1
|
Hettiarachchi DU, Alston VN, Bern L, Al-Armanazi J, Su B, Shang M, Wang J, Xing D, Li S, Litvak MK, Dunham RA, Butts IAE. Advancing aquaculture: Production of xenogenic catfish by transplanting blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and channel catfish (I. punctatus) stem cells into white catfish (Ameiurus catus) triploid fry. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302687. [PMID: 38848398 PMCID: PMC11161074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenogenesis has been recognized as a prospective method for producing channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus ♀ × blue catfish, I. furcatus ♂ hybrids. The xenogenesis procedure can be achieved by transplanting undifferentiated stem cells derived from a donor fish into a sterile recipient. Xenogenesis for hybrid catfish embryo production has been accomplished using triploid channel catfish as a surrogate. However, having a surrogate species with a shorter maturation period, like white catfish (Ameiurus catus), would result in reduced feed costs, labor costs, and smaller body size requirements, making it a more suitable species for commercial applications where space is limited, and as a model species. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of triploid white catfish as a surrogate species to transplant blue catfish stem cells (BSCs) and channel catfish stem cells (CSCs). Triploid white catfish fry were injected with either BSCs or CSCs labeled with PKH 26 fluorescence dye from 0 to 12 days post hatch (DPH). No significant differences in weight and length of fry were detected among BSCs and CSCs injection times (0 to 12 DPH) when fry were sampled at 45 and 90 DPH (P > 0.05). The highest survival was reported when fry were injected between 4.0 to 5.5 DPH (≥ 81.2%). At 45 and 90 DPH, cell and cluster area increased for recipients injected from 0 to 5.2 DPH, and the highest cluster area values were reported between 4.0 to 5.2 DPH. Thereafter, fluorescent cell and cluster area in the host declined with no further decrease after 10 DPH. At 45 DPH, the highest percentage of xenogens were detected when fry were injected with BSCs between 4.0 to 5.0 and CSCs between 3.0 to 5.0 DPH. At 90 DPH, the highest number of xenogens were detected from 4.0 to 6.0 DPH when injected with either BSCs or CSCs. The current study demonstrated the suitability of white catfish as a surrogate species when BSCs and CSCs were transplanted into triploid white catfish between 4.0 to 6.0 DPH (27.4 ± 0.4°C). Overall, these findings allow enhanced efficiency of commercializing xenogenic catfish carrying gametes of either blue catfish or channel catfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darshika Udari Hettiarachchi
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Veronica N. Alston
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Logan Bern
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jacob Al-Armanazi
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mei Shang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jinhai Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - De Xing
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shangjia Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Litvak
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Rex A. Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ian A. E. Butts
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu J, Huang H, Huang Q, Qiu R, Huang M, Meng D. A functional variant rs1464938 in the promoter of fibroblast growth factor 12 is associated with an increased risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Cytokine 2020; 136:155294. [PMID: 32950810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that inflammation plays critical roles in the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer. Fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12), a kind of inflammatory cytokine, is located in the region of 3q28 that has been demonstrated to be a bladder cancer risk locus by genome wide association study (GWAS). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of GWAS signal rs710521 and rs884309 and rs1464938 in the promoter of FGF12 with the risk of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The polymorphisms were analyzed by using a Taqman assay in 331 TCC patients and 516 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched controls. The expression levels of FGF12 mRNA were examined in TCC and non-cancerous normal tissues by using quantitative real-time PCR and the luciferase activity was determined by using the Dual-Luciferase Assay System. The rs1464938 AA genotype and A allele were associated with a significantly increased risk of TCC (AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 2.54, 95% CI, 1.49-4.35, P < 0.001; AA vs. AG/GG: adjusted OR = 2.25, 95% CI, 1.36-3.71, P = 0.002; A vs. G: adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.15-1.80, P = 0.001, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that rs884309G- rs1464938A haplotype was associated with an increased risk of TCC (OR = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.23-2.11, P = 0.001). Functional analysis showed that the rs1464938 AG/AA genotypes exhibited higher levels of FGF12 mRNA in TCC tissues and the rs1464938 A allele enhanced FGF12 promoter activity (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the rs1464938 A allele at the 3q28 locus contribute to the development of TCC by regulating FGF12 expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Huawu Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Minyu Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongdong Meng
