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Guo Q, Deng T, Du Y, Yao W, Tian W, Liao H, Wang Y, Li J, Yan W, Li Y. Impact of DEHP on mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and reproductive toxicity in ovary. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116679. [PMID: 38981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely recognized environmental endocrine disruptor that potentially impacts female reproductive function, although the specific mechanisms leading to such impairment remain unclear. A growing body of research has revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial function significantly influence oocyte quality. The structure of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) is crucial for facilitating the exchange of Ca2+, lipids, and metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the alterations in the composition and function of MAMs after DEHP exposure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ovarian toxicity. The female mice were exposed to DEHP at doses of 5 and 500 mg/kg/day for one month. The results revealed that DEHP exposure led to reduced serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels and increased atretic follicles in mice. DEHP induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupted calcium homeostasis in oocytes. Furthermore, DEHP impaired the mitochondrial function of oocytes and reduced their membrane potential, and promoting apoptosis. Similar results were observed in human granulosa cells after exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP, metabolites of DEHP) in vitro. Proteomic analysis and transmission electron microscopy revealed modifications in the functional proteins and structure of the MAMs, and the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The findings of this investigation provide a new perspective on the mechanism underlying the reproductive toxicity of DEHP in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Taoran Deng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Du
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenqu Tian
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yufeng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Guler A, Yilmaz A, Oncer N, Sever NI, Cengiz Sahin S, Kavakcıoglu Yardimci B, Yilmaz M. Machine learning-assisted SERS approach enables the biochemical discrimination in Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expressing yeast cells treated with ketoconazole and fluconazole antifungals. Talanta 2024; 276:126248. [PMID: 38776770 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Antifungal medications are important due to their potential application in cancer treatment either on their own or with traditional treatments. The mechanisms that prevent the effects of these medications and restrict their usage in cancer treatment are not completely understood. The evaluation and discrimination of the possible protective effects of the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, critical regulators of mitochondrial apoptosis, against antifungal drug-induced cell death has still scientific uncertainties that must be considered. Novel, simple, and reliable strategies are highly demanded to identify the biochemical signature of this phenomenon. However, the complex nature of cells poses challenges for the analysis of cellular biochemical changes or classification. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the probable protective activities of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins against cell damage induced by ketoconazole (KET) and fluconazole (FLU) antifungal drugs in a yeast model through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) approach. The proposed SERS platform created robust Raman spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The analysis of SERS spectral data via advanced unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods enabled unquestionable differentiation (100 %) in samples and biomolecular identification. Various SERS bands related to lipids and proteins observed in the analyses suggest that the expression of these anti-apoptotic proteins reduces oxidative biomolecule damage induced by the antifungals. Also, cell viability assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, and total oxidant and antioxidant status analyses were performed to support Raman measurements. We strongly believe that the proposed approach paves the way for the evaluation of various biochemical structures/changes in various cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Guler
- Chemistry Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Asli Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nazli Oncer
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Ilter Sever
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Cengiz Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Berna Kavakcıoglu Yardimci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey; Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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3
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Pei J, Wei Y, Lv L, Tao H, Zhang H, Ma Y, Han L. Preliminary evidence for the presence of programmed cell death in pressure injuries. J Tissue Viability 2024:S0965-206X(24)00117-7. [PMID: 39095251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Pressure injuries (PIs) are a common healthcare problem worldwide and are considered to be the most expensive chronic wounds after arterial ulcers. Although the gross factors including ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) have been identified in the etiology of PIs, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to PIs development remain unclear. Various forms of programmed cell death including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis have been identified in PIs. In this paper, we present a detailed overview on various forms of cell death; discuss the recent advances in the roles of cell death in the occurrence and development of PIs and found much of the evidence is novel and based on animal experiments. Herein, we also state critical evaluation of the existing data and future perspective in the field. A better understanding of the programmed cell death mechanism in PIs may have important implications in driving the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Pei
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lin Lv
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxia Tao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - HongYan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - YuXia Ma
- School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lin Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Department of Nursing, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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4
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Taheri MM, Javan F, Poudineh M, Athari SS. CAR-NKT Cells in Asthma: Use of NKT as a Promising Cell for CAR Therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024:10.1007/s12016-024-08998-0. [PMID: 38995478 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
NKT cells, unique lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity, offer significant potential for managing inflammatory disorders like asthma. Activating iNKT induces increasing IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-2, and IL-10 potentially suppressing allergic asthma. However, their immunomodulatory effects, including granzyme-perforin-mediated cytotoxicity, and expression of TIM-3 and TRAIL warrant careful consideration and targeted approaches. Although CAR-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in treating certain cancers, its limitations necessitate exploring alternative approaches. In this context, CAR-NKT cells emerge as a promising approach for overcoming these challenges, potentially achieving safer and more effective immunotherapies. Strategies involve targeting distinct IgE-receptors and their interactions with CAR-NKT cells, potentially disrupting allergen-mast cell/basophil interactions and preventing inflammatory cytokine release. Additionally, targeting immune checkpoints like PDL-2, inducible ICOS, FASL, CTLA-4, and CD137 or dectin-1 for fungal asthma could further modulate immune responses. Furthermore, artificial intelligence and machine learning hold immense promise for revolutionizing NKT cell-based asthma therapy. AI can optimize CAR-NKT cell functionalities, design personalized treatment strategies, and unlock a future of precise and effective care. This review discusses various approaches to enhancing CAR-NKT cell efficacy and longevity, along with the challenges and opportunities they present in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Javan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Poudineh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Cancer Gene therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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5
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Kucukoduk A, Durmus Bilgiseven IM, Aksoy M, Karakurt S. Comparison of cytotoxic, apoptotic and oxidative properties of Akacid plus and chlorhexidine in corneal epithelial cell culture. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:1053-1062. [PMID: 37908085 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231210748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to compare the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and oxidative effects of a new cationic disinfectant, Akacid Plus, with chlorhexidine, on the human corneal epithelial cell line. METHODS Time-dependent cytotoxicity studies were performed with the Alamar Blue method. Apoptotic activity was investigated by flow cytometric methods. Reactive oxygen species levels were measured with the ROS cellular test kit. BAX, BCL2 and caspase 3, 9, 12 mRNA expressions were evaluated by PCR, as well as BAX and BCL2 protein expressions by Western-Blot. RESULTS At the fifth minute of the treatment, the viability was 68.15% with Akacid Plus and 43.95% with chlorhexidine. At the 15th minute, no significant difference was observed with both solutions. In the apoptotic evaluation, Akacid Plus significantly increased the early and late apoptotic activity in the cell line (p < 0.0001), while a significant increase was observed in late apoptosis and necrosis levels with chlorhexidine (p < 0.001). Chlorhexidine also induced gene expression of BAX, BCL2, caspase 3, 9 and BAX proteins (p < 0.05), while reducing protein expression of BCL2 (p < 0.001). Akacid Plus induced the gene expressions of BCL2, CASP3 and caspase 9, reduced gene expressions of BAX and caspase 12 and protein expression of BCL2 (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the ROS level with both solutions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Due to the widespread use of cationic polymers in ophthalmology, this new molecule with high antimicrobial activity and relatively low cytotoxicity may be of interest for clinical use. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the ophthalmologic potential of this solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kucukoduk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Aksoy
- Opticianry, Izmir Kavram Vocational School, Izmir, Turkey
- Dunyagoz Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Karakurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Vu A, Glassman I, Campbell G, Yeganyan S, Nguyen J, Shin A, Venketaraman V. Host Cell Death and Modulation of Immune Response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6255. [PMID: 38892443 PMCID: PMC11172987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a prevalent infectious disease affecting populations worldwide. A classic trait of TB pathology is the formation of granulomas, which wall off the pathogen, via the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some key players involved include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), foamy macrophages, type I interferons (IFNs), and reactive oxygen species, which may also show overlap with cell death pathways. Additionally, host cell death is a primary method for combating and controlling Mtb within the body, a process which is influenced by both host and bacterial factors. These cell death modalities have distinct molecular mechanisms and pathways. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing apoptosis and autophagy, typically confers a protective response against Mtb by containing the bacteria within dead macrophages, facilitating their phagocytosis by uninfected or neighboring cells, whereas necrotic cell death benefits the pathogen, leading to the release of bacteria extracellularly. Apoptosis is triggered via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways as well as caspase-independent pathways. Necrosis is induced via various pathways, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Given the pivotal role of host cell death pathways in host defense against Mtb, therapeutic agents targeting cell death signaling have been investigated for TB treatment. This review provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms underlying Mtb-induced host cell death, examining their implications for host immunity. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of targeting host cell death pathways as therapeutic and preventive strategies against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA (G.C.); (A.S.)
