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Wang JH, Gessler DJ, Zhan W, Gallagher TL, Gao G. Adeno-associated virus as a delivery vector for gene therapy of human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:78. [PMID: 38565561 PMCID: PMC10987683 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a pivotal delivery tool in clinical gene therapy owing to its minimal pathogenicity and ability to establish long-term gene expression in different tissues. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) has been engineered for enhanced specificity and developed as a tool for treating various diseases. However, as rAAV is being more widely used as a therapy, the increased demand has created challenges for the existing manufacturing methods. Seven rAAV-based gene therapy products have received regulatory approval, but there continue to be concerns about safely using high-dose viral therapies in humans, including immune responses and adverse effects such as genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, thrombotic microangiopathy, and neurotoxicity. In this review, we explore AAV biology with an emphasis on current vector engineering strategies and manufacturing technologies. We discuss how rAAVs are being employed in ongoing clinical trials for ocular, neurological, metabolic, hematological, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancers. We outline immune responses triggered by rAAV, address associated side effects, and discuss strategies to mitigate these reactions. We hope that discussing recent advancements and current challenges in the field will be a helpful guide for researchers and clinicians navigating the ever-evolving landscape of rAAV-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wei Zhan
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Thomas L Gallagher
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Kraszewska I, Sarad K, Andrysiak K, Kopacz A, Schmidt L, Krüger M, Dulak J, Jaźwa-Kusior A. Casein kinase 2 activity is a host restriction factor for AAV transduction. Mol Ther 2024; 32:84-102. [PMID: 37952087 PMCID: PMC10787142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, the mechanisms that impede AAV transduction, especially in the human heart, are poorly understood, hampering the introduction of new, effective gene therapy strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and overcome the main cellular barriers to successful transduction in the heart, using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), iPSC-derived cardiac fibroblasts (iPSC-CFs), and primary endothelial cells to model vector-host interactions. Through phosphoproteome analysis we established that casein kinase 2 (CK2) signaling is one of the most significantly affected pathways upon AAV exposure. Transient inhibition of CK2 activity substantially enhanced the transduction rate of AAV2, AAV6, and AAV9 in all tested cell types. In particular, CK2 inhibition improved the trafficking of AAVs through the cytoplasm, impaired DNA damage response through destabilization of MRE11, and altered the RNA processing pathways, which were also highly responsive to AAV transduction. Also, it augmented transgene expression in already transduced iPSC-CFs, which retain AAV genomes in a functional, but probably silent form. In summary, the present study provides new insights into the current understanding of the host-AAV vector interaction, identifying CK2 activity as a key barrier to efficient transduction and transgene expression, which may translate to improving the outcome of AAV-based therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kraszewska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sarad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kalina Andrysiak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kopacz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luisa Schmidt
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jaźwa-Kusior
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Shoti J, Qing K, Keeler GD, Duan D, Byrne BJ, Srivastava A. Development of capsid- and genome-modified optimized AAVrh74 vectors for muscle gene therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101147. [PMID: 38046199 PMCID: PMC10690633 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The first generation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors composed of the naturally occurring capsids and genomes, although effective in some instances, are unlikely to be optimal for gene therapy in humans. The use of the first generation of two different AAV serotype vectors (AAV9 and AAVrh74) in four separate clinical trials failed to be effective in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, although some efficacy was observed in a subset of patients with AAVrh74 vectors leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval (Elevidys). In two trials with the first generation of AAV9 vectors, several serious adverse events were observed, including the death of a patient in one trial, and more recently, in the death of a second patient in an N-of-1 clinical trial. In a fourth trial with the first generation of AAVrh74 vectors, myositis and myocarditis were also observed. Here, we report that capsid- and genome-modified optimized AAVrh74 vectors are significantly more efficient in transducing primary human skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in all major muscle tissues in vivo following systemic administration in a murine model. The availability of optimized AAVrh74 vectors promises to be safe and effective in the potential gene therapy of muscle diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Shoti
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Keyun Qing
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey D. Keeler
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Neurology, Biomedical Sciences, and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Barry J. Byrne
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Huang X, Wang X, Li L, Wang Q, Xu W, Wu W, Xie X, Diao Y. MiR133b-mediated inhibition of EGFR-PTK pathway promotes rAAV2 transduction by facilitating intracellular trafficking and augmenting second-strand synthesis. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2714-2729. [PMID: 37469226 PMCID: PMC10494303 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is an extremely attractive vector in the in vivo delivery of gene therapy as it is safe and its genome is simple. However, challenges including low permissiveness to specific cells and restricted tissue specificity have hindered its clinical application. Based on the previous studies, epidermal growth factor receptor-protein tyrosine kinase (EGFR-PTK) negatively regulated rAAV transduction, and EGFR-positive cells were hardly permissive to rAAV transduction. We constructed a novel rAAV-miRNA133b vector, which co-expressed miRNA133b and transgene, and investigated its in vivo and in vitro transduction efficiency. Confocal microscopy, live-cell imaging, pharmacological reagents and labelled virion tracking were used to analyse the effect of miRNA133b on rAAV2 transduction and the underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that miRNA133b could promote rAAV2 transduction and the effects were limited to EGFR-positive cells. The increased transduction was found to be a direct result of decreased rAAV particles degradation in the cytoplasm and enhanced second-strand synthesis. ss-rAAV2-miRNA133b vector specifically increased rAAV2 transduction in EGFR-positive cells or tissues, while ss-rAAV2-Fluc-miRNA133b exerted an antitumor effect. rAAV-miRNA133b vector might emerge as a promising platform for delivering various transgene to treat EGFR-positive cell-related diseases, such as non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials SciencesQuanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhouChina
- School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Ling Li
- School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Qizhao Wang
- School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials SciencesQuanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Wenlin Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials SciencesQuanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials SciencesQuanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Yong Diao
- School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityQuanzhouChina
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Srivastava A. Rationale and strategies for the development of safe and effective optimized AAV vectors for human gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:949-959. [PMID: 37293185 PMCID: PMC10244667 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been, or are currently in use, in 332 phase I/II/III clinical trials in a number of human diseases, and in some cases, remarkable clinical efficacy has also been achieved. There are now three US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved AAV "drugs," but it has become increasingly clear that the first generation of AAV vectors are not optimal. In addition, relatively large vector doses are needed to achieve clinical efficacy, which has been shown to provoke host immune responses culminating in serious adverse events and, more recently, in the deaths of 10 patients to date. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of the next generation of AAV vectors that are (1) safe, (2) effective, and (3) human tropic. This review describes the strategies to potentially overcome each of the limitations of the first generation of AAV vectors and the rationale and approaches for the development of the next generation of AAV serotype vectors. These vectors promise to be efficacious at significant reduced doses, likely to achieve clinical efficacy, thereby increasing the safety as well as reducing vector production costs, ensuring translation to the clinic with higher probability of success, without the need for the use of immune suppression, for gene therapy of a wide variety of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Xiang YS, Hao GG. Biophysical characterization of adeno-associated virus capsid through the viral transduction life cycle. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:62. [PMID: 37195476 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as the leading delivery platforms for gene therapy. Throughout the life cycle of the virions, the capsid vector carries out diverse functions, ranging from cell surface receptor engagement, cellular entry, endosomal escape, nuclear import to new particle packaging, and assembly. Each of these steps is mediated by exquisite structure features of the viral capsid and its interaction with viral genome, Rep proteins, and cellular organelle and apparatus. In this brief review, we provide an overview of results from over a decade of extensive biophysical studies of the capsid employing various techniques. The remaining unaddressed questions and perspective are also discussed. The detailed understanding of the structure and function interplay would provide insight to the strategy for improving the efficacy and safety of the viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Gary Hao
- Weston Biomedical Reviews, 65 Autumn Road, Weston, MA, 02493, USA.
