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de Klerk DJ, de Keijzer MJ, Dias LM, Heemskerk J, de Haan LR, Kleijn TG, Franchi LP, Heger M. Strategies for Improving Photodynamic Therapy Through Pharmacological Modulation of the Immediate Early Stress Response. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:405-480. [PMID: 35505025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally to noninvasive treatment modality that has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer treatments. PDT induces hyperoxidative stress and disrupts cellular homeostasis in photosensitized cancer cells, resulting in cell death and ultimately removal of the tumor. However, various survival pathways can be activated in sublethally afflicted cancer cells following PDT. The acute stress response is one of the known survival pathways in PDT, which is activated by reactive oxygen species and signals via ASK-1 (directly) or via TNFR (indirectly). The acute stress response can activate various other survival pathways that may entail antioxidant, pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, and proteotoxic stress responses that culminate in the cancer cell's ability to cope with redox stress and oxidative damage. This review provides an overview of the immediate early stress response in the context of PDT, mechanisms of activation by PDT, and molecular intervention strategies aimed at inhibiting survival signaling and improving PDT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J de Klerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J de Keijzer
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel M Dias
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jordi Heemskerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G Kleijn
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Cheng YC, Snavely A, Barrett LB, Zhang X, Herman C, Frost DJ, Riva P, Tochitsky I, Kawaguchi R, Singh B, Ivanis J, Huebner EA, Arvanites A, Oza V, Davidow L, Maeda R, Sakuma M, Grantham A, Wang Q, Chang AN, Pfaff K, Costigan M, Coppola G, Rubin LL, Schwer B, Alt FW, Woolf CJ. Topoisomerase I inhibition and peripheral nerve injury induce DNA breaks and ATF3-associated axon regeneration in sensory neurons. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109666. [PMID: 34496254 PMCID: PMC8462619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although axonal damage induces rapid changes in gene expression in primary sensory neurons, it remains unclear how this process is initiated. The transcription factor ATF3, one of the earliest genes responding to nerve injury, regulates expression of downstream genes that enable axon regeneration. By exploiting ATF3 reporter systems, we identify topoisomerase inhibitors as ATF3 inducers, including camptothecin. Camptothecin increases ATF3 expression and promotes neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons in vitro and enhances axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush in vivo. Given the action of topoisomerases in producing DNA breaks, we determine that they do occur immediately after nerve damage at the ATF3 gene locus in injured sensory neurons and are further increased after camptothecin exposure. Formation of DNA breaks in injured sensory neurons and enhancement of it pharmacologically may contribute to the initiation of those transcriptional changes required for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Snavely
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee B Barrett
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Crystal Herman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Devlin J Frost
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla Riva
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jelena Ivanis
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Arvanites
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vatsal Oza
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lance Davidow
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rie Maeda
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alyssa Grantham
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amelia N Chang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Pfaff
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Anaesthesia Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bjoern Schwer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Tiwari V, Baptiste BA, Okur MN, Bohr VA. Current and emerging roles of Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2418-2434. [PMID: 33590097 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a segmental premature aging syndrome caused primarily by defects in the CSA or CSB genes. In addition to premature aging, CS patients typically exhibit microcephaly, progressive mental and sensorial retardation and cutaneous photosensitivity. Defects in the CSB gene were initially thought to primarily impair transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER), predicting a relatively consistent phenotype among CS patients. In contrast, the phenotypes of CS patients are pleiotropic and variable. The latter is consistent with recent work that implicates CSB in multiple cellular systems and pathways, including DNA base excision repair, interstrand cross-link repair, transcription, chromatin remodeling, RNAPII processing, nucleolin regulation, rDNA transcription, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. The discovery of additional functions for CSB could potentially explain the many clinical phenotypes of CSB patients. This review focuses on the diverse roles played by CSB in cellular pathways that enhance genome stability, providing insight into the molecular features of this complex premature aging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Tiwari
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Beverly A Baptiste
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mustafa N Okur
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Iwamoto KS, Sandstrom RE, Bryan M, Liu Y, Elgart SR, Sheng K, Steinberg ML, McBride WH, Low DA. Weak Magnetic Fields Enhance the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy. Adv Radiat Oncol 2021; 6:100645. [PMID: 33748547 PMCID: PMC7966835 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical efficacy of radiation therapy is mechanistically linked to ionization-induced free radicals that cause cell and tissue injury through direct and indirect mechanisms. Free radical reaction dynamics are influenced by many factors and can be manipulated by static weak magnetic fields (WMF) that perturb singlet-triplet state interconversion. Our study exploits this phenomenon to directly increase ionizing radiation (IR) dose absorption in tumors by combining WMF with radiation therapy as a new and effective method to improve treatment. Methods and Materials Coils were custom made to produce both homogeneous and gradient magnetic fields. The gradient coil enabled simultaneous in vitro assessment of free radical/reactive oxygen species reactivity across multiple field strengths from 6 to 66 G. First, increases in IR-induced free radical concentrations using oxidant-sensitive fluorescent dyes in a cell-free system were measured and verified. Next, human and murine cancer cell lines were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models after exposure to clinically relevant doses of IR in combination with WMF. Results Cellular responses to IR and WMF were field strength and cell line dependent. WMF was able to enhance IR effects on reactive oxygen species formation, DNA double-strand break formation, cell death, and tumor growth. Conclusions We demonstrate that the external presence of a magnetic field enhances radiation-induced cancer cell injury and death in vitro and in vivo. The effect extends beyond the timeframe when free radicals are induced in the presence of radiation into the window when endogenous free radicals are produced and therefore extends the applicability of this novel adjunct to cancer therapy in the context of radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke S Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Mark Bryan
- Mark Bryan & Company LLC, Arcadia, California
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - S Robin Elgart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ke Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Steinberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel A Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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5
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Hajj GNM, Nunes PBC, Roffe M. Genome-wide translation patterns in gliomas: An integrative view. Cell Signal 2020; 79:109883. [PMID: 33321181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and include the highly malignant glioblastoma (GBM). Characteristically, gliomas have translational control deregulation related to overactivation of signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and Ras/ERK1/2. Thus, mRNA translation appears to play a dominant role in glioma gene expression patterns. The, analysis of genome-wide translated transcripts, together known as the translatome, may reveal important information for understanding gene expression patterns in gliomas. This review provides a brief overview of translational control mechanisms altered in gliomas with a focus on the current knowledge related to the translatomes of glioma cells and murine glioma models. We present an integrative meta-analysis of selected glioma translatome data with the aim of identifying recurrent patterns of gene expression preferentially regulated at the level of translation and obtaining clues regarding the pathological significance of these alterations. Re-analysis of several translatome datasets was performed to compare the translatomes of glioma models with those of their non-tumor counterparts and to document glioma cell responses to radiotherapy and MNK modulation. The role of recurrently altered genes in the context of translational control and tumorigenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Noeli Maroso Hajj
- International Research Institute, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, São Paulo ZIP Code: 01508-010, Brazil; National Institute of Oncogenomics and Innovation, Brazil.
| | - Paula Borzino Cordeiro Nunes
- International Research Institute, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, São Paulo ZIP Code: 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Martin Roffe
- International Research Institute, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, São Paulo ZIP Code: 01508-010, Brazil; National Institute of Oncogenomics and Innovation, Brazil.
