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Ramamurthy K, Madesh S, Priya PS, Ayub R, Aljawdah HM, Arokiyaraj S, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Textile azo dye, Sudan Black B, inducing hepatotoxicity demonstrated in in vivo zebrafish larval model. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1811-1829. [PMID: 38970761 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, particularly from textile industry effluents, raises concerns globally. The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatotoxicity of Sudan Black B (SBB), a commonly used textile azo dye, on embryonic zebrafish. SBB exposure led to concentration-dependent mortality, reaching 100% at 0.8 mM, accompanied by growth retardation and diverse malformations in zebrafish. Biochemical marker analysis indicated adaptive responses to SBB, including increased SOD, CAT, NO, and LDH, alongside decreased GSH levels. Liver morphology analysis unveiled significant alterations, impacting metabolism and detoxification. Also, glucose level was declined and lipid level elevated in SBB-exposed in vivo zebrafish. Inflammatory gene expressions (TNF-α, IL-10, and INOS) showcased a complex regulatory interplay, suggesting an organismal attempt to counteract pro-inflammatory states during SBB exposure. The increased apoptosis revealed a robust hepatic cellular response due to SBB, aligning with observed liver tissue damage and inflammatory events. This multidimensional study highlights the intricate web of responses due to SBB exposure, which is emphasizing the need for comprehensive understanding and targeted mitigation strategies. The findings bear the implications for both aquatic ecosystems and potentially parallels to human health, underscoring the imperative for sustained research in this critical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ramamurthy
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvam Madesh
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rashid Ayub
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M Aljawdah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Lyng FM, Azzam EI. Abscopal Effects, Clastogenic Effects and Bystander Effects: 70 Years of Non-Targeted Effects of Radiation. Radiat Res 2024; 202:355-367. [PMID: 38986531 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00040.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to non-targeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
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3
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Shu X, Wang J, Zeng H, Shao L. Progression of Notch signaling regulation of B cells under radiation exposure. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339977. [PMID: 38524139 PMCID: PMC10957566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of nuclear technology, the radiation exposure caused by radiation therapy is a serious health hazard. It is of great significance to further develop effective radiation countermeasures. B cells easily succumb to irradiation exposure along with immunosuppressive response. The approach to ameliorate radiation-induced B cell damage is rarely studied, implying that the underlying mechanisms of B cell damage after exposure are eager to be revealed. Recent studies suggest that Notch signaling plays an important role in B cell-mediated immune response. Notch signaling is a critical regulator for B cells to maintain immune function. Although accumulating studies reported that Notch signaling contributes to the functionality of hematopoietic stem cells and T cells, its role in B cells is scarcely appreciated. Presently, we discussed the regulation of Notch signaling on B cells under radiation exposure to provide a scientific basis to prevent radiation-induced B cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shu
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huihong Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Christenson C, Wu C, Hormuth DA, Huang S, Bao A, Brenner A, Yankeelov TE. Predicting the spatio-temporal response of recurrent glioblastoma treated with rhenium-186 labelled nanoliposomes. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2023; 5:100084. [PMID: 38187909 PMCID: PMC10768931 DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhenium-186 (186Re) labeled nanoliposome (RNL) therapy for recurrent glioblastoma patients has shown promise to improve outcomes by locally delivering radiation to affected areas. To optimize the delivery of RNL, we have developed a framework to predict patient-specific response to RNL using image-guided mathematical models. Methods We calibrated a family of reaction-diffusion type models with multi-modality imaging data from ten patients (NCR01906385) to predict the spatio-temporal dynamics of each patient's tumor. The data consisted of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to estimate tumor burden and local RNL activity, respectively. The optimal model from the family was selected and used to predict future growth. A simplified version of the model was used in a leave-one-out analysis to predict the development of an individual patient's tumor, based on cohort parameters. Results Across the cohort, predictions using patient-specific parameters with the selected model were able to achieve Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) of 0.98 and 0.93 for tumor volume and total cell number, respectively, when compared to the measured data. Predictions utilizing the leave-one-out method achieved SCCs of 0.89 and 0.88 for volume and total cell number across the population, respectively. Conclusion We have shown that patient-specific calibrations of a biology-based mathematical model can be used to make early predictions of response to RNL therapy. Furthermore, the leave-one-out framework indicates that radiation doses determined by SPECT can be used to assign model parameters to make predictions directly following the conclusion of RNL treatment. Statement of Significance This manuscript explores the application of computational models to predict response to radionuclide therapy in glioblastoma. There are few, to our knowledge, examples of mathematical models used in clinical radionuclide therapy. We have tested a family of models to determine the applicability of different radiation coupling terms for response to the localized radiation delivery. We show that with patient-specific parameter estimation, we can make accurate predictions of future glioblastoma response to the treatment. As a comparison, we have shown that population trends in response can be used to forecast growth from the moment the treatment has been delivered.In addition to the high simulation and prediction accuracy our modeling methods have achieved, the evaluation of a family of models has given insight into the response dynamics of radionuclide therapy. These dynamics, while different than we had initially hypothesized, should encourage future imaging studies involving high dosage radiation treatments, with specific emphasis on the local immune and vascular response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengyue Wu
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - David A. Hormuth
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ande Bao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andrew Brenner
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Medicine, USA
- Departments of Oncology, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Coll RP, Bright SJ, Martinus DKJ, Georgiou DK, Sawakuchi GO, Manning HC. Alpha Particle-Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals as Cancer Therapy: Biological Basis, Current Status, and Future Outlook for Therapeutics Discovery. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:991-1019. [PMID: 37845582 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Critical advances in radionuclide therapy have led to encouraging new options for cancer treatment through the pairing of clinically useful radiation-emitting radionuclides and innovative pharmaceutical discovery. Of the various subatomic particles used in therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, alpha (α) particles show great promise owing to their relatively large size, delivered energy, finite pathlength, and resulting ionization density. This review discusses the therapeutic benefits of α-emitting radiopharmaceuticals and their pairing with appropriate diagnostics, resulting in innovative "theranostic" platforms. Herein, the current landscape of α particle-emitting radionuclides is described with an emphasis on their use in theranostic development for cancer treatment. Commonly studied radionuclides are introduced and recent efforts towards their production for research and clinical use are described. The growing popularity of these radionuclides is explained through summarizing the biological effects of α radiation on cancer cells, which include DNA damage, activation of discrete cell death programs, and downstream immune responses. Examples of efficient α-theranostic design are described with an emphasis on strategies that lead to cellular internalization and the targeting of proteins involved in therapeutic resistance. Historical barriers to the clinical deployment of α-theranostic radiopharmaceuticals are also discussed. Recent progress towards addressing these challenges is presented along with examples of incorporating α-particle therapy in pharmaceutical platforms that can be easily converted into diagnostic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Coll
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Scott J Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David K J Martinus
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dimitra K Georgiou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Gabriel O Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - H Charles Manning
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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6
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Asurappulige HSH, Thomas AD, Morse HR. Genotoxicity of cytokines at chemotherapy-induced 'storm' concentrations in a model of the human bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:201-215. [PMID: 37326959 PMCID: PMC10448863 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor cell leukaemia (DCL) is a complication of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation where donated cells become malignant within the patient's bone marrow. As DCL predominates as acute myeloid leukaemia, we hypothesized that the cytokine storm following chemotherapy played a role in promoting and supporting leukaemogenesis. Cytokines have also been implicated in genotoxicity; thus, we explored a cell line model of the human bone marrow (BM) to secrete myeloid cytokines following drug treatment and their potential to induce micronuclei. HS-5 human stromal cells were exposed to mitoxantrone (MTX) and chlorambucil (CHL) and, for the first time, were profiled for 80 cytokines using an array. Fifty-four cytokines were detected in untreated cells, of which 24 were upregulated and 10 were downregulated by both drugs. FGF-7 was the lowest cytokine to be detected in both untreated and treated cells. Eleven cytokines not detected at baseline were detected following drug exposure. TNFα, IL6, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and TGFβ1 were selected for micronuclei induction. TK6 cells were exposed to these cytokines in isolation and in paired combinations. Only TNFα and TGFβ1 induced micronuclei at healthy concentrations, but all five cytokines induced micronuclei at storm levels, which was further increased when combined in pairs. Of particular concern was that some combinations induced micronuclei at levels above the mitomycin C positive control; however, most combinations were less than the sum of micronuclei induced following exposure to each cytokine in isolation. These data infer a possible role for cytokines through chemotherapy-induced cytokine storm, in the instigation and support of leukaemogenesis in the BM, and implicate the need to evaluate individuals for variability in cytokine secretion as a potential risk factor for complications such as DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini S H Asurappulige
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Thomas
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - H Ruth Morse
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Choi YY, Kim A, Lee Y, Lee YH, Park M, Shin E, Park S, Youn B, Seong KM. The miR-126-5p and miR-212-3p in the extracellular vesicles activate monocytes in the early stage of radiation-induced vascular inflammation implicated in atherosclerosis. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12325. [PMID: 37140946 PMCID: PMC10158827 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