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Vargas R, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Apoptosis in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and mechanisms for failed of inflammation resolution. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1709-1724. [PMID: 37775580 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a condition resulting from infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. The main mechanism involves the formation of immune complexes formed in the circulation or in situ on the glomerular basement membrane, which activates complement and causes various inflammatory processes. Cellular mechanisms have been reported in the induction of kidney damage represented by the infiltration of innate cells (neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages) and adaptive cells (CD4 + lymphocytes and CD8 + lymphocytes) of the immune system. These cells induce kidney damage through various mechanisms. It has been reported that nephritogenic antigens are capable of inducing inflammatory processes early, even before the formation of immune complexes. Usually, this disease progresses towards clinical and renal normalization; however, in a smaller number of patients, it evolves into chronicity and persistent kidney damage. Hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanisms underlying this progression to chronicity including failure to induce apoptosis and failure to phagocytose apoptotic cells, allowing these cells to undergo membrane permeabilization and release pro-inflammatory molecules into the environment, thereby perpetuating renal inflammation. Other mechanisms involved include persistent infection, genetic background of the host's complement system, tubulointerstitial changes, and pre-existing kidney damage due to old age and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Zeng R, Zhou Z, Liao W, Guo B. Genetic insights into the role of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. ESC Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38714485 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the causal relationships between cathepsins and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with nine cathepsin types (cathepsins B, E, F, G, H, O, S, L2, and Z) were obtained from the INTERVAL study (3301 individuals). CVDs data were acquired from the UK Biobank (coronary atherosclerosis: 14 334 cases, 346 860 controls) and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) (myocardial infarction: 20 917 cases, 440 906 controls; myocarditis: 633 cases, 427 278 controls; chronic heart failure: 14 262 cases, 471 898 controls; angina pectoris: 30 025 cases, 440 906 controls; stable angina pectoris: 17 894 cases, 325 132 controls; unstable angina pectoris: 9481 cases, 446 987 controls; pericarditis: 1795 cases, 453 370 controls). Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median methods were adopted to conduct univariable MR (UVMR), reverse MR, multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses to estimate causality. The UVMR analyses demonstrated significant causal relationships between higher cathepsin E levels and increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis [IVW: P = 0.0051, odds ratio (OR) = 1.0033, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0010-1.0056] and myocardial infarction (IVW: P = 0.0097, OR = 1.0553, 95% CI = 1.0131-1.0993), while elevated cathepsin L2 levels were causally related to reduced risk of myocarditis (IVW: P = 0.0120, OR = 0.6895, 95% CI = 0.5158-0.9216) and chronic heart failure (IVW: P = 0.0134, OR = 0.9316, 95% CI = 0.8807-0.9854). Reverse MR analyses revealed that myocardial infarction increased cathepsin O levels (IVW: P = 0.0400, OR = 1.0708, 95% CI = 1.0031-1.1431). MVMR analyses treating nine cathepsins together revealed that the positive causality between cathepsin E levels and coronary atherosclerosis risk (IVW: P = 0.0390, OR = 1.0030, 95% CI = 1.0000-1.0060), and the protective effect of cathepsin L2 levels on myocarditis (IVW: P = 0.0030, OR = 0.6610, 95% CI = 0.5031-0.8676) and chronic heart failure (IVW: P = 0.0090, OR = 0.9259, 95% CI = 0.8737-0.9812) remained, as higher cathepsin O levels were found to be causally related to increased risks of myocarditis (IVW: P = 0.0030, OR = 1.6145, 95% CI = 1.1829-2.2034) and chronic heart failure (IVW: P = 0.0300, OR = 1.0779, 95% CI = 1.0070-1.1537). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the causalities of cathepsin E, L2, and O on CVDs, offering insights into their roles in cardiovascular biomarkers and therapeutic targets development. Further research is required to apply these genetic findings clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Zeng
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanshan College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Third Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhe Liao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanshan College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beian Guo
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanshan College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Bayram D, Özgöçmen M, Çelik DA, Sarman E, Sevimli M. Does Boric Acid Inhibit Cell Proliferation on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells in Monolayer and Spheroid Cultures by Using Apoptosis Pathways? Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2008-2021. [PMID: 37572183 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Most breast cancers originate in the lobules or ducts of the breast. Breast cancer as the second main cause of death among women in the world is the most common kind of cancer in women. Studies have been conducted to find the optimal treatment for breast cancer. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of different drugs and substances on this disease have been intensively researched. Boric acid accounts for 96% of the boron content in body fluids, and its derivatives are absorbed by the human body. It is assumed to be represented as (B(OH)2). Experimental studies have shown a reduction of cell proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis in some melanoma, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines through boric acid. The aim of this study was to investigate if boric acid could be used for treating breast cancer. The impacts of boric acid on the human breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were studied with TUNEL, BrdU, caspase-3, and endo-G immunohistochemical studies in 3D and 2D culture systems. Furthermore, we conducted a qRT-PCR study to show changes in the expression of some genes involved in apoptosis. Suppression of cell proliferation through boric acid-inducing apoptosis was observed both in 3D and 2D culture conditions. These results are compatible with the gene expression results. The ENDOG, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9 gene expression significantly changed at all time intervals in MCF-7 and MD-MB-231 cell lines boric acid can potentially treat breast cancer as an anti-cancer agent candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Bayram
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Özgöçmen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Dilek Aşcı Çelik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Emine Sarman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Murat Sevimli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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10
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Kapuy O. Mechanism of Decision Making between Autophagy and Apoptosis Induction upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4368. [PMID: 38673953 PMCID: PMC11050573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of the cellular proteome is mainly controlled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Accumulation of misfolded proteins due to ER stress leads to the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary role of UPR is to reduce the bulk of damages and try to drive back the system to the former or a new homeostatic state by autophagy, while an excessive level of stress results in apoptosis. It has already been proven that the proper order and characteristic features of both surviving and self-killing mechanisms are controlled by negative and positive feedback loops, respectively. The new results suggest that these feedback loops are found not only within but also between branches of the UPR, fine-tuning the response to ER stress. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge of the dynamical characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum stress response mechanism by using both theoretical and molecular biological techniques. In addition, this review pays special attention to describing the mechanism of action of the dynamical features of the feedback loops controlling cellular life-and-death decision upon ER stress. Since ER stress appears in diseases that are common worldwide, a more detailed understanding of the behaviour of the stress response is of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Boccellato C, Rehm M. TRAIL-induced apoptosis and proteasomal activity - Mechanisms, signalling and interplay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119688. [PMID: 38368955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, in particular apoptosis, is essential during development and tissue homeostasis, and also is the primary strategy to induce cancer cell death by cytotoxic therapies. Precision therapeutics targeting TRAIL death receptors are being evaluated as novel anti-cancer agents, while in parallel highly specific proteasome inhibitors have gained approval as drugs. TRAIL-dependent signalling and proteasomal control of cellular proteostasis are intricate processes, and their interplay can be exploited to enhance therapeutic killing of cancer cells in combination therapies. This review provides detailed insights into the complex signalling of TRAIL-induced pathways and the activities of the proteasome. It explores their core mechanisms of action, pharmaceutical druggability, and describes how their interplay can be strategically leveraged to enhance cell death responses in cancer cells. Offering this comprehensive and timely overview will allow to navigate the complexity of the processes governing cell death mechanisms in TRAIL- and proteasome inhibitor-based treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Boccellato
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Markus Rehm
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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12
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Worsfold SI, Carter K, Akbar M, Hackett L, Millar NL, Murrell GAC. Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: Pathways of Apoptosis. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2024; 32:12-16. [PMID: 38695498 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Rotator cuff repair is usually successful, but retear is not uncommon. It has been previously identified that there is a higher incidence of apoptosis in the edges of the torn supraspinatus tendon. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 28 patients-14 rotator cuff tear patients, 5 instability patients, and 9 Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients to determine whether there was any increase in several genes implicated in apoptosis, including Fas receptor (FasR), Fas ligand, Aifm-1, Bcl-2, Fadd, Bax, and caspase-3. There was a significant expression of Bax (P=0.2) and FasR (P=0.005) in the edges of torn supraspinatus tendons, and in intact subscapularis tendons, there was a significant expression of caspase-3 (P=0.02) compared with samples from the torn supraspinatus tendon (P=0.04). The cytochrome c pathway, with its subsequent activation of caspase-3, as well as the TRAIL-receptor signaling pathway involving FasR have both been implicated. The elevated expression of Bax supported the model that the Bax to Bcl-2 expression ratio represents a cell death switch. The elevated expression of Bax in the intact subscapularis tissue from rotator cuff tear patients also may confirm that tendinopathy is an ongoing molecular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I Worsfold
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristyn Carter
- Institute of infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Moeed Akbar
- Institute of infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Hackett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neal L Millar
- Institute of infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George A C Murrell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Wen S, Wang L. Cadmium neurotoxicity and therapeutic strategies. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23670. [PMID: 38432689 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a multitarget, carcinogenic, nonessential environmental pollutant. Due to its toxic effects at very low concentrations, lengthy biological half-life, and low excretion rate, exposure to Cd carries a concern. Prolonged exposure to Cd causes severe injury to the nervous system of both humans and animals. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for the neurotoxic effects of Cd have yet to be fully elucidated. The accurate chemical mechanism potentially entails the destruction of metal-ion homeostasis, inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Here we review the evidence of the neurotoxic effects of Cd and corresponding strategies to protect against Cd-induced central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangquan Wen