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6
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Li X, Guo M, Cai L, Du T, Liu Y, Ding HF, Wang H, Zhang J, Chen X, Yan C. Competitive ubiquitination activates the tumor suppressor p53. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1807-1818. [PMID: 31796886 PMCID: PMC7244561 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking p53 ubiquitination through disrupting its interaction with MDM2 or inhibiting the MDM2 catalytic activity is the central mechanism by which the tumor suppressor p53 is activated in response to genotoxic challenges. Although MDM2 is first characterized as the major E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, it can also catalyze the conjugation of ubiquitin moieties to other proteins (e.g., activating transcription factor 3, or ATF3). Here we report that ATF3 can act as an ubiquitin “trap” and competes with p53 for MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. While ATF3-mediated p53 stabilization required ATF3 binding to the MDM2 RING domain, we demonstrated that ATF3 ubiquitination catalyzed by MDM2 was indispensable for p53 activation in response to DNA damage. Moreover, a cancer-derived ATF3 mutant (R88G) devoid of ubiquitination failed to prevent p53 from MDM2-mediated degradation and thus was unable to activate the tumor suppressor. Therefore, we have identified a previously-unknown mechanism that can activate p53 in the genotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Li
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mengqi Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lun Cai
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tingting Du
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Jo YD, Kim J, Choung SY. Protective effects of quercetin-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside against UVA induced apoptosis via regulating inflammatory pathways in ARPE-19 cells and Balb/c mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Mujoo K, Hunt CR, Pandita RK, Ferrari M, Krishnan S, Cooke JP, Hahn S, Pandita TK. Harnessing and Optimizing the Interplay between Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy to Improve Survival Outcomes. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1209-1214. [PMID: 29592896 PMCID: PMC6072560 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past, radiotherapy was primarily used to control local disease, but recent technological advances in accurate, high-dose ionizing radiation (IR) delivery have not only increased local tumor control but in some cases reduced metastatic burden. These "off target" therapeutic effects of IR at nonirradiated tumor sites, also known as abscopal effects, are thought to be mediated by tumor antigen-primed T cells that travel to metastatic sites and promote tumor regression. Similarly, early indications reveal that IR in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1), can provide superior therapeutic responses. These observations suggest that local radiotherapy results in altered gene expression, exposure of new antigens, or cell death that can interact with immunotherapy. As such, radiotherapy enhancement of immune responses offers a promising synergy with the potential for substantial clinical benefit. This review focuses on the biology that underlies the mechanisms for the interaction between radiation-induced tumor cell death and enhanced immunologic response. Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1209-14. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mujoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas.
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Raj K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas.
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Hasim MS, Nessim C, Villeneuve PJ, Vanderhyden BC, Dimitroulakos J. Activating Transcription Factor 3 as a Novel Regulator of Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:988-998. [PMID: 29940414 PMCID: PMC6039300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, are used as first-line chemotherapeutics, usually in combination therapies, for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. While these drugs have been successful therapeutic options, their use is limited due to serious drug related toxicities and acquired tumor resistance. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms that mediate doxorubicin's cytotoxic effect will lead to the identification of novel more efficacious combination therapies and allow for reduced doses of doxorubicin to be administered while maintaining efficacy. In our study, we demonstrate that activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 expression was upregulated by doxorubicin treatment in a representative panel of human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. We have also shown that doxorubicin treatment can induce ATF3 expression in ex vivo human breast and ovarian tumor samples. The upregulation of ATF3 in the cell lines was regulated by multiple cellular mechanisms including the activation of JNK and ATM signaling pathways. Importantly, loss of ATF3 expression resulted in reduced sensitivity to doxorubicin treatment in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Through a 1200 FDA-approved compound library screen, we identified a number of agents whose cytotoxicity is dependent on ATF3 expression that also enhanced doxorubicin induced cytotoxicity. For example, the combination of the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat or the nucleoside analogue trifluridine could synergistically enhance doxorubicin cytotoxicity in the MCF7 cell line. Synergy in cell lines with the combination of ATF3 inducers and patients with elevated basal levels of ATF3 shows enhanced response to chemotherapy. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for ATF3 in mediating doxorubicin cytotoxicity and provide rationale for the combination of ATF3-inducing agents with doxorubicin as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Hasim
- Cancer Therapeutics Program at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn Nessim
- Department of General Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jim Dimitroulakos
- Cancer Therapeutics Program at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Li M, Zhai G, Gu X, Sun K. ATF3 and PRAP1 play important roles in cisplatin-induced damages in microvascular endothelial cells. Gene 2018; 672:93-105. [PMID: 29886035 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early intervention is a rational approach to reduce the cardiovascular disease mortality in cancer patients. Here, we tried to identify potential biomarkers for the endothelial damage caused by cisplatin, a typical chemotherapy compound, and explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Microarray dataset GSE62523 were utilized to assess the gene differential expression from human micro-vascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) treated with cisplatin. Then, the potential key genes were further validated by qRT-PCR and the γH2AX level was evaluated to monitor the DNA damages caused by cisplatin. RESULT For the 'acute-exposure' settings that HMEC-1 were treated with 12.9 μM cisplatin for 6, 24 and 48 h, ATF3, LRRTM2, VCAM1 and PAPPA were identified as potential key genes in endothelial damage, while for the 'chronic-exposure' settings that cells were exposed to 0.52 μM cisplatin twice a week, SULF2, ACTA2 and PRAP1 were identified. In addition, further in vitro validation showed that knockdown of ATF3 attenuated the γH2AX level in cells exposed to cisplatin for 6 or 24 h and knockdown of PRAP1 increased the γH2AX level in cells exposed to cisplatin for 2 days. Notably, ATF3 has the ability to regulate the expression of HIST1H1D, FBXO6, APP, MDM2, STAT1 and TRAF1, while PRAP1 regulates YWHAB, MDM2, ISG15, LYN and CUL1 during cisplatin-induced DNA damage repair process. CONCLUSION ATF3 and PRAP1 play important roles in cisplatin-induced DNA damage repair process. They may serve as potential early surrogate biomarkers of microvascular endothelial damage for cancer patients receiving chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The North District of Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Guanghua Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The North District of Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Xiuyu Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The North District of Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Kangyun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The North District of Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China.