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tu HJ, Zhao CF, Chen ZW, Lin W, Jiang YC. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling Protects Against Acute Pancreatitis-Induced Damage by Modulating Inflammatory Responses. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920684. [PMID: 32283546 PMCID: PMC7171432 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a symptom of sudden pancreas inflammation, which causes patients severe suffering. In general, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) levels are increased and amylase and lipase activities are elevated during AP pathogenesis, but protein concentration are low. However, the mechanism through which FGF signaling regulates AP pathogenesis remains elusive. MATERIAL AND METHODS The concentrations of PGE2, TNF-alpha, sCRP, FGF1, and FGF2 in the serum samples of the AP group and healthy control group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, IkappaBalpha and p-IkappaBalpha levels were analyzed in the serum samples. Subsequently, the AP rat model was established, and FGF1, FGF2, anti-FGF1, and anti-FGF2 antibodies and Bay11-7082 were injected into AP rats. TNF-alpha, PAI-1 JNK, p-JNK, IkappaBalpha, and p-IkappaBalpha levels were also examined. RESULTS Results showed that levels of PGE2, TNF-alpha, sCRP, p-IkappaBalpha, FGF1, and FGF2, as well as amylase and lipase activity were increased in patients with AP compared with those in healthy people. In addition, protein concentrations were lower in patients with AP than in the healthy group. Activation of FGF signaling by injecting FGF1 or FGF2 also inhibited AP-induced inflammation response in the pancreas and increased amylase and lipase activities, as well as protein concentration. However, the injection of FGF1 and FGF2 antibodies accelerated AP-mediated inflammation responses in the serum. In addition, Bay11-7082 injection inhibited AP activation of inflammation response and amylase and lipase activities. Protein concentration were also increased in AP rats. CONCLUSIONS FGF signaling protects against AP-mediated damage by inhibition of AP-activating inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Tu
- Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng-Fei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- Departmen of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Cai Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, 95th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Putian, Fujian, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vitale DL, Spinelli FM, Del Dago D, Icardi A, Demarchi G, Caon I, García M, Bolontrade MF, Passi A, Cristina C, Alaniz L. Co-treatment of tumor cells with hyaluronan plus doxorubicin affects endothelial cell behavior independently of VEGF expression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36585-36602. [PMID: 30564299 PMCID: PMC6290962 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan, the main glycosaminoglycan of extracellular matrices, is concentrated in tissues with high cell proliferation and migration rates. In cancer, hyaluronan expression is altered and it becomes fragmented into low-molecular-weight forms, affecting mechanisms associated with cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and multidrug resistance. Here, we analyzed the effect of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan on the response of T lymphoma, osteosarcoma, and mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines to the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin, and whether co-treatment with hyaluronan and doxorubicin modified the behavior of endothelial cells. Our aim was to associate the hyaluronan-doxorubicin response with angiogenic alterations in these tumors. After hyaluronan and doxorubicin co-treatment, hyaluronan altered drug accumulation and modulated the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in T-cell lymphoma cells. In contrast, no changes in drug accumulation were observed in cells from solid tumors, indicating that hyaluronan might not affect drug efflux. However, when we evaluated the effect on angiogenic mechanisms, the supernatant from tumor cells treated with doxorubicin exhibited a pro-angiogenic effect on endothelial cells. Hyaluronan-doxorubicin co-treatment increased migration and vessel formation in endothelial cells. This effect was independent of vascular endothelial growth factor but related to fibroblast growth factor-2 expression. Besides, we observed a pro-angiogenic effect on endothelial cells during hyaluronan and doxorubicin co-treatment in the in vivo murine model of T-cell lymphoma. Our results demonstrate for the first time that hyaluronan is a potential modulator of doxorubicin response by mechanisms that involve not only drug efflux but also angiogenic processes, providing an adverse tumor stroma during chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiana L Vitale
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella M Spinelli
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Del Dago
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Icardi
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gianina Demarchi
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Hipófisis-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studio dell'Insubria, Varese, Italia
| | - Mariana García
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, IIMT-CONICET, Universidad Austral, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela F Bolontrade
- Laboratorio de Células Madre-Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Passi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universitá degli Studio dell'Insubria, Varese, Italia
| | - Carolina Cristina
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Hipófisis-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Alaniz