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Sarkar S, Panikker P, D’Souza S, Shetty R, Mohan RR, Ghosh A. Corneal Regeneration Using Gene Therapy Approaches. Cells 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 37174680 PMCID: PMC10177166 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable advancements in medical treatments of corneal diseases in recent decades has been corneal transplantation. However, corneal transplants, including lamellar strategies, have their own set of challenges, such as graft rejection, delayed graft failure, shortage of donor corneas, repeated treatments, and post-surgical complications. Corneal defects and diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness globally; therefore, there is a need for gene-based interventions that may mitigate some of these challenges and help reduce the burden of blindness. Corneas being immune-advantaged, uniquely avascular, and transparent is ideal for gene therapy approaches. Well-established corneal surgical techniques as well as their ease of accessibility for examination and manipulation makes corneas suitable for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the area of corneal regeneration using gene therapy and on the strategies involved in the development of such therapies. We also discuss the challenges and potential of gene therapy for the treatment of corneal diseases. Additionally, we discuss the translational aspects of gene therapy, including different types of vectors, particularly focusing on recombinant AAV that may help advance targeted therapeutics for corneal defects and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Sarkar
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyalakshmi Panikker
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon D’Souza
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
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Host Cell Restriction Factors Blocking Efficient Vector Transduction: Challenges in Lentiviral and Adeno-Associated Vector Based Gene Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050732. [PMID: 36899868 PMCID: PMC10001033 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy relies on the delivery of genetic material to the patient's cells in order to provide a therapeutic treatment. Two of the currently most used and efficient delivery systems are the lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Gene therapy vectors must successfully attach, enter uncoated, and escape host restriction factors (RFs), before reaching the nucleus and effectively deliver the therapeutic genetic instructions to the cell. Some of these RFs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, while others are cell-specific, and others still are expressed only upon induction by danger signals as type I interferons. Cell restriction factors have evolved to protect the organism against infectious diseases and tissue damage. These restriction factors can be intrinsic, directly acting on the vector, or related with the innate immune response system, acting indirectly through the induction of interferons, but both are intertwined. The innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and, as such cells derived from myeloid progenitors (but not only), are well equipped with RFs to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition, some non-professional cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, play major roles in pathogen recognition. Unsurprisingly, foreign DNA and RNA molecules are among the most detected PAMPs. Here, we review and discuss identified RFs that block LV and AAV vector transduction, hindering their therapeutic efficacy.
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Huang X, Wang X, Ren Y, Gao P, Xu W, Xie X, Diao Y. Reactive oxygen species enhance rAAV transduction by promoting its escape from late endosomes. Virol J 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 36611172 PMCID: PMC9825130 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent seminal studies have revealed that endosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote rather than inhibit viral infection. Some ROS generators, including shikonin and H2O2, have the potential to enhance recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) transduction. However, the impact of ROS on rAAV intracellular trafficking remains unclear. METHODS To understand the effects of ROS on the transduction of rAAV vectors, especially the rAAV subcellular distribution profiles, this study systematically explored the effect of ROS on each step of rAAV intracellular trafficking pathway using fluorescently-labeled rAAV and qPCR quantification determination. RESULTS The results showed promoted in-vivo and in-vitro rAAV transduction by ROS exposure, regardless of vector serotype or cell type. ROS treatment directed rAAV intracellular trafficking towards a more productive pathway by upregulating the expression of cathepsins B and L, accelerating the rAAV transit in late endosomes, and increasing the rAAV nucleus entry. CONCLUSIONS These data support that ROS generative drugs, such as shikonin, have the potential to promote rAAV vector transduction by promoting rAAV's escape from late endosomes, and enhancing its productive trafficking to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Huang
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- grid.411404.40000 0000 8895 903XSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yanxuan Ren
- grid.411404.40000 0000 8895 903XSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Pingzhang Gao
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China.
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Pupo A, Fernández A, Low SH, François A, Suárez-Amarán L, Samulski RJ. AAV vectors: The Rubik's cube of human gene therapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3515-3541. [PMID: 36203359 PMCID: PMC9734031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective genes account for ∼80% of the total of more than 7,000 diseases known to date. Gene therapy brings the promise of a one-time treatment option that will fix the errors in patient genetic coding. Recombinant viruses are highly efficient vehicles for in vivo gene delivery. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors offer unique advantages, such as tissue tropism, specificity in transduction, eliciting of a relatively low immune responses, no incorporation into the host chromosome, and long-lasting delivered gene expression, making them the most popular viral gene delivery system in clinical trials, with three AAV-based gene therapy drugs already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). Despite the success of AAV vectors, their usage in particular scenarios is still limited due to remaining challenges, such as poor transduction efficiency in certain tissues, low organ specificity, pre-existing humoral immunity to AAV capsids, and vector dose-dependent toxicity in patients. In the present review, we address the different approaches to improve AAV vectors for gene therapy with a focus on AAV capsid selection and engineering, strategies to overcome anti-AAV immune response, and vector genome design, ending with a glimpse at vector production methods and the current state of recombinant AAV (rAAV) at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Pupo
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Audry Fernández
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Siew Hui Low
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Achille François
- Viralgen. Parque Tecnológico de Guipuzkoa, Edificio Kuatro, Paseo Mikeletegui, 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lester Suárez-Amarán
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard Jude Samulski
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Corresponding author: Richard Jude Samulski, R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, NC 27709, USA.
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Nakahama R, Saito A, Nobe S, Togashi K, Suzuki IK, Uematsu A, Emoto K. The tyrosine capsid mutations on retrograde adeno-associated virus accelerates gene transduction efficiency. Mol Brain 2022; 15:70. [PMID: 35941689 PMCID: PMC9358834 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is a critical tool for gene delivery through its durable transgene expression and safety profile. Among many serotypes, AAV2-retro is typically utilized for dissecting neural circuits with its retrograde functionality. However, this vector requires a relatively long-term incubation period (over 2 weeks) to obtain enough gene expression levels presumably due to low efficiency in gene transduction. Here, we aimed to enhance transgene expression efficiency of AAV2-retro vectors by substituting multiple tyrosine residues with phenylalanines (YF mutations) in the virus capsid, which is previously reported to improve the transduction efficiency of AAV2-infected cells by evading host cell responses. We found that AAV2-retro with YF mutations (AAV2-retroYF)-mediated transgene expression was significantly enhanced in the primary culture of murine cortical neurons at 1 week after application, comparable to that of the conventional AAV2-retro at 2 week after application. Moreover, transgene expressions in the retrogradely labeled neurons mediated by AAV2-retroYF were significantly increased both in the cortico-cortical circuits and in the subcortical circuits in vivo, while the retrograde functionality of AAV2-retroYF was equally effective as that of AAV2-retro. Our data indicate that YF mutations boost AAV2-retro-mediated retrograde gene transduction in vivo and suggest that the AAV2-retroYF should be useful for efficient targeting of the projection-defined neurons, which is suited to applications for dissecting neural circuits during development as well as future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakahama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aika Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sensho Nobe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuo K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Uematsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Bauer A, Puglisi M, Nagl D, Schick JA, Werner T, Klingl A, El Andari J, Hornung V, Kessler H, Götz M, Grimm D, Brack‐Werner R. Molecular Signature of Astrocytes for Gene Delivery by the Synthetic Adeno-Associated Viral Vector rAAV9P1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104979. [PMID: 35398994 PMCID: PMC9165502 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have crucial functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and are major players in many CNS diseases. Research on astrocyte-centered diseases requires efficient and well-characterized gene transfer vectors. Vectors derived from the Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) target astrocytes in the brains of rodents and nonhuman primates. A recombinant (r) synthetic peptide-displaying AAV9 variant, rAAV9P1, that efficiently and selectively transduces cultured human astrocytes, has been described previously. Here, it is shown that rAAV9P1 retains astrocyte-targeting properties upon intravenous injection in mice. Detailed analysis of putative receptors on human astrocytes shows that rAAV9P1 utilizes integrin subunits αv, β8, and either β3 or β5 as well as the AAV receptor AAVR. This receptor pattern is distinct from that of vectors derived from wildtype AAV2 or AAV9. Furthermore, a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide knockout screening revealed the involvement of several astrocyte-associated intracellular signaling pathways in the transduction of human astrocytes by rAAV9P1. This study delineates the unique receptor and intracellular pathway signatures utilized by rAAV9P1 for targeting human astrocytes. These results enhance the understanding of the transduction biology of synthetic rAAV vectors for astrocytes and can promote the development of advanced astrocyte-selective gene delivery vehicles for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Bauer