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Donohoe CD, Csordás G, Correia A, Jindra M, Klein C, Habermann B, Uhlirova M. Atf3 links loss of epithelial polarity to defects in cell differentiation and cytoarchitecture. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007241. [PMID: 29494583 PMCID: PMC5849342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between apicobasal cell polarity modules and the cytoskeleton is critical for differentiation and integrity of epithelia. However, this coordination is poorly understood at the level of gene regulation by transcription factors. Here, we establish the Drosophila activating transcription factor 3 (atf3) as a cell polarity response gene acting downstream of the membrane-associated Scribble polarity complex. Loss of the tumor suppressors Scribble or Dlg1 induces atf3 expression via aPKC but independent of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Strikingly, removal of Atf3 from Dlg1 deficient cells restores polarized cytoarchitecture, levels and distribution of endosomal trafficking machinery, and differentiation. Conversely, excess Atf3 alters microtubule network, vesicular trafficking and the partition of polarity proteins along the apicobasal axis. Genomic and genetic approaches implicate Atf3 as a regulator of cytoskeleton organization and function, and identify Lamin C as one of its bona fide target genes. By affecting structural features and cell morphology, Atf3 functions in a manner distinct from other transcription factors operating downstream of disrupted cell polarity. Epithelial cells form sheets and line both the outside and inside of our body. Their proper development and function require the asymmetric distribution of cellular components from the top to the bottom, known as apicobasal polarization. As loss of polarity hallmarks a majority of cancers in humans, understanding how epithelia respond to a collapse of the apicobasal axis is of great interest. Here, we show that in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster the breakdown of epithelial polarity engages Activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), a protein that directly binds the DNA and regulates gene expression. We demonstrate that many of the pathological consequences of disturbed polarity require Atf3, as its loss in this context results in normalization of cellular architecture, vesicle trafficking and differentiation. Using unbiased genome-wide approaches we identify the genetic program controlled by Atf3 and experimentally verify select candidates. Given the evolutionary conservation of Atf3 between flies and man, we believe that our findings in the Drosophila model will contribute to a better understanding of diseases stemming from compromised epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Donohoe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreia Correia
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Jindra
- Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Shen J, Lin H, Li G, Jin RA, Shi L, Chen M, Chang C, Cai X. TR4 nuclear receptor enhances the cisplatin chemo-sensitivity via altering the ATF3 expression to better suppress HCC cell growth. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32088-99. [PMID: 27050071 PMCID: PMC5077999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early studies indicated that TR4 nuclear receptor (TR4) may play a key role to modulate the prostate cancer progression, its potential linkage to liver cancer progression, however, remains unclear. Here we found that higher TR4 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells might enhance the efficacy of cisplatin chemotherapy to better suppress the HCC progression. Knocking down TR4 with TR4-siRNA in HCC Huh7 and Hep3B cells increased cisplatin chemotherapy resistance and overexpression of TR4 with TR4-cDNA in HCC LM3 and SNU387 cells increased cisplatin chemotherapy sensitivity. Mechanism dissection found that TR4 might function through altering the ATF3 expression at the transcriptional level to enhance the cisplatin chemotherapy sensitivity, and interrupting ATF3 expression via ATF3-siRNA reversed TR4-enhanced cisplatin chemotherapy sensitivity in HCC cells. The in vivo HCC mouse model using xenografted HCC LM3 cells also confirmed in vitro cell lines data showing TR4 enhanced the cisplatin chemotherapy sensitivity. Together, these results provided a new potential therapeutic approach via altering the TR4-ATF3 signals to increase the efficacy of cisplatin to better suppress the HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Shen
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.,George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hui Lin
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Ren-An Jin
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.,George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Liang Shi
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.,George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mingming Chen
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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13
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Purbey PK, Scumpia PO, Kim PJ, Tong AJ, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH, Smale ST. Defined Sensing Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways Contribute to the Global Inflammatory Gene Expression Output Elicited by Ionizing Radiation. Immunity 2017; 47:421-434.e3. [PMID: 28930658 PMCID: PMC5661954 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental insults are often detected by multiple sensors that activate diverse signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators, leading to a tailored transcriptional output. To understand how a tailored response is coordinated, we examined the inflammatory response elicited in mouse macrophages by ionizing radiation (IR). RNA-sequencing studies revealed that most radiation-induced genes were strongly dependent on only one of a small number of sensors and signaling pathways, notably the DNA damage-induced kinase ATM, which regulated many IR-response genes, including interferon response genes, via an atypical IRF1-dependent, STING-independent mechanism. Moreover, small, defined sets of genes activated by p53 and NRF2 accounted for the selective response to radiation in comparison to a microbial inducer of inflammation. Our findings reveal that genes comprising an environmental response are activated by defined sensing mechanisms with a high degree of selectivity, and they identify distinct components of the radiation response that might be susceptible to therapeutic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter J Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ann-Jay Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keisuke S Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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Wang Z, He Y, Deng W, Lang L, Yang H, Jin B, Kolhe R, Ding HF, Zhang J, Hai T, Yan C. Atf3 deficiency promotes genome instability and spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Oncogene 2017; 37:18-27. [PMID: 28869597 PMCID: PMC6179156 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking genes involving in the DNA damage response (DDR) are often tumor prone owing to genome instability caused by oncogenic challenges. Previous studies demonstrate that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a common stress sensor, can activate the tumor suppressor p53 and regulate expression of p53 target genes upon DNA damage. However, whether ATF3 contributes to the maintenance of genome stability and tumor suppression remains unknown. Here we report that Atf3-deficient (Atf3-/-) mice developed spontaneous tumors, and died significantly earlier than wild-type (Atf3+/+) mice. Consistent with these results, Atf3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) had more aberrant chromosomes and micronuclei, and were genetically unstable. Whereas we demonstrated that ATF3 activated p53 and promoted its pro-apoptotic activity in mouse thymi and small intestines, the chromosomal instability caused by Atf3 deficiency was largely dependent on the regulation of p53 by ATF3. Interestingly, loss of Atf3 also promoted spontaneous tumorigenesis in Trp53+/- mice, but did not affect tumor formation in Trp53-/- mice. Our results thus provide the first genetic evidence linking ATF3 to the suppression of the early development of cancer, and underscore the importance of ATF3 in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Y He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - W Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaboration Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Lang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Yang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - B Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - R Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H-F Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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15
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Watson G, Ronai ZA, Lau E. ATF2, a paradigm of the multifaceted regulation of transcription factors in biology and disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:347-357. [PMID: 28212892 PMCID: PMC5457671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Stringent transcriptional regulation is crucial for normal cellular biology and organismal development. Perturbations in the proper regulation of transcription factors can result in numerous pathologies, including cancer. Thus, understanding how transcription factors are regulated and how they are dysregulated in disease states is key to the therapeutic targeting of these factors and/or the pathways that they regulate. Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) has been studied in a number of developmental and pathological conditions. Recent findings have shed light on the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that influence ATF2 function, and thus, the transcriptional programs coordinated by ATF2. Given our current knowledge of its multiple levels of regulation and function, ATF2 represents a paradigm for the mechanistic complexity that can regulate transcription factor function. Thus, increasing our understanding of the regulation and function of ATF2 will provide insights into fundamental regulatory mechanisms that influence how cells integrate extracellular and intracellular signals into a genomic response through transcription factors. Characterization of ATF2 dysfunction in the context of pathological conditions, particularly in cancer biology and response to therapy, will be important in understanding how pathways controlled by ATF2 or other transcription factors might be therapeutically exploited. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently known upstream regulators and downstream targets of ATF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Watson