People exposed to radiation in cancer therapy and nuclear accidents are at increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes in long-term survivors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction, but their role in the early stage of vascular inflammation after radiation exposure remains to be fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate that endothelial cell-derived EVs containing miRNAs initiate monocyte activation in radiation-induced vascular inflammation. In vitro co-culture and in vivo experimental data showed that endothelial EVs can be sensitively increased by radiation exposure in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulate monocytes releasing monocytic EVs and adhesion to endothelial cells together with an increase in the expression of genes encoding specific ligands for cell-cell interaction. Small RNA sequencing and transfection using mimics and inhibitors explained that miR-126-5p and miR-212-3p enriched in endothelial EVs initiate vascular inflammation by monocyte activation after radiation exposure. Moreover, miR-126-5p could be detected in the circulating endothelial EVs of radiation-induced atherosclerosis model mice, which was found to be tightly correlated with the atherogenic index of plasma. In summary, our study showed that miR-126-5p and miR-212-3p present in the endothelial EVs mediate the inflammatory signals to activate monocytes in radiation-induced vascular injury. A better understanding of the circulating endothelial EVs content can promote their use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for atherosclerosis after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yeon Choi
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Areumnuri Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunguk Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Topkan E, Kucuk A, Somay E, Yilmaz B, Pehlivan B, Selek U. Review of Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw: Radiotherapy Modality, Technique, and Dose as Risk Factors. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3025. [PMID: 37109361 PMCID: PMC10143049 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is the cornerstone of organ-sparing or adjuvant therapy for nearly all head and neck cancers. Unfortunately, aggressive RT or CCRT can result in severe late toxicities, such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJ). The incidence of ORNJ is currently less than 5-6% due to advances in dental preventive care programs, RT planning systems, and RT techniques. Although numerous patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors may influence the incidence rates of ORNJ, RT modality (equipment), technique, and dose-volume-related factors are three of the most influential factors. This is mainly because different RT equipment and techniques have different levels of success at delivering the prescribed dose to the focal volume of the treatment while keeping the "organ at risk" safe. ORNJ risk is ultimately determined by mandibular dose, despite the RT technique and method being known predictors. Regardless of the photon delivery method, the radiobiological effects will be identical if the total dose, dose per fraction, and dose distribution within the tissue remain constant. Therefore, contemporary RT procedures mitigate this risk by reducing mandibular dosages rather than altering the ionizing radiation behavior in irradiated tissues. In light of the paucity of studies that have examined the impact of RT modality, technique, and dose-volume-related parameters, as well as their radiobiological bases, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the published literature on these specific issues to establish a common language among related disciplines and provide a more reliable comparison of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Topkan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, Baskent University, Adana 01120, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kucuk
- Clinics of Radiation Oncology, Mersin City Education and Research Hospital, Mersin 33160, Turkey
| | - Efsun Somay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Busra Yilmaz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Berrin Pehlivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
| | - Ugur Selek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Tang H, Cai L, He X, Niu Z, Huang H, Hu W, Bian H, Huang H. Radiation-induced bystander effect and its clinical implications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124412. [PMID: 37091174 PMCID: PMC10113613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, targeted DNA damage caused by radiation has been considered the main cause of various biological effects. Based on this paradigm, any small amount of radiation is harmful to the organism. Epidemiological studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors have proposed the linear-non-threshold model as the dominant standard in the field of radiation protection. However, there is increasing evidence that the linear-non-threshold model is not fully applicable to the biological effects caused by low dose radiation, and theories related to low dose radiation require further investigation. In addition to the cell damage caused by direct exposure, non-targeted effects, which are sometimes referred to as bystander effects, abscopal effects, genetic instability, etc., are another kind of significant effect related to low dose radiation. An understanding of this phenomenon is crucial for both basic biomedical research and clinical application. This article reviews recent studies on the bystander effect and summarizes the key findings in the field. Additionally, it offers a cross-sectional comparison of bystander effects caused by various radiation sources in different cell types, as well as an in-depth analysis of studies on the potential biological mechanisms of bystander effects. This review aims to present valuable information and provide new insights on the bystander effect to enlighten both radiobiologists and clinical radiologists searching for new ways to improve clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zihe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Huahui Bian
- Nuclear and Radiation Incident Medical Emergency Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
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Colciago RR, Fischetti I, Giandini C, La Rocca E, Rancati T T, Rejas Mateo A, Colombo MP, Lozza L, Chiodoni C, Jachetti E, De Santis MC. Overview of the synergistic use of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment: current challenges and scopes of improvement. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:135-145. [PMID: 36803369 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncological treatments are changing rapidly due to the advent of several targeted anticancer drugs and regimens. The primary new area of research in oncological medicine is the implementation of a combination of novel therapies and standard care. In this scenario, radioimmunotherapy is one of the most promising fields, as proven by the exponential growth of publications in this context during the last decade. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the synergistic use of radiotherapy and immunotherapy and addresses questions like the importance of this subject, aspects clinicians look for in patients to administer this combined therapy, individuals who would benefit the most from this treatment, how to achieve abscopal effect and when does radio-immunotherapy become standard clinical practice. EXPERT OPINION Answers to these queries generate further issues that need to be addressed and solved. The abscopal and bystander effects are not utopia, rather physiological phenomena that occur in our bodies. Nevertheless, substantial evidence regarding the combination of radioimmunotherapy is lacking. In conclusion, joining forces and finding answers to all these open questions is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ray Colciago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and Surgery - University of Milan Bicocca, Milan Italy.,Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Irene Fischetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Carlotta Giandini
- Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana La Rocca
- Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rancati T
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alicia Rejas Mateo
- Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Laura Lozza
- Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
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Thol K, Pawlik P, McGranahan N. Therapy sculpts the complex interplay between cancer and the immune system during tumour evolution. Genome Med 2022; 14:137. [PMID: 36476325 PMCID: PMC9730559 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is an evolutionary process. A key selection pressure is exerted by therapy, one of the few players in cancer evolution that can be controlled. As such, an understanding of how treatment acts to sculpt the tumour and its microenvironment and how this influences a tumour's subsequent evolutionary trajectory is critical. In this review, we examine cancer evolution and intra-tumour heterogeneity in the context of therapy. We focus on how radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy shape both tumour development and the environment in which tumours evolve and how resistance can develop or be selected for during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Thol
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Piotr Pawlik
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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12
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Liu XC, Zhou PK. Tissue Reactions and Mechanism in Cardiovascular Diseases Induced by Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314786. [PMID: 36499111 PMCID: PMC9738833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term survival rate of cancer patients has been increasing as a result of advances in treatments and precise medical management. The evidence has accumulated that the incidence and mortality of non-cancer diseases have increased along with the increase in survival time and long-term survival rate of cancer patients after radiotherapy. The risk of cardiovascular disease as a radiation late effect of tissue damage reactions is becoming a critical challenge and attracts great concern. Epidemiological research and clinical trials have clearly shown the close association between the development of cardiovascular disease in long-term cancer survivors and radiation exposure. Experimental biological data also strongly supports the above statement. Cardiovascular diseases can occur decades post-irradiation, and from initiation and development to illness, there is a complicated process, including direct and indirect damage of endothelial cells by radiation, acute vasculitis with neutrophil invasion, endothelial dysfunction, altered permeability, tissue reactions, capillary-like network loss, and activation of coagulator mechanisms, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. We summarize the most recent literature on the tissue reactions and mechanisms that contribute to the development of radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases (RICVD) and provide biological knowledge for building preventative strategies.
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13
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Application of Advanced Non-Linear Spectral Decomposition and Regression Methods for Spectroscopic Analysis of Targeted and Non-Targeted Irradiation Effects in an In-Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112986. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of the tumour site during treatment for cancer with external-beam ionising radiation results in a complex and dynamic series of effects in both the tumour itself and the normal tissue which surrounds it. The development of a spectral model of the effect of each exposure and interaction mode between these tissues would enable label free assessment of the effect of radiotherapeutic treatment in practice. In this study Fourier transform Infrared microspectroscopic imaging was employed to analyse an in-vitro model of radiotherapeutic treatment for prostate cancer, in which a normal cell line (PNT1A) was exposed to low-dose X-ray radiation from the scattered treatment beam, and also to irradiated cell culture medium (ICCM) from a cancer cell line exposed to a treatment relevant dose (2 Gy). Various exposure modes were studied and reference was made to previously acquired data on cellular survival and DNA double strand break damage. Spectral analysis with manifold methods, linear spectral fitting, non-linear classification and non-linear regression approaches were found to accurately segregate spectra on irradiation type and provide a comprehensive set of spectral markers which differentiate on irradiation mode and cell fate. The study demonstrates that high dose irradiation, low-dose scatter irradiation and radiation-induced bystander exposure (RIBE) signalling each produce differential effects on the cell which are observable through spectroscopic analysis.