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral-Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIT NOBA, UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kostas M, Lampart A, Bober J, Wiedlocha A, Tomala J, Krowarsch D, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M. Translocation of Exogenous FGF1 and FGF2 Protects the Cell against Apoptosis Independently of Receptor Activation. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4087-4101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
6
|
El Agha E, Seeger W, Bellusci S. Therapeutic and pathological roles of fibroblast growth factors in pulmonary diseases. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:235-244. [PMID: 27783451 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of polypeptides that are involved in many biological processes, ranging from prenatal cell-fate specification and organogenesis to hormonal and metabolic regulation in postnatal life. During embryonic development, these growth factors are important mediators of the crosstalk among ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived cells, and they instruct the spatial and temporal growth of organs and tissues such as the brain, bone, lung, gut, and others. The involvement of FGFs in postnatal lung homeostasis is a growing field, and there is emerging literature about their roles in lung pathophysiology. In this review, the involvement of FGF signaling in a wide array of lung diseases will be summarized. Developmental Dynamics 246:235-244, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang F, Yang L, Shi L, Li Q, Zhang G, Wu J, Zheng J, Jiao B. Nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is regulated by Karyopherin-β2 and Ran GTPase in human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21468-78. [PMID: 26056081 PMCID: PMC4673279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) belongs to the FGF superfamily and functions as a potential oncoprotein in GBM. FGF2 has low molecular weight (18K) and high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms. Nuclear accumulation of HMW-FGF2 strongly promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation, yet mechanism governing such cellular distribution remains unexplored. We investigated the mechanisms regulating FGF2 cellular localization in T98G human brain glioblastoma cells. We found HMW-FGF2, but not 18K-FGF2, is primarily located in the nucleus and interacts with nuclear transport protein Karyopherin-β2/Transportin (Kapβ2). SiRNA-directed Kapβ2 knockdown significantly reduced HMW-FGF2′s nuclear translocation. Moreover, inhibiting Ran GTPase activity also resulted in decreased HMW-FGF2 nuclear accumulation. Proliferation of T98G cells is greatly enhanced with transfections HMW-FGF2. Decreased PTEN expression and activated Akt signaling were observed upon HMW-FGF2 overexpression and might mediate pro-survival effect of FGF2. Interestingly, addition of nuclear localization signal (NLS) to 18K-FGF2 forced its nuclear import and dramatically increased cell proliferation and Akt activation. These findings demonstrated for the first time the molecular mechanisms for FGF2′s nuclear import, which promotes GBM cell proliferation and survival, providing novel insights to the development of GBM treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Gengshen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Baohua Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent cidofovir inhibits lung metastasis of virus-independent, FGF2-driven tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4633-48. [PMID: 25609197 PMCID: PMC4467104 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA-approved anti-DNA virus agent cidofovir (CDV) is being evaluated in phase II/III clinical trials for the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors. However, previous observations had shown that CDV also inhibits the growth of vascular tumors induced by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-transformed FGF2-T-MAE cells. Here, we demonstrate that CDV inhibits metastasis induced by FGF2-driven, virus-independent tumor cells. Pre-treatment of luciferase-expressing FGF2-T-MAE cells with CDV reduced single cell survival and anchorage-independent growth in vitro and lung metastasis formation upon intravenous inoculation into SCID mice. This occurred in the absence of any effect on homing of FGF2-T-MAE cells to the lungs and on the growth of subconfluent cell cultures or subcutaneous tumors in mice. Accordingly, CDV protected against lung metastasis when given systemically after tumor cell injection. Lung metastases in CDV-treated mice showed reduced Ki67 expression and increased nuclear accumulation of p53, indicating that CDV inhibits metastasis by affecting single cell survival properties. The anti-metastatic potential of CDV was confirmed on B16-F10 melanoma cells, both in zebrafish embryos and mice. These findings suggest that CDV may have therapeutic potential as an anti-metastatic agent and warrants further study to select those tumor types that are most likely to benefit from CDV therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Payne S, Wang F, Claus P, Su Z, Groth J, Geradts J, de Ridder G, Alvarez R, Marcom PK, Pizzo SV, Bachelder RE. Nuclear basic fibroblast growth factor regulates triple-negative breast cancer chemo-resistance. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:91. [PMID: 26141457 PMCID: PMC4491247 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy remains the only available treatment for triple-negative (TN) breast cancer, and most patients exhibit an incomplete pathologic response. Half of patients exhibiting an incomplete pathologic response die within five years of treatment due to chemo-resistant, recurrent tumor growth. Defining molecules responsible for TN breast cancer chemo-resistance is crucial for developing effective combination therapies blocking tumor recurrence. Historically, chemo-resistance studies have relied on long-term chemotherapy selection models that drive genetic mutations conferring cell survival. Other models suggest that tumors are heterogeneous, being composed of both chemo-sensitive and chemo-resistant tumor cell populations. We previously described a short-term chemotherapy treatment model that enriches for chemo-residual TN tumor cells. In the current work, we use this enrichment strategy to identify a novel determinant of TN breast cancer chemotherapy resistance [a nuclear isoform of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)]. METHODS Studies are conducted using our in vitro model of chemotherapy resistance. Short-term chemotherapy treatment enriches for a chemo-residual TN subpopulation that over time resumes proliferation. By western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, we show that this chemotherapy-enriched tumor cell subpopulation expresses nuclear bFGF. The importance of bFGF for survival of these chemo-residual cells is interrogated using short hairpin knockdown strategies. DNA repair capability is assessed by comet assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to determine nuclear bFGF expression in TN breast cancer cases pre- and post- neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS TN tumor cells surviving short-term chemotherapy treatment express increased nuclear bFGF. bFGF knockdown reduces the number of chemo-residual TN tumor cells. Adding back a nuclear bFGF construct to bFGF knockdown cells restores their chemo-resistance. Nuclear bFGF-mediated chemo-resistance is associated with increased DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) expression and accelerated DNA repair. In fifty-six percent of matched TN breast cancer cases, percent nuclear bFGF-positive tumor cells either increases or remains the same post- neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (compared to pre-treatment). These data indicate that in a subset of TN breast cancers, chemotherapy enriches for nuclear bFGF-expressing tumor cells. CONCLUSION These studies identify nuclear bFGF as a protein in a subset of TN breast cancers that likely contributes to drug resistance following standard chemotherapy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenduo Li
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Sturgis Payne
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Zuowei Su
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Groth
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Gustaaf de Ridder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Rebeca Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | | | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| | - Robin E Bachelder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, N.C., 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of fibroblast growth factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Urol Oncol 2014; 33:111.e1-7. [PMID: 25477183 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the association of fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) expression with pathologic features and clinical outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of FGF2 was performed on radical cystectomy specimens with pure SCC from 1997 to 2003. The relationship between FGF2 and pathologic parameters and oncological outcome was assessed. RESULTS The study included 151 patients with SCC (98 men) with a median age of 52 years (range: 36-74 y). Schistosomal infection was found in 81% of patients. Pathologic category was T2 and T3 in 88% of patients and the grade was low in>50%. Lymph node invasion and lymphovascular invasion were found in 30.5% and 16%. Altered FGF2 was associated with tumor grade (P = 0.014), lymph node invasion, and lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.042). Altered FGF2 was associated with both disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (P≤0.001) in Kaplan-Meier analyses and was an independent predictor of cancer recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.561, P = 0. 009) and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio = 2.679, P = 0. 033) in multivariate Cox regression analyses. Adding FGF2 to a model including standard clinicopathologic prognostics (pathologic T category, lymph node status, and grade) showed a significant improvement (6%) in accuracy of prediction poor oncological outcome. CONCLUSIONS FGF2 overexpression is associated with aggressive pathologic features and worse outcomes after radical cystectomy for SCC, suggesting a good prognostic and possible therapeutic role.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lien IC, Horng LY, Hsu PL, Wu CL, Sung HC, Wu RT. Internal ribosome entry site of bFGF is the target of thalidomide for IMiDs development in multiple myeloma. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:127-41. [PMID: 25053990 PMCID: PMC4091528 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although new analogues of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are being developed for MM, the molecular mechanism of these drugs remains unclear. In the current study, we used MM cell lines as a model to investigate the molecular mechanism of thalidomide and to compare its potency with IMiDs such as pomalidomide. We determined that thalidomide did not inhibit cell proliferation of RPMI8226 and U266 MM cells, whereas pomalidomide showed a significant inhibitory effect on these two MM cell lines. Interestingly, we further demonstrated that although thalidomide down-regulated bFGF translation through the inhibition of IRES even at 0.1 μg/ml, pomalidomide did not have a similar affect bFGF levels. A colony formation assay demonstrated that thalidomide and the bFGF knock-down clones caused a significant reduction in the clonogenic ability of MM cells, and treatment with exogenous bFGF can recover the clonogenic ability of thalidomide-treated cells and knock-down clones, but not that of pomalidomide-treated cells. This implies that thalidomide, but not pomalidomide, targets the IRES of FGF-2. In conclusion, our results highlight a non-cytotoxic anticancer drug target for thalidomide, the IRES of bFGF, and provide the mechanistic rationale for developing IMiDs as anti-cancer therapeutics in MM patients, with improved potency and fewer side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chia Lien