- Institute of VirologyHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherberg85764Germany
| | - Matteo Puglisi
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Dennis Nagl
- Gene Center and Department of BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunich81377Germany
| | - Joel A Schick
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and PharmacologyGenetics and Cellular Engineering GroupHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherberg85764Germany
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics & Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development and Electron MicroscopyDepartment Biology IBiocenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Jihad El Andari
- BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Infectious DiseasesVirologyMedical FacultyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunich81377Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenGarching85748Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
- Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology (SYNERGY)Munich81377Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Infectious DiseasesVirologyMedical FacultyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner site HeidelbergHeidelberg69120Germany
| | - Ruth Brack‐Werner
- Institute of VirologyHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherberg85764Germany
- Department of Biology IILudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
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13
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Tao Y, Liu X, Yang L, Chu C, Tan F, Yu Z, Ke J, Li X, Zheng X, Zhao X, Qi J, Lin CP, Chai R, Zhong G, Wu H. AAV-ie-K558R mediated cochlear gene therapy and hair cell regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:109. [PMID: 35449181 PMCID: PMC9023545 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cochlea consists of multiple types of cells, including hair cells, supporting cells and spiral ganglion neurons, and is responsible for converting mechanical forces into electric signals that enable hearing. Genetic and environmental factors can result in dysfunctions of cochlear and auditory systems. In recent years, gene therapy has emerged as a promising treatment in animal deafness models. One major challenge of the gene therapy for deafness is to effectively deliver genes to specific cells of cochleae. Here, we screened and identified an AAV-ie mutant, AAV-ie-K558R, that transduces hair cells and supporting cells in the cochleae of neonatal mice with high efficiency. AAV-ie-K558R is a safe vector with no obvious deficits in the hearing system. We found that AAV-ie-K558R can partially restore the hearing loss in Prestin KO mice and, importantly, deliver Atoh1 into cochlear supporting cells to generate hair cell-like cells. Our results demonstrate the clinical potential of AAV-ie-K558R for treating the hearing loss caused by hair cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Cenfeng Chu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Fangzhi Tan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Zehua Yu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Junzi Ke
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xingle Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Jieyu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China. .,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, PR China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China. .,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
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14
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Mukherjee S, Kuroiwa M, Oakden W, Paul BT, Noman A, Chen J, Lin V, Dimitrijevic A, Stanisz G, Le TN. Local magnetic delivery of adeno-associated virus AAV2(quad Y-F)-mediated BDNF gene therapy restores hearing after noise injury. Mol Ther 2022; 30:519-533. [PMID: 34298130 PMCID: PMC8821893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate noise exposure may cause acute loss of cochlear synapses without affecting the cochlear hair cells and hearing threshold; thus, it remains "hidden" to standard clinical tests. This cochlear synaptopathy is one of the main pathologies of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). There is no effective treatment for NIHL, mainly because of the lack of a proper drug-delivery technique. We hypothesized that local magnetic delivery of gene therapy into the inner ear could be beneficial for NIHL. In this study, we used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector (AAV2(quad Y-F)) to deliver brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene therapy into the rat inner ear via minimally invasive magnetic targeting. We found that the magnetic targeting effectively accumulates and distributes the SPION-tagged AAV2(quad Y-F)-BDNF vector into the inner ear. We also found that AAV2(quad Y-F) efficiently transfects cochlear hair cells and enhances BDNF gene expression. Enhanced BDNF gene expression substantially recovers noise-induced BDNF gene downregulation, auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I amplitude reduction, and synapse loss. These results suggest that magnetic targeting of AAV2(quad Y-F)-mediated BDNF gene therapy could reverse cochlear synaptopathy after NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Mukherjee
- Biological Sciences Platform, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Maya Kuroiwa
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Brandon T. Paul
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ayesha Noman
- Biological Sciences Platform, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Vincent Lin
- Biological Sciences Platform, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Andrew Dimitrijevic
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Greg Stanisz
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Trung N. Le
- Biological Sciences Platform, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada,Corresponding author: Trung N. Le, Biological Sciences Platform, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room M1 102, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
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15
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Barnes CR, Lee H, Ojala DS, Lewis KK, Limsirichai P, Schaffer DV. Genome-wide activation screens to increase adeno-associated virus production. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:94-103. [PMID: 34513296 PMCID: PMC8413672 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a genome-wide screening strategy to identify target genes whose modulation increases the capacity of a cell to produce recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. Specifically, a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library for a CRISPR-based genome-wide transcriptional activation screen was inserted into an AAV vector, and iterative rounds of viral infection and rescue in HEK293 producer cells enabled the enrichment of sgRNAs targeting genes whose upregulation increased AAV production. Numerous gain-of-function targets were identified, including spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 (SKA2) and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor interacting protein (ITPRIP). Furthermore, individual or combinatorial modulation of these targets in stable producer cell lines increased vector genomic replication and loading into AAV virions, resulting in up to a 3.8-fold increase in AAV manufacturing capacity. Our study offers an efficient approach to engineer viral vector producer cell lines and enhances our understanding of the roles of SKA2 and ITPRIP in AAV packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Barnes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David S. Ojala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kazuomori K. Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Riyad JM, Weber T. Intracellular trafficking of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors: challenges and future directions. Gene Ther 2021; 28:683-696. [PMID: 33658649 PMCID: PMC8413391 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, recombinant adeno-associated virus has emerged as the most popular gene therapy vector. Recently AAV gene therapy has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of two rare genetic disorders, namely the early childhood blindness disease Leber congenital amaurosis and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). As is the case for the treatment of SMA, if the AAV vector must be administered systemically, very high vector doses are often required for therapeutic efficacy. But higher vector doses inevitably increase the risk of adverse events. The tragic death of three children in a clinical trial to treat X-linked myotubular myopathy with an AAV vector has thrown this limitation into sharp relief. Regardless of the precise cause(s) that led to the death of the two children, it is critical that we develop better AAV vectors to achieve therapeutic levels of expression with lower vector doses. To transduce successfully a target cell, AAV has to overcome both systemic as well as cellular roadblocks. In this review, we discuss some of the most prominent cellular roadblocks that AAV must get past to deliver successfully its therapeutic payload. We also highlight recent advancements in our knowledge of AAV biology that can potentially be harnessed to improve AAV vector performance and thereby make AAV gene therapy safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalish M Riyad
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Weber
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Croze RH, Kotterman M, Burns CH, Schmitt CE, Quezada M, Schaffer D, Kirn D, Francis P. Viral Vector Technologies and Strategies: Improving on Nature. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:59-89. [PMID: 34196318 PMCID: PMC8253506 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Tissue and cell-type-specific transduction using rAAV vectors in lung diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1057-1071. [PMID: 34021360 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy of genetically determined diseases, including some pathologies of the respiratory system, requires an efficient method for transgene delivery. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are well studied and employed in gene therapy, as they are relatively simple and low immunogenic and able to efficiently transduce eukaryotic cells. To date, many natural and artificial (with modified capsids) AAV serotypes have been isolated, demonstrating preferential tropism toward different tissues and cells in accordance with the prevalent receptors on the cell surface. However, rAAV-mediated delivery is not strictly specific due to wide tropism of some viral serotypes. Thus, the development of the methods allowing modulating specificity of these vectors could be beneficial in some cases. This review describes various approaches for retargeting rAAV to respiratory cells, for example, using different types of capsid modifications and regulation of a transgene expression by tissue-specific promoters. Part of the review is devoted to the issues of transduction of stem and progenitor lung cells using AAV, which is a complicated task today.