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14
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Wei F, Neal CJ, Sakthivel TS, Fu Y, Omer M, Adhikary A, Ward S, Ta KM, Moxon S, Molinari M, Asiatico J, Kinzel M, Yarmolenko SN, San Cheong V, Orlovskaya N, Ghosh R, Seal S, Coathup M. A novel approach for the prevention of ionizing radiation-induced bone loss using a designer multifunctional cerium oxide nanozyme. Bioact Mater 2022; 21:547-565. [PMID: 36185749 PMCID: PMC9507991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The disability, mortality and costs due to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced osteoporotic bone fractures are substantial and no effective therapy exists. Ionizing radiation increases cellular oxidative damage, causing an imbalance in bone turnover that is primarily driven via heightened activity of the bone-resorbing osteoclast. We demonstrate that rats exposed to sublethal levels of IR develop fragile, osteoporotic bone. At reactive surface sites, cerium ions have the ability to easily undergo redox cycling: drastically adjusting their electronic configurations and versatile catalytic activities. These properties make cerium oxide nanomaterials fascinating. We show that an engineered artificial nanozyme composed of cerium oxide, and designed to possess a higher fraction of trivalent (Ce3+) surface sites, mitigates the IR-induced loss in bone area, bone architecture, and strength. These investigations also demonstrate that our nanozyme furnishes several mechanistic avenues of protection and selectively targets highly damaging reactive oxygen species, protecting the rats against IR-induced DNA damage, cellular senescence, and elevated osteoclastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Further, we reveal that our nanozyme is a previously unreported key regulator of osteoclast formation derived from macrophages while also directly targeting bone progenitor cells, favoring new bone formation despite its exposure to harmful levels of IR in vitro. These findings open a new approach for the specific prevention of IR-induced bone loss using synthesis-mediated designer multifunctional nanomaterials.
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Key Words
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase
- BMSC, Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
- Bone resorption
- Bone strength
- CAT, Catalase
- COLI, Collagen type I
- CTSK, Cathepsin K
- CTX-1, Cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen
- CeONPs, Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- Cerium oxide
- DFT, Density functional theory
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EPR, Electron paramagnetic resonance
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GPX, Glutathione peroxidase
- Gy, Gray
- HIF1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- IL-6, Interleukin 6
- IR, Ionizing radiation
- Ionizing radiation
- MNGC, Multinucleated giant cell
- Nanozyme
- OCN, Osteocalcin
- Osteoporosis
- RANKL, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SAED, Selected area electron diffraction
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TRAP, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Craig J. Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Yifei Fu
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mahmoud Omer
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Amitava Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, MI, USA
| | - Samuel Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, MI, USA
| | - Khoa Minh Ta
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Samuel Moxon
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Marco Molinari
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Jackson Asiatico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael Kinzel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sergey N. Yarmolenko
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Vee San Cheong
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Nina Orlovskaya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ranajay Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Corresponding author. Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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15
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Role of p53 in Regulating Radiation Responses. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071099. [PMID: 35888186 PMCID: PMC9319710 DOI: 10.3390/life12071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
p53 is known as the guardian of the genome and plays various roles in DNA damage and cancer suppression. The p53 gene was found to express multiple p53 splice variants (isoforms) in a physiological, tissue-dependent manner. The various genes that up- and down-regulated p53 are involved in cell viability, senescence, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, p53 affects the radioadaptive response. Given that several studies have already been published on p53, this review presents its role in the response to gamma irradiation by interacting with MDM2, NF-κB, and miRNA, as well as in the inflammation processes, senescence, carcinogenesis, and radiation adaptive responses. Finally, the potential of p53 as a biomarker is discussed.
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16
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Systemic Literature Review on Multilevel Analysis of Radiation Effects on Bone Microarchitecture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9890633. [PMID: 35782085 PMCID: PMC9249517 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9890633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Modern radiation therapy has become an effective method to treat and monitor tumour growth in cancer patients. It has proved to be a successful way to minimise mortality rates. However, the adverse effects of radiation have been historical evidence in the clinical environment involving diminishing the quality and density of bone and causing fragility fracture to the bone in the long run. This systematic review was aimed at identifying and evaluating the effects of irradiation on morphology and mechanical properties of murine model bone in previous publications. Methods A systematic literature review was undertaken following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases (English only studies published between 2015 and 2020). The selected studies were evaluated according to three criteria: (1) criteria for study sample selection; (2) criteria for methodological procedures; and (3) criteria for detection and evaluation. Results The initial search strategy identified 1408 related studies, 8 of were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review revealed an association between bone destruction and the magnitude of time and dose postirradiation. We agreed that the effect of radiation on bone morphology and strength primarily is a later stage event but noticeable in both low (1 Gy) and high dose (30 Gy) radiation. Trabecular and cortical bone microstructures were significantly altered at irradiation and contralateral sites. Besides, the mechanical strength was significantly impacted in both shorter and longer periods. Conclusion Overall, the radiotherapy altered bone microstructures and substantially decreases bone mechanical properties. The alteration was related to quantity and the activity of the osteoblast and osteoclast. Early detection of those most at risk for radiation-induced bone alterations could lead to better prophylactic intervention decisions.
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17
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Buonanno M, Gonon G, Pandey BN, Azzam EI. The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:964-982. [PMID: 35559659 PMCID: PMC9809126 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2078006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assumption that traversal of the cell nucleus by ionizing radiation is a prerequisite to induce genetic damage, or other important biological responses, has been challenged by studies showing that oxidative alterations extend beyond the irradiated cells and occur also in neighboring bystander cells. Cells and tissues outside the radiation field experience significant biochemical and phenotypic changes that are often similar to those observed in the irradiated cells and tissues. With relevance to the assessment of long-term health risks of occupational, environmental and clinical exposures, measurable genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes have been also detected in the progeny of bystander cells. How the oxidative damage spreads from the irradiated cells to their neighboring bystander cells has been under intense investigation. Following a brief summary of the trends in radiobiology leading to this paradigm shift in the field, we review key findings of bystander effects induced by low and high doses of various types of radiation that differ in their biophysical characteristics. While notable mechanistic insights continue to emerge, here the focus is on the many means of intercellular communication that mediate these effects, namely junctional channels, secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles, and immune pathways. CONCLUSIONS The insights gained by studying radiation bystander effects are leading to a basic understanding of the intercellular communications that occur under mild and severe oxidative stress in both normal and cancerous tissues. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these communications will likely contribute to reducing the uncertainty of predicting adverse health effects following exposure to low dose/low fluence ionizing radiation, guide novel interventions that mitigate adverse out-of-field effects, and contribute to better outcomes of radiotherapeutic treatments of cancer. In this review, we highlight novel routes of intercellular communication for investigation, and raise the rationale for reconsidering classification of bystander responses, abscopal effects, and expression of genomic instability as non-targeted effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Géraldine Gonon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSESANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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18
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Lessons Learned from Donor Cell-Derived Myeloid Neoplasms: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040559. [PMID: 35455050 PMCID: PMC9028156 DOI: 10.3390/life12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-cell derived myeloid neoplasm (DDMN), a rare complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), is of interest for its potential to reveal donor-derived and host-derived factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of leukemia. The accurate diagnosis of donor-derived leukemias has been facilitated by the more frequent use of molecular techniques. In this study, we describe three additional cases of DDMN; the first reported case of donor-derived chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), one acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21)(q22;22); RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and one donor-derived MDS with deletion 5q. A review of the cytogenetic profiles of previously reported DDMN indicates a significant contribution of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. Cases with direct evidence of donor- or recipient-dependent factors are rare; a role of direct transfer of leukemic cells, genomic instability of the donor, abnormal gene methylation in donor cells, proleukemic potential of abnormal stromal niche, and the role of immunological surveillance after transplantation has been observed. The role of additional potential pathogenetic factors that are without clinically observed evidence are also reviewed.
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19
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Commonalities in the Features of Cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Evidence for Stress-Induced Phenotype Instability? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020691. [PMID: 35054876 PMCID: PMC8775947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF) are syndromes with considerable overlap with respect to symptoms. There have been many studies that have compared the two conditions, and some of this research suggests that the etiologies of the conditions are linked in some cases. In this narrative review, CFS/ME and cancer are introduced, along with their known and putative mechanistic connections to multiple stressors including ionizing radiation. Next, we summarize findings from the literature that suggest the involvement of HPA-axis dysfunction, the serotonergic system, cytokines and inflammation, metabolic insufficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction, and genetic changes in CRF and CFS/ME. We further suspect that the manifestation of fatigue in both diseases and its causes could indicate that CRF and CFS/ME lie on a continuum of potential biological effects which occur in response to stress. The response to this stress likely varies depending on predisposing factors such as genetic background. Finally, future research ideas are suggested with a focus on determining if common biomarkers exist in CFS/ME patients and those afflicted with CRF. Both CFS/ME and CRF are relatively heterogenous syndromes, however, it is our hope that this review assists in future research attempting to elucidate the commonalities between CRF and CFS/ME.