- Department of Tumor Biology and Program in Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 3109601, Israel
| | - Eric Lau
- Department of Tumor Biology and Program in Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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16
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Kwon IS, Kwak JH, Pyo S, Lee HW, Kim A, Schmitz FJ. Oscarellin, an Anthranilic Acid Derivative from a Philippine Sponge, Oscarella stillans, as an Inhibitor of Inflammatory Cytokines in Macrophages. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:149-155. [PMID: 28093915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new anthranilic acid derivative (1) was isolated from a Philippine sponge, Oscarella stillans (Bergquist and Kelly). The structure of compound 1, named oscarellin, was determined as 2-amino-3-(3'-aminopropoxy)benzoic acid from spectroscopic data and confirmed by synthesis. We examined the immunomodulating effect of compound 1 and its mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our data indicated that the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly reduced by the pretreatment of 1 (0.1-10 μM) for 2 h. In addition, compound 1 suppressed activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH2-termimal kinase (JNK), but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 1 abrogated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activities, whereas the induction of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) was increased. Taken together, our results suggest that compound 1 attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines via the suppression of JNK, ERK, AP-1, and NF-κB and the activation of the ATF-3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ii-Seul Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hee-Weon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - AeRyon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Francis J Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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17
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Fell VL, Walden EA, Hoffer SM, Rogers SR, Aitken AS, Salemi LM, Schild-Poulter C. Ku70 Serine 155 mediates Aurora B inhibition and activation of the DNA damage response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37194. [PMID: 27849008 PMCID: PMC5111114 DOI: 10.1038/srep37194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ku heterodimer (Ku70/Ku80) is the central DNA binding component of the classical non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway that repairs DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs), serving as the scaffold for the formation of the NHEJ complex. Here we show that Ku70 is phosphorylated on Serine 155 in response to DNA damage. Expression of Ku70 bearing a S155 phosphomimetic substitution (Ku70 S155D) in Ku70-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) triggered cell cycle arrest at multiple checkpoints and altered expression of several cell cycle regulators in absence of DNA damage. Cells expressing Ku70 S155D exhibited a constitutive DNA damage response, including ATM activation, H2AX phosphorylation and 53BP1 foci formation. Ku70 S155D was found to interact with Aurora B and to have an inhibitory effect on Aurora B kinase activity. Lastly, we demonstrate that Ku and Aurora B interact following ionizing radiation treatment and that Aurora B inhibition in response to DNA damage is dependent upon Ku70 S155 phosphorylation. This uncovers a new pathway where Ku may relay signaling to Aurora B to enforce cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Fell
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Walden
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sarah M Hoffer
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stephanie R Rogers
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Amelia S Aitken
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Louisa M Salemi
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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18
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Ozfiliz P, Kizilboga T, Demir S, Alkurt G, Palavan-Unsal N, Arisan ED, Dinler-Doganay G. Bag-1 promotes cell survival through c-Myc-mediated ODC upregulation that is not preferred under apoptotic stimuli in MCF-7 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:293-307. [PMID: 26178413 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bag-1, Bcl-2 associated athanogene-1, is a multifunctional protein that can regulate a wide variety of cellular processes: proliferation, cell survival, transcription, apoptosis and motility. Bag-1 interacts with various targets in the modulation of these pathways; yet molecular details of Bag-1's involvement in each cellular event are still unclear. We first showed that forced Bag-1 expression promotes cell survival and prevents drug-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Increased mRNA expressions of c-myc protooncogene and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), biosynthetic enzyme of polyamines, were detected in Bag-1L+ cells, and western blots against the protein product of c-Myc and ODC confirmed these findings. Once ODC, a c-Myc target, gets activated, polyamine biosynthesis increases. We observed enhanced polyamine content in the Bag-1L+ cells. On the contrary, when polyamine catabolic mechanisms were investigated, Bag-1 silencing suppressed biosynthesis of polyamines because of the downregulation of ODC and upregulation of PAO. Exposure of cells to apoptotic inducers enhances the cell death mechanism by producing toxic products such as H2 O2 and aldehydes. Bag-1L+ cells prevented drug-induced PAO activation leading to a decrease in H2 O2 production following cisplatin or paclitaxel treatment. In this line, our results suggested that Bag-1 indirectly affects cell survival through c-Myc activated signalling that causes elevation of ODC levels, leading to an increase of the polyamine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ozfiliz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kizilboga
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Salih Demir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Alkurt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narçin Palavan-Unsal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Dinler-Doganay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Deng S, Yan T, Nikolova T, Fuhrmann D, Nemecek A, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Kaina B, Wojnowski L. The catalytic topoisomerase II inhibitor dexrazoxane induces DNA breaks, ATF3 and the DNA damage response in cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2246-57. [PMID: 25521189 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The catalytic topoisomerase II inhibitor dexrazoxane has been associated not only with improved cancer patient survival but also with secondary malignancies and reduced tumour response. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the DNA damage response and the role of the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) accumulation in tumour cells exposed to dexrazoxane. KEY RESULTS Dexrazoxane exposure induced topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A)-dependent cell death, γ-H2AX accumulation and increased tail moment in neutral comet assays. Dexrazoxane induced DNA damage responses, shown by enhanced levels of γ-H2AX/53BP1 foci, ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM and Rad3-related), Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylation, and by p53 accumulation. Dexrazoxane-induced γ-H2AX accumulation was dependent on ATM. ATF3 protein was induced by dexrazoxane in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was abolished in TOP2A-depleted cells and in cells pre-incubated with ATM inhibitor. Knockdown of ATF3 gene expression by siRNA triggered apoptosis in control cells and diminished the p53 protein level in both control and dexrazoxane -treated cells. This was accompanied by increased γ-H2AX accumulation. ATF3 knockdown also delayed the repair of dexrazoxane -induced DNA double-strand breaks. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS As with other TOP2A poisons, dexrazoxane induced DNA double-strand breaks followed by activation of the DNA damage response. The DNA damage-triggered ATF3 controlled p53 accumulation and generation of double-strand breaks and is proposed to serve as a switch between DNA damage and cell death following dexrazoxane treatment. These findings suggest a mechanistic explanation for the diverse clinical observations associated with dexrazoxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Deng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) plasma levels increase during bleomycin- and cisplatin-based treatment of testicular cancer patients and relate to endothelial damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115372. [PMID: 25590623 PMCID: PMC4295859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemotherapy-related endothelial damage contributes to the early development of cardiovascular morbidity in testicular cancer patients. We aimed to identify relevant mechanisms of and search for candidate biomarkers for this endothelial damage. Methods Human micro-vascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were exposed to bleomycin or cisplatin with untreated samples as control. 18k cDNA microarrays were used. Gene expression differences were analysed at single gene level and in gene sets clustered in biological pathways and validated by qRT-PCR. Protein levels of a candidate biomarker were measured in testicular cancer patient plasma before, during and after bleomycin-etoposide-cisplatin chemotherapy, and related to endothelial damage biomarkers (von Willebrand Factor (vWF), high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP)). Results Microarray data identified several genes with highly differential expression; e.g. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) and Amphiregulin (AREG). Pathway analysis revealed strong associations with ‘p53’ and ‘Diabetes Mellitus’ gene sets. Based on known function, we measured GDF-15 protein levels in 41 testicular patients during clinical follow-up. Pre-chemotherapy GDF-15 levels equalled controls. Throughout chemotherapy GDF-15, vWF and hsCRP levels increased, and were correlated at different time-points. Conclusion An unbiased approach in a preclinical model revealed genes related to chemotherapy-induced endothelial damage, like GDF-15. The increases in plasma GDF-15 levels in testicular cancer patients during chemotherapy and its association with vWF and hsCRP suggest that GDF-15 is a potentially useful biomarker related to endothelial damage.