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
- Veterinarian Clinical Diagnosis Study Group, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
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14
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Feng L, Dai S, Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhu W, Wang C, He Y, Song W. Ripa-56 protects retinal ganglion cells in glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxic model of glaucoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3834. [PMID: 38360971 PMCID: PMC10869350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a prevalent cause of blindness globally, characterized by the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Among various factors, glutamate excitotoxicity stands out as a significant contributor of RGCs loss in glaucoma. Our study focused on Ripa-56 and its protective effect against NMDA-induced retinal damage in mice, aiming to delve into the potential underlying mechanism. The R28 cells were categorized into four groups: glutamate (Glu), Glu + Ripa-56, Ripa-56 and Control group. After 24 h of treatment, cell death was assessed by PI / Hoechst staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential changes, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed using flow cytometry. The alterations in the expression of RIP-1, p-MLKL, Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase-3, Gpx4 and SLC7A11 were examined using western blot analysis. C57BL/6j mice were randomly divided into NMDA, NMDA + Ripa-56, Ripa-56 and control groups. Histological changes in the retina were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RGCs survival and the protein expression changes of RIP-1, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Gpx4 and SLC7A11 were observed using immunofluorescence. Ripa-56 exhibited a significant reduction in the levels of RIP-1, p-MLKL, Caspase-3, and BAX induced by glutamate, while promoting the expression of Bcl-2, Gpx-4, and SLC7A1 in the Ripa-56-treated group. In our study, using an NMDA-induced normal tension glaucoma mice model, we employed immunofluorescence and H&E staining to observe that Ripa-56 treatment effectively ameliorated retinal ganglion cell loss, mitigating the decrease in retinal ganglion cell layer and bipolar cell layer thickness caused by NMDA. In this study, we have observed that Ripa-56 possesses remarkable anti- necroptotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-ferroptosis properties. It demonstrates the ability to combat not only glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in R28 cells, but also NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity in mice. Therefore, Ripa-56 could be used as a potential retinal protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirui Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wulong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye He
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Li L, Xin L, Yang X, Zou Z. Oncogenic lncRNA FAM215A promotes the malignant cell phenotypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:97-108. [PMID: 38165572 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a form of blood cancer that arise as a result of clonal proliferation of malignant myeloid precursors acquiring genetic abnormalities. Primary resistance to initial treatment and disease recurrence continues to be huge challenge in treating AML. Herein, GSE114868 was analyzed for differentially-expressed lncRNAs between AML patients' mononucleated cells and healthy normal control mononucleated cells and 191 lncRNAs were significantly deregulated in AML patients' mononucleated cells. The correlation between candidate lncRNAs and AML patients' overall survival was analyzed and 6 lncRNAs, including MIR181A1HG, TRAF3IP2-AS1, STARD4-AS1, E2F3-IT1, FAM215A, and HHIP-AS1 were dramatically linked to AML patients' OS. Using a Cox proportional-hazards model, we identified risk factors and found FAM215A as a risk factor for AML patients' prognosis. The expression level of FAM215A showed to be upregulated within blood samples and cells. Genes correlated with FAM215A were correlated to cell division, modulation of cell apoptosis, and modulation of programmed cell death. FAM215A knockdown inhibited AML cell viability, elicited G0/G1-phase arrest of cell cycle, enhanced cell apoptosis, increased proapoptotic Bax and cleaved-caspase3 levels, and decreased antiapoptotic Bcl2. FAM215A overexpression exerted opposite effects on AML cells. Conclusively, FAM215A serves as an oncogenic lncRNA in AML, promoting cell viability, relieving cell cycle arrest, and suppressing cell apoptosis. FAM215A might be un underlying biological prognostic marker and therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Liuyan Xin
- Department of hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhengrong Zou
- Department of emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 128 Jinling Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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16
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Viana Silva M, Valente RS, Annes K, Marsico TV, Oliveira AM, Maiollo BAP, Lopes NJ, Tannura JH, Sudano MJ. Effect of IL-10 and TNF-α on the competence and cryosurvival of in vitro produced Bos indicus embryos. Theriogenology 2024; 215:170-176. [PMID: 38071763 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In vitro-produced embryos are constantly exposed to stressful conditions that can lead to the activation of the apoptotic pathway. The nuclear Kappa B factor (NF-κB) is an inflammatory mediator that induces the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, while interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, inhibits NF-κB activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IL-10 and TNF-α on the competence and cryosurvival of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Embryos were produced in vitro using standard protocols, and Grade I blastocysts were vitrified using the Cryotop method. Non-vitrified and vitrified blastocysts were subjected to the TUNEL assay. In Experiment I, on day 6.5 (156 h post-insemination), the embryos were treated with PBS (control), 50 ng/mL of IL-10, or a combination of 25 ng/mL of TNF-α and 50 ng/mL of IL-10. Embryonic development and apoptotic rates were monitored. In Experiment II, the same groups were set up, with the addition of a group treated with 25 ng/mL of TNF-α alone. Grade I blastocysts were vitrified 5 h after treatment, and cryosurvival was monitored at until 48 h post-warming. The apoptosis rate and total cell number were investigated in the vitrified-hatched blastocysts. IL-10 alone did not affect developmental competence or cryosurvival (P > 0.05). The IL-10-treated embryos, when exposed in combination with TNF-α, presented a detrimental effect (P < 0.05) in the embryonic development of non-vitrified embryos. However, vitrified blastocysts had no negative effect (P > 0.05). The TNF-α treatment reduced (P < 0.05) the re-expansion rate at 6 h post-warming and increased (P < 0.05) the apoptosis rate in vitrified hatched blastocysts, whereas no effect (P > 0.05) of the treatments was detected in the hatching rate and total cell number post-warming. In conclusion, TNF-α has a detrimental effect on embryonic developmental competence and cryosurvival by compromising the development of non-vitrified embryos and apoptotic-related events of vitrified blastocysts, whereas IL-10, when in combination with TNF-α, appears to attenuate the detrimental effects of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Viana Silva
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roniele Santana Valente
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Annes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis - Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thamiris Vieira Marsico
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Minozzo Oliveira
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis - Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Mateus José Sudano
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis - Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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17
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More SA, Deore RS, Pawar HD, Sharma C, Nakhate KT, Rathod SS, Ojha S, Goyal SN. CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor as a Potential Target in Myocardial Infarction: Exploration of Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1683. [PMID: 38338960 PMCID: PMC10855244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipid endocannabinoid system has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for several inflammatory and tissue-damaging diseases, including those affecting the cardiovascular system. The primary targets of cannabinoids are cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors. The CB2 receptor is expressed in the cardiomyocytes. While the pathological changes in the myocardium upregulate the CB2 receptor, genetic deletion of the receptor aggravates the changes. The CB2 receptor plays a crucial role in attenuating the advancement of myocardial infarction (MI)-associated pathological changes in the myocardium. Activation of CB2 receptors exerts cardioprotection in MI via numerous molecular pathways. For instance, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuated the progression of MI via modulation of the CB2 receptor-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Through similar mechanisms, natural and synthetic CB2 receptor ligands repair myocardial tissue damage. This review aims to offer an in-depth discussion on the ameliorative potential of CB2 receptors in myocardial injuries induced by a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Further, the modulation of autophagy, TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, MPTP opening, and ROS production are discussed. The molecular correlation of CB2 receptors with cardiac injury markers, such as troponin I, LDH1, and CK-MB, is explored. Special attention has been paid to novel insights into the potential therapeutic implications of CB2 receptor activation in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar A. More
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Rucha S. Deore
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Harshal D. Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Sumit S. Rathod
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
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18
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Pareek A, Jain V, Sonia S, Farooqui Z, Kaur R, Singh G. Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:73. [PMID: 38254673 PMCID: PMC10813470 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Sonia Sonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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19
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Choo Z, Koh X, Wong MRE, Ashokan RM, Ali Ahamed NSB, Kang C, Kuick CH, Chang KTE, Larisch S, Loh AHP, Chen ZX. Targeted Degradation of XIAP is Sufficient and Specific to Induce Apoptosis in MYCN-overexpressing High-risk Neuroblastoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2386-2399. [PMID: 37874199 PMCID: PMC10681007 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
XIAP, the most potent mammalian inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), critically restricts developmental culling of sympathetic neuronal progenitors, and is correspondingly overexpressed in most MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma tumors. Because apoptosis-related protein in the TGFβ signaling pathway (ARTS) is the only XIAP antagonist that directly binds and degrades XIAP, we evaluated the preclinical effectiveness and tolerability of XIAP antagonism as a novel targeting strategy for neuroblastoma. We found that antagonism of XIAP, but not other IAPs, triggered apoptotic death in neuroblastoma cells. XIAP silencing induced apoptosis while overexpression conferred protection from drug-induced apoptosis. From a screen of IAP inhibitors, first-in-class ARTS mimetic A4 was most effective against high-risk and high XIAP-expressing neuroblastoma cells, and least toxic toward normal liver- and bone marrow-derived cells, compared with pan-IAP antagonists. On target engagement assays and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, A4 was observed to degrade rather than inhibit XIAP, catalyzing rapid degradation of XIAP through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma patient-derived xenografts, A4 significantly prolonged survival as a single agent, and demonstrated synergism with standard-of-care agents to reduce their effective required doses 3- to 6-fold. Engagement and degradation of XIAP by ARTS mimetics is a novel targeting strategy for neuroblastoma that may be especially effective against MYCN-amplified disease with intrinsically high XIAP expression. First-in-class ARTS mimetic A4 demonstrates preclinical efficacy and warrants further development and study. SIGNIFICANCE XIAP degradation is sufficient to kill MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma which overexpresses and relies on XIAP as a brake against cell death, without affecting normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang'E Choo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoying Koh
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Megan Rui En Wong