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20
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Kis D, Csordás IB, Persa E, Jezsó B, Hargitai R, Szatmári T, Sándor N, Kis E, Balázs K, Sáfrány G, Lumniczky K. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Bone Marrow in an Early Stage of Ionizing Radiation Damage Are Able to Induce Bystander Responses in the Bone Marrow. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010155. [PMID: 35011718 PMCID: PMC8750882 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced bystander effects contribute to biological responses to radiation, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in mediating these effects. In this study we investigated the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived EVs in the bystander transfer of radiation damage. Mice were irradiated with 0.1Gy, 0.25Gy and 2Gy, EVs were extracted from the BM supernatant 24 h or 3 months after irradiation and injected into bystander mice. Acute effects on directly irradiated or EV-treated mice were investigated after 4 and 24 h, while late effects were investigated 3 months after treatment. The acute effects of EVs on the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pools were similar to direct irradiation effects and persisted for up to 3 months, with the hematopoietic stem cells showing the strongest bystander responses. EVs isolated 3 months after irradiation elicited no bystander responses. The level of seven microRNAs (miR-33a-3p, miR-140-3p, miR-152-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-200c-5p, miR-375-3p and miR-669o-5p) was altered in the EVs isolated 24 hour but not 3 months after irradiation. They regulated pathways highly relevant for the cellular response to IR, indicating their role in EV-mediated bystander responses. In conclusion, we showed that only EVs from an early stage of radiation damage could transmit IR-induced bystander effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Kis
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
- Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Barbara Csordás
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Eszter Persa
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Doctoral School of Biology and Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary;
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Hargitai
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Nikolett Sándor
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Enikő Kis
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Katalin Balázs
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
- Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- National Public Health Center, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, 1097 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (I.B.C.); (E.P.); (R.H.); (T.S.); (N.S.); (E.K.); (K.B.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Yoo K, Kang J, Choi M, Suh Y, Zhao Y, Kim M, Chang JH, Shim J, Yoon S, Kang S, Lee S. Soluble ICAM-1 a Pivotal Communicator between Tumors and Macrophages, Promotes Mesenchymal Shift of Glioblastoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102768. [PMID: 34813169 PMCID: PMC8805565 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite aggressive clinical treatment, recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is unavoidable, and the clinical outcome is still poor. A convincing explanation is the phenotypic transition of GBM cells upon aggressive treatment such as radiotherapy. However, the microenvironmental factors contributing to GBM recurrence after treatment remain unexplored. Here, it is shown that radiation-treated GBM cells produce soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) which stimulates the infiltration of macrophages, consequently enriching the tumor microenvironment with inflammatory macrophages. Acting as a paracrine factor, tumor-derived sICAM-1 induces macrophages to secrete wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A (WNT3A), which promotes a mesenchymal shift of GBM cells. In addition, blockade of either sICAM-1 or WNT3A diminishes the harmful effect of radiation on tumor progression. Collectively, the findings indicate that cellular crosstalk between GBM and macrophage through sICAM-1-WNT3A oncogenic route is involved in the mesenchymal shift of GBM cells after radiation, and suggest that radiotherapy combined with sICAM-1 targeted inhibition would improve the clinical outcome of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki‐Chun Yoo
- Department of Life ScienceResearch Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Korea
- Department of Lymphoma and MyelomaDivision of Cancer MedicineCenter for Cancer Immunology ResearchThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jae‐Hyeok Kang
- Department of Life ScienceResearch Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Korea
| | - Mi‐Young Choi
- Department of Life ScienceResearch Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Korea
| | - Yongjoon Suh
- Department of Life ScienceResearch Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Korea
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Life ScienceResearch Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Korea
| | - Min‐Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & TherapeuticsNational Radiation Emergency Medical CenterKorea Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesSeoul01812Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrain Tumor CenterSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Korea
| | - Jin‐Kyoung Shim
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrain Tumor CenterSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Korea
| | - Seon‐Jin Yoon
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrain Tumor CenterSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Korea
| | - Seok‐Gu Kang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrain Tumor CenterSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Korea
| | - Su‐Jae Lee
- Department of Life ScienceResearch Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Korea
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22
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Padala SR, Kashyap B, Dekker H, Mikkonen JJW, Palander A, Bravenboer N, Kullaa AM. Irradiation affects the structural, cellular and molecular components of jawbones. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:136-147. [PMID: 34855558 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2013568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence shows that changes in the bone and its microenvironment following radiotherapy are associated with either an inhibition or a state of low bone formation. Ionizing radiation is damaging to the jawbone as it increases the complication rate due to the development of hypovascular, hypocellular, and hypoxic tissue. This review summarizes and correlates the current knowledge on the effects of irradiation on the bone with an emphasis on jawbone, as these have been a less extensively studied area. CONCLUSIONS The stringent regulation of bone formation and bone resorption can be influenced by radiation, causing detrimental effects at structural, cellular, vascular, and molecular levels. It is also associated with a high risk of damage to surrounding healthy tissues and an increased risk of fracture. Technological advances and research on animal models as well as a few human bone tissue studies have provided novel insights into the ways in which bone can be affected by high, low and sublethal dose of radiation. The influence of radiation on bone metabolism, cellular properties, vascularity, collagen, and other factors like inflammation, reactive oxygen species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Reddy Padala
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bina Kashyap
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannah Dekker
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jopi J W Mikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anni Palander
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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23
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Calaf GM, Crispin LA, Roy D, Aguayo F, Muñoz JP, Bleak TC. Gene Signatures Induced by Ionizing Radiation as Prognostic Tools in an In Vitro Experimental Breast Cancer Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4571. [PMID: 34572798 PMCID: PMC8465284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the expression of genes involved in radiation, using an Affymetrix system with an in vitro experimental breast cancer model developed by the combined treatment of low doses of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation α particle radiation and estrogen yielding different stages in a malignantly transformed breast cancer cell model called Alpha model. Altered expression of different molecules was detected in the non-tumorigenic Alpha3, a malignant cell line transformed only by radiation and originally derived from the parental MCF-10F human cell line; that was compared with the Alpha 5 cell line, another cell line exposed to radiation and subsequently grown in the presence 17β-estradiol. This Alpha5, a tumorigenic cell line, originated the Tumor2 cell line. It can be summarized that the Alpha 3 cell line was characterized by greater gene expression of ATM and IL7R than control, Alpha5, and Tumor2 cell lines, it presented higher selenoprotein gene expression than control and Tumor2; epsin 3 gene expression was higher than control; stefin A gene expression was higher than Alpha5; and metallothionein was higher than control and Tumor2 cell line. Therefore, radiation, independently of estrogen, induced increased ATM, IL7R, selenoprotein, GABA receptor, epsin, stefin, and metallothioneins gene expression in comparison with the control. Results showed important findings of genes involved in cancers of the breast, lung, nervous system, and others. Most genes analyzed in these studies can be used for new prognostic tools and future therapies since they affect cancer progression and metastasis. Most of all, it was revealed that in the Alpha model, a breast cancer model developed by the authors, the cell line transformed only by radiation, independently of estrogen, was characterized by greater gene expression than other cell lines. Understanding the effect of radiotherapy in different cells will help us improve the clinical outcome of radiotherapies. Thus, gene signature has been demonstrated to be specific to tumor types, hence cell-dependency must be considered in future treatment planning. Molecular and clinical features affect the results of radiotherapy. Thus, using gene technology and molecular information is possible to improve therapies and reduction of side effects while providing new insights into breast cancer-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leodan A. Crispin
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10451, USA;
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Tammy C. Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
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24
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Post-Irradiation Hyperamylasemia Is a Prognostic Marker for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes in Pediatric Population: A Retrospective Single-Centre Cohort Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173834. [PMID: 34501281 PMCID: PMC8432189 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Total body irradiation (TBI) is a mandatory step for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the past, amylases have been reported to be a possible sign of TBI toxicity. We investigated the relationship between total amylases (TA) and transplant-related outcomes in pediatric recipients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all the patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT between January 2000 and November 2019. The inclusion criteria were the following: recipient’s age between 2 and 18, diagnosis of ALL, no previous transplantation, and use of TBI-based conditioning. The serum total amylase and pancreatic amylase were evaluated before, during, and after transplantation. Cytokines and chemokines assays were retrospectively performed. Results: 78 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Fifty-seven patients were treated with fractionated TBI, and 21 with a single-dose regimen. The overall survival (OS) was 62.8%. Elevated values of TA were detected in 71 patients (91%). The TA were excellent in predicting the OS (AUC = 0.773; 95% CI = 0.66–0.86; p < 0.001). TA values below 374 U/L were correlated with a higher OS. The highest mean TA values (673 U/L) were associated with a high disease-progression mortality rate. The TA showed a high predictive performance for disease progression-related death (AUC = 0.865; 95% CI = 0.77–0.93; p < 0.0001). Elevated TA values were also connected with significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and RANTES (p < 0.001). Conclusions: this study shows that TA is a valuable predictor of post-transplant OS and increased risk of leukemia relapse.
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Sepand MR, Aghsami M, Keshvadi MH, Bigdelou B, Behzad R, Zanganeh S, Shadboorestan A. The role of macrophage polarization and function in environmental toxicant-induced cancers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110933. [PMID: 33689818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a critical member of the innate immune system and can intensify tumor invasiveness and assist the growth of neoplastic cells. Moreover, they have the capability to reinforce immunosuppression and angiogenesis. Various investigations suggest that health-related issues, including inflammatory disorders and neoplastic diseases may be caused by environmental toxicant exposure. However, it is still unclear what role these environmental toxicants play in causing carcinogenesis by disturbing the mechanisms of migration, polarization, differentiation, and immune-stimulatory functions of macrophages. Accordingly, in this article, we will explore the interaction between environmental chemicals and inflammatory macrophage processes at the molecular level and their association with tumor progression and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Mehdi Aghsami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Keshvadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Bigdelou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Ramina Behzad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA.
