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Ortiz MMO, Andrechek ER. Molecular Characterization and Landscape of Breast cancer Models from a multi-omics Perspective. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:12. [PMID: 37269418 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is well-known to be a highly heterogenous disease. This facet of cancer makes finding a research model that mirrors the disparate intrinsic features challenging. With advances in multi-omics technologies, establishing parallels between the various models and human tumors is increasingly intricate. Here we review the various model systems and their relation to primary breast tumors using available omics data platforms. Among the research models reviewed here, breast cancer cell lines have the least resemblance to human tumors since they have accumulated many mutations and copy number alterations during their long use. Moreover, individual proteomic and metabolomic profiles do not overlap with the molecular landscape of breast cancer. Interestingly, omics analysis revealed that the initial subtype classification of some breast cancer cell lines was inappropriate. In cell lines the major subtypes are all well represented and share some features with primary tumors. In contrast, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO) are superior in mirroring human breast cancers at many levels, making them suitable models for drug screening and molecular analysis. While patient derived organoids are spread across luminal, basal- and normal-like subtypes, the PDX samples were initially largely basal but other subtypes have been increasingly described. Murine models offer heterogenous tumor landscapes, inter and intra-model heterogeneity, and give rise to tumors of different phenotypes and histology. Murine models have a reduced mutational burden compared to human breast cancer but share some transcriptomic resemblance, and representation of many breast cancer subtypes can be found among the variety subtypes. To date, while mammospheres and three- dimensional cultures lack comprehensive omics data, these are excellent models for the study of stem cells, cell fate decision and differentiation, and have also been used for drug screening. Therefore, this review explores the molecular landscapes and characterization of breast cancer research models by comparing recent published multi-omics data and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylena M O Ortiz
- Genetics and Genomics Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Zhu BZ, Tang M, Huang CH, Mao L, Shao J. Mechanistic Study on Oxidative DNA Damage and Modifications by Haloquinoid Carcinogenic Intermediates and Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1701-1712. [PMID: 34143619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haloquinones (XQs) are a group of carcinogenic intermediates of the haloaromatic environmental pollutants and newly identified chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. The highly reactive hydroxyl radicals/alkoxyl radicals and quinone enoxy/ketoxy radicals were found to arise in XQs and H2O2 or organic hydroperoxides system, independent of transition-metal ions. However, it was not clear whether these haloquinoid carcinogens and hydroperoxides can cause oxidative DNA damage and modifications, and if so, what are the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), DNA strand breaks, and three methyl oxidation products could arise when DNA was treated with tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and H2O2 via a metal-independent and intercalation-enhanced oxidation mechanism. Similar effects were observed with other XQs, which are generally more efficient than the typical Fenton system. We further extended our studies from isolated DNA to genomic DNA in living cells. We also found that potent oxidation of DNA to the more mutagenic imidazolone dIz could be induced by XQs and organic hydroperoxides such as t-butylhydroperoxide or the physiologically relevant hydroperoxide 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid via an unprecedented quinone-enoxy radical-mediated mechanism. These findings should provide new perspectives to explain the potential genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenicity for the ubiquitous haloquinoid carcinogenic intermediates and DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Miao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Abstract
Alterations of genes regulating epigenetic processes are frequently found as cancer drivers and may cause widespread alterations of DNA methylation, histone modification patterns, or chromatin structure that disrupt normal patterns of gene expression. Because of the inherent reversibility of epigenetic changes, inhibitors targeting these processes are promising anticancer strategies. Small molecules targeting epigenetic regulators have been developed recently, and clinical trials of these agents are under way for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we describe how the writers, readers, and erasers of epigenetic marks are dysregulated in cancer and summarize the development of therapies targeting these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bennett
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, USA;
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32606, USA;
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Li J, Wang W, Moe B, Wang H, Li XF. Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of Halobenzoquinones, an Emerging Class of Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:306-18. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500494r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Wei Wang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Birget Moe
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Hailin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100085
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
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5