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19
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Peters CW, Maguire CA, Hanlon KS. Delivering AAV to the Central Nervous and Sensory Systems. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:461-474. [PMID: 33863599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As gene therapy enters mainstream medicine, it is more important than ever to have a grasp of exactly how to leverage it for maximum benefit. The development of new targeting strategies and tools makes treating patients with genetic diseases possible. Many Mendelian disorders are amenable to gene replacement or correction. These often affect post-mitotic tissues, meaning that a single stably expressing therapy can be applied. Recent years have seen the development of a large number of novel viral vectors for delivering specific therapies. These new vectors - predominately recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants - target nervous tissues with differing efficiencies. This review gives an overview of current gene therapies in the brain, ear, and eye, and describes the optimal approaches, depending on cell type and transgene. Overall, this work aims to serve as a primer for gene therapy in the central nervous and sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole W Peters
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casey A Maguire
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Killian S Hanlon
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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20
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Gene therapy reforms photoreceptor structure and restores vision in NPHP5-associated Leber congenital amaurosis. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2456-2468. [PMID: 33781914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The inherited childhood blindness caused by mutations in NPHP5, a form of Leber congenital amaurosis, results in abnormal development, dysfunction, and degeneration of photoreceptors. A naturally occurring NPHP5 mutation in dogs leads to a phenotype that very nearly duplicates the human retinopathy in terms of the photoreceptors involved, spatial distribution of degeneration, and the natural history of vision loss. We show that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated NPHP5 gene augmentation of mutant canine retinas at the time of active degeneration and peak cell death stably restores photoreceptor structure, function, and vision with either the canine or human NPHP5 transgenes. Mutant cone photoreceptors, which failed to form outer segments during development, reform this structure after treatment. Degenerating rod photoreceptor outer segments are stabilized and develop normal structure. This process begins within 8 weeks after treatment and remains stable throughout the 6-month posttreatment period. In both photoreceptor cell classes mislocalization of rod and cone opsins is minimized or reversed. Retinal function and functional vision are restored. Efficacy of gene therapy in this large animal ciliopathy model of Leber congenital amaurosis provides a path for translation to human treatment.
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21
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Brown BL, Zalla RM, Shepard CT, Howard RM, Kopechek JA, Magnuson DSK, Whittemore SR. Dual-Viral Transduction Utilizing Highly Efficient Retrograde Lentivirus Improves Labeling of Long Propriospinal Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:635921. [PMID: 33828464 PMCID: PMC8019739 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.635921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates pathways and circuits to process sensory information and govern motor behaviors. Mapping these pathways is important to further understand the connectivity throughout the nervous system and is vital for developing treatments for neuronal diseases and disorders. We targeted long ascending propriospinal neurons (LAPNs) in the rat spinal cord utilizing Fluoro-Ruby (FR) [10kD rhodamine dextran amine (RDA)], and two dual-viral systems. Dual-viral tracing utilizing a retrograde adeno-associated virus (retroAAV), which confers robust labeling in the brain, resulted in a small number of LAPNs being labeled, but dual-viral tracing using a highly efficient retrograde (HiRet) lentivirus provided robust labeling similar to FR. Additionally, dual-viral tracing with HiRet lentivirus and tracing with FR may preferentially label different subpopulations of LAPNs. These data demonstrate that dual-viral tracing in the spinal cord employing a HiRet lentivirus provides robust and specific labeling of LAPNs and emphasizes the need to empirically optimize viral systems to target specific neuronal population(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Brown
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rachel M Zalla
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Courtney T Shepard
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Russell M Howard
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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22
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Self-complementarity in adeno-associated virus enhances transduction and gene expression in mouse cochlear tissues. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242599. [PMID: 33227033 PMCID: PMC7682903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common disabilities worldwide. Such prevalence necessitates effective tools for studying the molecular workings of cochlear cells. One prominent and effective vector for expressing genes of interest in research models is adeno-associated virus (AAV). However, AAV efficacy in transducing cochlear cells can vary for a number of reasons including serotype, species, and methodology, and oftentimes requires high multiplicity of infection which can damage the sensory cells. Reports in other systems suggest multiple approaches can be used to enhance AAV transduction including self-complementary vector design and pharmacological inhibition of degradation. Here we produced AAV to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in explanted neonatal mouse cochleae. Treatment with eeyarestatin I, tyrphostin 23, or lipofectamine 2000 did not result in increased transduction, however, self-complementary vector design resulted in significantly more GFP positive cells when compared to single-stranded controls. Similarly, self-complementary AAV2 vectors demonstrated enhanced transduction efficiency compared to single stranded AAV2 when injected via the posterior semicircular canal, in vivo. Self-complementary vectors for AAV1, 8, and 9 serotypes also demonstrated robust GFP transduction in cochlear cells in vivo, though these were not directly compared to single stranded vectors. These findings suggest that second-strand synthesis may be a rate limiting step in AAV transduction of cochlear tissues and that self-complementary AAV can be used to effectively target large numbers of cochlear cells in vitro and in vivo.
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23
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Maurya S, Jayandharan GR. Gene Therapy: Contest between Adeno-Associated Virus and Host Cells and the Impact of UFMylation. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3649-3653. [PMID: 32857512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is currently limited by (1) decline in therapeutic gene expression over time, (2) immune cell activation and (3) neutralization by pre-existing antibodies. Hence, studying the interaction of AAV vectors with various cellular pathways during the production and transduction process is necessary to overcome such barriers. Post-translational modifications (PTM) of AAV vectors during the production and transduction process is known to limit its transduction efficiency and further evoke the immune response. Further, AAV vectors are known to trigger cellular stress, resulting in an upregulation of distinct arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Recognition of the AAV genome by Toll-like receptor-9 triggers the myeloid differentiation primary response signaling cascade for innate (IL-6, IFN-α, IFN-β) and adaptive (CD8+ T-cell, B-cell) immune response against the viral capsid and the transgene product. Herein, we highlight a potential intersection of the UPR, PTMs, and intracellular trafficking pathways, which could be fine-tuned to augment the outcome of AAV-based gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Maurya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Ku CA, Pennesi ME. The new landscape of retinal gene therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:846-859. [PMID: 32888388 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapeutics for inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) have rapidly evolved since groundbreaking clinical trials for LCA due to RPE65 mutations led to the first FDA-approved in vivo gene therapy. Since then, advancements in viral vectors have led to more efficient AAV transduction and developed other viral vectors for gene augmentation therapy of large gene targets. Furthermore, significant developments in gene editing and RNA modulation technologies have introduced novel capabilities for treatment of autosomal dominant diseases, intronic mutations, and/or large genes otherwise unable to be treated with current viral vectors. We highlight strategies currently being evaluated in gene therapy clinical trials and promising preclinical developments for IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy A Ku
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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25
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Reisinger E. Dual-AAV delivery of large gene sequences to the inner ear. Hear Res 2020; 394:107857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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An essential N-terminal serine-rich motif in the AAV VP1 and VP2 subunits that may play a role in viral transcription. Virology 2020; 546:127-132. [PMID: 32452411 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most researched, clinically utilized gene therapy vectors. Though clinical success has been achieved, transgene delivery and expression may be hindered by cellular and tissue barriers. Understanding the role of receptor binding, entry, endosomal escape, cytoplasmic and nuclear trafficking, capsid uncoating, and viral transcription in therapeutic efficacy is paramount. Previous studies have shown that N-terminal regions of the AAV capsid proteins are responsible for endosomal escape and nuclear trafficking, however the mechanisms remain unknown. We identified a highly-conserved three-residue serine/threonine (S/T) motif in the capsid N-terminus, previously uncharacterized in its role in intracellular trafficking and transduction. Using alanine scanning mutagenesis, we found S155 and the flanking residues, D154 and G158, are essential for AAV2 transduction efficiency. Remarkably, specific capsid mutants show a 5 to 9-fold decrease in viral mRNA transcripts, highlighting a potential role of the S/T motif in transcription of the viral genome.