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Sawada R, Akiyoshi T, Kitagawa Y, Hiyoshi Y, Mukai T, Nagasaki T, Yamaguchi T, Konishi T, Yamamoto N, Ueno M, Fukunaga Y. Systemic Inflammatory Markers Combined with Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Density for the Improved Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Rectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:6189-6198. [PMID: 33876358 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported the utility of systemic inflammatory markers and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) separately in predicting response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in rectal cancer; however, the efficacy of combining these markers remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the predictive efficacy of systemic inflammatory markers combined with CD8+ TIL density on response to neoadjuvant CRT in locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS Ten systemic inflammatory markers and CD8+ TIL density were assessed in 267 patients with rectal cancer using pretreatment clinical data and biopsy samples. Response to CRT was determined using the Dworak tumor regression grade (TRG), with good responders classified as TRG3-4. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed high areas under the curve for the lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) and neutrophil × monocyte (N × M) value (0.58 and 0.62, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, LCR, N × M value, and CD8+ TIL density were independently associated with good responders (p = 0.016, 0.005, and 0.002, respectively). Stratified analysis with these three markers showed a positive correlation between TRG3-4 ratio and the number of positive predictive factors (8.2%, 20.0%, 34.2%, and 59.1% in patients with 0, 1, 2, and 3 predictors, respectively). Overall and disease-free survival were significantly worse in patients with zero factors present compared with those with one to three factors present. CONCLUSIONS LCR, N × M value, and CD8+ TIL density are independently associated with response to CRT. Assessing local TIL density along with systemic inflammatory markers may be useful for selecting a multimodal neoadjuvant approach in rectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Akiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiharu Hiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mukai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nagasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Konishi
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fukunaga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Thiruthaneeswaran N, Bibby BAS, Yang L, Hoskin PJ, Bristow RG, Choudhury A, West C. Lost in application: Measuring hypoxia for radiotherapy optimisation. Eur J Cancer 2021; 148:260-276. [PMID: 33756422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The history of radiotherapy is intertwined with research on hypoxia. There is level 1a evidence that giving hypoxia-targeting treatments with radiotherapy improves locoregional control and survival without compromising late side-effects. Despite coming in and out of vogue over decades, there is now an established role for hypoxia in driving molecular alterations promoting tumour progression and metastases. While tumour genomic complexity and immune profiling offer promise, there is a stronger evidence base for personalising radiotherapy based on hypoxia status. Despite this, there is only one phase III trial targeting hypoxia modification with full transcriptomic data available. There are no biomarkers in routine use for patients undergoing radiotherapy to aid management decisions, and a roadmap is needed to ensure consistency and provide a benchmark for progression to application. Gene expression signatures address past limitations of hypoxia biomarkers and could progress biologically optimised radiotherapy. Here, we review recent developments in generating hypoxia gene expression signatures and highlight progress addressing the challenges that must be overcome to pave the way for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niluja Thiruthaneeswaran
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Becky A S Bibby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lingjang Yang
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter J Hoskin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; CRUK Manchester Institute and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Catharine West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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28
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Liu Q, Hao Y, Du R, Hu D, Xie J, Zhang J, Deng G, Liang N, Tian T, Käsmann L, Rades D, Rim CH, Hu P, Zhang J. Radiotherapy programs neutrophils to an antitumor phenotype by inducing mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1424-1443. [PMID: 33889520 PMCID: PMC8044478 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Neutrophils can play a pro-tumor or anti-tumor role depending on the tumor microenvironment. The effects of concurrent treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and radiotherapy (RT) on neutrophils have not yet to be described. Methods Hypofractionated radiation of 8 Gy ×3 fractions was administered with or without recombinant G-CSF to Lewis lung carcinoma tumor-bearing C57BL/6 model mice. The activation status of cytotoxic T cells in the mice was measured, along with the levels of tumor-associated neutrophils, cytotoxic T cells, and Treg cells. Tumor growth, survival, cytokine expression, and signaling pathways underlying anti-tumor effects of tumor-associated neutrophils after treatment were also studied. To ascertain the effects of concurrent RT and G-CSF on tumor-associated neutrophils, neutrophil depletion was performed. Results RT affected early neutrophil infiltration, which is the first-line immune response. Subsequently, enhanced accumulation of lymphocytes, particularly CD8 cytotoxic T cells, was observed. Notably, lymphocytic infiltration was inhibited by neutrophil depletion but enhanced by G-CSF treatment. RT generated persistent DNA damage, as evidenced by an accumulation of phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX), and subsequently triggered inflammatory chemokine secretion. The chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL5 were upregulated in both radiation-treated cells and the corresponding supernatants. Neutrophils that were newly recruited after RT improved radiosensitivity by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the reactive oxygen species-mediated PI3K/Akt/Snail signaling pathway, and G-CSF treatment enhanced this effect. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that RT activates neutrophil recruitment and polarizes newly recruited neutrophils toward an antitumor phenotype, which is enhanced by the concurrent administration of G-CSF. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition induced by reactive oxygen species accumulation plays a major role in this process. Thus, the polarization of tumor-associated neutrophils might play a role in future cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Yuying Hao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Du
- Division of Oncology, Department of Graduate, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guodong Deng
- Department of Chemical Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Tian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Lukas Käsmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Chai Hong Rim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pingping Hu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
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Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect: Loss of Radioprotective Capacity of Rosmarinic Acid In Vivo and In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020231. [PMID: 33546480 PMCID: PMC7913630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In radiation oncology, the modulation of the bystander effect is a target both for the destruction of tumor cells and to protect healthy cells. With this objective, we determine whether the radioprotective capacity of rosmarinic acid (RA) can affect the intensity of these effects. Genoprotective capacity was obtained by determining the micronuclei frequencies in in vivo and in vitro assays and the cell survival was determined by the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) (MTT) assay in three cell lines (PNT2, TRAMPC1 and B16F10), both in direct exposure to X-rays and after the production of radiation-induced bystander effect. The administration of RA in irradiated cells produced a decrease in the frequency of micronuclei both in vivo and in vitro, and an increase in cell survival, as expression of its radioprotective effect (p < 0.001) attributable to its ability to scavenge radio-induced free radicals (ROS). However, RA does not achieve any modification in the animals receiving serum or in the cultures treated with the irradiated medium, which expresses an absence of radioprotective capacity. The results suggest that ROS participates in the formation of signals in directly irradiated cells, but only certain subtypes of ROS, the cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation, participate in the creation of lesions in recipient cells.
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Lo CH, Lee HL, Hsiang CW, Chiou JF, Lee MS, Chen SW, Shen PC, Lin CS, Chang WC, Yang JF, Dai YH, Chen CY, Chia-Hsien Cheng J, Huang WY. Pretreatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Survival and Liver Toxicity in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 109:474-484. [PMID: 32898609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine whether pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) could predict survival outcomes and liver toxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR). METHODS AND MATERIALS In this retrospective study we collected pretreatment NLR of HCC patients treated with SABR between December 2007 and August 2018 and determined its association with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival, and radiation-related liver toxicity defined as an increase in the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score by ≥2 within 3 months after SABR in the absence of disease progression. RESULTS A total of 153 patients with a median follow-up of 13.3 months were included. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found that an NLR ≥2.4 was optimum (area under the curve, 0.762; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.682-0.841, P < .001) for predicting poor 1-year OS (38.2% vs 83.6%, P < .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that NLR was significantly associated with OS, both as a continuous (P = .006) and a binary variable (NLR set at 2.4; P = .003). Multiple tumors (P = .003), macrovascular invasion (P = .024), extrahepatic spread (P = .002), and albumin-bilirubin score (P = .020) were also significant predictors of OS. Elevated NLR independently prognosticated poor progression-free survival (P = .016). Liver toxicity was seen in 22 evaluable patients (15.4%). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found NLR ≥4.0 was optimum at predicting liver toxicity (31.4% vs 10.2%, P = .005). A higher NLR (P = .049) and albumin-bilirubin score (P = .002) were independent risk factors for liver toxicity. CONCLUSIONS NLR is an objective and ubiquitous inflammatory marker that can predict OS and liver toxicity in HCC patients undergoing SABR. NLR could be a useful biomarker for patient risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiang Lo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Weim Hsiang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Shyuan Lee
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Wen Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chien Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Chang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hong Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-You Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Oxidative Stress and Gene Expression Modifications Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles: An In Vivo Study of the Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020156. [PMID: 33494540 PMCID: PMC7911176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect is a biological response in nonirradiated cells receiving signals from cells exposed to ionising radiation. The aim of this in vivo study was to analyse whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from irradiated mice could induce modifications in the redox status and expression of radiation-response genes in bystander mice. C57BL/6 mice were whole-body irradiated with 0.1-Gy and 2-Gy X-rays, and EVs originating from mice irradiated with the same doses were injected into naïve, bystander mice. Lipid peroxidation in the spleen and plasma reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) levels increased 24 h after irradiation with 2 Gy. The expression of antioxidant enzyme genes and inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2) decreased, while cell cycle arrest-, senescence- and apoptosis-related genes were upregulated after irradiation with 2 Gy. In bystander mice, no significant alterations were observed in lipid peroxidation or in the expression of genes connected to cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. However, there was a systemic increase in the circulating ROM level after an intravenous EV injection, and EVs originating from 2-Gy-irradiated mice caused a reduced expression of antioxidant enzyme genes and iNOS2 in bystander mice. In conclusion, we showed that ionising radiation-induced alterations in the cellular antioxidant system can be transmitted in vivo in a bystander manner through EVs originating from directly irradiated animals.
