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Ng MYM, Levinson DF, Faraone SV, Suarez BK, DeLisi LE, Arinami T, Riley B, Paunio T, Pulver AE, Irmansyah, Holmans PA, Escamilla M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Laurent C, Mowry BJ, Brzustowicz LM, Maziade M, Sklar P, Garver DL, Abecasis GR, Lerer B, Fallin MD, Gurling HMD, Gejman PV, Lindholm E, Moises HW, Byerley W, Wijsman EM, Forabosco P, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG, Okazaki Y, Kendler KS, Wormley B, Fanous A, Walsh D, O’Neill FA, Peltonen L, Nestadt G, Lasseter VK, Liang KY, Papadimitriou GM, Dikeos DG, Schwab SG, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Norton N, Hare E, Raventos H, Nicolini H, Albus M, Maier W, Nimgaonkar VL, Terenius L, Mallet J, Jay M, Godard S, Nertney D, Alexander M, Crowe RR, Silverman JM, Bassett AS, Roy MA, Mérette C, Pato CN, Pato MT, Roos JL, Kohn Y, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Curtis D, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Petursson H, Sanders AR, Duan J, Jazin E, Myles-Worsley M, Karayiorgou M, Lewis CM. Meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide linkage studies of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:774-85. [PMID: 19349958 PMCID: PMC2715392 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA) was carried out on 32 independent genome-wide linkage scan analyses that included 3255 pedigrees with 7413 genotyped cases affected with schizophrenia (SCZ) or related disorders. The primary GSMA divided the autosomes into 120 bins, rank-ordered the bins within each study according to the most positive linkage result in each bin, summed these ranks (weighted for study size) for each bin across studies and determined the empirical probability of a given summed rank (P(SR)) by simulation. Suggestive evidence for linkage was observed in two single bins, on chromosomes 5q (142-168 Mb) and 2q (103-134 Mb). Genome-wide evidence for linkage was detected on chromosome 2q (119-152 Mb) when bin boundaries were shifted to the middle of the previous bins. The primary analysis met empirical criteria for 'aggregate' genome-wide significance, indicating that some or all of 10 bins are likely to contain loci linked to SCZ, including regions of chromosomes 1, 2q, 3q, 4q, 5q, 8p and 10q. In a secondary analysis of 22 studies of European-ancestry samples, suggestive evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 8p (16-33 Mb). Although the newer genome-wide association methodology has greater power to detect weak associations to single common DNA sequence variants, linkage analysis can detect diverse genetic effects that segregate in families, including multiple rare variants within one locus or several weakly associated loci in the same region. Therefore, the regions supported by this meta-analysis deserve close attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MYM Ng
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
| | - DF Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - SV Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - BK Suarez
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - LE DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, The New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - T Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - B Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T Paunio
- National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - AE Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irmansyah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - PA Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Escamilla
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - DB Wildenauer
- Center for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - NM Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Laurent
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - BJ Mowry
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research and University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - LM Brzustowicz
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M Maziade
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University & Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - P Sklar
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - DL Garver
- VA Medical Center, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - GR Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Lerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - MD Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - HMD Gurling
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - PV Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - E Lindholm
- Department of Development & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - W Byerley
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - EM Wijsman
- Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P Forabosco
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
| | - MT Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology & Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H-G Hwu
- National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y Okazaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - KS Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - B Wormley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D Walsh
- The Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland
| | - FA O’Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - L Peltonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Broad Institute, MIT, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - VK Lasseter
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - KY Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - GM Papadimitriou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens Medical School, and University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - DG Dikeos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens Medical School, and University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - SG Schwab
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - MJ Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - MC O’Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N Norton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Hare
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Raventos
- School of Biology and CIBCM, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - H Nicolini
- Carracci Medical Group and Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Albus
- State Mental Hospital, Haar, Germany
| | - W Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - VL Nimgaonkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - M Jay
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Godard
- INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - D Nertney