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27
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Zhu D, Rostami MR, Zuo WL, Leopold PL, Crystal RG. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Mouse Liver Cell-Specific Tropism and Transcriptional Dysregulation Following Intravenous Administration of AAVrh.10 Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:590-604. [PMID: 32143547 PMCID: PMC7232697 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Capitalizing on liver tropism of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, intravenous vector administration is commonly used to genetically modify hepatocytes, a strategy currently in clinical trials for a number of liver-based hereditary disorders. Although hepatocytes are known to exhibit extensive phenotypic heterogeneity influenced by liver zonation and dietary cycle, there is little data available for the tropism capacity, as well as the potential transcriptional dysregulation, of AAV vectors for specific liver cell types. To assess these issues, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing of the mouse liver after intravenous administration of the liver tropic AAVrh.10 vector to characterize cell-specific AAV-mediated transgene expression and transcriptome dysregulation. Wild-type 8-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice under normal feed cycle were randomly divided into three groups and intravenously administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), AAVrh.10Null (no transgene), or AAVrh.10mCherry (marker gene). Overall, a total of 46,500 liver cells were sequenced. The single-cell transcriptomic profiles were grouped into three separate clusters of hepatocytes (Ttr-enriched "Hep1," Tat-enriched "Hep2," and Alb-enriched "Hep3") and multiple other cell types. The hepatocyte diversity was driven by glucose and lipid homeostasis signaling. Assessment of the transgene expression demonstrated that AAVrh.10 is primarily Hep1-tropic, with a 10-gene signature positively correlated with AAVrh.10-mediated transgene expression. The transgene expression was less in Hep2 and Hep3 cells with a high receptor tyrosine kinase phenotype. Importantly, AAVrh.10 vector interactions with the liver markedly altered the transcriptional patterns of all cell types, with modified genes enriched in pathways of complement and coagulation cascade, cytochrome P450, peroxisome, antigen processing and presentation, and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing. These observations provide insights into the liver cell-specific consequences of AAV-mediated liver gene transfer, far beyond the well-known organ-specific expression of the vector-delivered transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detu Zhu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mahboubeh R. Rostami
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wu-lin Zuo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip L. Leopold
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Maurya S, Jayandharan GR. Exosome-associated SUMOylation mutant AAV demonstrates improved ocular gene transfer efficiency in vivo. Virus Res 2020; 283:197966. [PMID: 32302639 PMCID: PMC7212041 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosome associated Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as a promising tool in gene therapy. Recently, we elucidated the role of SUMOylation post-translational modification in AAV2 capsid and demonstrated that capsid modifications at SUMOylation sites, enhance vector transduction. The present study was designed to study the combinatorial effect of exosome delivery of a SUMOylation site modified AAV2, during ocular gene therapy. In the first set of experiments, we investigated the in vitro gene transfer potential of exo-some-associated SUMOylation mutant AAV2 (Exo-K105Q-EGFP) in human retinal pigmental epithelial (ARPE19) cells. Our data showed that, Exo-K105Q vectors had a significantly higher transduction potential in ARPE19 cells when compared to exosomes derived from wildtype AAV2 (Exo-AAV2-EGFP) vector packaging. Subsequently, an intravitreal administration of exosome associated mutant AAV2 vectors in C57BL6/J mice, demonstrated a significant increase reporter gene (EFGP) expression 4 weeks after gene transfer. Further immunostaining, revealed that these exosome-based vectors also had a better permeation across the retinal layers. These data highlight the translational potential of exosome associated SUMOylation mutant AAV for ocular gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Maurya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
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29
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Shirley JL, Keeler GD, Sherman A, Zolotukhin I, Markusic DM, Hoffman BE, Morel LM, Wallet MA, Terhorst C, Herzog RW. Type I IFN Sensing by cDCs and CD4 + T Cell Help Are Both Requisite for Cross-Priming of AAV Capsid-Specific CD8 + T Cells. Mol Ther 2020; 28:758-770. [PMID: 31780366 PMCID: PMC7054715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are widely used in clinical gene therapy to correct genetic disease by in vivo gene transfer. Although the vectors are useful, in part because of their limited immunogenicity, immune responses directed at vector components have complicated applications in humans. These include, for instance, innate immune sensing of vector components by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which sense the vector DNA genome via Toll-like receptor 9. Adaptive immune responses employ antigen presentation by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), which leads to cross-priming of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanisms that promote licensing of cDCs, which is requisite for CD8+ T cell activation. Blockage of type 1 interferon (T1 IFN) signaling by monoclonal antibody therapy prevented cross-priming. Furthermore, experiments in cell-type-restricted knockout mice showed a specific requirement for the receptor for T1 IFN (IFNaR) in cDCs. In contrast, natural killer (NK) cells are not needed, indicating a direct rather than indirect effect of T1 IFN on cDCs. In addition, co-stimulation by CD4+ T cells via CD40-CD40L was required for cross-priming, and blockage of co-stimulation but not of T1 IFN additionally reduced antibody formation against capsid. These mechanistic insights inform the development of targeted immune interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Shirley
- Department Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Irene Zolotukhin
- Department Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David M Markusic
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brad E Hoffman
- Department Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laurence M Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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30
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Nidetz NF, McGee MC, Tse LV, Li C, Cong L, Li Y, Huang W. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated immune responses: Understanding barriers to gene delivery. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107453. [PMID: 31836454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have emerged as the leading gene delivery platform for gene therapy and vaccination. Three AAV-based gene therapy drugs, Glybera, LUXTURNA, and ZOLGENSMA were approved between 2012 and 2019 by the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration as treatments for genetic diseases hereditary lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD), inherited retinal disease (IRD), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), respectively. Despite these therapeutic successes, clinical trials have demonstrated that host anti-viral immune responses can prevent the long-term gene expression of AAV vector-encoded genes. Therefore, it is critical that we understand the complex relationship between AAV vectors and the host immune response. This knowledge could allow for the rational design of optimized gene transfer vectors capable of either subverting host immune responses in the context of gene therapy applications, or stimulating desirable immune responses that generate protective immunity in vaccine applications to AAV vector-encoded antigens. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the AAV-induced immune response and discusses potential strategies by which these responses can be manipulated to improve AAV vector-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie F Nidetz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chengwen Li
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Le Cong
- Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yunxing Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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31
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Rodriguez-Estevez L, Asokan P, Borrás T. Transduction optimization of AAV vectors for human gene therapy of glaucoma and their reversed cell entry characteristics. Gene Ther 2019; 27:127-142. [PMID: 31611639 PMCID: PMC7153980 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) of the eye is responsible for maintaining physiological intraocular pressure (IOP). Dysfunction of this tissue results in elevated IOP, subsequent optic nerve damage and glaucoma, the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness. IOP regulation by delivering candidate TM genes would offer an enormous clinical advantage to the current daily-drops/surgery treatment. Initially, we showed that a double-stranded AAV2 (scAAV2) transduced the human TM very efficiently, while its single-stranded form (ssAAV2) did not. Here, we quantified transduction and entry of single- and double-strand serotypes 1, 2.5, 5, 6, 8, and 9 in primary, single individual-derived human TM cells (HTM). scAAV2 exhibited highest transduction in all individuals, distantly followed by scAAV2.5, scAAV6, and scAAV5. Transduction of scAAV1, scAAV8, and scAAV9 was negligible. None of the ssAAV serotypes transduced, but their cell entries were significantly higher than those of their corresponding scAAV. Tyrosine scAAV2 capsid mutants increased transduction in HTM cultured cells and all TM-outflow layers of perfused postmortem human eyes. These studies provide the first serotype optimization for gene therapy of glaucoma in humans. They further reveal biological differences between the AAV forms in HTM cells, whose understanding could contribute to the development of gene therapy of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodriguez-Estevez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Priyadarsini Asokan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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32
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Retina transduction by rAAV2 after intravitreal injection: comparison between mouse and rat. Gene Ther 2019; 26:479-490. [PMID: 31562387 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV) are currently the most common vehicle used in clinical trials of retinal gene therapy, usually delivered through subretinal injections to target cells of the outer retina. However, targeting the inner retina requires intravitreal injections, a simple and safe procedure, which is effective for transducing the rodent retina, but still of low efficiency in the eyes of primates. We investigated whether adjuvant pharmacological agents may enhance rAAV transduction of the retinas of mouse and rat after intravitreal delivery. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors were highly efficient in mice, especially imatinib and genistein, and promoted transduction even of the outer retina. In rats, however, we report that they were not effective. Even with direct proteasomal inhibition in rats, the effects upon transduction were only minimal and restricted to the inner retina. Even tyrosine capsid mutant rAAVs in rats had a transduction profile similar to wtAAV. Thus, the differences between mouse and rat, in both eye size and the inner limiting membrane, compromise the efficiency of AAV vectors penetration from the vitreous into the retina, and impact the efficacy of strategies developed to enhance intravitreal retinal rAAV transduction. Further improvement of strategies, then are required.