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ruth Minothini Ashokan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurul Suhana Binte Ali Ahamed
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Chik Hong Kuick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Tou En Chang
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
- Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sarit Larisch
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amos Hong Pheng Loh
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
- Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Cell Death and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Zhi Xiong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
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20
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Zhao WJ, Fan CL, Hu XM, Ban XX, Wan H, He Y, Zhang Q, Xiong K. Regulated Cell Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potentials. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3161-3178. [PMID: 37338781 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and progressive, irreversible vision loss. High intraocular pressure (IOP) heightens the likelihood of glaucoma and correlates with RGC loss. While the current glaucoma therapy prioritizes lower the IOP; however, RGC, and visual loss may persist even when the IOP is well-controlled. As such, discovering and creating IOP-independent neuroprotective strategies for safeguard RGCs is crucial for glaucoma management. Investigating and clarifying the mechanism behind RGC death to counteract its effects is a promising direction for glaucoma control. Empirical studies of glaucoma reveal the role of multiple regulated cell death (RCD) pathways in RGC death. This review delineates the RCD of RGCs following IOP elevation and optic nerve damage and discusses the substantial benefits of mitigating RCD in RGCs in preserving visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Chun-Ling Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Ye He
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Hunan Province, No. 188, Furong Road, Furong District, Changsha City, 410015, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410013, China.
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21
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Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, Price DR, Choi AMK. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2349-2422. [PMID: 37021870 PMCID: PMC10393386 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be their most important function, mitochondria are also integral for the synthesis of metabolic precursors, calcium regulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, immune signaling, and apoptosis. Considering the breadth of their responsibilities, mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Appreciating this significance, translational medicine has begun to investigate how mitochondrial dysfunction can represent a harbinger of disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways, and how mitochondrial dysfunction at any of these levels is associated with disease pathogenesis. Mitochondria-dependent pathways may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Maria Plataki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Price
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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22
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Dos Santos FCF, da Costa CS, Graceli JB. Effects of microcystin-LR on mammalian ovaries. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108441. [PMID: 37473929 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The ovaries play critical roles in regulating oocyte maturation and sex steroid hormone production and thus are critical for female reproduction. Ovarian function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways, making the ovaries potential targets for environmental factors, such as microcystins (MCs). MCs are a diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins generally found in eutrophic water or algal blooms. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between MC exposure and ovarian dysfunction, including their effects on ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis, steroid production, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and fertility. This review covers the most recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mammals. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, current evidence indicates that MC exposure causes impairments in ovarian function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which MCs affect ovarian function and other female endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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23
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Dutta A, Panchali T, Khatun A, Jarapala SR, Das K, Ghosh K, Chakrabarti S, Pradhan S. Anti-cancer potentiality of linoelaidic acid isolated from marine Tapra fish oil (Ophisthopterus tardoore) via ROS generation and caspase activation on MCF-7 cell line. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14125. [PMID: 37644076 PMCID: PMC10465529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The implication of inflammation in the pathophysiology of several types of cancers has been under intense investigation. Conjugated fatty acids can modulate inflammation and present anticancer effects, promoting cancer cell death. In this paper, we evaluated the efficacy of new conjugated fatty acids isolated from marine Opisthopterus tardoore (Tapra fish) in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Linoelaidic acid, a marine fish (O. tardoore) derived unsaturated fatty acids, showed effective anticancer activity against MCF-7. Cell viability (MTT) assay revealed a dose-dependent decline in cancer cell viability. It was noteworthy that 5 µM linoelaidic acid decreased the MCF-7 cell viability by 81.82%. Besides that, linoelaidic acid significantly (P< 0.05) increased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) studied by ELISA. Not only that, linoelaidic acid significantly decreased the reduced glutathione level and increased the oxidized glutathione level in MCF-7 cells indicating the oxidative stress inside the cell. Two different cell staining methods with acridine orange-ethidium bromide and DAPI confirmed that the linoelaidic acid rendered their detrimental effect on cancer cells. To decipher the mode of apoptosis Western blotting was performed in which the expression pattern of several proteins (p53, IL-10, and IL-1ra) established the apoptosis in the studied cell lines after linoelaidic acid exposure. Hence it may be conferred that linoelaidic acid has prompt anticancer activity. Therefore this drug can be used further for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Dutta
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Titli Panchali
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Amina Khatun
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Jarapala
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrient Analysis, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, Telengana, 500007, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Nutrition, Belda College, Paschim Medinipur, 721424, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrabani Pradhan
- Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, 721129, West Bengal, India.
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24
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Sroor FM, Tohamy WM, Zoheir KMA, Abdelazeem NM, Mahrous KF, Ibrahim NS. Design, synthesis, in vitro anticancer, molecular docking and SAR studies of new series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. BMC Chem 2023; 17:106. [PMID: 37641068 PMCID: PMC10463376 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study involves the design and synthesis of a newly synthesized pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives to contain chlorine atoms in positions 4 and 6 and trichloromethyl group in position 2 using microwave technique as a new and robust approach for preparation of this type of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives. The chemical structure of the synthesized pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 3-19 was well-characterized using spectral and elemental analyses as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All compounds were tested in vitro against seven selected human cancer cell lines, namely, MCF7, A549, HCT116, PC3, HePG2, PACA2 and BJ1 using MTT assay. It was found that compounds 14a, 16b and 18b were the most active toward MCF7 with IC50 (1.7, 5.7, and 3.4 μg/ml, respectively) relative to doxorubicin (Dox.) (26.1 μg/ml). Additionally, compound 17 exerted promising cytotoxic effects against HePG2 and PACA2 with IC50 (8.7 and 6.4 μg/ml, respectively) relative to Dox. (21.6 and 28.3 μg/ml, respectively). The molecular docking study confirmed our ELISA result which showed the promising binding affinities of compounds 14a and 17 against Bcl2 anti-apoptotic protein. At the gene expression level, P53, BAX, DR4 and DR5 were up-regulated, while Bcl2, Il-8, and CDK4 were down-regulated in 14a, 14b and 18b treated MCF7 cells. At the protein level, compound 14b increased the activity of Caspase 8 and BAX (18.263 and 14.25 pg/ml) relative to Dox. (3.99 and 4.92 pg/ml, respectively), while the activity of Bcl2 was greatly decreased in 14a treated MCF7 (2.4 pg/ml) compared with Dox. (14.37 pg/ml). Compounds 14a and 14b caused cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase in MCF7. Compounds 16b and 18b induced the apoptotic death of MCF7 cells. In addition, the percentage of fragmented DNA was increased significantly in 14a treated MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid M Sroor
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Wael M Tohamy
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Abdelazeem
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Karima F Mahrous
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nada S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Branch), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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25
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Lamichhane PP, Samir P. Cellular Stress: Modulator of Regulated Cell Death. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1172. [PMID: 37759572 PMCID: PMC10525759 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress response activates a complex program of an adaptive response called integrated stress response (ISR) that can allow a cell to survive in the presence of stressors. ISR reprograms gene expression to increase the transcription and translation of stress response genes while repressing the translation of most proteins to reduce the metabolic burden. In some cases, ISR activation can lead to the assembly of a cytoplasmic membraneless compartment called stress granules (SGs). ISR and SGs can inhibit apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, suggesting that they guard against uncontrolled regulated cell death (RCD) to promote organismal homeostasis. However, ISR and SGs also allow cancer cells to survive in stressful environments, including hypoxia and during chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a great need to understand the molecular mechanism of the crosstalk between ISR and RCD. This is an active area of research and is expected to be relevant to a range of human diseases. In this review, we provided an overview of the interplay between different cellular stress responses and RCD pathways and their modulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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26
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Kim MH, Bae CS, Bok SH, Choi HS, Ahn T, Cho SS, Park DH. Drug Development from Natural Products Based on the Pathogenic Mechanism of Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12469. [PMID: 37569846 PMCID: PMC10419019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pulmonary system associated with many wheeze-to-sleep apnea complications that may lead to death. In 2019, approximately 262 million patients suffered from asthma, and 455 thousand died from the disease worldwide. It is a more severe health problem in children and older adults, and as the aging of society intensifies, the problem will continue to worsen. Asthma inducers can be classified as indoor and outdoor allergens and can cause asthma due to their repeated invasion. There are several theories about asthma occurrence, such as the imbalance between Th1 and Th2, inflammation in the pulmonary system, and the abnormal apoptosis/cell proliferation of cells related to asthma. Although there are many medications for asthma, as it is an incurable disease, the purpose of the drugs is only to suppress the symptoms. The current drugs can be divided into relievers and controllers; however, as they have many adverse effects, such as immune suppression, growth retardation, promotion of cataracts, hyperactivity, and convulsions, developing new asthma drugs is necessary. Although natural products can have adverse effects, the development of asthma drugs from natural products may be beneficial, as some have anti-asthmatic effects such as immune modulation, anti-inflammation, and/or apoptosis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kim
- Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (C.-S.B.); (T.A.)