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan)
| | - Lin-Yea Horng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan) ; Research Centre for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan)
| | - Pei-Lun Hsu
- Research Centre for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan)
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Research Centre for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan)
| | - Hui-Ching Sung
- Research Centre for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan)
| | - Rong-Tsun Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan) ; Research Centre for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC (Taiwan)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Syndecan-4 proteoliposomes enhance fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-induced proliferation, migration, and neovascularization of ischemic muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1679-84. [PMID: 22307630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117885109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia of the myocardium and lower limbs is a common consequence of arterial disease and a major source of morbidity and mortality in modernized countries. Inducing neovascularization for the treatment of ischemia is an appealing therapeutic strategy for patients for whom traditional treatment modalities cannot be performed or are ineffective. In the past, the stimulation of blood vessel growth was pursued using direct delivery of growth factors, angiogenic gene therapy, or cellular therapy. Although therapeutic angiogenesis holds great promise for treating patients with ischemia, current methods have not found success in clinical trials. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) was one of the first growth factors to be tested for use in therapeutic angiogenesis. Here, we present a method for improving the biological activity of FGF-2 by codelivering the growth factor with a liposomally embedded coreceptor, syndecan-4. This technique was shown to increase FGF-2 cellular signaling, uptake, and nuclear localization in comparison with FGF-2 alone. Delivery of syndecan-4 proteoliposomes also increased endothelial proliferation, migration, and angiogenic tube formation in response to FGF-2. Using an animal model of limb ischemia, syndecan-4 proteoliposomes markedly improved the neovascularization following femoral artery ligation and recovery of perfusion of the ischemic limb. Taken together, these results support liposomal delivery of syndecan-4 as an effective means to improving the potential of using growth factors to achieve therapeutic neovascularization of ischemic tissue.
Collapse
|
13
|
Growth factor mediated signaling in pancreatic pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:841-71. [PMID: 24212642 PMCID: PMC3756392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally, the pancreas consists of two types of tissues: exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine pancreatic disorders mainly involve acute and chronic pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis typically is benign, while chronic pancreatitis is considered a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Most pancreatic cancers develop in the exocrine tissues. Endocrine pancreatic tumors are more uncommon, and typically are less aggressive than exocrine tumors. However, the endocrine pancreatic disorder, diabetes, is a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality. Importantly, different growth factors and their receptors play critical roles in pancreatic pathogenesis. Hence, an improved understanding of how various growth factors affect pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma is necessary to determine appropriate treatment. This chapter describes the role of different growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF) in various pancreatic pathophysiologies. Finally, the crosstalk between different growth factor axes and their respective signaling mechanisms, which are involved in pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma, are also discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Growth factors are low molecular peptides active in the stimulation of cell proliferation and in the regulation of embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Significant progress has been made in developing effective strategies to treat human malignancies with new chemical compounds based on a rationale directed against various components of signaling pathways. Many of these drugs target a growth factor receptor--for instance, in the form of monoclonal antibodies or inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, such as monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptors used in treating certain types of breast cancer. Imatinib mesylate [Gleevec]) is an excellent example of mediators of signal transduction, such as tyrosine kinases. Growth factors proper are used to ameliorate various and sometimes fatal side effects of cytotoxic and/or myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Basic characteristics of several growth families are discussed with therapeutic modalities based on growth factor activity or, more often, inhibition of such activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Halper