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33
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Wei J, Ran G, Wang X, Jiang N, Liang J, Lin X, Ling C, Zhao B. Gene manipulation in liver ductal organoids by optimized recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14096-14104. [PMID: 31366731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of how liver ductal cells (cholangiocytes) differentiate into hepatocytes would permit liver-regenerative medicine. Emerging liver ductal organoids provide an ex vivo system to investigate cholangiocyte-to-hepatocyte differentiation. However, as current gene manipulation methods require organoid dissociation into single cells and have only low efficiency, it is difficult to dissect specific gene functions in these organoids. Here we developed the adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector AAV-DJ as a powerful tool to transduce mouse and human liver ductal organoids. Via AAV-DJ-mediated up- or down-regulation of target genes, we successfully manipulated cholangiocyte-to-hepatocyte differentiation. We induced differentiation by overexpressing the hepatocyte-specifying regulator hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and blocked differentiation by stimulating Notch signaling or interfering with Smad signaling. Further screening for transcriptional factors critical for cholangiocyte-to-hepatocyte differentiation identified HOP homeobox (HOPX), T-box 15 (TBX15), and transcription factor CP2-like 1 (TFCP2L1) as master regulators. We conclude that this highly efficient and convenient gene manipulation system we developed could facilitate investigation into genes involved in cell lineage transitions and enable application of engineered organoids in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gai Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China .,Perinatal Institute, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Chen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China .,Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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34
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Berns KI, Srivastava A. Next Generation of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy for Human Liver Diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:319-330. [PMID: 31046978 PMCID: PMC6501830 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant vectors based on a nonpathogenic parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), have taken center stage in the past decade. The safety of AAV vectors in clinical trials and clinical efficacy in several human diseases are now well documented. Despite these achievements, it is increasingly clear that the full potential of AAV vectors composed of the naturally occurring capsids is unlikely to be realized. This article describes advances that have been made and challenges that remain in the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I. Berns
- Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 492-A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 492-A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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35
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Abstract
In the wake of a breakthrough in biotechnology providing realistic application of recombinant expressed proteins as drugs in the 1990s, gene therapy emerged as the potential approach for providing medicines of the future [...].
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36
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Mietzsch M, Pénzes JJ, Agbandje-McKenna M. Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Viruses 2019; 11:E362. [PMID: 31010002 PMCID: PMC6521121 DOI: 10.3390/v11040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Judit J Pénzes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Büning H, Srivastava A. Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving the Efficacy of AAV Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 12:248-265. [PMID: 30815511 PMCID: PMC6378346 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, recombinant vectors based on a non-pathogenic parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), have taken center stage as a gene delivery vehicle for the potential gene therapy for a number of human diseases. To date, the safety of AAV vectors in 176 phase I, II, and III clinical trials and their efficacy in at least eight human diseases are now firmly documented. Despite these remarkable achievements, it has also become abundantly clear that the full potential of first generation AAV vectors composed of naturally occurring capsids is not likely to be realized, since the wild-type AAV did not evolve for the purpose of therapeutic gene delivery. In this article, we provide a brief historical account of the progress that has been made in the development of capsid-modified, next-generation AAV vectors to ensure both the safety and efficacy of these vectors in targeting a wide variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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38
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Rabinowitz J, Chan YK, Samulski RJ. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) versus Immune Response. Viruses 2019; 11:E102. [PMID: 30691064 PMCID: PMC6409805 DOI: 10.3390/v11020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, Friedmann and Roblin postulated several barriers to gene therapy, including tissue targeting, delivery across the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB), and host immune responses. These issues remain pertinent till today. Since then, several advances have been made in elucidating structures of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes, antibody epitopes, and ways to modify antibody-binding sites. AAVs capsid has also been engineered to re-direct tissue tropism, reduce ubiquitination, and promote passage across the BBB. Furthermore, the use of high(er) dose recombinant AAV (rAAV) has been accompanied by a better understanding of immune responses in both experimental animals and early clinical trials, and novel work is being performed to modulate the immune response. While the immune responses to rAAV remains a major challenge in translating experimental drugs to approved medicine, and will likely require more than a single solution, we now better understand the hurdles to formulate and test experimental solutions to surmount them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rabinowitz
- Senior Director of Capsid Development, Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 7030 Kit Creek Road, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Richard Jude Samulski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Song H, Bush RA, Zeng Y, Qian H, Wu Z, Sieving PA. Trans-ocular Electric Current In Vivo Enhances AAV-Mediated Retinal Gene Transduction after Intravitreal Vector Administration. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:77-85. [PMID: 30719486 PMCID: PMC6350231 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated gene delivery is a promising approach for therapy, but implementation in the eye currently is hampered by the need for delivering the vector underneath the retina, using surgical application into the subretinal space. This limits the extent of the retina that is treated and may cause surgical injury. Vector delivery into the vitreous cavity would be preferable because it is surgically less invasive and would reach more of the retina. Unfortunately, most conventional, non-modified AAV vector serotypes penetrate the retina poorly from the vitreous; this limits efficient transduction and expression by target cells (retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors). We developed a method of applying a small and safe electric current across the intact eye in vivo for a brief period following intravitreal vector administration. This significantly improved AAV-mediated transduction of retinal cells in wild-type mice following intravitreal delivery, with gene expression in retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The low-level current had no adverse effects on retinal structure and function. This method should be generally applicable for other AAV serotypes and may have broad application in both basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongman Song
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald A Bush
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhijian Wu
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lopes-Pacheco M, Kitoko JZ, Morales MM, Petrs-Silva H, Rocco PRM. Self-complementary and tyrosine-mutant rAAV vectors enhance transduction in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:99-107. [PMID: 30244179 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector platforms have shown considerable therapeutic success in gene therapy for inherited disorders. In cystic fibrosis (CF), administration of first-generation rAAV2 was safe, but clinical benefits were not clearly demonstrated. Therefore, next-generation vectors that overcome rate-limiting steps in rAAV transduction are needed to obtain successful gene therapy for this devastating disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of single-strand or self-complementary (sc) rAAV vectors containing single or multiple tyrosine-to-phenylalanine (Y-F) mutations in capsid surface-exposed residues on serotypes 2, 8 or 9. For this purpose, CF bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells were transduced with rAAV vectors, and the transgene expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was analyzed at different time points. The effects of vectors on the cell viability, host cell cycle and in association with co-adjuvant drugs that modulate intracellular vector trafficking were also investigated. Six rAAV vectors demonstrated greater percentage of eGFP+ cells compared to their counterparts at days 4, 7 and 10 post-transduction: rAAV2 Y(272,444,500,730)F, with 1.95-, 3.5- and 3.06-fold increases; rAAV2 Y(252,272,444,500,704,730)F, with 1.65-, 2.12-, and 2-fold increases; scrAAV2 WT, with 1.69-, 2.68-, and 2.32-fold increases; scrAAV8 Y773F, with 57-, 6.06-, and 7-fold increases; scrAAV9 WT, with 7.47-, 4.64-, and 3.66-fold increases; and scrAAV9 Y446F, with 8.39-, 4.62-, and 4.4-fold increases. At days 15, 20, and 30 post-transduction, these vectors still demonstrated higher transgene expression than transfected cells. Although the percentage of eGFP+ cells reduced during the time-course analysis, the delta mean fluorescence intensity increased. These vectors also led to increased percentage of cells in G1-phase without eliciting any cytotoxicity. Prior administration of bortezomib or genistein did not increase eGFP expression in cells transduced with either rAAV2 Y(272,444,500,730)F or rAAV2 Y(252,272,444,500,704,730)F. In conclusion, self-complementary and tyrosine capsid mutations on rAAV serotypes 2, 8, and 9 led to more efficient transduction than their counterparts in CFBE cells by overcoming the intracellular trafficking and second-strand DNA synthesis limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jamil Z Kitoko