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Du Y, Du S, Liu L, Gan F, Jiang X, Wangrao K, Lyu P, Gong P, Yao Y. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect can be Transmitted Through Exosomes Using miRNAs as Effector Molecules. Radiat Res 2020; 194:89-100. [PMID: 32343639 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a destructive reaction in nonirradiated cells and is one primary factor in determining the efficacy and success of radiation therapy in the field of cancer treatment. Previously reported studies have shown that the RIBE can be mediated by exosomes that carry miRNA components within. Exosomes, which are one type of cell-derived vesicle, exist in different biological conditions and serve as an important additional pathway for signal exchange between cells. In addition, exosome-derived miRNAs are confirmed to play an important role in RIBE, activating the bystander effect and genomic instability after radiotherapy. After investigating the field of RIBE, it is important to understand the mechanisms and consequences of biological effects as well as the role of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs therein, from different sources and under different circumstances, respectively. More discoveries could help to establish early interventions against RIBE while improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. Meanwhile, measures that would alleviate or even inhibit RIBE to some extent may exist in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feihong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoge Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijuan Wangrao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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33
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De Maeyer RPH, Chambers ES. The impact of ageing on monocytes and macrophages. Immunol Lett 2020; 230:1-10. [PMID: 33309673 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a global burden. Increasing age is associated with increased incidence of infections and cancer and decreased vaccine efficacy. This increased morbidity observed with age, is believed to be due in part to a decline in adaptive immunity, termed immunosenescence. However not all aspects of immunity decrease with age as ageing presents with systemic low grade chronic inflammation, characterised by elevated concentrations of mediators such as IL-6, TNFα and C Reactive protein (CRP). Inflammation is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality, and chronic inflammation is known to be detrimental to a functioning immune system. Although the source of the inflammation is much discussed, the key cells which are believed to facilitate the inflammageing phenomenon are the monocytes and macrophages. In this review we detail how macrophage and monocyte phenotype and function change with age. The impact of ageing on macrophages includes decreased phagocytosis and immune resolution, increased senescent-associated markers, increased inflammatory cytokine production, reduced autophagy, and a decrease in TLR expression. With monocytes there is an increase in circulating CD16+ monocytes, decreased type I IFN production, and decreased efferocytosis. In conclusion, we believe that monocytes and macrophages contribute to immunosenescence and inflammageing and as a result have an important role in defective immunity with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma S Chambers
- Centre of Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Lenarczyk M, Laiakis EC, Mattson DL, Johnson BD, Kronenberg A, North PE, Komorowski R, Mäder M, Baker JE. Irradiation of the kidneys causes pathologic remodeling in the nontargeted heart: A role for the immune system. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:705-719. [PMID: 33336158 PMCID: PMC7734425 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a frequent and significant adverse event associated with radiotherapy for cancer. Identifying the underlying mechanism responsible for radiation injury to the heart will allow interventions to be developed. In the present study, we tested if local kidney irradiation results in remodeling of the shielded, nontargeted heart. One kidney, two kidneys, or the total body of male WAG and Dahl SS rats were irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays. Local kidney irradiation resulted in systemic hypertension, increased BUN, infiltration of T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages into the renal cortex and medulla, and renal fibrosis. Local irradiation of kidneys in WAG rats resulted in remodeling in the nontargeted heart after 120 days, manifested by perivascular fibrosis and increased interventricular septal thickness, but was not seen in Dahl SS rats due to a high baseline level of fibrosis in the sham-irradiated animals. Genetic depletion of T cells mitigated the nephropathy after local kidney irradiation, indicating a role for the immune system in mediating this outcome. Local kidney irradiation resulted in a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low-molecular weight metabolites into the circulation associated with transmission of signals resulting in pathologic remodeling in the nontargeted heart. A new model is proposed whereby radiation-induced cardiac remodeling in susceptible animals is indirect, with lower hemi body organs such as the kidney exporting factors into the circulation that cause remodeling outside of the irradiated field in the shielded, nontargeted heart. This nontargeted effect appears to be mediated, in part, by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Gerashchenko BI, Nikolaev VG. Tackling the acute radiation syndrome: Hemoperfusion with activated carbon revisited. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110430. [PMID: 33279325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost three decades ago Dr. Nikolaev and co-authors reported a remarkable finding that a single-course low-volume hemoperfusion through uncoated spherical activated carbon led to a significant increase in survival of dogs acutely irradiated with X-rays of the dose of 5.25 Gy (Artif. Organs. 1993; 17: 362-8). In those studies, the adsorptive detoxification, which is characteristic for carbon adsorbents, was less likely to play a predominant role in radioprotection, thus prompting the authors to assume that some other, unknown, mechanisms were involved. This article is aimed to interpret the radioprotective effect of activated carbon, based on the mounting evidence that it is capable of reducing the oxidative stress and promoting the recovery in various tissues and organs (including hematopoietic) with an active involvement of relatively radioresistant tissue-resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan I Gerashchenko
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Vasylkivska Str. 45, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
| | - Vladimir G Nikolaev
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Vasylkivska Str. 45, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
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Nakamura N. A hypothesis: radiation carcinogenesis may result from tissue injuries and subsequent recovery processes which can act as tumor promoters and lead to an earlier onset of cancer. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20190843. [PMID: 31860335 PMCID: PMC8519633 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer risks from radiation can be observed as an increase in mortality when compared to a control group. However, it is unknown if this increased risk results from the induction of cancer or from an earlier onset of cancer. In mouse studies, it has been repeatedly shown that after an irradiation, the survival curve is shifted toward lower ages, but remains parallel to the control curve, and the extent of the shift in time to lower ages is dose-dependent. This shift is not satisfactorily explained by the induction model which assumes that cancers in the exposed group consist of spontaneous and induced events. Consequently, it seems that this shift could be interpreted to mean that all animals in the exposed group had suffered from life shortening. Under this scenario, however, it turns out that the radiation effects can no longer be interpreted as the result of oncogenic mutations, because these effects would have to involve all tumors, and the effectiveness of radiation changes with the dose. This leads to the speculation that radiation exposures induce a broad range of tissue injuries, and that these injuries are subsequently subjected to longlasting systemic recovery processes which act as promoters for tumor cells. In other words, potential cancer stem cells which were located in the irradiated field can escape oncogenic damage but undergo stimulation later in life toward the development of malignancy from radiation-induced activated microenvironment. This is an unusual form of the non-targeted or bystander effects of radiation. It is worth noting that this model suggests that there could be a path or paths which could be used to intervene in the process of post-exposure carcinogenesis, and that cancer risks at low doses could be described as days or weeks of life lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima city, Japan