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research and University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - RR Crowe
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - JM Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - AS Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M-A Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University & Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - C Mérette
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University & Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - CN Pato
- Center for Genomic Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - MT Pato
- Center for Genomic Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Louw Roos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pretoria, Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Y Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D Amann-Zalcenstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Kalsi
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - A McQuillin
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Curtis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, St Bartholomew’s and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - J Brynjolfson
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Sigmundsson
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H Petursson
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - AR Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - E Jazin
- Department of Development & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Myles-Worsley
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M Karayiorgou
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - CM Lewis
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
- King’s College London, MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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17
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Suarez BK, Duan J, Sanders AR, Hinrichs AL, Jin CH, Hou C, Buccola NG, Hale N, Weilbaecher AN, Nertney DA, Olincy A, Green S, Schaffer AW, Smith CJ, Hannah DE, Rice JP, Cox NJ, Martinez M, Mowry BJ, Amin F, Silverman JM, Black DW, Byerley WF, Crowe RR, Freedman R, Cloninger CR, Levinson DF, Gejman PV. Genomewide linkage scan of 409 European-ancestry and African American families with schizophrenia: suggestive evidence of linkage at 8p23.3-p21.2 and 11p13.1-q14.1 in the combined sample. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:315-33. [PMID: 16400611 PMCID: PMC1380238 DOI: 10.1086/500272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the clinical characteristics of a schizophrenia sample of 409 pedigrees--263 of European ancestry (EA) and 146 of African American ancestry (AA)--together with the results of a genome scan (with a simple tandem repeat polymorphism interval of 9 cM) and follow-up fine mapping. A family was required to have a proband with schizophrenia (SZ) and one or more siblings of the proband with SZ or schizoaffective disorder. Linkage analyses included 403 independent full-sibling affected sibling pairs (ASPs) (279 EA and 124 AA) and 100 all-possible half-sibling ASPs (15 EA and 85 AA). Nonparametric multipoint linkage analysis of all families detected two regions with suggestive evidence of linkage at 8p23.3-q12 and 11p11.2-q22.3 (empirical Z likelihood-ratio score [Z(lr)] threshold >/=2.65) and, in exploratory analyses, two other regions at 4p16.1-p15.32 in AA families and at 5p14.3-q11.2 in EA families. The most significant linkage peak was in chromosome 8p; its signal was mainly driven by the EA families. Z(lr) scores >2.0 in 8p were observed from 30.7 cM to 61.7 cM (Center for Inherited Disease Research map locations). The maximum evidence in the full sample was a multipoint Z(lr) of 3.25 (equivalent Kong-Cox LOD of 2.30) near D8S1771 (at 52 cM); there appeared to be two peaks, both telomeric to neuregulin 1 (NRG1). There is a paracentric inversion common in EA individuals within this region, the effect of which on the linkage evidence remains unknown in this and in other previously analyzed samples. Fine mapping of 8p did not significantly alter the significance or length of the peak. We also performed fine mapping of 4p16.3-p15.2, 5p15.2-q13.3, 10p15.3-p14, 10q25.3-q26.3, and 11p13-q23.3. The highest increase in Z(lr) scores was observed for 5p14.1-q12.1, where the maximum Z(lr) increased from 2.77 initially to 3.80 after fine mapping in the EA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. Suarez
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jubao Duan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Anthony L. Hinrichs
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Carol H. Jin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Cuiping Hou
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nancy G. Buccola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nancy Hale
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ann N. Weilbaecher
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Deborah A. Nertney
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ann Olincy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Susan Green
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Arthur W. Schaffer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christopher J. Smith
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Dominique E. Hannah
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John P. Rice
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Maria Martinez
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Bryan J. Mowry
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Farooq Amin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Donald W. Black
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - William F. Byerley
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raymond R. Crowe
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Robert Freedman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Douglas F. Levinson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis; Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; Mental Health Clinical Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago; Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Mental Health Research, The Park, Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane; Department of Psychiatry and Colorado Psychiatric Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver; Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Méthodologie Statistique et Epidémiologie Génétique des Maladies Multifactorielles, Institut National de la Recherche et de la Santé Médicale, Evry, France; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine; Department of Psychiatry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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