| | - So-Hyeon Bok
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyo-Seung Choi
- Department of Digital Contents, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Taeho Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (C.-S.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
- Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
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27
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Shen S, Shao Y, Li C. Different types of cell death and their shift in shaping disease. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:284. [PMID: 37542066 PMCID: PMC10403589 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is the irreversible stop of life. It is also the basic physiological process of all organisms which involved in the embryonic development, organ maintenance and autoimmunity of the body. In recent years, we have gained more comprehension of the mechanism in cell death and have basically clarified the different types of "programmed cell death", such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis, and identified some key genes in these processes. However, in these previous studies, the conversion between different cell death modes and their application in diseases are rarely explored. To sum up, although many valued discoveries have been discovered in the field of cell death in recent years, there are still many unknown problems to be solved in this field. Facts have proved that cell death is a very complex game, and a series of core players have the ability to destroy the delicate balance of the cell environment, from survival to death, from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory. With the thorough research of the complex regulatory mechanism of cell death, there will certainly be exciting new research in this field in the next few years. The sake of this paper is to emphasize the complex mechanism of overturning the balance between different cell fates and provide relevant theoretical basis for the connection between cell death transformation and disease treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikou Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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28
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Cen LP, Park KK, So KF. Optic nerve diseases and regeneration: How far are we from the promised land? Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51:627-641. [PMID: 37317890 PMCID: PMC10519420 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons that connect information from the retina to the brain. Optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, trauma, inflammation, ischemia and hereditary optic neuropathy can cause RGC loss and axon damage, and lead to partial or total loss of vision, which is an irreversible process in mammals. The accurate diagnoses of optic neuropathies are crucial for timely treatments to prevent irrevocable RGCs loss. After severe ON damage in optic neuropathies, promoting RGC axon regeneration is vital for restoring vision. Clearance of neuronal debris, decreased intrinsic growth capacity, and the presence of inhibitory factors have been shown to contribute to the failure of post-traumatic CNS regeneration. Here, we review the current understanding of manifestations and treatments of various common optic neuropathies. We also summarise the current known mechanisms of RGC survival and axon regeneration in mammals, including specific intrinsic signalling pathways, key transcription factors, reprogramming genes, inflammation-related regeneration factors, stem cell therapy, and combination therapies. Significant differences in RGC subtypes in survival and regenerative capacity after injury have also been found. Finally, we highlight the developmental states and non-mammalian species that are capable of regenerating RGC axons after injury, and cellular state reprogramming for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ping Cen
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kevin K. Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kowk-Fai So
- Guangzhou-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Changsha Aier Hospital of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
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29
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Wang Y, Long L, Zhuo L, Zhang H, Luo T, Deng J, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Peng X. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1-styrenyl isoquinoline derivatives for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity and effect on mitochondria. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115420. [PMID: 37182331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 18 derivatives of 1-styrene-isoquinoline were designed and synthesized from resveratrol and isoquinoline. The IC50 of compound 1c against Huh7 and SK-Hep-1 cells were 2.52 μM and 4.20 μM, respectively. Mice were treated with 650 mg/kg compound 1c, and the survival status of mice was good. Further studies showed that compound 1c could inhibit cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, induce cell apoptosis, and inhibit cell migration and invasion by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is worth noting that numbers of studies have pointed that resveratrol can trigger mitochondrial apoptosis to induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of compound 1c induced apoptosis of Huh7 and SK-Hep-1 cells. The results indicated that compound 1c could regulate the expression of proteins which are related to mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and inhibit the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, compound 1c could inhibit the growth of Huh7-xenografts, and perform a tumor inhibitory rate of 41.44% when administered 30 mg/kg once a day. This work provides a potential anti-hepatocellular carcinoma compound that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Lin Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Linsheng Zhuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Tian Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jiedan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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30
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Seoane M, Conde-Pérez K, Esperanza M, Cid Á, Rioboo C. Unravelling joint cytotoxicity of ibuprofen and oxytetracycline on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using a programmed cell death-related biomarkers panel. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 257:106455. [PMID: 36841069 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are emerging contaminants that pose a growing concern due to their ubiquitous presence and harmful impact on aquatic ecosystems. Among PhACs, the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen (IBU) and the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) are two of the most used compounds whose presence has been reported in different aquatic environments worldwide. However, there is still scarce information about the cellular and molecular alterations provoked by IBU and OTC on aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms as microalgae, even more if we refer to their potential combined toxicity. To test the cyto- and genotoxicity provoked by IBU, OTC and their binary combination on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a flow cytometric panel was performed after 24 h of single and co-exposure to both contaminants. Assayed parameters were cell vitality, metabolic activity, intracellular ROS levels, and other programmed cell death (PCD)-related biomarkers as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membrane potentials and caspase-like and endonuclease activities. In addition, a nuclear DNA fragmentation analysis by comet assay was carried out. For most of the parameters analysed (vitality, metabolic activity, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membrane potentials, and DNA fragmentation) the most severe damages were observed in the cultures exposed to the binary mixture (IBU+OTC), showing a joint cyto- and genotoxicity effect. Both PhACs and their mixture caused a remarkable decrease in cell proliferation and metabolic activity and markedly increased intracellular ROS levels, parallel to a noticeable depolarization of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes. Moreover, a strong increase in both caspase and endonuclease activities as well as a PCD-related loss of nuclear DNA integrity was observed in all treatments. Results analysis showed that the PhACs caused cell death on this non-target organism, involving mitochondrial membrane depolarization, enhanced ROS production and activation of PCD process. Thus, PCD should be an applicable toxicological target for unraveling the harmful effects of co-exposure to PhACs in aquatic organisms as microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Kelly Conde-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain.