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21
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Hao ZF, Ao JH, Zhang J, Su YM, Yang RY. ATF3 activates Stat3 phosphorylation through inhibition of p53 expression in skin cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7439-44. [PMID: 24460316 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM ATF3, a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors, has been found to be selectively induced by calcineurin/NFAT inhibition and to enhance keratinocyte tumor formation, although the precise role of ATF3 in human skin cancer and possible mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS In this study, clinical analysis of 30 skin cancer patients and 30 normal donors revealed that ATF3 was accumulated in skin cancer tissues. Functional assays demonstrated that ATF3 significantly promoted skin cancer cell proliferation. RESULTS Mechanically, ATF3 activated Stat3 phosphorylation in skin cancer cell through regulation of p53 expression. Moreover, the promotion effect of ATF3 on skin cancer cell proliferation was dependent on the p53-Stat3 signaling cascade. CONCLUSION Together, the results indicate that ATF3 might promote skin cancer cell proliferation and enhance skin keratinocyte tumor development through inhibiting p53 expression and then activating Stat3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Hao
- Graduate Management Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China E-mail :
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22
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Nayak RR, Bernal WE, Lee JW, Kearns MJ, Cheung VG. Stress-induced changes in gene interactions in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1757-71. [PMID: 24170811 PMCID: PMC3919594 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to variable environments by changing gene expression and gene interactions. To study how human cells response to stress, we analyzed the expression of >5000 genes in cultured B cells from nearly 100 normal individuals following endoplasmic reticulum stress and exposure to ionizing radiation. We identified thousands of genes that are induced or repressed. Then, we constructed coexpression networks and inferred interactions among genes. We used coexpression and machine learning analyses to study how genes interact with each other in response to stress. The results showed that for most genes, their interactions with each other are the same at baseline and in response to different stresses; however, a small set of genes acquired new interacting partners to engage in stress-specific responses. These genes with altered interacting partners are associated with diseases in which endoplasmic reticulum stress response or sensitivity to radiation has been implicated. Thus, our findings showed that to understand disease-specific pathways, it is important to identify not only genes that change expression levels but also those that alter interactions with other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka R Nayak
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, HHMI Medical Research Fellows Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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A Taiwanese Propolis Derivative Induces Apoptosis through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticular Stress and Activating Transcription Factor-3 in Human Hepatoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:658370. [PMID: 24222778 PMCID: PMC3814109 DOI: 10.1155/2013/658370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. NBM-TP-007-GS-002 (GS-002) is a Taiwanese propolin G (PPG) derivative. In this study, we examined the antitumor effects of GS-002 in human hepatoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells in vitro. First, we found that GS-002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in dose-dependent manners. Several main apoptotic indicators were found in GS-002-treated cells, such as the cleaved forms of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). GS-002 also induced endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress as evidenced by increases in ER stress-responsive proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), phosphorylated protein endoplasmic-reticular-resident kinase (PERK), and ATF-3. The induction of ATF-3 expression was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in GS-002-treated cells. Furthermore, we found that GS-002 induced more cell apoptosis in ATF-3-overexpressing cells. These results suggest that the induction of apoptosis by the propolis derivative, GS-002, is partially mediated through ER stress and ATF-3-dependent pathways, and GS-002 has the potential for development as an antitumor drug.
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Liu Y, Gao F, Jiang H, Niu L, Bi Y, Young CY, Yuan H, Lou H. Induction of DNA damage and ATF3 by retigeric acid B, a novel topoisomerase II inhibitor, promotes apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Walczynski J, Lyons S, Jones N, Breitwieser W. Sensitisation of c-MYC-induced B-lymphoma cells to apoptosis by ATF2. Oncogene 2013; 33:1027-36. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Oh JH, Wong HP, Wang X, Deasy JO. A bioinformatics filtering strategy for identifying radiation response biomarker candidates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38870. [PMID: 22768051 PMCID: PMC3387230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of biomarker candidates is often much larger than the number of clinical patient data points available, which motivates the use of a rational candidate variable filtering methodology. The goal of this paper is to apply such a bioinformatics filtering process to isolate a modest number (<10) of key interacting genes and their associated single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in radiation response, and to ultimately serve as a basis for using clinical datasets to identify new biomarkers. In step 1, we surveyed the literature on genetic and protein correlates to radiation response, in vivo or in vitro, across cellular, animal, and human studies. In step 2, we analyzed two publicly available microarray datasets and identified genes in which mRNA expression changed in response to radiation. Combining results from Step 1 and Step 2, we identified 20 genes that were common to all three sources. As a final step, a curated database of protein interactions was used to generate the most statistically reliable protein interaction network among any subset of the 20 genes resulting from Steps 1 and 2, resulting in identification of a small, tightly interacting network with 7 out of 20 input genes. We further ranked the genes in terms of likely importance, based on their location within the network using a graph-based scoring function. The resulting core interacting network provides an attractive set of genes likely to be important to radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harry P. Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph O. Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Lau E, Ronai ZA. ATF2 - at the crossroad of nuclear and cytosolic functions. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2815-24. [PMID: 22685333 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.095000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of transcription factors have been shown to elicit oncogenic and tumor suppressor activities, depending on the tissue and cell context. Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2; also known as cAMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2) has oncogenic activities in melanoma and tumor suppressor activities in non-malignant skin tumors and breast cancer. Recent work has shown that the opposing functions of ATF2 are associated with its subcellular localization. In the nucleus, ATF2 contributes to global transcription and the DNA damage response, in addition to specific transcriptional activities that are related to cell development, proliferation and death. ATF2 can also translocate to the cytosol, primarily following exposure to severe genotoxic stress, where it impairs mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes mitochondrial-based cell death. Notably, phosphorylation of ATF2 by the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCε) is the master switch that controls its subcellular localization and function. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the regulation and function of ATF2 in both subcellular compartments. This mechanism of control of a non-genetically modified transcription factor represents a novel paradigm for 'oncogene addiction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lau
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92130, USA.
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Ku regulates signaling to DNA damage response pathways through the Ku70 von Willebrand A domain. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:76-87. [PMID: 22037767 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05661-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ku heterodimer (Ku70/Ku80) is a main component of the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway that repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Ku binds the broken DNA end and recruits other proteins to facilitate the processing and ligation of the broken end. While Ku interacts with many proteins involved in DNA damage/repair-related functions, few interactions have been mapped to the N-terminal von Willebrand A (vWA) domain, a predicted protein interaction domain. The mutagenesis of Ku70 vWA domain S155/D156 unexpectedly increased cell survival following ionizing radiation (IR) treatment. DNA repair appeared unaffected, but defects in the activation of apoptosis and alterations in the DNA damage signaling response were identified. In particular, Ku70 S155A/D156A affected the IR-induced transcriptional response of several activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)-regulated genes involved in apoptosis regulation. ATF2 phosphorylation and recruitment to DNA damage-induced foci was increased in Ku70-deficient cells, suggesting that Ku represses ATF2 activation. Ku70 S155A/D156A substitutions further enhanced this repression. S155A substitution alone was sufficient to confer enhanced survival, whereas alteration to a phosphomimetic residue (S155D) reversed this effect, suggesting that S155 is a phosphorylation site. Thus, these findings infer that Ku links signals from the DNA repair machinery to DNA damage signaling regulators that control apoptotic pathways.
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Alternative transcript initiation and splicing as a response to DNA damage. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25758. [PMID: 22039421 PMCID: PMC3198437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to the DNA damaging agent, ionizing radiation (IR), from background radiation, medical treatments, occupational and accidental exposures. IR causes changes in transcription, but little is known about alternative transcription in response to IR on a genome-wide basis. These investigations examine the response to IR at the exon level in human cells, using exon arrays to comprehensively characterize radiation-induced transcriptional expression products. Previously uncharacterized alternative transcripts that preferentially occur following IR exposure have been discovered. A large number of genes showed alternative transcription initiation as a response to IR. Dose-response and time course kinetics have also been characterized. Interestingly, most genes showing alternative transcript induction maintained these isoforms over the dose range and times tested. Finally, clusters of co-ordinately up- and down-regulated radiation response genes were identified at specific chromosomal loci. These data provide the first genome-wide view of the transcriptional response to ionizing radiation at the exon level. This study provides novel insights into alternative transcripts as a mechanism for response to DNA damage and cell stress responses in general.