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7388, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liao S, Bodmer JR, Azhar M, Newman G, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. The influence of FGF2 high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in the development of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1245-54. [PMID: 20116383 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) consists of multiple protein isoforms (low [LMW] and high molecular weight [HMW]), which are localized to different cellular compartments, indicating unique biological activity. We previously showed that the LMW isoform is important in protecting the heart from myocardial dysfunction associated with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the roles of the HMW isoforms remain unknown. To elucidate the role of HMW isoforms in I/R and cardioprotection, hearts from novel mouse models, in which the murine FGF2 HMWs are knocked out (HMWKO) or the human FGF2 24 kDa HMW isoform is overexpressed (HMW Tg) and their wildtype (Wt) or non-transgenic (NTg) cohorts were subjected to an ex vivo work-performing heart model of I/R. There was a significant improvement in post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function in HMWKO hearts (76+/-5%, p<0.05) compared to Wt hearts (55+/-5%), with a corresponding decrease in HMW Tg function (line 20: 38+/-6% and line 28: 33+/-4%, p<0.05) compared to non-transgenic hearts (68+/-9%). FGF2 LMW isoform was secreted from Wt and HMWKO hearts during I/R, and a FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, PD173074 caused a decrease in cardiac function when administered in I/R in Wt and FGF2 HMWKO hearts (p<0.05), indicating that FGFR is involved in FGF2 LMW isoform's biological effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, overexpression of HMW isoform reduced FGFR1 phosphorylation/activation with no further decrease in the phosphorylation state in the presence of the FGFR inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that HMW isoforms have a detrimental role in the development of post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0575, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chlebova K, Bryja V, Dvorak P, Kozubik A, Wilcox WR, Krejci P. High molecular weight FGF2: the biology of a nuclear growth factor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:225-35. [PMID: 18850066 PMCID: PMC3229932 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is one of the most studied growth factors to date. Most attention has been dedicated to the smallest, 18 kDa FGF2 variant that is released by cells and acts through activation of cell-surface FGF-receptor tyrosine kinases. There are, however, several higher molecular weight (HMW) variants of FGF2 that rarely leave their producing cells, are retained in the nucleus and act independently of FGF-receptors (FGFR). Despite significant evidence documenting the expression and intracellular trafficking of HMW FGF2, many important questions remain about the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of HMW FGF2. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the biology of HMW FGF2, its role in disease and areas for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Chlebova
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V. Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics ASCR, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P. Dvorak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A. Kozubik
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics ASCR, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - W. R. Wilcox
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - P. Krejci
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics ASCR, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cebulla CM, Jockovich ME, Piña Y, Boutrid H, Alegret A, Kulak A, Hackam AS, Bhattacharya SK, Feuer WJ, Murray TG. Basic fibroblast growth factor impact on retinoblastoma progression and survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:5215-21. [PMID: 18614803 PMCID: PMC4139118 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy resistance is a problem in the treatment of advanced retinoblastoma (RB). Since basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a survival factor for neural precursor cells, bFGF was evaluated as a growth and chemoresistance factor in RB. METHODS bFGF expression was analyzed in the LH-betaTag transgenic mouse model of RB and human RB cell lines by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and Western blot. Proliferation and apoptosis (TUNEL) assays were performed. RESULTS bFGF levels significantly increased during tumorigenesis in transgenic RB, as a function of tumor status (P = 0.005). PCR and confocal microscopy confirmed that the human cell lines and primary tumors expressed bFGF. bFGF was localized to vascular and tumor cells and rarely to glial cells. Exogenous 18-kDa bFGF induced proliferation in two RB cell lines (WERI and Y79). Western blot analysis demonstrated 34-, 22-, and 18-kDa isoforms in transgenic RB and both cell lines. In TUNEL assays, chemoresistance to carboplatin-induced apoptosis was observed in the Y79 line, which expressed a higher ratio of high (34 kDa)- to low-molecular-weight bFGF isoforms, compared with the WERI line. Similar to other bFGF tumor studies, exogenous low-molecular-weight (18 kDa) bFGF (1 ng) significantly enhanced carboplatin-induced apoptosis in the more chemosensitive WERI, but not the chemoresistant Y79 line. CONCLUSIONS RB tumors produce significant amounts of bFGF, and the differential production and response to isoforms of bFGF may have implications for invasive tumor growth and chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Cebulla