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Zhao B, Yang Y, Wang X, Chong Z, Yin R, Song SH, Zhao C, Li C, Huang H, Sun BF, Wu D, Jin KX, Song M, Zhu BZ, Jiang G, Rendtlew Danielsen JM, Xu GL, Yang YG, Wang H. Redox-active quinones induces genome-wide DNA methylation changes by an iron-mediated and Tet-dependent mechanism. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:1593-605. [PMID: 24214992 PMCID: PMC3919571 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has been proven to be a critical epigenetic mark important for various cellular processes. Here, we report that redox-active quinones, a ubiquitous class of chemicals found in natural products, cancer therapeutics and environment, stimulate the conversion of 5 mC to 5 hmC in vivo, and increase 5 hmC in 5751 genes in cells. 5 hmC increase is associated with significantly altered gene expression of 3414 genes. Interestingly, in quinone-treated cells, labile iron-sensitive protein ferritin light chain showed a significant increase at both mRNA and protein levels indicating a role of iron regulation in stimulating Tet-mediated 5 mC oxidation. Consistently, the deprivation of cellular labile iron using specific chelator blocked the 5 hmC increase, and a delivery of labile iron increased the 5 hmC level. Moreover, both Tet1/Tet2 knockout and dimethyloxalylglycine-induced Tet inhibition diminished the 5 hmC increase. These results suggest an iron-regulated Tet-dependent DNA demethylation mechanism mediated by redox-active biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zechen Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ruichuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shu-Hui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bao-Fa Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Danni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kang-Xuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jannie M. Rendtlew Danielsen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark and Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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6
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Kuscu C, Evensen N, Kim D, Hu YJ, Zucker S, Cao J. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of KIAA1199 gene expression in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44661. [PMID: 22970280 PMCID: PMC3435267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that upregulated expression of KIAA1199 in human cancer bodes for poor survival. The regulatory mechanism controlling KIAA1199 expression in cancer remains to be characterized. In the present study, we have isolated and characterized the human KIAA1199 promoter in terms of regulation of KIAA1199 gene expression. A 3.3 kb fragment of human genomic DNA containing the 5′-flanking sequence of the KIAA1199 gene possesses both suppressive and activating elements. Employing a deletion mutagenesis approach, a 1.4 kb proximal region was defined as the basic KIAA1199 promoter containing a TATA-box close to the transcription start site. A combination of 5′-primer extension study with 5′RACE DNA sequencing analysis revealed one major transcription start site that is utilized in the human KIAA1199 gene. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the 1.4 kb KIAA1199 promoter contains putative activating regulatory elements, including activator protein-1(AP-1), Twist-1, and NF-κB sites. Sequential deletion and site-direct mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the AP-1 and distal NF-κB sites are required for KIAA1199 gene expression. Further analyses using an electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the requirement of these cis- and trans-acting elements in controlling KIAA1199 gene expression. Finally, we found that upregulated KIAA1199 expression in human breast cancer specimens correlated with hypomethylation of the regulatory region. Involvement of DNA methylation in regulation of KIAA1199 expression was recapitulated in human breast cancer cell lines. Taken together, our study unraveled the regulatory mechanisms controlling KIAA1199 gene expression in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kuscu
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikki Evensen
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - You-Jun Hu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Stanley Zucker
- Department of Medicine/Hematology & Oncology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Research, Veterans Affair Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Kwon OH, Park JL, Kim M, Kim JH, Lee HC, Kim HJ, Noh SM, Song KS, Yoo HS, Paik SG, Kim SY, Kim YS. Aberrant up-regulation of LAMB3 and LAMC2 by promoter demethylation in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:539-45. [PMID: 21345334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The LAMB3 and LAMC2 genes encode the laminin-5 β3 and γ2 chains, respectively, which are parts of laminin-5, one of the major components of the basement membrane zone. Here, we report the frequent up-regulation of LAMB3 and LAMC2 by promoter demethylation in gastric cancer. Gene expression data analysis showed that LAMB3 and LAMC2 were up-regulated in various tumor tissues. Combined analyses of DNA methylation and gene expression of both genes in gastric cancer cell lines and tissues showed that DNA hypomethylation was associated with the up-regulation of both genes. Treatment with a methylation inhibitor induced LAMB3 and LAMC2 expression in gastric cancer cell lines in which both genes were silenced. By chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we showed the activation histone mark H3K4me3 was associated with the expression of both genes. The expression level of LAMB3 affected multiple malignant phenotypes in gastric cancer cell lines. These results suggest that epigenetic activation of LAMB3 and LAMC2 may play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Hyung Kwon
- Medical Genomics Research Center, University of Science and Technology, KRIBB, and Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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8
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Choudhuri S, Cui Y, Klaassen CD. Molecular targets of epigenetic regulation and effectors of environmental influences. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 245:378-93. [PMID: 20381512 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The true understanding of what we currently define as epigenetics evolved over time as our knowledge on DNA methylation and chromatin modifications and their effects on gene expression increased. The current explosion of research on epigenetics and the increasing documentation of the effects of various environmental factors on DNA methylation, chromatin modification, as well as on the expression of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have expanded the scope of research on the etiology of various diseases including cancer. The current review briefly discusses the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and expands the discussion with examples on the role of environment, such as the immediate environment during development, in inducing epigenetic changes and modulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Choudhuri
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, College Park, MD, USA.