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31
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Yang W, Chen Y, Su C, Chen M, Yeh C, Chen Y, Tsai M, Yang S, Lin C. Hispolon induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells through
JNK
/
HO
‐1 pathway activation. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1250-1260. [PMID: 36967712 PMCID: PMC10148051 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Hispolon, a polyphenolic compound with antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, is a potential chemotherapy agent. However, few studies have investigated the anti-cancer mechanism of hispolon in oral cancer. This present study used the cell viability assay, clonogenic assay, fluorescent nuclear staining, and flow cytometry assay to analyse the apoptosis-inducing effects of hispolon in OSCC cells. After hispolon treatment, the apoptotic initiators, cleaved caspase-3, -8, and - 9, were upregulated, whereas the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (cIAP1) was downregulated. Furthermore, a proteome profile analysis using a human apoptosis array revealed the overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by hispolon, which was determined to be involved in caspase-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, cotreatment with hispolon and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors revealed that hispolon induces apoptosis in OSCC cells through activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and not the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 pathway. These findings indicate that hispolon may exert an anticancer effect on oral cancer cells by upregulating HO-1 and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis by activating the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐En Yang
- Department of Medical ResearchChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Tzu Chen
- School of DentistryChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of DentistryChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Wen Su
- Department of Medical ResearchChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Mu‐Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian HospitalChanghuaTaiwan
- Oral cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian HospitalChanghuaTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Ming Yeh
- Department of Medical ResearchChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Lin Chen
- School of DentistryChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of DentistryChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Meng‐Ying Tsai
- Department of Medical ResearchChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Shun‐Fa Yang
- Department of Medical ResearchChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chiao‐Wen Lin
- Department of DentistryChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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Potential of siRNA-Bearing Subtilosomes in the Treatment of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052191. [PMID: 36903437 PMCID: PMC10004640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics, based on small interfering RNA (siRNA), have demonstrated tremendous potential for treating cancer. However, issues such as non-specific targeting, premature degradation, and the intrinsic toxicity of the siRNA, have to be solved before they are ready for use in translational medicines. To address these challenges, nanotechnology-based tools might help to shield siRNA and ensure its specific delivery to the target site. Besides playing a crucial role in prostaglandin synthesis, the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme has been reported to mediate carcinogenesis in various types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We encapsulated COX-2-specific siRNA in Bacillus subtilis membrane lipid-based liposomes (subtilosomes) and evaluated their potential in the treatment of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Our findings suggested that the subtilosome-based formulation was stable, releasing COX-2 siRNA in a sustained manner, and has the potential to abruptly release encapsulated material at acidic pH. The fusogenic property of subtilosomes was revealed by FRET, fluorescence dequenching, content-mixing assay, etc. The subtilosome-based siRNA formulation was successful in inhibiting TNF-α expression in the experimental animals. The apoptosis study indicated that the subtilosomized siRNA inhibits DEN-induced carcinogenesis more effectively than free siRNA. The as-developed formulation also suppressed COX-2 expression, which in turn up-regulated the expression of wild-type p53 and Bax on one hand and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression on the other. The survival data established the increased efficacy of subtilosome-encapsulated COX-2 siRNA against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Roy Choudhury S, Heflin B, Taylor E, Koss B, Avaritt NL, Tackett AJ. CRISPR/dCas9-KRAB-Mediated Suppression of S100b Restores p53-Mediated Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050730. [PMID: 36899866 PMCID: PMC10000373 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of S100B is routinely used for disease-staging and for determining prognostic outcomes in patients with malignant melanoma. Intracellular interactions between S100B and wild-type (WT)-p53 have been demonstrated to limit the availability of free WT-p53 in tumor cells, inhibiting the apoptotic signaling cascade. Herein, we demonstrate that, while oncogenic overexpression of S100B is poorly correlated (R < 0.3; p > 0.05) to alterations in S100B copy number or DNA methylation in primary patient samples, the transcriptional start site and upstream promoter of the gene are epigenetically primed in melanoma cells with predicted enrichment of activating transcription factors. Considering the regulatory role of activating transcription factors in S100B upregulation in melanoma, we stably suppressed S100b (murine ortholog) by using a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to a transcriptional repressor, Krüppel-associated box (KRAB). Selective combination of S100b-specific single-guide RNAs and the dCas9-KRAB fusion significantly suppressed expression of S100b in murine B16 melanoma cells without noticeable off-target effects. S100b suppression resulted in recovery of intracellular WT-p53 and p21 levels and concomitant induction of apoptotic signaling. Expression levels of apoptogenic factors (i.e., apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase) were altered in response to S100b suppression. S100b-suppressed cells also showed reduced cell viability and increased susceptibility to the chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin and tunicamycin. Targeted suppression of S100b therefore offers a therapeutic vulnerability to overcome drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Roy Choudhury
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.C.); (A.J.T.); Tel.: +1-(501)-364-7531 (S.R.C.); +1-(501)-686-8152 (A.J.T.)
| | - Billie Heflin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Erin Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Brian Koss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nathan L. Avaritt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.C.); (A.J.T.); Tel.: +1-(501)-364-7531 (S.R.C.); +1-(501)-686-8152 (A.J.T.)
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Advances in Molecular Regulation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Top Natural Products of Malaysia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1536-1567. [PMID: 36826044 PMCID: PMC9954984 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains both a global health burden and a scientific challenge. We present a review of the molecular targets driving current drug discovery to fight this disease. Moreover, the preventable nature of most PCa cases represents an opportunity for phytochemicals as chemopreventive when adequately integrated into nutritional interventions. With a renovated interest in natural remedies as a commodity and their essential role in cancer drug discovery, Malaysia is looking towards capitalizing on its mega biodiversity, which includes the oldest rainforest in the world and an estimated 1200 medicinal plants. We here explore whether the list of top Malay plants prioritized by the Malaysian government may fulfill the potential of becoming newer, sustainable sources of prostate cancer chemotherapy. These include Andrographis paniculate, Centella asiatica, Clinacanthus nutans, Eurycoma longifolia, Ficus deltoidea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Marantodes pumilum (syn. Labisia pumila), Morinda citrifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, and Phyllanthus niruri. Our review highlights the importance of resistance factors such as Smac/DIABLO in cancer progression, the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in cancer metastasis, and the regulation of PCa cells by some promising terpenes (andrographolide, Asiatic acid, rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (isovitexin, gossypin, sinensetin), and alkylresorcinols (labisiaquinones) among others.
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Sadowska A, Sawicka D, Godlewska K, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K, Zapora E, Sokołowska E, Car H. Beneficial Proapoptotic Effect of Heterobasidion Annosum Extract in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mouse Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031352. [PMID: 36771018 PMCID: PMC9919637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal extracts possess potential anticancer activity against many malignant neoplastic diseases. In this research, we focused on the evaluation of Heterobasidion annosum (HA) extract in colorectal cancer in an in vivo model. The mice with implanted DLD-1 human cancer cells were given HA extract, the referential drug-5-fluorouracil (5FU), or were treated with its combination. Thereafter, tumor volume was measured and apoptotic proteins such as caspase-8, caspase-3, p53, Bcl-2, and survivin were analyzed in mice serum with an ELISA assay. The Ki-67 protein was assessed in tumor cells by immunohistochemical examination. The biggest volumes of tumors were confirmed in the DLD-1 group, while the lowest were observed in the population treated with 5FU and/or HA extract. The assessment of apoptosis showed increased concentrations of caspase 8 and p53 protein after the combined administration of 5FU and HA extract. The levels of survivin and Bcl-2 were decreased in all tested groups compared to the DLD-1 group. Moreover, we observed a positive reaction for Ki-67 protein in all tested groups. Our findings confirm the apoptotic effect of extract given alone or with 5FU. The obtained results are innovative and provide a basis for further research concerning the antitumor activity of the HA extract, especially in the range of its interaction with an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-5554
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Godlewska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Zapora
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Use, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Sokołowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
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Abstract
Poxviruses have been long regarded as potent inhibitors of apoptotic cell death. More recently, they have been shown to inhibit necroptotic cell death through two distinct strategies. These strategies involve either blocking virus sensing by the host pattern recognition receptor, ZBP1 (also called DAI) or by influencing receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 signal transduction by inhibition of activation of the executioner of necroptosis, mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). Vaccinia virus E3 specifically blocks ZBP1 → RIPK3 → MLKL necroptosis, leaving virus-infected cells susceptible to the TNF death-receptor signaling (e.g., TNFR1 → FADD → RIPK1 → RIPK3 → MLKL), and, potentially, TLR3 → TRIF → RIPK3 → MLKL necroptosis. While E3 restriction of necroptosis appears to be common to many poxviruses that infect vertebrate hosts, another modulatory strategy not observed in vaccinia or variola virus manifests through subversion of MLKL activation. Recently described viral mimics of MLKL in other chordopoxviruses inhibit all three modes of necroptotic cell death. As with inhibition of apoptosis, the evolution of potentially redundant viral mechanisms to inhibit programmed necroptotic cell death emphasizes the importance of this pathway in the arms race between pathogens and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Arizona State University, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Kang YJ, Kwon YH, Jang JY, Lee JH, Lee S, Park Y, Moon HR, Chung HY, Kim ND. MHY2251, a New SIRT1 Inhibitor, Induces Apoptosis via JNK/p53 Pathway in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:73-81. [PMID: 35811306 PMCID: PMC9810441 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) belong to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase family. They are key regulators of cellular and physiological processes, such as cell survival, senescence, differentiation, DNA damage and stress response, cellular metabolism, and aging. SIRTs also influence carcinogenesis, making them potential targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the anticancer properties and underlying molecular mechanisms of a novel SIRT1 inhibitor, MHY2251, in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. MHY2251 reduced the viability of various human CRC cell lines, especially those with wild-type TP53. MHY2251 inhibited SIRT1 activity and SIRT1/2 protein expression, while promoting p53 acetylation, which is a target of SIRT1 in HCT116 cells. MHY2251 treatment triggered apoptosis in HCT116 cells. It increased the percentage of late apoptotic cells and the sub-G1 fraction (as detected by flow cytometric analysis) and induced DNA fragmentation. In addition, MHY2251 upregulated the expression of FasL and Fas, altered the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, downregulated the levels of pro-caspase-8, -9, and -3 proteins, and induced subsequent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. The induction of apoptosis by MHY2251 was related to the activation of the caspase cascade, which was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, MHY2251 stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and MHY2251-triggered apoptosis was blocked by pre-treatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. This finding indicated the specific involvement of JNK in MHY2251-induced apoptosis. MHY2251 shows considerable potential as a therapeutic agent for targeting human CRC via the inhibition of SIRT1 and activation of JNK/p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggwon Lee