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hilda Petrs-Silva
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Maddalena A, Dell'Aquila F, Giovannelli P, Tiberi P, Wanderlingh LG, Montefusco S, Tornabene P, Iodice C, Visconte F, Carissimo A, Medina DL, Castoria G, Auricchio A. High-Throughput Screening Identifies Kinase Inhibitors That Increase Dual Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Transduction In Vitro and in Mouse Retina. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:886-901. [PMID: 29641320 PMCID: PMC6098407 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal gene therapy based on adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is safe and efficient in humans. The low intrinsic DNA transfer capacity of AAV has been expanded by dual vectors where a large expression cassette is split in two halves independently packaged in two AAV vectors. Dual AAV transduction efficiency, however, is greatly reduced compared to that obtained with a single vector. As AAV intracellular trafficking and processing are negatively affected by phosphorylation, this study set to identify kinase inhibitors that can increase dual AAV vector transduction. By high-throughput screening of a kinase inhibitors library, three compounds were identified that increase AAV transduction in vitro, one of which has a higher effect on dual than on single AAV vectors. Importantly, the transduction enhancement is exerted on various AAV serotypes and is not transgene dependent. As kinase inhibitors are promiscuous, siRNA-mediated silencing of targeted kinases was performed, and AURKA and B, PLK1, and PTK2 were among those involved in the increase of AAV transduction levels. The study shows that kinase inhibitor administration reduces AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) capsid phosphorylation and increases the activity of DNA-repair pathways involved in AAV DNA processing. Importantly, the kinase inhibitor PF-00562271 improves dual AAV8 transduction in photoreceptors following sub-retinal delivery in mice. The study identifies kinase inhibitors that increase dual and single AAV transduction by modulating AAV entry and post-entry steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maddalena
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Dell'Aquila
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Tiberi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Sandro Montefusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Iodice
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Institute for Applied Mathematics “Mauro Picone,” National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Advanced Biomedicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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42
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Aktas Z, Rao H, Slauson SR, Gabelt BT, Larsen IV, Sheridan RTC, Herrnberger L, Tamm ER, Kaufman PL, Brandt CR. Proteasome Inhibition Increases the Efficiency of Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Transduction of Trabecular Meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:298-310. [PMID: 29340644 PMCID: PMC5961099 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine if proteasome inhibition using MG132 increased the efficiency of FIV vector–mediated transduction in human trabecular meshwork (TM)-1 cells and monkey organ-cultured anterior segments (MOCAS). Methods TM-1 cells were pretreated for 1 hour with 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; vehicle control) or 5 to 50 μM MG132 and transduced with FIV.GFP (green fluorescent protein)– or FIV.mCherry-expressing vector at a multiplicity of transduction (MOT) of 20. At 24 hours, cells were fixed and stained with antibodies for GFP, and positive cells were counted, manually or by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Cells transduced with FIV.GFP particles alone were used as controls. The effect of 20 μM MG132 treatment on high- and low-dose (2 × 107 and 0.8 × 107 transducing units [TU], respectively) FIV.GFP transduction with or without MG132 was also evaluated in MOCAS using fluorescence microscopy. Vector genome equivalents in cells and tissues were quantified by quantitative (q)PCR on DNA. Results In the MG132 treatment groups, there was a significant dose-dependent increase in the percentage of transduced cells at all concentrations tested. Vector genome equivalents were also increased in TM-1 cells treated with MG132. Increased FIV.GFP expression in the TM was also observed in MOCAS treated with 20 μM MG132 and the high dose of vector. Vector genome equivalents were also significantly increased in the MOCAS tissues. Increased transduction was not seen with the low dose of virus. Conclusions Proteasome inhibition increased the transduction efficiency of FIV particles in TM-1 cells and MOCAS and may be a useful adjunct for delivery of therapeutic genes to the TM by lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Aktas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hongyu Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sarah R Slauson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - B'Ann T Gabelt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Inna V Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rachael T C Sheridan
- UW Carbone Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Leonie Herrnberger
- Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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43
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Dai X, He Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Chen H, Pang JJ. Long-term retinal cone rescue using a capsid mutant AAV8 vector in a mouse model of CNGA3-achromatopsia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188032. [PMID: 29131863 PMCID: PMC5683625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are important gene delivery tools for the treatment of many recessively inherited retinal diseases. For example, a wild-type (WT) AAV5 vector can deliver a full-length Cnga3 (cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha-3) cDNA to target cells of the cone photoreceptor function loss 5 (cpfl5) mouse, a spontaneous animal model of achromatopsia with a Cnga3 mutation. Gene therapy restores cone-mediated function and blocks cone degeneration in the mice. However, since transgene expression delivered by an AAV vector shows relatively short-term effectiveness, this cannot be regarded as a very successful therapy. AAV2 and AAV8 vectors with capsid mutations have significantly enhanced transduction efficiency in retinas compared to WT AAV controls. In this study, AAV8 (Y447, 733F+T494V)-treated cpfl5 retinas showed greater preservation of short-term cone electroretinogram (ERG) responses than AAV8 (Y447, 733F)- or AAV2 (Y272, 444, 500, 730F+T491V)-mediated treatments. To explore the long-term rescue effect, AAV8 (Y447, 733F+T494V)-treated cpfl5 retinas were evaluated at 9 months following postnatal day 14 (P14) treatment. Rescued ERG responses in the cones of treated cpfl5 eyes decreased with increasing age, but still maintained more than 60% of the WT mouse responses at the oldest time point examined. Expression of CNGA3 and M/S-opsins was maintained in cone outer segments of the treated cpfl5 eyes and was equal to expression in age-matched WT retinas. Near-normal cone-mediated water maze behavior was observed in the treated cpfl5 mice. As these are the longest follow-up data reported thus far, AAV8 with capsid Y-F and T-V mutations may be one of the most effective AAV vectors for long-term treatment in a naturally occurring mouse model of CNGA3 achromatopsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Dai
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ying He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Muran Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (HC); (JP)
| | - Ji-jing Pang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (HC); (JP)
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44
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Plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells cooperate in crosspriming AAV capsid-specific CD8 + T cells. Blood 2017; 129:3184-3195. [PMID: 28468798 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-751040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a replication-deficient parvovirus that is extensively used as a gene therapy vector. CD8+ T-cell responses against the AAV capsid protein can, however, affect therapeutic efficacy. Little is known about the in vivo mechanism that leads to the crosspriming of CD8+ T cells against the input viral capsid antigen. In this study, we report that the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-MyD88 pattern-recognition receptor pathway is uniquely capable of initiating this response. By contrast, the absence of TLR2, STING, or the addition of TLR4 agonist has no effect. Surprisingly, both conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are required for the crosspriming of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells, whereas other antigen-presenting cells are not involved. TLR9 signaling is specifically essential in pDCs but not in cDCs, indicating that sensing of the viral genome by pDCs activates cDCs in trans to cross-present capsid antigen during CD8+ T-cell activation. Cross-presentation and crosspriming depend not only on TLR9, but also on interferon type I signaling, and both mechanisms can be inhibited by administering specific molecules to prevent induction of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, these outcomes directly point to therapeutic interventions and demonstrate that innate immune blockade can eliminate unwanted immune responses in gene therapy.
