. RESULTS: After applying Bonferroni corrections for the 21,866 full-length gene transcripts analyzed, we found significant interactions between diagnostic group and exon identity, consistent with group differences in rates or types of alternative splicing. Relative to the control group, 18 genes in the bipolar disorder group, eight genes in the schizophrenia group, and 15 genes in the combined bipolar disorder and schizophrenia group appeared differentially spliced. Importantly, thirty-three genes showed differential splicing patterns between the bipolar disorder and schizophrenia groups. More frequent exon inclusion and/or over-expression was observed in psychosis. Finally, these observations are reconciled with an analysis of the ontologies, the pathways and the protein domains significantly over-represented among the alternatively spliced genes, several of which support prior discoveries. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first blood-based spliceome-profiling study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to be reported. The battery of alternatively spliced genes and exons identified in this discovery-oriented exploratory study, if replicated, may have potential utility to discern the molecular subtypes of psychosis. Spliceome-profiling, as a new methodological approach in transcriptomics, warrants further work to evaluate its utility in personalized medicine. Potentially, this approach could also permit the future development of tissue-sampling methodologies in a form that is more acceptable to patients and thereby allow monitoring of dynamic and time-dependent plasticity in disease severity and response to therapeutic interventions in clinical psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Medical Genetics Research Center; SUNY Upstate Medical University; 750 East Adams Street; Syracuse, NY, 13210; USA
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Tost H, Alam T, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Dopamine and psychosis: theory, pathomechanisms and intermediate phenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:689-700. [PMID: 19559045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder arising from the adverse interaction of predisposing risk genes and environmental factors. The psychopathology is characterized by a wide array of disturbing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that interfere with the individual's capacity to function in society. Contemporary pathophysiological models assume that psychotic symptoms are triggered by a dysregulation of dopaminergic activity in the brain, a theory that is tightly linked to the serendipitous discovery of the first effective antipsychotic agents in the early 1950s. In recent years, the availability of modern neuroimaging techniques has significantly expanded our understanding of the key mediator circuits that bridge the gap between genetic susceptibility and clinical phenotype. This paper discusses the pathophysiological concepts, molecular mechanisms and neuroimaging evidence that link psychosis to disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Tost
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA
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50
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Bertolino A, Blasi G. The genetics of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2009; 164:288-99. [PMID: 19393294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research on the genetic factors conferring risk for schizophrenia has not provided definitive answers. In the present review, we will discuss potential clinical and genetic limitations intrinsic to the strategies using a diagnostic phenotype. Among clinical factors, uncertainty of the phenotype is certainly a major limitation. Genetic problems include locus heterogeneity and the complex genetic architecture of the phenotype. Given these limiting factors, we will also discuss another hypothesis-driven strategy to uncover genetic risk: the use of quantitative measures (intermediate phenotypes) within more specific neurobiological mechanisms. As a clear example of all these issues and because of the longstanding involvement in the pathophysiology of this disorder, we will review the association of the gene for dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2) with diagnosis of schizophrenia and with specific working memory behavioral and brain activity phenotypes. We conclude by suggesting that hypothesis-free and hypothesis-driven are not mutually exclusive strategies and may provide information at different levels that are both useful and equally valid about genetic risk for a complex diagnostic entity like schizophrenia and for a complex phenotype like psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertolino
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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