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zakrzewska M, Marcinkowska E, Wiedlocha A. FGF-1: From Biology Through Engineering to Potential Medical Applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 45:91-135. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360701713120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
19
|
Lang H, Schulte BA, Goddard JC, Hedrick M, Schulte JB, Wei L, Schmiedt RA. Transplantation of mouse embryonic stem cells into the cochlea of an auditory-neuropathy animal model: effects of timing after injury. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2008; 9:225-40. [PMID: 18449604 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-008-0119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of ouabain to the round window membrane of the gerbil selectively induces the death of most spiral ganglion neurons and thus provides an excellent model for investigating the survival and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) introduced into the inner ear. In this study, mouse ESCs were pretreated with a neural-induction protocol and transplanted into Rosenthal's canal (RC), perilymph, or endolymph of Mongolian gerbils either 1-3 days (early post-injury transplant group) or 7 days or longer (late post-injury transplant group) after ouabain injury. Overall, ESC survival in RC and perilymphatic spaces was significantly greater in the early post-injury microenvironment as compared to the later post-injury condition. Viable clusters of ESCs within RC and perilymphatic spaces appeared to be associated with neovascularization in the early post-injury group. A small number of ESCs transplanted within RC stained for mature neuronal or glial cell markers. ESCs introduced into perilymph survived in several locations, but most differentiated into glia-like cells. ESCs transplanted into endolymph survived poorly if at all. These experiments demonstrate that there is an optimal time window for engraftment and survival of ESCs that occurs in the early post-injury period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250908, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chaffer CL, Dopheide B, Savagner P, Thompson EW, Williams ED. Aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in bladder and other cancers. Differentiation 2007; 75:831-42. [PMID: 17697126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are potent mitogens, morphogens, and inducers of angiogenesis, and FGF signaling governs the genesis of diverse tissues and organs from the earliest stages. With such fundamental embryonic and homeostatic roles, it follows that aberrant FGF signaling underlies a variety of diseases. Pathological modifications to FGF expression are known to cause salivary gland aplasia and autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, while mutations in FGF receptors (FGFRs) result in a range of skeletal dysplasias. Anomalous FGF signaling is also associated with cancer development and progression. Examples include the overexpression of FGF2 and FGF6 in prostate cancer, and FGF8 overexpression in breast and prostate cancers. Alterations in FGF signaling regulators also impact tumorigenesis, which is exemplified by the down-regulation of Sprouty 1, a negative regulator of FGF signaling, in prostate cancer. In addition, several FGFRs are mutated in human cancers (including FGFR2 in gastric cancer and FGFR3 in bladder cancer). We recently identified intriguing alterations in the FGF pathway in a novel model of bladder carcinoma that consists of a parental cell line (TSU-Pr1/T24) and two sublines with increasing metastatic potential (TSU-Pr1-B1 and TSU-Pr1-B2), which were derived successively through in vivo cycling. It was found that the increasingly metastatic sublines (TSU-Pr1-B1 and TSU-Pr1-B2) had undergone a mesenchymal to epithelial transition. FGFR2IIIc expression, which is normally expressed in mesenchymal cells, was increased in the epithelial-like TSU-Pr1-B1 and TSU-Pr1-B2 sublines and FGFR2 knock-down was associated with the reversion of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. These observations suggest that modified FGF pathway signaling should be considered when studying other cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Chaffer
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd Clayton, 3168, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Armstrong F, Lamant L, Hieblot C, Delsol G, Touriol C. TPM3-ALK expression induces changes in cytoskeleton organisation and confers higher metastatic capacities than other ALK fusion proteins. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:640-6. [PMID: 17276053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Translocations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene result in the production of a number of oncogenic ALK fusion proteins implicated in tumour development. We have previously shown that X-ALK fusion proteins have differential effects on the proliferation, transformation, and invasion properties of NIH3T3 cells in vitro. In the present study, we have investigated the metastatic potential of various X-ALK expressing cell lines using an experimental lung metastasis assay. We have shown that TPM3-ALK expression bestows higher metastatic capacities than other X-ALK fusion proteins and in addition, that TPM3-ALK fusion protein expression specifically induces changes in cell morphology and cytoskeleton organisation. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate a specific interaction between TPM3-ALK and endogenous tropomyosin. Together the specific actions of TPM3-ALK on the cytoskeleton organisation offer an interesting hypothesis with respect to the higher cell motility and metastatic potential of this fusion protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Armstrong