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9
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Smith IM, Glazer CA, Mithani SK, Ochs MF, Sun W, Bhan S, Vostrov A, Abdullaev Z, Lobanenkov V, Gray A, Liu C, Chang SS, Ostrow KL, Westra WH, Begum S, Dhara M, Califano J. Coordinated activation of candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens via promoter demethylation in head and neck cancer and lung cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4961. [PMID: 19305507 PMCID: PMC2654921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of solid tumors, however, proto-oncogenes activated by promoter demethylation have been sporadically reported. We used an integrative method to analyze expression in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and pharmacologically demethylated cell lines to identify aberrantly demethylated and expressed candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens in HNSCC. Methodology/Principal Findings We noted coordinated promoter demethylation and simultaneous transcriptional upregulation of proto-oncogene candidates with promoter homology, and phylogenetic footprinting of these promoters demonstrated potential recognition sites for the transcription factor BORIS. Aberrant BORIS expression correlated with upregulation of candidate proto-oncogenes in multiple human malignancies including primary non-small cell lung cancers and HNSCC, induced coordinated proto-oncogene specific promoter demethylation and expression in non-tumorigenic cells, and transformed NIH3T3 cells. Conclusions/Significance Coordinated, epigenetic unmasking of multiple genes with growth promoting activity occurs in aerodigestive cancers, and BORIS is implicated in the coordinated promoter demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Glazer
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suhail K. Mithani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Ochs
- Division of Oncology Biostatistics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheetal Bhan
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Vostrov
- Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ziedulla Abdullaev
- Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor Lobanenkov
- Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gray
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L. Ostrow
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William H. Westra
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shahnaz Begum
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mousumi Dhara
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Milton J. Dance Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Goldstein M, Meller I, Orr-Urtreger A. FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1028-38. [PMID: 17696196 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma likely results from abnormal proliferation and differentiation during skeletal myogenesis. Multiple genetic alterations are associated with the three RMS histopathological subtypes, embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic adult variant. Recently, we reported the novel amplification of the FGFR1 gene in a RMS tumor. The involvement of FGFR1 in RMS was now further studied in primary tumors and RMS cell lines by mutation screening, quantitative RNA expression, and methylation analyses. No mutation was found by DHPLC and sequencing of the entire FGFR1 coding sequence and exon-intron boundaries. However, FGFR1 over-expression was detected in all primary RMS tumors and cell lines tested. A hypomethylation of a CpG island upstream to FGFR1 exon 1 was identified in the primary RMS tumors, using sodium bisulfite modification method, suggesting a molecular mechanism to FGFR1 over-expression. Expression analysis of additional genes, AKT1, NOG and its antagonist BMP4, which interact downstream to FGFR1, demonstrated expression differences between primary RMS tumors and normal skeletal muscles. Our data suggest an important role for FGFR1 and FGFR1-downstream genes in RMS tumorigenesis and a possible association with the deregulation of proliferation and differentiation of skeletal myoblasts in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Goldstein
- Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, 64239 Israel
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11
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Kmieciak M, Knutson KL, Dumur CI, Manjili MH. HER-2/neu antigen loss and relapse of mammary carcinoma are actively induced by T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:675-85. [PMID: 17304628 PMCID: PMC3732067 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of tumor-specific immune responses results in the inhibition of tumor development. However, tumors recur because of the tumor immunoediting process that facilitates development of escape mechanisms in tumors. It is not known whether tumor escape is an active process whereby anti-tumor immune responses induce loss or downregulation of the target antigen in the antigen-positive clones. To address this question, we used rat neu-overexpressing mouse mammary carcinoma (MMC) and its relapsed neu antigen-negative variant (ANV). ANV emerged from MMC under pressure from neu-specific T cell responses in vivo. We then cloned residual neu antigen-negative cells from MMC and residual neu antigen-positive cells from ANV. We found marked differences between these neu-negative clones and ANV, demonstrating that the residual neu-negative clones are probably not the origin of ANV. Since initial rejection of MMC was associated with the presence of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells, we treated MMC with IFN-gamma and showed that IFN-gamma could induce downregulation of neu expression in MMC. This appears to be due to methylation of the neu promoter. Together, these data suggest that neu antigen loss is an active process that occurs in primary tumors due to the neu-targeted anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kmieciak
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Keith L. Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Catherine I. Dumur
- Department of Pathology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
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12
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Qu S, Rinehart C, Wu HH, Wang SE, Carter B, Xin H, Kotlikoff M, Arteaga CL. Gene targeting of ErbB3 using a Cre-mediated unidirectional DNA inversion strategy. Genesis 2007; 44:477-86. [PMID: 16991114 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recombinase-mediated unidirectional DNA inversion and transcriptional arrest is a promising strategy for high throughput conditional mutagenesis in the mouse. Banks of mouse embryonic stem cells with defined, transcriptionally silent insertions that can be activated by Cre recombinase would take advantage of existing transgenic Cre lines to rapidly produce hundreds of lineage specific and temporally controlled knockout mice for each gene, thereby introducing significant parallelism to functional gene annotation. However, the extent to which this strategy results in effective gene knockout has not been established. To test the feasibility of this strategy we targeted ErbB3, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors, using this strategy. Insertion of a reversed "flipflox" vector consisting of a gene inactivation cassette (GI) and an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-GFP reporter into intron 1 of ErbB3 was transcriptionally silent and did not affect ErbB3 expression. Crosses with ubiquitous and lineage specific Cre recombinase expressing lines permanently inverted the inserted GI cassette and blocked ErbB3 expression. Unidirectional DNA inversion by in vivo recombination is an effective strategy for targeted or ubiquitous gene knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimian Qu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6838, USA.