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Xu K, Zhou Y, Qiu W, Liu X, Xia M, Liu L, Liu X, Zhao D, Wang Y. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) promotes sublytic C5b-9-induced glomerular mesangial cells apoptosis through up-regulation of Gadd45α and KLF6 gene expression. Immunobiology 2011; 216:871-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ATF3-induced mammary tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16515. [PMID: 21304988 PMCID: PMC3031586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Female transgenic mice that constitutively overexpress the transcription factor ATF3 in the basal epithelium of the mammary gland develop mammary carcinomas with high frequency, but only if allowed to mate and raise pups early in life. This transgenic mouse model system reproduces some features of human breast cancer in that about 20% of human breast tumor specimens exhibit overexpression of ATF3 in the tumor cells. The ATF3-induced mouse tumors are phenotypically similar to mammary tumors induced by overexpression of activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes. We now show that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is indeed activated in ATF3-induced tumors. β-catenin is transcriptionally up-regulated in the tumors, and high levels of nuclear β-catenin are seen in tumor cells. A reporter gene for Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity, TOPGAL, is up-regulated in the tumors and several downstream targets of Wnt signaling, including Ccnd1, Jun, Axin2 and Dkk4, are also expressed at higher levels in ATF3-induced tumors compared to mammary glands of transgenic females. Several positive-acting ligands for this pathway, including Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt7b, and Wnt5a, are significantly overexpressed in tumor tissue, and mRNA for Wnt3 is about 5-fold more abundant in transgenic mammary tissue than in non-transgenic mammary tissue. Two known transcriptional targets of ATF3, Snai1 and Snai2, are also overexpressed in the tumors, and Snail and Slug proteins are found to be located primarily in the nuclei of tumor cells. In vitro knockdown of Atf3 expression results in significant decreases in expression of Wnt7b, Tcf7, Snai2 and Jun, suggesting that these genes may be direct transcriptional targets of ATF3 protein. By chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, both ATF3 and JUN proteins appear to bind to a particular subclass of AP-1 sites upstream of the transcriptional start sites of each of these genes.
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Mo P, Wang H, Lu H, Boyd DD, Yan C. MDM2 mediates ubiquitination and degradation of activating transcription factor 3. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26908-26915. [PMID: 20592017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.132597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a common stress sensor, and its rapid induction by cellular stresses (e.g. DNA damage) is crucial for cells to mount appropriate responses (e.g. activating the tumor suppressor p53) and maintain homeostasis. Although emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of ATF3 contributes to occurrences of human diseases including cancer, the mechanism(s) by which ATF3 expression is regulated is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is a bona fide E3 ubiquitin ligase for ATF3 and regulates ATF3 expression by promoting its degradation. MDM2 via its C-terminal RING finger can bind to the Basic region of ATF3 and mediate the addition of ubiquitin moieties to the ATF3 leucine zipper domain. As a consequence, ATF3, but not a mutant deficient in MDM2 binding (Delta80-100), is degraded by MDM2-mediated proteolysis. Consistent with these results, ablation of MDM2 in cells not only increases basal ATF3 levels, but results in stabilization of ATF3 in late stages of DNA damage responses. Because ATF3 was recently identified as a p53 activator, these results suggest that MDM2 could inactivate p53 through an additional feedback mechanism involving ATF3. Therefore, we provide the first evidence demonstrating that ATF3 is regulated by a posttranslational mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Mo
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and IU-Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Douglas D Boyd
- Department of Cancer Biology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208.
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Abstract
Cooperation among transcription factors is central for their ability to execute specific transcriptional programmes. The AP1 complex exemplifies a network of transcription factors that function in unison under normal circumstances and during the course of tumour development and progression. This Perspective summarizes our current understanding of the changes in members of the AP1 complex and the role of ATF2 as part of this complex in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires1428, Argentina,
| | - Eric Lau
- Signal Transduction Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,
| | - Ze'ev Ronai
- Signal Transduction Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Takii R, Inouye S, Fujimoto M, Nakamura T, Shinkawa T, Prakasam R, Tan K, Hayashida N, Ichikawa H, Hai T, Nakai A. Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 Inhibits Expression of IL-6 through Activating Transcription Factor 3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1041-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Pejchal J, Österreicher J, Vilasová Z, Tichý A, Vávrová J. Expression of activated ATF-2, CREB and c-Myc in rat colon transversum after whole-body γ-irradiation and its contribution to pathogenesis and biodosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:315-24. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000801953367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Marchetti F, Coleman MA, Jones IM, Wyrobek AJ. Candidate protein biodosimeters of human exposure to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:605-39. [PMID: 17050475 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600930103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a literature review of candidate protein biomarkers for individual radiation biodosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reviewed approximately 300 publications (1973 - April 2006) that reported protein effects in mammalian systems after either in vivo or in vitro radiation exposure. RESULTS We found 261 radiation-responsive proteins including 173 human proteins. Most of the studies used high doses of ionizing radiation (>4 Gy) and had no information on dose- or time-responses. The majority of the proteins showed increased amounts or changes in phosphorylation states within 24 h after exposure (range: 1.5- to 10-fold). Of the 47 proteins that are responsive at doses of 1 Gy and below, 6 showed phosphorylation changes at doses below 10 cGy. Proteins were assigned to 9 groups based on consistency of response across species, dose- and time-response information and known role in the radiation damage response. CONCLUSIONS ATM (Ataxia telengiectasia mutated), H2AX (histone 2AX), CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), and TP53 (tumor protein 53) are top candidate radiation protein biomarkers. Furthermore, we recommend a panel of protein biomarkers, each with different dose and time optima, to improve individual radiation biodosimetry for discriminating between low-, moderate-, and high-dose exposures. Our findings have applications for early triage and follow-up medical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchetti
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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Apigenin inhibits proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1999-2003. [PMID: 19447105 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been shown to possess anti-tumor properties. However, the mechanism by which apigenin inhibits cancer cells is not fully understood. Id1 (inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding protein 1) contributes to tumorigenesis by stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting cell differentiation and facilitating tumor neoangiogenesis. Elevated Id1 is found in ovarian cancers and its level correlates with the malignant potential of ovarian tumors. Therefore, Id1 is a potential target for ovarian cancer treatment. Here, we demonstrate that apigenin inhibits proliferation and tumorigenesis of human ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1. Apigenin suppressed the expression of Id1 through activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). Our results may elucidate a new mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of apigenin on cancer cells.