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author E-mail: , Tel: +82-51-510-2801, Fax: +82-51-513-6754
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Yu X, Wang T, Li Y, Li Y, Bai B, Fang J, Han J, Li S, Xiu Z, Liu Z, Yang X, Li Y, Zhu G, Jin N, Shang C, Li X, Zhu Y. Apoptin causes apoptosis in HepG-2 cells via Ca 2+ imbalance and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Med 2022; 12:8306-8318. [PMID: 36515089 PMCID: PMC10134343 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptin is derived from the chicken anemia virus and exhibits specific cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. Herein, we found that Apoptin induced a strong and lasting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, Ca2+ imbalance, and triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which Apoptin exhibited anti-tumor effects in HepG-2 cells. METHODS The intracellular levels of calcium (Ca2+ ) were induced by ER stress and determined by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence staining. The mitochondrial injury was determined by mitochondrial membrane potential and electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to investigate the levels of key proteins in ER stress and the apoptotic pathway in mitochondria. The relationship between Ca2+ levels and apoptosis in Apoptin-treated cells was analyzed using a Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM), flow cytometry, and fluorescence staining. We also investigated the in vivo effects of Ca2+ imbalance on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway using tumor tissues xenografted on nude mice. RESULTS This study showed that Apoptin induced a strong and long- lasting ER stress and injury, which subsequently led to an imbalance of cellular Ca2+ levels, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, a significant extent image in the mitochondrial structure, and an increase in the expression levels of Smac/Diablo and Cyto-C. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Apoptin induced apoptosis in HepG-2 cells via Ca2+ imbalance and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This study provided a new direction for antitumor research in Apoptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tongxing Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Guangze Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Theoretical and molecular mechanistic investigations of novel (3-(furan-2-yl)pyrazol-4-yl) chalcones against lung carcinoma cell line (A549). NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 396:719-736. [PMID: 36469109 PMCID: PMC10042774 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA new chalcone series has been developed that may be useful in the treatment of lung cancer. The new series was confirmed by the different spectral tools. MTT assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of the novel chalcones against lung cancer cell line (A549). Molecular docking studies were performed on the most two effective chalcones 7b and 7c. Different molecular techniques were utilized to study the activity and the effect of two chalcones 7b and 7c on apoptosis of A549 cell line.
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40
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OSW-1 induces apoptosis and cyto-protective autophagy, and synergizes with chemotherapy on triple negative breast cancer metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:1255-1275. [PMID: 36155886 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant subtype of breast cancer. As yet, chemotherapy with drugs such as doxorubicin is the main treatment strategy. However, drug resistance and dose-dependent toxicities restrict their clinical use. Natural products are major sources of anti-tumor drugs. OSW-1 is a natural compound with strong anti-cancer effects in several types of cancer, but its effects on the efficacy of chemotherapy in TNBC and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. METHODS The inhibitory activities of OSW-1 and its combination with several chemotherapy drugs were tested using in vitro assays and in vivo subcutaneous and metastatic mouse TNBC models. The effects of the mono- and combination treatments on TNBC cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy and related signaling pathways were assessed using MTT, flow cytometry, RNA sequencing and immunology-based assays. In addition, the in vivo inhibitory effects of OSW-1 and (combined) chemotherapies were evaluated in subcutaneous and metastatic mouse tumor models. RESULTS We found that OSW-1 induces Ca2+-dependent mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis and cyto-protective autophagy through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in TNBC cells in vitro. We also found that OSW-1 and doxorubicin exhibited strong synergistic anti-TNBC capabilities both in vivo and in vitro. Combination treatment strongly inhibited spontaneous and experimental lung metastases in 4T1 mouse models. In addition, the combination strategy of OSW-1 + Carboplatin + Docetaxel showed an excellent anti-metastatic effect in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed the mode of action and molecular mechanism underlying the effect of OSW-1 against TNBC, and provided a useful guidance for improving the sensitivity of TNBC cells to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, which warrants further investigation.
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41
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Day ZI, Mayfosh AJ, Giel MC, Hong Y, Williams SA, Santavanond JP, Rau TF, Poon IK, Hulett MD. Novel Formulation of Undecylenic Acid induces Tumor Cell Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214170. [PMID: 36430646 PMCID: PMC9692760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Undecylenic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, is currently in clinical use as a topical antifungal agent, however the potential for therapeutic application in other disease settings has not been investigated. In this study, we describe a novel platform for the solubilization of fatty acids using amino acids and utilize this approach to define a tumoricidal activity and underlying mechanism for undecylenic acid. We examined a novel formulation of undecylenic acid compounded with L-Arginine, called GS-1, that induced concentration-dependent tumor cell death, with undecylenic acid being the cytotoxic component. Further investigation revealed that GS-1-mediated cell death was caspase-dependent with a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting a pro-apoptotic mechanism of action. Additionally, GS-1 was found to localize intracellularly to lipid droplets. In contrast to previous studies where lipid droplets have been shown to be protective against fatty acid-induced cell death, we showed that lipid droplets could not protect against GS-1-induced cytotoxicity. We also found a role for Fatty Acid Transport Protein 2 (FATP2) in the uptake of this compound. Collectively, this study demonstrates that GS-1 has effective pro-apoptotic antitumor activity in vitro and, together with the novel platform of fatty acid solubilization, contributes to the re-emerging field of fatty acids as potential anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe I. Day
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Wintermute Biomedical, 789 Bauer Lane, Corvallis, MT 59828, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Giel
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Scott A. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jascinta P. Santavanond
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Thomas F. Rau
- Wintermute Biomedical, 789 Bauer Lane, Corvallis, MT 59828, USA
| | - Ivan K. Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-9479-1266
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Kucukoduk A, Durmus IM, Aksoy M, Karakurt S. Cytotoxic, Apoptotic, and Oxidative Effects of Preserved and Preservative-Free Brimonidine in a Corneal Epithelial Cell Line. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:576-583. [PMID: 36178959 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to compare the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and oxidative effects of preserved and preservative-free forms of brimonidine 0.15% on the human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) line. Methods: Time-dependent cytotoxicity studies were performed with the Alamar Blue method. For apoptotic studies, PE Annexin V and 7-amino-actinomycin (7-AAD) staining and flow cytometry were performed. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, -9, -12, and protein expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot method, respectively. Results: Cell viability was 76.4% with the preserved solution and 36.05% with the preservative-free solution at the fifth minute. No significant difference was observed with either solution at the 15-min mark, whereas cell viability did not change significantly after 1 h. In the apoptosis evaluation, it was observed that the preservative-free solution increased the early apoptotic activity to a greater degree (P < 0.05). Preservative-free solution also induced gene expression of proapoptotic Bax, caspase-9 and -12, and protein expression of Bax while reducing the protein expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 (P < 0.0001). Preserved solution induced only the gene expression of caspase-12, and reduced the protein expression of Bcl-2 (P < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of either solution compared with the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the preserved solution is less cytotoxic to the HCEC line in the early period, has less early apoptotic activity, and does not significantly increase ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kucukoduk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Irem Mukaddes Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Aksoy
- Assistant Professor, Opticianry, Izmir Kavram Vocational School, Izmir, Turkey.,Dunyagoz Hospital, Izmır, Turkey
| | - Serdar Karakurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Wang X, Liu Q, Fu Y, Ding RB, Qi X, Zhou X, Sun Z, Bao J. Magnolol as a Potential Anticancer Agent: A Proposed Mechanistic Insight. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196441. [PMID: 36234977 PMCID: PMC9570903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious disease with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Natural products have served as a major source for developing new anticancer drugs during recent decades. Magnolol, a representative natural phenolic lignan isolated from Magnolia officinali, has attracted considerable attention for its anticancer properties in recent years. Accumulating preclinical studies have demonstrated the tremendous therapeutic potential of magnolol via a wide range of pharmacological mechanisms against cancer. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in preclinical studies investigating anticancer properties of magnolol and described the important signaling pathways explaining its underlying mechanisms. Magnolol was capable of inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis against various cancer types. Magnolol exerted anticancer effects through inhibiting proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, provoking apoptosis, restraining migration and invasion, and suppressing angiogenesis. Multiple signaling pathways were also involved in the pharmacological actions of magnolol against cancer, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, MAPK signaling and NF-κB signaling. Based on this existing evidence summarized in the review, we have conclusively confirmed magnolol had a multi-target anticancer effect against heterogeneous cancer disease. It is promising to develop magnolol as a drug candidate for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuanfeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ren-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xingzhu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuejun Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Jiaolin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (J.B.)