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13
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Andrechek ER, White D, Muller WJ. Targeted disruption of ErbB2/Neu in the mammary epithelium results in impaired ductal outgrowth. Oncogene 2005; 24:932-7. [PMID: 15580295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase has been implicated as a critical growth factor receptor in both normal development and cancer. Amplification and overexpression of this receptor is observed in 20-30% of all human breast cancers and is inversely correlated with patient survival. Studies with transgenic mice have established that elevated expression of erbB2 in mammary epithelium can directly induce mammary carcinomas. Although these studies confirmed a role for ErbB2 in breast cancer induction, the precise role of ErbB2 in normal mammary gland development remained to be elucidated due to the embryonic lethality associated with the null mutation. Here, we demonstrate that the mammary-specific ablation of erbB2 through Cre-mediated recombination leads to a striking ductal elongation defect. In addition to the observed elongation defect, we noted that branching in the adult mammary gland was also reduced. Despite these perturbations in virgin mammary gland morphogenesis, targeted disruption of erbB2 had little impact on the ability of these animals to lactate. Taken together, these observations indicate that erbB2 plays a critical role in the initial stages of mammary gland morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran R Andrechek
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
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14
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Jamerson MH, Johnson MD, Korsmeyer SJ, Furth PA, Dickson RB. Bax regulates c-Myc-induced mammary tumour apoptosis but not proliferation in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1372-9. [PMID: 15354213 PMCID: PMC2409914 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc is frequently deregulated, via multiple mechanisms, in human breast cancers. Deregulated expression of c-myc contributes to mammary epithelial cell transformation and is causally involved in mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice. c-Myc is known to promote cellular proliferation, apoptosis, genomic instability and tumorigenesis in several distinct tissues, both in vivo and in vitro. Expression of the proapoptotic regulatory gene bax is reduced or absent in human breast cancers, and c-Myc has been shown to regulate the expression of Bax, as well as cooperate with Bax in controlling apoptosis in a fibroblast model. Additionally, loss of bax reduces c-Myc-induced apoptosis in lymphoid cells and increases c-Myc-mediated lymphomagenesis in vivo. In order to assess whether loss of bax could influence c-Myc-induced apoptosis and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland in vivo, we generated MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice in which neither, one, or both wild-type alleles of bax were eliminated. Haploid loss of bax in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice resulted in significantly reduced mammary tumour apoptosis. As anticipated for an apoptosis-regulatory gene, loss of the wild-type bax alleles did not significantly alter cellular proliferation in either mammary adenocarcinomas or dysplastic mammary tissues. However, in contrast to c-Myc-mediated lymphomagenesis, loss of one or both alleles of bax in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice did not significantly enhance mammary tumorigenesis, despite evidence that haploid loss of bax might modestly increase mammary tumour multiplicity. Our results demonstrate that Bax contributes significantly to c-Myc-induced apoptosis in mammary tumours. In addition, they suggest that in contrast to c-Myc-induced lymphomagenesis, mammary tumorigenesis induced by deregulated c-myc expression requires some amount of Bax expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Jamerson
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - M D Johnson
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - S J Korsmeyer
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P A Furth
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - R B Dickson
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA. E-mail:
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15
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Scarpino S, Di Napoli A, Rapazzotti-Onelli M, Pilozzi E, Ruco L. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: methylation is not involved in the regulation of MET expression. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:703-6. [PMID: 15266330 PMCID: PMC2364796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomethylation has been reported to be responsible for the activation of several oncogenes. The possibility that hypomethylation is involved in the regulation of MET transcription was investigated through the analysis of the methylation status of one CpG island containing 43 CpGs in six cases of papillary carcinoma, in the corresponding normal thyroid tissue, and in two cases of hyperplastic goitre. Evidence of methylation was not found in any of the analysed CpG.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scarpino
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica di Laboratorio e Patologia, II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Università 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy.