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St-Onge M, Dumas A, Michaud A, Laflamme C, Dussault AA, Pouliot M. Impact of anti-inflammatory agents on the gene expression profile of stimulated human neutrophils: unraveling endogenous resolution pathways. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4902. [PMID: 19295914 PMCID: PMC2654409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, prostaglandin E(2), or increased intracellular cyclic AMP concentration each elicit potent anti-inflammatory events in human neutrophils by inhibiting functions such as phagocytosis, superoxide production, adhesion and cytokine release. However, the endogenous molecular pathways mediating these actions are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined their impact on the gene expression profile of stimulated neutrophils. Purified blood neutrophils from healthy donors were stimulated with a cocktail of inflammatory agonists in the presence of at least one of the following anti-inflammatory agents: adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist CGS 21680, prostaglandin E(2), cyclic-AMP-elevating compounds forskolin and RO 20-1724. Total RNA was analyzed using gene chips and real-time PCR. Genes encoding transcription factors, enzymes and regulatory proteins, as well as secreted cytokines/chemokines showed differential expression. We identified 15 genes for which the anti-inflammatory agents altered mRNA levels. The agents affected the expression profile in remarkably similar fashion, suggesting a central mechanism limiting cell activation. We have identified a set of genes that may be part of important resolution pathways that interfere with cell activation. Identification of these pathways will improve understanding of the capacity of tissues to terminate inflammatory responses and contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies based on endogenous resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille St-Onge
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aline Dumas
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annick Michaud
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Laflamme
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Dussault
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie du CHUQ and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Turchi L, Fareh M, Aberdam E, Kitajima S, Simpson F, Wicking C, Aberdam D, Virolle T. ATF3 and p15PAF are novel gatekeepers of genomic integrity upon UV stress. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:728-37. [PMID: 19219066 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After genotoxic stress, normal cells trigger DNA repair or, if unable to repair, undergo apoptosis to eradicate the cells that bear the risk of becoming tumorigenic. Here we show that repression of the transcription factor, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), after ultraviolet (UV)-mediated genotoxic stress impairs the DNA repair process. We provide evidence that ATF3 directly regulates the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-associated factor KIAA0101/p15(PAF). We further show that the expressions of ATF3 and p15(PAF) is sufficient to trigger the DNA repair machinery, and that attenuation of their expression alters DNA repair mechanisms. We show that the expression of p15(PAF) compensates for a lack of ATF3 expression, thereby constituting a major effector of ATF3 in the DNA repair process. In addition, we provide evidence that p15(PAF) expression is required for the correct function of PCNA during DNA repair, as prevention of their interaction significantly alters DNA repair mechanisms. Finally, defective DNA repair, because of the downregulation of p15(PAF) expression, rendered the cells more sensitive to UV-induced cell death. Therefore, our results suggest ATF3 and p15(PAF) as novel gatekeepers of genomic integrity after UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Turchi
- INSERM U898, Nice F-06107, France
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Starkey ML, Davies M, Yip PK, Carter LM, Wong DJN, McMahon SB, Bradbury EJ. Expression of the regeneration-associated protein SPRR1A in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord of the adult mouse following peripheral and central injury. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:51-68. [PMID: 19107756 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) is expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral nerve injury but it is not known whether SPRR1A is differentially expressed following injury to peripheral versus central DRG projections and a detailed characterization of expression in sensory neuron subpopulations and spinal cord has not been performed. Here we use immunocytochemical techniques to characterize SPRR1A expression following sciatic nerve, dorsal root, and dorsal column injury in adult mice. SPRR1A was not detected in naïve spinal cord, DRG, or peripheral nerves and there was minimal expression following injury to the centrally projecting branches of DRG neurons. However, following peripheral (sciatic) nerve injury, intense SPRR1A immunoreactivity was observed in the dorsal horn and motoneurons of the spinal cord, in L4/5 DRG neurons, and in the injured nerve. A time-course study comparing expression following sciatic nerve crush and transection revealed maximum SPRR1A levels at day 7 in both models. However, while SPRR1A was downregulated to baseline by 30 days postlesion following crush injury, it remained elevated 30 days after transection. Cell-size and double-labeling studies revealed that SPRR1A was expressed by DRG cells of all sizes and colocalized with classical markers of DRG subpopulations and their primary afferent terminals. High coexpression of SPRR1A with activating transcription factor-3 and growth-associated protein-43 was observed, indicating that it is expressed by injured and regenerating neurons. This study supports the hypothesis that SPRR1A is a regeneration-associated gene and that SPRR1A provides a valuable marker to assess the regenerative potential of injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Starkey
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Wolfson Wing, King's College London, London Bridge, London.
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Demidova AR, Aau MY, Zhuang L, Yu Q. Dual regulation of Cdc25A by Chk1 and p53-ATF3 in DNA replication checkpoint control. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4132-9. [PMID: 19060337 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage and stalled replication forks by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. A systematic screening of the protein kinase small interfering RNA library reveals that Chk1 and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR) are the main kinases responsible for intra-S-phase checkpoint upon topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin-induced DNA damage. It is well known that ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is a crucial mechanism conferring this checkpoint activation. Here we describe another mechanism underlying Cdc25A down-regulation in response to DNA damage that occurs at the transcriptional level. We show that activation of tumor suppressor p53 by DNA damage results in inhibition of Cdc25A transcription as a result of activation of transcriptional repressor ATF3 that directly binds to the Cdc25A promoter. In cells deficient in both Chk1 and p53, Cdc25A down-regulation upon camptothecin-induced DNA damage is completely abolished, leading to severe defects in cell cycle checkpoints and remarkable cell death in mitosis. Our findings reveal two independent mechanisms acting in concert in regulation of Cdc25A in DNA damage response. Although Chk1 affects Cdc25A via rapid phosphorylation and protein turnover, inhibition of Cdc25A transcription by p53-ATF3 is required for the maintenance of cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia R Demidova
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138672.
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Mayer SI, Dexheimer V, Nishida E, Kitajima S, Thiel G. Expression of the transcriptional repressor ATF3 in gonadotrophs is regulated by Egr-1, CREB, and ATF2 after gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor stimulation. Endocrinology 2008; 149:6311-25. [PMID: 18719024 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of GnRH receptors enhances expression of activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 in a pituitary gonadotroph cell line. The signaling pathway requires elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels and activation of ERK and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase. The signaling cascade was blocked by overexpression of either MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 or MAPK phosphatase-5 that dephosphorylate nuclear ERK and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase. In addition, ATF3 biosynthesis was impaired after lentiviral-mediated expression of a constitutively active mutant of calcineurin A. Thus, MKP-1, MKP-5, and calcineurin may function as shut-off devices for GnRH receptor signaling. Expression of dominant-negative mutants of early growth response protein (Egr)-1, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and ATF2 blocked the biosynthesis of ATF3, indicating that these transcription factors connect the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by activation of GnRH receptors with transcription of the ATF3 gene. This view was corroborated by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealing that Egr-1 and the phosphorylated forms of CREB and ATF2 bound to the 5'-upstream region of the ATF3 gene in buserelin-stimulated gonadotrophs. Together the data indicate that the ATF3 gene is a bona fide target gene of Egr-1, CREB, and ATF2 in gonadotrophs. Moreover, we show that in gonadotrophs ATF3 bound to its own promoter under physiological conditions. The analysis of a lentiviral-transmitted ATF3 promoter/luciferase reporter gene, embedded into the chromatin of the cells, revealed that ATF3 blocked the activity of its own promoter. We additionally identified the chromogranin B gene as bona fide target gene of ATF3 in gonadotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine I Mayer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 44, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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Wang A, Arantes S, Yan L, Kiguchi K, McArthur MJ, Sahin A, Thames HD, Aldaz CM, Macleod MC. The transcription factor ATF3 acts as an oncogene in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:268. [PMID: 18808719 PMCID: PMC2564979 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of the bZip transcription factor, ATF3, in basal epithelial cells of transgenic mice under the control of the bovine cytokeratin-5 (CK5) promoter has previously been shown to induce epidermal hyperplasia, hair follicle anomalies and neoplastic lesions of the oral mucosa including squamous cell carcinomas. CK5 is known to be expressed in myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, suggesting the possibility that transgenic BK5.ATF3 mice may exhibit mammary gland phenotypes. Methods Mammary glands from nulliparous mice in our BK5.ATF3 colony, both non-transgenic and transgenic, were examined for anomalies by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Nulliparous and biparous female mice were observed for possible mammary tumor development, and suspicious masses were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Human breast tumor samples, as well as normal breast tissue, were similarly analyzed for ATF3 expression. Results Transgenic BK5.ATF3 mice expressed nuclear ATF3 in the basal layer of the mammary ductal epithelium, and often developed squamous metaplastic lesions in one or more mammary glands by 25 weeks of age. No progression to malignancy was seen in nulliparous BK5.ATF3 or non-transgenic mice held for 16 months. However, biparous BK5.ATF3 mice developed mammary carcinomas with squamous metaplasia between 6 months and one year of age, reaching an incidence of 67%. Cytokeratin expression in the tumors was profoundly disturbed, including expression of CK5 and CK8 (characteristic of basal and luminal cells, respectively) throughout the epithelial component of the tumors, CK6 (potentially a stem cell marker), CK10 (a marker of interfollicular epidermal differentiation), and mIRSa2 and mIRSa3.1 (markers of the inner root sheath of hair follicles). Immunohistochemical studies indicated that a subset of human breast tumors exhibit high levels of nuclear ATF3 expression. Conclusion Overexpression of ATF3 in CK5-expressing cells of the murine mammary gland results in the development of squamous metaplastic lesions in nulliparous females, and in mammary tumors in biparous mice, suggesting that ATF3 acts as a mammary oncogene. A subset of human breast tumors expresses high levels of ATF3, suggesting that ATF3 may play an oncogenic role in human breast tumorigenesis, and therefore may be useful as either a biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijin Wang
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA.