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de Sousa Cabral LG, Hesse H, Freire KA, de Oliveira CS, Pedron CN, Alves MG, Carlstron JP, Poyet JL, Oliveira VX, Maria DA. The BR2 peptide associated with 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate is a formulation with antiproliferative potential for a triple-negative breast cancer model. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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All-trans retinoic acid enhanced the antileukemic efficacy of ABT-199 in acute myeloid leukemia by downregulating the expression of S100A8. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109182. [PMID: 36058034 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is prone to relapse. Targeted therapy with a specific inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 ABT-199 is an effective method for relapsed and refractory patients, but drug resistance is likely, which is primarily related to high Mcl-1 and S100A8 expression. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can inhibit Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression. The study purpose was to determine whether ATRA can enhance the antileukemia effect of ABT-199 on AML cells. Our data showed that ATRA combined with ABT-199 exerts a synergistic antileukemic effect by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in AML. In vivo, combination therapy prolonged the survival of AML xenograft mice. The possible mechanism involves promoting apoptosis through downregulation of S100A8 expression by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study provides a potential treatment strategy and theoretical support for overcoming the clinical ABT-199 resistance problem in AML patients.
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46
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The role of autophagy and apoptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10775-10782. [PMID: 35819555 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a worldwide devastating type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. Accumulating evidence show early brain injury (EBI) as the leading cause of mortality after SAH. The pathological processes involved in EBI include decreased cerebral blood flow, increased intracranial pressure, vasospasm, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy have also been proposed to contribute to EBI. Among the various processes involved in EBI, neuronal apoptosis has been proven to be a key factor contributing to the poor prognosis of SAH patients. Meanwhile, as another important catabolic process maintaining the cellular and tissue homeostasis, autophagy has been shown to be neuroprotective after SAH. Studies have shown that enhancing autophagy reduced apoptosis, whereas inhibiting autophagy aggravate neuronal apoptosis after SAH. The physiological substrates and mechanisms of neuronal autophagy and apoptosis by which defects in neuronal function are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of autophagy and apoptosis after SAH and contribute to further study for investigation of the means to control the balance between them.
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47
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Jia J, Yin H, Chen C, Hu M, Zhong Q, Zheng S, Zhang W, Li H, Xu L, Wang G, He L. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel series of mono-indolylbenzoquinones derivatives for the potential treatment of breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114375. [PMID: 35477142 PMCID: PMC9832882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, and pro-apototic drugs activating the apoptotic pathway are a strategy for anticancer therapy. To explore new antineoplastic agents, a series of novel mono-indolylbenzoquinone derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Compared with the lead bis-indolylbenzoquinones, most of the novel mono-indolylbenzoquinone derivatives have significantly increased their activity against A549, HeLa, and especially, MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Among them, 10d has the lowest IC50 value of 70 nM on MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, its oral toxicity is extremely low with an LD50 value of 374 mg/kg and no obvious liver and kidney damage to mice. 10d down-regulated Bcl-2, up-regulated Bax, and increased the release of cytochrome C, caspase3 and 9. 10d also up-regulated the expression of p53, catalase, and HTRA2/Omi. Therefore, 10d may exert its anticancer activity by activating apoptotic pathway and p53 expression. In vivo, 10d suppressed breast cancer 4T1 tumor growth with 36% inhibition ratio of tumor by intraperitoneal injection in mice. Furthermore, a cross-linked cyanoacrylate (CA)-based local sustained-release drug delivery systems (LSRDDSs) improved 10d anticancer activity to 49.8% inhibition of tumor growth. Taken together, 10d could be a promising drug candidate for clinical development to treat metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Honglu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mingli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA
| | - Shilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,Corresponding author
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China,Corresponding author
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA,Corresponding author. (G. Wang)
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China,Corresponding author. (L. He)
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48
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Changes in Mitochondria-Related Gene Expression upon Acupuncture at LR3 in the D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Damage Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3294273. [PMID: 35928244 PMCID: PMC9345726 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3294273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic diseases, such as hepatonecrosis, hepatitis, and hepatocirrhosis, are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation, ultimately leading to liver failure. In this study, we examined if acupuncture at LR3 can affect mitochondria-related gene expression in a liver damage model of experimentally induced acute liver failure (ALF). ALF was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in experimental rats, who then received either sham (ALF), manual acupuncture (MA), electroacupuncture (EA), or silymarin (PC, positive control) treatment. Liver tissues were extracted from experimental and untreated control rats for histopathological analysis and expression profiling of genes involved in mitochondrial function. Of the 168 mitochondria-related genes profiled, two genes belonging to the solute-carrier transporter family (Slc25a15 and Slc25a25) and Ndufb7 were upregulated. Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was more downregulated in MA than ALF. Furthermore, MA reversed D-GalN-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, destruction of hepatic cell plates, and increase in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. MA at LR3 can reduce the risk of D-GalN-induced ALF by inducing the expression of metabolic and inflammation-related genes and regulating proinflammatory factor production in hepatic mitochondria.
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49
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Weber-Stiehl S, Järke L, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Gilbert F, Sommer F. Mitochondrial Function and Microbial Metabolites as Central Regulators of Intestinal Immune Responses and Cancer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919424. [PMID: 35847099 PMCID: PMC9277123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy and anabolic metabolism are essential for normal cellular homeostasis but also play an important role in regulating immune responses and cancer development as active immune and cancer cells show an altered metabolic profile. Mitochondria take a prominent position in these metabolic reactions. First, most key energetic reactions take place within or in conjunction with mitochondria. Second, mitochondria react to internal cues from within the cell but also to external cues originating from the microbiota, a vast diversity of associated microorganisms. The impact of the microbiota on host physiology has been largely investigated in the last decade revealing that the microbiota contributes to the extraction of calories from the diet, energy metabolism, maturation of the immune system and cellular differentiation. Thus, changes in the microbiota termed dysbiosis have been associated with disease development including metabolic diseases, inflammation and cancer. Targeting the microbiota to modulate interactions with the mitochondria and cellular metabolism to delay or inhibit disease development and pathogenesis appears an attractive therapeutic approach. Here, we summarize recent advances in developing the therapeutic potential of microbiota-mitochondria interactions for inflammation and cancer.
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50
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Ritiu SA, Rogobete AF, Sandesc D, Bedreag OH, Papurica M, Popovici SE, Toma D, Ivascu RI, Velovan R, Garofil DN, Corneci D, Bratu LM, Pahontu EM, Pistol A. The Impact of General Anesthesia on Redox Stability and Epigenetic Inflammation Pathways: Crosstalk on Perioperative Antioxidant Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121880. [PMID: 35741011 PMCID: PMC9221536 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of surgery under general anesthesia has significantly increased, both because of modern anesthetic and pain-control techniques and because of better diagnosis and the increased complexity of surgical techniques. Apart from developing new concepts in the surgical field, researchers and clinicians are now working on minimizing the impact of surgical trauma and offering minimal invasive procedures due to the recent discoveries in the field of cellular and molecular mechanisms that have revealed a systemic inflammatory and pro-oxidative impact not only in the perioperative period but also in the long term, contributing to more difficult recovery, increased morbidity and mortality, and a negative financial impact. Detailed molecular and cellular analysis has shown an overproduction of inflammatory and pro-oxidative species, responsible for augmenting the systemic inflammatory status and making postoperative recovery more difficult. Moreover, there are a series of changes in certain epigenetic structures, the most important being the microRNAs. This review describes the most important molecular and cellular mechanisms that impact the surgical patient undergoing general anesthesia, and it presents a series of antioxidant therapies that can reduce systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelian Adrian Ritiu
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Florin Rogobete
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.R.); (D.N.G.); Tel.: +40-075-985-2479 (A.F.R.)
| | - Dorel Sandesc
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Horea Bedreag
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Marius Papurica
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Research Center (CCATITM), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Sonia Elena Popovici
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Daiana Toma
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Robert Iulian Ivascu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Velovan
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brînzeu”, 300723 Timișoara, Romania; (S.A.R.); (D.S.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (S.E.P.); (D.T.); (R.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Dragos Nicolae Garofil
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.R.); (D.N.G.); Tel.: +40-075-985-2479 (A.F.R.)
| | - Dan Corneci
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia Melania Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Elena Mihaela Pahontu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adriana Pistol
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.I.I.); (D.C.); (A.P.)
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