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Obrador E, Salvador R, Villaescusa JI, Soriano JM, Estrela JM, Montoro A. Radioprotection and Radiomitigation: From the Bench to Clinical Practice. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E461. [PMID: 33142986 PMCID: PMC7692399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of protective agents against harmful radiations has been a subject of investigation for decades. However, effective (ideal) radioprotectors and radiomitigators remain an unsolved problem. Because ionizing radiation-induced cellular damage is primarily attributed to free radicals, radical scavengers are promising as potential radioprotectors. Early development of such agents focused on thiol synthetic compounds, e.g., amifostine (2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethylsulfanylphosphonic acid), approved as a radioprotector by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) but for limited clinical indications and not for nonclinical uses. To date, no new chemical entity has been approved by the FDA as a radiation countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). All FDA-approved radiation countermeasures (filgrastim, a recombinant DNA form of the naturally occurring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF; pegfilgrastim, a PEGylated form of the recombinant human G-CSF; sargramostim, a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF) are classified as radiomitigators. No radioprotector that can be administered prior to exposure has been approved for ARS. This differentiates radioprotectors (reduce direct damage caused by radiation) and radiomitigators (minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered). Molecules under development with the aim of reaching clinical practice and other nonclinical applications are discussed. Assays to evaluate the biological effects of ionizing radiations are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.O.); (R.S.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.O.); (R.S.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Juan I. Villaescusa
- Service of Radiological Protection, Clinical Area of Medical Image, La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group GIBI230, Health Research Institute (IISLaFe), La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
- Joint Research Unit in Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute IISLaFe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.O.); (R.S.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Alegría Montoro
- Service of Radiological Protection, Clinical Area of Medical Image, La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group GIBI230, Health Research Institute (IISLaFe), La Fe University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Kis D, Persa E, Szatmári T, Antal L, Bóta A, Csordás IB, Hargitai R, Jezsó B, Kis E, Mihály J, Sáfrány G, Varga Z, Lumniczky K. The effect of ionising radiation on the phenotype of bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200319. [PMID: 32997527 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ionising radiation-induced alterations affecting intercellular communication in the bone marrow (BM) contribute to the development of haematological pathologies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-coated particles released by cells, have important roles in intercellular signalling in the BM. Our objective was to investigate the effects of ionising radiation on the phenotype of BM-derived EVs of total-body irradiated mice. METHODS CBA mice were irradiated with 0.1 Gy or 3 Gy X-rays. BM was isolated from the femur and tibia 24 h after irradiation. EVs were isolated from the BM supernatant. The phenotype of BM cells and EVs was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The mean size of BM-derived EVs was below 300 nm and was not altered by ionising radiation. Their phenotype was very heterogeneous with EVs carrying either CD29 or CD44 integrins representing the major fraction. High-dose ionising radiation induced a strong rearrangement in the pool of BM-derived EVs which were markedly different from BM cell pool changes. The proportion of CD29 and CD44 integrin-harbouring EVs significantly decreased and the relative proportion of EVs with haematopoietic stem cell or lymphoid progenitor markers increased. Low-dose irradiation had limited effect on EV secretion. CONCLUSIONS Ionising radiation induced selective changes in the secretion of EVs by the different BM cell subpopulations. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The novelty of the paper consists of performing a detailed phenotyping of BM-derived EVs after in vivo irradiation of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Persa
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Antal
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Barbara Csordás
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
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Wan C, Sun Y, Tian Y, Lu L, Dai X, Meng J, Huang J, He Q, Wu B, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Hu D, Wu G, Lovell JF, Jin H, Yang K. Irradiated tumor cell-derived microparticles mediate tumor eradication via cell killing and immune reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9789. [PMID: 32232155 PMCID: PMC7096163 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is routinely used in cancer treatment, but expansion of its clinical indications remains challenging. The mechanism underlying the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is not understood and not therapeutically exploited. We suggest that the RIBE is predominantly mediated by irradiated tumor cell-released microparticles (RT-MPs), which induce broad antitumor effects and cause immunogenic death mainly through ferroptosis. Using a mouse model of malignant pleural effusion (MPE), we demonstrated that RT-MPs polarized microenvironmental M2 tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) to M1-TAMs and modulated antitumor interactions between TAMs and tumor cells. Following internalization of RT-MPs, TAMs displayed increased programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, enhancing follow-up combined anti-PD-1 therapy that confers an ablative effect against MPE and cisplatin-resistant MPE mouse models. Immunological memory effects were induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lisen Lu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingshu Meng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianyuan He
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bian Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhanjie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Corresponding author. (K.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Corresponding author. (K.Y.); (H.J.)
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Sullivan LK, Livingston EW, Lau AG, Rao-Dayton S, Bateman TA. A Mouse Model for Skeletal Structure and Function Changes Caused by Radiation Therapy and Estrogen Deficiency. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:180-193. [PMID: 31583426 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy and estrogen deficiency can damage healthy bone and lead to an increased fracture risk. The goal of this study is to develop a mouse model for radiation therapy using a fractionated biologically equivalent dose for cervical cancer treatment in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Thirty-two female C57BL/6 mice 13 weeks of age were divided into four groups: Sham + non-irradiated (SHAM + NR), Sham + irradiated (SHAM + IRR), ovariectomy + non-irradiated (OVX + NR) and ovariectomy + irradiated (OVX + IRR). The irradiated mice received a 6 Gy dose of X-rays to the hindlimbs at Day 2, Day 4 and Day 7 (18 Gy total). Tissues were collected at Day 35. DEXA, microCT analysis and FEA were used to quantify structural and functional changes at the proximal tibia, midshaft femur, proximal femur and L1 vertebra. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decline in proximal tibia trabecular BV/TV from (1) IRR compared to NR mice within Sham (- 46%) and OVX (- 41%); (2) OVX versus Sham within NR mice (- 36%) and IRR mice (- 30%). With homogenous material properties applied to the proximal tibia mesh using FEA, there was (1) an increase in whole bone (trabecular + cortical) structural stiffness from IRR compared to NR mice within Sham (+ 10%) and OVX (+ 15%); (2) a decrease in stiffness from OVX versus Sham within NR mice (- 18%) and IRR mice (- 14%). Fractionated irradiation and ovariectomy both had a negative effect on skeletal microarchitecture. Ovariectomy had a systemic effect, while skeletal radiation damage was largely specific to trabecular bone within the X-ray field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Eric W Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Anthony G Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, USA
| | - Sheila Rao-Dayton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Ted A Bateman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Najafi M, Shirazi A, Motevaseli E, Geraily G, Amini P, Tooli LF, Shabeeb D. Melatonin Modulates Regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 Following Irradiation in the Lung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:224-231. [DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666190502151733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Exposure to ionizing radiation may lead to chronic upregulation of inflammatory
mediators and pro-oxidant enzymes, which give rise to continuous production of reactive
oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidases are among the most important ROS producing enzymes.
Their upregulation is associated with DNA damage and genomic instability. In the present
study, we sought to determine the expressions of NADPH oxidases; NOX2 and NOX4, in rat’s lung
following whole body or pelvis irradiation. In addition, we evaluated the protective effect of melatonin
on the expressions of NOX2 and NOX4, as well as oxidative DNA injury.
Materials and Methods:
35 male rats were divided into 7 groups, G1: control; G2: melatonin (100 mg/kg) treatment;
G3: whole body irradiation (2 Gy); G4: melatonin plus whole body irradiation; G5: local
irradiation to pelvis area; G6: melatonin treatment plus 2 Gy gamma rays to pelvis area; G7: scatter
group. All the rats were sacrificed after 24 h. afterwards, the expressions of TGFβR1, Smad2, NF-
κB, NOX2 and NOX4 were detected using real-time PCR. Also, the level of 8-OHdG was detected
by ELISA, and NOX2 and NOX4 protein levels were detected by western blot.
Results:
Whole body irradiation led to the upregulation of all genes, while local pelvis irradiation
caused upregulation of TGFβR1, NF-κB, NOX2 and NOX4, as well as protein levels of NOX2 and
NOX4. Treatment with melatonin reduced the expressions of these genes and also alleviated oxidative
injury in both targeted and non-targeted lung tissues. Results also showed no significant reduction
for NOX2 and NOX4 in bystander tissues following melatonin treatment.