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Perfettini JL, Nardacci R, Bourouba M, Subra F, Gros L, Séror C, Manic G, Rosselli F, Amendola A, Masdehors P, Chessa L, Novelli G, Ojcius DM, Siwicki JK, Chechlinska M, Auclair C, Regueiro JR, de Thé H, Gougeon ML, Piacentini M, Kroemer G. Critical involvement of the ATM-dependent DNA damage response in the apoptotic demise of HIV-1-elicited syncytia. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2458. [PMID: 18560558 PMCID: PMC2423469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage can activate the oncosuppressor protein ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which phosphorylates the histone H2AX within characteristic DNA damage foci. Here, we show that ATM undergoes an activating phosphorylation in syncytia elicited by the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in vitro. This was accompanied by aggregation of ATM in discrete nuclear foci that also contained phospho-histone H2AX. DNA damage foci containing phosphorylated ATM and H2AX were detectable in syncytia present in the brain or lymph nodes from patients with HIV-1 infection, as well as in a fraction of blood leukocytes, correlating with viral status. Knockdown of ATM or of its obligate activating factor NBS1 (Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 protein), as well as pharmacological inhibition of ATM with KU-55933, inhibited H2AX phosphorylation and prevented Env-elicited syncytia from undergoing apoptosis. ATM was found indispensable for the activation of MAP kinase p38, which catalyzes the activating phosphorylation of p53 on serine 46, thereby causing p53 dependent apoptosis. Both wild type HIV-1 and an HIV-1 mutant lacking integrase activity induced syncytial apoptosis, which could be suppressed by inhibiting ATM. HIV-1-infected T lymphoblasts from patients with inactivating ATM or NBS1 mutations also exhibited reduced syncytial apoptosis. Altogether these results indicate that apoptosis induced by a fusogenic HIV-1 Env follows a pro-apoptotic pathway involving the sequential activation of ATM, p38MAPK and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Nardacci
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Frédéric Subra
- CNRS UMR 8113 LBPA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- CNRS UMR 8113 LBPA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Claire Séror
- INSERM U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gwenola Manic
- INSERM U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Alessandra Amendola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Peggy Masdehors
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Chessa
- II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnosing Imaging, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - David M. Ojcius
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Konrad Siwicki
- Department of Immunology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chechlinska
- Department of Immunology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Auclair
- CNRS UMR 8113 LBPA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - José R. Regueiro
- Imunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugues de Thé
- CNRS UPR 9051, Université de Paris VII, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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Hif-2alpha mediates UV-induced apoptosis through a novel ATF3-dependent death pathway. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1472-80. [PMID: 18511933 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-dependent death pathway triggered by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. We demonstrate that ATF3 contributes to UV-induced apoptosis through the regulation of hypoxia inducible factor (Hif)-2alpha expression, which in turn induces the expression of proapoptotic genes, such as Caspase7 or TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10). Gain of function of Hif-2alpha as well as ATF3 is sufficient to trigger cell death, whereas loss of function of both proteins drastically inhibits UV-induced apoptosis. Repression of Hif-2alpha strongly impairs ATF3-mediated death, providing evidences that Hif-2alpha is the major death effector of ATF3. In addition, Hif-1alpha, already known as a proapoptotic gene, upon UV irradiation, is not able to compensate for the lack of Hif-2alpha expression, thereby confirming the major contribution of Hif-2alpha in UV-mediated cell death. We further demonstrate that this cascade of gene activation depends on p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Impairment of such a pathway is likely to contribute to oncogenesis by promoting survival of cells that could accumulate severe chromosomal alterations.
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Jin MH, Hong CH, Lee HY, Kang HJ, Han SW. Enhanced TGF-β1 is involved in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mouse testis. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Choi EJ, Oh HM, Na BR, Ramesh TP, Lee HJ, Choi CS, Choi SC, Oh TY, Choi SJ, Chae JR, Kim SW, Jun CD. Eupatilin Protects Gastric Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Damage and Down-Regulates Genes Responsible for the Cellular Oxidative Stress. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1355-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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48
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Hamdi M, Popeijus HE, Carlotti F, Janssen JM, van der Burgt C, Cornelissen-Steijger P, van de Water B, Hoeben RC, Matsuo K, van Dam H. ATF3 and Fra1 have opposite functions in JNK- and ERK-dependent DNA damage responses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:487-96. [PMID: 18249159 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
JNK and ERK MAP kinases regulate cellular responses to genotoxic stress in a cell type and cell context-dependent manner. However, the factors that determine and execute JNK- and ERK-controlled stress responses are only partly known. In this study, we investigate the roles of the AP-1 components ATF3 and Fra1 in JNK- and ERK-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We show that the anti-cancer drug cisplatin or UV light activates both JNK and ERK in human glioblastoma cells lacking functional p53. Inhibition experiments of JNK or ERK activities revealed that the ERK pathway strongly promotes cisplatin- and UV-induced apoptosis in these glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, JNK but not ERK is required for ATF3 induction, and both ERK and JNK are necessary for post-transcriptional induction of Fra1 in response to cisplatin or UV. Knock-down of ATF3 and Fra1 results in increased and decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis, respectively, indicating that ATF3 is an anti-apoptotic JNK effector and Fra1 is a pro-apoptotic ERK/JNK effector. Knock-down experiments also revealed that ATF3 and Fra1, respectively, enhance and reduce S-phase arrest through differential modulation of the Chk1-Cdk2 pathway. Thus, we identify novel reciprocal functions of ATF3 and Fra1 in JNK- and ERK-dependent DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamdi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bhoumik A, Lopez-Bergami P, Ronai Z. ATF2 on the double - activating transcription factor and DNA damage response protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 20:498-506. [PMID: 17935492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2007.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play a key role in the regulation of key cellular processes, including survival and death. Growing evidence points to changes in signaling pathway that occur during skin tumor development and progression. Such changes impact the activity of downstream substrates, including transcription factors. The activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) has been implicated in malignant and non-malignant skin tumor developments. ATF2 mediates both transcription and DNA damage control, through its phosphorylation by JNK/p38 or ATM/ATR respectively. Here, we summarize our present understanding of ATF2 regulation, function and contribution to malignant and non-malignant skin tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhoumik
- Signal Transduction Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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50
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KOIKE M, NINOMIYA Y, KOIKE A. Characterization of Ninjurin and TSC22 induction after X-irradiation of normal human skin cells. J Dermatol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00404.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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