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16
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Thomas RM, Haleem K, Siddique AB, Simmons WJ, Sen N, Zhang DJ, Tsiagbe VK. Regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus env transcriptional activator initiated mammary tumor virus superantigen transcripts in lymphomas of SJL/J mice: role of Ikaros, demethylation, and chromatin structural change in the transcriptional activation of mammary tumor virus superantigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:218-27. [PMID: 12496403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumor virus (Mtv29)-encoded superantigen expressed by SJL/J mouse B cell lymphomas stimulates CD4+V16+ T cells and thereby acquires T cell help necessary for lymphoma growth. Mtv29 mouse mammary tumor virus env transcriptional activator (META) env-controlled Mtv29 superantigen (vSAg29) mRNA transcripts (1.8 kb) are not expressed in normal B or other somatic cells. Real-time PCR-based assays with DNA from normal SJL liver and vSAg29- lymphoma (cNJ101), digested with methylation-sensitive enzymes, showed hypermethylation at AvaI, FspI, HpaII, ThaI, and the distal HgaI sites of the META env, but vSAg29+ lymphoma cells showed significant demethylation at AvaI, HpaII, and the distal HgaI sites. The distal HgaI site that is adjacent to an Ikaros binding site is significantly demethylated in the META env DNA from primary lymphomas. Gel shift assays showed binding of Ikaros to a sequence representing this region in the META env. SJL lymphomas expressed the Ikaros isoform Ik6 that was absent in normal B cells. vSAg29+ cells exhibited increased DNaseI accessibility to chromatin at the vSAg29 initiation site. Treatment of cNJ101 cells with a demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, caused hypomethylation at AvaI, HpaII, and distal HgaI sites and led to chromatin structural change at the vSAg29 initiation site, accompanied by the expression of vSAg29 transcripts. This enabled cNJ101 cells to stimulate SJL lymphoma-responsive CD4+V16+ T hybridoma cells. Thus, demethylation at the distal HgaI site of the Mtv29 META env permits vSAg29 expression, which may have an impact on the development of germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas of SJL/J mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Chromatin/enzymology
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, env/physiology
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Ikaros Transcription Factor
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Mice
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Transcriptional Activation/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan M Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Zhou H, Liu L, Lee K, Qin X, Grasso AW, Kung HJ, Willis JE, Kern J, Wagner T, Gerson SL. Lung tumorigenesis associated with erb-B-2 and erb-B-3 overexpression in human erb-B-3 transgenic mice is enhanced by methylnitrosourea. Oncogene 2002; 21:8732-40. [PMID: 12483526 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2002] [Revised: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Erb-B-3 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer and is often overexpressed in breast cancers. MMTVhuman-erb-B-3 transgenic mice were generated to evaluate the impact of erb-B-3 overexpression on lung and mammary gland tumorigenesis. These transgenic mice developed a high incidence of lung adenocarcinomas but not mammary gland tumors. The tumors overexpressed transgenic human [h]-erb-B-3 but also overexpressed endogenous erb-B-2, indicating that the heterodimer of h-erb-B-3-erb-B-2 was required for proliferative signal transduction to the nucleus. Lung tumor latency was shorter and the incidence higher in erb-B-3 transgenic mice treated with the methylating agent, methylnitrosourea [MNU]. In MNU treated mice, K-ras activating point mutations in codon 12, synergized with h-erb-B-3 in lung tumorogenesis. In bitransgenic MMTVrat-erb-B2/MMTV-human-erb-B-3 mice, lung tumor latency was also significantly shortened. Unlike over-expression of rat-erb-B-2, overexpression of h-erb-B-3 did not alter the incidence or latency of mammary tumors. Coupled erb-B-2 and erb-B-3 overexpression as well as K-ras activation induced signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This animal model links erb-B-3 with lung cancer, suggests that erb-B-2 and erb-B-3 heterodimerization is a necessary intermediate, and documents latency shortening by methylating agent-induced mutation of K-ras. This erb-B-3 mouse lung cancer model will help dissect genetic changes in lung tumorigenesis and may be useful for chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44106-4937, USA
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