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45
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Markusic DM, Nichols TC, Merricks EP, Palaschak B, Zolotukhin I, Marsic D, Zolotukhin S, Srivastava A, Herzog RW. Evaluation of engineered AAV capsids for hepatic factor IX gene transfer in murine and canine models. J Transl Med 2017; 15:94. [PMID: 28460646 PMCID: PMC5412045 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy vectors have shown the best outcomes in human clinical studies for the treatment of genetic diseases such as hemophilia. However, these pivotal investigations have also identified several challenges. For example, high vector doses are often used for hepatic gene transfer, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against viral capsid may occur. Therefore, achieving therapy at reduced vector doses and other strategies to reduce capsid antigen presentation are desirable. Methods We tested several engineered AAV capsids for factor IX (FIX) expression for the treatment of hemophilia B by hepatic gene transfer. These capsids lack potential phosphorylation or ubiquitination sites, or had been generated through molecular evolution. Results AAV2 capsids lacking either a single lysine residue or 3 tyrosine residues directed substantially higher coagulation FIX expression in mice compared to wild-type sequence or other mutations. In hemophilia B dogs, however, expression from the tyrosine-mutant vector was merely comparable to historical data on AAV2. Evolved AAV2-LiC capsid was highly efficient in hemophilia B mice but lacked efficacy in a hemophilia B dog. Conclusions Several alternative strategies for capsid modification improve the in vivo performance of AAV vectors in hepatic gene transfer for correction of hemophilia. However, capsid optimization solely in mouse liver may not predict efficacy in other species and thus is of limited translational utility. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1200-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Timothy C Nichols
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Merricks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brett Palaschak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Irene Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Damien Marsic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Natarajan G, Leibowitz JA, Zhou J, Zhao Y, McElroy JA, King MA, Ormerod BK, Carney PR. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated preprosomatostatin expression suppresses induced seizures in kindled rats. Epilepsy Res 2017; 130:81-92. [PMID: 28167431 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is expressed widely in the hippocampus and notably in hilar GABAergic neurons that are vulnerable to seizure neuropathology in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. We previously demonstrated that sustained bilateral preprosomatostatin (preproSST) expression in the hippocampus prevents the development of generalized seizures in the amygdala kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Here we tested whether sustained preproSST expression is anticonvulsant in rats already kindled to high-grade seizures. Rats were kindled until they exhibited 3 consecutive Racine Grade 5 seizures before adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector driving either eGFP (AAV5-CBa-eGFP) or preproSST and eGFP (AAV5-CBa-preproSST-eGFP) expression was injected bilaterally into the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 region. Retested 3 weeks later, rats that received control vector (AAV5-CBa-eGFP) continued to exhibit high-grade seizures whereas 6/13 rats that received preproSST vector (AAV5-CBa-preproSST-eGFP) were seizure-free. Of these rats, 5/6 remained seizure-free after repeated stimulation sessions and when the stimulation current was increased. These results suggest that vector-mediated expression of preproSST may be a viable therapeutic strategy for temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Natarajan
- Wilder Center of Excellence for Epilepsy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Leibowitz
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Junli Zhou
- Wilder Center of Excellence for Epilepsy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jessica A McElroy
- Wilder Center of Excellence for Epilepsy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael A King
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; NF/SG VA Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brandi K Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Paul R Carney
- Wilder Center of Excellence for Epilepsy Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Srivastava A. Adeno-Associated Virus: The Naturally Occurring Virus Versus the Recombinant Vector. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:1-6. [PMID: 26784640 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.29017.asr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center; Genetics Institute; Shands Cancer Center; University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
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48
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Adeno-associated Virus Vectors Efficiently Transduce Mouse and Rabbit Sensory Neurons Coinfected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 following Peripheral Inoculation. J Virol 2016; 90:7894-901. [PMID: 27334582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Following infection of epithelial tissues, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions travel via axonal transport to sensory ganglia and establish a lifelong latent infection within neurons. Recent studies have revealed that, following intraganglionic or intrathecal injection, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors can also infect sensory neurons and are capable of stable, long-term transgene expression. We sought to determine if application of rAAV to peripheral nerve termini at the epithelial surface would allow rAAV to traffic to sensory ganglia in a manner similar to that seen with HSV. We hypothesized that footpad or ocular inoculation with rAAV8 would result in transduction of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or trigeminal ganglia (TG), respectively. To test this, we inoculated the footpads of mice with various amounts of rAAV as well as rAAV capsid mutants. We demonstrated that this method of inoculation can achieve a transduction rate of >90% of the sensory neurons in the DRG that innervate the footpad. Similarly, we showed that corneal inoculation with rAAV vectors in the rabbit efficiently transduced >70% of the TG neurons in the optic tract. Finally, we demonstrated that coinfection of mouse footpads or rabbit eyes with rAAV vectors and HSV-1 resulted in colocalization in nearly all of the HSV-1-positive neurons. These results suggest that rAAV is a useful tool for the study of HSV-1 infection and may provide a means to deliver therapeutic cargos for the treatment of HSV infections or of dysfunctions of sensory ganglia. IMPORTANCE Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been shown to transduce dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons following direct intraganglionic sciatic nerve injection and intraperitoneal and intravenous injection as well as intrathecal injection. We sought to determine if rAAV vectors would be delivered to the same sensory neurons that herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infects when applied peripherally at an epithelial surface that had been treated to expose the underlying sensory nerve termini. For this study, we chose two well-established HSV-1 infection models: mouse footpad infection and rabbit ocular infection. The results presented here provide the first description of AAV vectors transducing neurons following delivery at the skin/epithelium/eye. The ability of AAV to cotransduce HSV-1-infected neurons in both the mouse and the rabbit provides an opportunity to experimentally explore and disrupt host and viral proteins that are integral to the establishment of HSV-1 latency, to the maintenance of latency, and to reactivation from latency in vivo.
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Carrig S, Bijjiga E, Wopat MJ, Martino AT. Insulin Therapy Improves Adeno-Associated Virus Transduction of Liver and Skeletal Muscle in Mice and Cultured Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:892-905. [PMID: 27358030 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer is a promising treatment for genetic abnormalities. Optimal AAV vectors are showing success in clinical trials. Gene transfer to skeletal muscle and liver is being explored as a potential therapy for some conditions, that is, α1-antitrypsin (AAT) disorder and hemophilia B. Exploring approaches that enhance transduction of liver and skeletal muscle, using these vectors, is beneficial for gene therapy. Regulating hormones as an approach to improve AAV transduction is largely unexplored. In this study we tested whether insulin therapy improves liver and skeletal muscle gene transfer. In vitro studies demonstrated that the temporary coadministration (2, 8, and 24 hr) of insulin significantly improves AAV2-CMV-LacZ transduction of cultured liver cells and differentiated myofibers, but not of lung cells. In addition, there was a dose response related to this improved transduction. Interestingly, when insulin was not coadministered with the virus but given 24 hr afterward, there was no increase in the transgene product. Insulin receptor gene (INSR) expression levels were increased 5- to 13-fold in cultured liver cells and differentiated myofibers when compared with lung cells. Similar INSR gene expression profiles occurred in mouse tissues. Insulin therapy was performed in mice, using a subcutaneously implanted insulin pellet or a high-carbohydrate diet. Insulin treatment began just before intramuscular delivery of AAV1-CMV-schFIX or liver-directed delivery of AAV8-CMV-schFIX and continued for 28 days. Both insulin augmentation therapies improved skeletal muscle- and liver-directed gene transduction in mice as seen by a 3.0- to 4.5-fold increase in human factor IX (hFIX) levels. The improvement was observed even after the insulin therapy ended. Monitoring insulin showed that insulin levels increased during the brief period of rAAV delivery and during the entire insulin augmentation period (28 days). This study demonstrates that AAV transduction of liver or skeletal muscle can be improved by insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Carrig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York
| | - Enoch Bijjiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York
| | - Mitchell J Wopat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York
| | - Ashley T Martino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York
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Nance ME, Duan D. Perspective on Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Modification for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:786-800. [PMID: 26414293 PMCID: PMC4692109 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a X-linked, progressive childhood myopathy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, one of the largest genes in the genome. It is characterized by skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and dysfunction leading to cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a highly promising gene therapy vector. AAV gene therapy has resulted in unprecedented clinical success for treating several inherited diseases. However, AAV gene therapy for DMD remains a significant challenge. Hurdles for AAV-mediated DMD gene therapy include the difficulty to package the full-length dystrophin coding sequence in an AAV vector, the necessity for whole-body gene delivery, the immune response to dystrophin and AAV capsid, and the species-specific barriers to translate from animal models to human patients. Capsid engineering aims at improving viral vector properties by rational design and/or forced evolution. In this review, we discuss how to use the state-of-the-art AAV capsid engineering technologies to overcome hurdles in AAV-based DMD gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/metabolism
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/metabolism
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Mutation
- Protein Engineering
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Nance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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