Conclusion:
It is possible that upregulation of NOX2 and NOX4 is involved in radiation-induced
targeted and non-targeted lung injury. Melatonin may reduce oxidative stress following upregulation
of these enzymes in directly irradiated lung tissues but not for bystander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farhadi Tooli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
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Andrejsová L, Šinkorová Z, Šinkora J, Tichý A, Filipová A, Němcová M, Šinkora M. IN VIVO BIODOSIMETRY OF PORCINE T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS AND NK CELLS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 186:181-185. [PMID: 31943099 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biodosimetric potential of peripheral blood lymphocytes, particularly of T-cell subsets (null and T helper) and natural killer cells (NK), upon exposure to gamma irradiation (60Co) in vivo. For this purpose, the change in relative numbers of NK cells and T-lymphocyte subsets, as well as in the H2AX phosphorylation rate, were evaluated as potential early markers of the lymphocytic response to irradiation in vivo. These experiments were performed on a Large White Pig model. As a result, significant but not dose-dependent changes in the proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations (NK cells, null and T helper cells) were found after exposure to ionising radiation in vivo. On the other hand, circulating NK cells showed relatively higher radioresistance capacity when compared to the T-lymphocyte subsets; however, gamma-H2AX expression showed no significant difference between the evaluated lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Andrejsová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Šinkorová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šinkora
- BD Czechia s.r.o., 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Tichý
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Filipová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Němcová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šinkora
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Fu J, Zhu L, Tu W, Wang X, Pan Y, Bai Y, Dang B, Chen J, Shao C. Macrophage-Mediated Bystander Effects after Different Irradiations through a p53-dependent Pathway. Radiat Res 2019; 193:119-129. [PMID: 31841081 DOI: 10.1667/rr15354.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to elucidate the mechanisms of bystander effects outside the localized irradiation field and their potential hematological toxicity. In this study, an in vitro multicellular co-culture system was used to investigate the intercellular commutation and related signaling pathways between either irradiated A549 cells or Beas-2B cells and bystander lymphoblast TK6 cells with or without macrophage U937 cells as an intermediator. Results showed that the proliferation ability of bystander TK6 cells was inhibited after co-culture with A549 cells irradiated with γ rays rather than carbon ions. When macrophages were contained in the co-culture system, the cell viability damage to the bystander TK6 cells were further enhanced. However, the proliferation inhibition of bystander TK6 cells after co-culture with irradiated Beas-2B cells was observed only when intermediator macrophages existed in the cell co-culture system. More serious cell injury was detected after carbon-ion irradiation compared with γ-ray irradiation. The p53-relevant apoptosis pathway was activated in both irradiated A549 and Beas-2B cells, each to a different extent. When the p53 pathway of irradiated cells was inhibited by PFT-α, PFTµ or p53 siRNA, the bystander damage to TK6 cells were clearly alleviated. In conclusion, the bystander lymphoblast damage was induced in different cells using different LET radiations. An amplified bystander response was modulated by the intermediator macrophage. The underlying molecular mechanisms of these bystander effects were dependent on the activation of p53 and its relevant apoptosis pathway in the irradiated cells. These results suggest that the bystander and macrophage-mediated bystander effects contribute to the common acute side effect of lymphocytopenia after local irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenzhi Tu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bingrong Dang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Nakamura M, Yamasaki T, Ueno M, Shibata S, Ozawa Y, Kamada T, Nakanishi I, Yamada KI, Aoki I, Matsumoto KI. Radiation-induced redox alteration in the mouse brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:412-421. [PMID: 31446055 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Time courses of the redox status in the brains of mice after X-ray or carbon-ion beam irradiation were observed by magnetic resonance redox imaging (MRRI). The relationship between radiation-induced oxidative stress on the cerebral nervous system and the redox status in the brain was discussed. The mice were irradiated by 8-Gy X-ray or carbon-ion beam (C-beam) on their head under anesthesia. C-beam irradiation was performed at HIMAC (Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, NIRS/QST, Chiba, Japan). MRRI measurements using a blood-brain-barrier-permeable nitroxyl contrast agent, MCP or TEMPOL, were performed using 7-T scanner at several different times, i.e., 5-10 h, 1, 2, 4, and 8 day(s) after irradiation. Decay rates of the nitroxyl-enhanced T1-weighted MR signals in the brains were estimated from MRRI data sets, and variation in the decay rates after irradiation was assessed. The variation in decay rates of MCP and TEMPOL after X-ray or C-beam irradiation was similar, but different variation patterns were observed between X-ray and C-beam. The apparent decay rate of both MCP and TEMPOL decreased due to the temporal reduction of blood flow in the brain several hours after X-ray and/or C-beam irradiation. After decreasing, the apparent decay rates of nitroxyl radicals in the brain gradually increased during the following days after X-ray irradiation or rapidly increased 1 day after C-beam irradiation. The sequential increase in nitroxyl decay rates may have been due to the oxidative atmosphere in the tissue due to ROS generation. X-ray and C-beam irradiation resulted in different redox responses, which may have been due to time-varying oxidative stress/injury, in the mouse brain. The C-beam irradiation effects were more acute and larger than those of X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Nakamura
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-88670, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kita, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Megumi Ueno
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Preclinical Research and Development for Functional and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ozawa
- Preclinical Research and Development for Functional and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kamada
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-88670, Japan; Research Center Hospital, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Preclinical Research and Development for Functional and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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Heeran AB, Berrigan HP, O'Sullivan J. The Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) and its Connections with the Hallmarks of Cancer. Radiat Res 2019; 192:668-679. [PMID: 31618121 DOI: 10.1667/rr15489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the pillars of cancer treatment, with approximately one half of all cancer patients receiving it as part of their standard of care. Emerging evidence indicates that the biological effects of radiation are not limited to targeted cells. The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) refers to the plethora of biological phenomena occurring in nonirradiated cells as a result of signal transmission from an irradiated cell. Experimental evidence has linked RIBE to numerous hallmarks of cancer including resisting cell death, tumor immune evasion, genomic instability, deregulated cellular energetics, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling as well as enhanced radioresistance, thus highlighting the potential role of RIBE events in patient treatment response. The mechanisms underlying RIBE events in vivo are poorly understood. However, elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in their manifestation may reveal novel therapeutic targets to improve radiation response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling B Heeran
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Helen P Berrigan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Zhang A, Steen TY. Gut Microbiomics-A Solution to Unloose the Gordian Knot of Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. J Hered 2019; 109:212-221. [PMID: 29452420 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents have called forth a growing body of research on their biological aftermaths. A variety of wild organisms, including primates, birds, fish, insects, and worms are being studied in the affected areas, with emerging morphological, physiological, and genetic aberrations ascribed to ionizing radiation. Despite the effort in surveying Chernobyl and Fukushima wildlife, little is known about the microorganisms associated with these radiation-contaminated animals. The microbiota, especially the gut commensal, plays an important role in shaping the metabolic reservoir and immune system of the host, and is sensitive to a wide array of environmental factors, including ionizing radiation. Humans and limited numbers of laboratory species have been the main subjects of microbiome studies, however, a more practical insight on host-gut microbiota dynamics under environmental impact should be explored in natural habitats. In this analysis, we introduced a working model explaining possible mechanisms of ionizing radiation on the gut microbiota, with an evaluation of the gut microbiota as a potential biomarker for exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY
| | - Tomoko Y Steen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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Bala S, Chugh NA, Bansal SC, Koul A. Aloe vera modulates X-ray induced hematological and splenic tissue damage in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1195-1211. [PMID: 31256688 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119860174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was premeditated to examine the radioprotective effects of aqueous Aloe vera gel extract against whole-body X-ray irradiation-induced hematological alterations and splenic tissue injury in mice. Healthy male balb/c mice were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, A. vera (50 mg/kg body weight) administered per oral on alternate days for 30 days (15 times); group 3, X-ray exposure of 2 Gy (0.25 Gy twice a day for four consecutive days in the last week of the experimental protocol); and group 4, A. vera + X-ray. X-ray exposure caused alterations in histoarchitecture of spleen along with enhanced clastogenic damage as assessed by micronucleus formation and apoptotic index. Irradiation caused an elevation in proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, total leucocyte counts, neutrophil counts and decreased platelet counts along with unaltered red blood cell counts and hemoglobin. Irradiation also caused an elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, lactate dehydrogenase activity and alterations in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism in plasma and spleen. However, administration of A. vera gel extract ameliorated X-ray irradiation-induced elevation in ROS/LPO levels, histopathological and clastogenic damage. It also modulated biochemical indices, inflammatory markers, and hematological parameters. These results collectively indicated that the A. vera gel extract offers protection against whole-body X-ray exposure by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bala
- 1 Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - N A Chugh
- 1 Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S C Bansal
- 2 Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - A Koul
- 1 Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Fujishima Y, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect is Mediated by Mitochondrial DNA in Exosome-Like Vesicles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9103. [PMID: 31235776 PMCID: PMC6591216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles (ELV) are involved in mediating radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). Here, we used ELV from control cell conditioned medium (CCCM) and from 4 Gy of X-ray irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM), which has been used to culture normal human fibroblast cells to examine the possibility of ELV mediating RIBE signals. We investigated whether ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum mediate RIBE signals. Induction of DNA damage was observed in cells that were treated with ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. In addition, we treated CCCM ELV and ICCM ELV with RNases, DNases, and proteinases to determine which component of ELV is responsible for RIBE. Induction of DNA damage by ICCM ELV was not observed after treatment with DNases. After treatment, DNA damages were not induced in CCCM ELV or ICCM ELV from mitochondria depleted (ρ0) normal human fibroblast cells. Further, we found significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. ELV carrying amplified mtDNA (ND1, ND5) induced DNA damage in treated cells. These data suggest that the secretion of mtDNA through exosomes is involved in mediating RIBE signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Maeda 7-jo 15-4-1, Teine-ku, Otaru, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
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Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Farhood B, Goradel NH, Mortezaee K, Khanlarkhani N, Salehi E, Nashtaei MS, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Fallah H, Najafi M. Intercellular communications-redox interactions in radiation toxicity; potential targets for radiation mitigation. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:3-16. [PMID: 29911259 PMCID: PMC6381372 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, using ionizing radiation (IR) is necessary for clinical, agricultural, nuclear energy or industrial applications. Accidental exposure to IR after a radiation terror or disaster poses a threat to human. In contrast to the old dogma of radiation toxicity, several experiments during the last two recent decades have revealed that intercellular signaling and communications play a key role in this procedure. Elevated level of cytokines and other intercellular signals increase oxidative damage and inflammatory responses via reduction/oxidation interactions (redox system). Intercellular signals induce production of free radicals and inflammatory mediators by some intermediate enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NADPH oxidase, and also via triggering mitochondrial ROS. Furthermore, these signals facilitate cell to cell contact and increasing cell toxicity via cohort effect. Nitric oxide is a free radical with ability to act as an intercellular signal that induce DNA damage and changes in some signaling pathways in irradiated as well as non-irradiated adjacent cells. Targeting of these mediators by some anti-inflammatory agents or via antioxidants such as mitochondrial ROS scavengers opens a window to mitigate radiation toxicity after an accidental exposure. Experiments which have been done so far suggests that some cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-13 are some interesting targets that depend on irradiated organs and may help mitigate radiation toxicity. Moreover, animal experiments in recent years indicated that targeting of toll like receptors (TLRs) may be more useful for radioprotection and mitigation. In this review, we aimed to describe the role of intercellular interactions in oxidative injury, inflammation, cell death and killing effects of IR. Moreover, we described evidence on potential mitigation of radiation injury via targeting of these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Neda Khanlarkhani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infertility Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Fallah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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