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Department of Oncogenesis and Signalling in Haematopoietic Cells, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Planque N. Nuclear trafficking of secreted factors and cell-surface receptors: new pathways to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and involvement in cancers. Cell Commun Signal 2006; 4:7. [PMID: 17049074 PMCID: PMC1626074 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted factors and cell surface receptors can be internalized by endocytosis and translocated to the cytoplasm. Instead of being recycled or proteolysed, they sometimes translocate to the nucleus. Nuclear import generally involves a nuclear localization signal contained either in the secreted factor or its transmembrane receptor, that is recognized by the importins machinery. In the nucleus, these molecules regulate transcription of specific target genes by direct binding to transcription factors or general coregulators. In addition to the transcription regulation, nuclear secreted proteins and receptors seem to be involved in other important processes for cell life and cellular integrity such as DNA replication, DNA repair and RNA metabolism. Nuclear secreted proteins and transmembrane receptors now appear to induce new signaling pathways to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Their nuclear localization is often transient, appearing only during certain phases of the cell cycle. Nuclear secreted and transmembrane molecules regulate the proliferation and differentiation of a large panel of cell types during embryogenesis and adulthood and are also potentially involved in wound healing. Secreted factors such as CCN proteins, EGF, FGFs and their receptors are often detected in the nucleus of cancer cells. Nuclear localization of these molecules has been correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis for patient survival. Nuclear growth factors and receptors may be responsible for resistance to radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Planque
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Virale et Moléculaire, Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, UFR de Biochimie, 2 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sørensen V, Nilsen T, Wiedłocha A. Functional diversity of FGF-2 isoforms by intracellular sorting. Bioessays 2006; 28:504-14. [PMID: 16615083 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the subcellular localization of certain proteins is a mechanism for the regulation of their biological activities. FGF-2 can be produced as distinct isoforms by alternative initiation of translation on a single mRNA and the isoforms are differently sorted in cells. High molecular weight FGF-2 isoforms are not secreted from the cell, but are transported to the nucleus where they regulate cell growth or behavior in an intracrine fashion. 18 kDa FGF-2 can be secreted to the extracellular medium where it acts as a conventional growth factor by binding to and activation of cell-surface receptors. Furthermore, following receptor-mediated endocytosis, the exogenous FGF-2 can be transported to the nuclei of target cells, and this is of importance for the transmittance of a mitogenic signal. The growth factor is able to interact with several intracellular proteins. Here, the mode of action and biological role of intracellular FGF-2 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Sørensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wesche J, Małecki J, Wiedłocha A, Skjerpen CS, Claus P, Olsnes S. FGF-1 and FGF-2 Require the Cytosolic Chaperone Hsp90 for Translocation into the Cytosol and the Cell Nucleus. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11405-12. [PMID: 16495214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600477200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to many protein toxins, the growth factors fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) and FGF-2 translocate from endosomes into the cytosol. It was recently found that certain toxins are dependent on cytosolic Hsp90 for efficient translocation across the endosomal membrane. We therefore investigated the requirement for Hsp90 in FGF translocation. We found that low concentrations of the specific Hsp90 inhibitors, geldanamycin and radicicol, completely blocked the translocation of FGF-1 and FGF-2 to the cytosol and the nucleus. The drugs did not interfere with the initial binding of FGF-1 to the growth factor receptors at the cell-surface or with the subsequent internalization of the growth factors into endosomes. The activation of known signaling cascades downstream of the growth factor receptors was also not affected by the drugs. The data indicate that the drugs block translocation from endosomes to the cytosol implying that Hsp90 is required for translocation of FGF-1 and FGF-2 across the endosomal membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Wesche
- Institute for Cancer Research at the Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dvorak P, Dvorakova D, Hampl A. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in embryonic and cancer stem cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2869-74. [PMID: 16516203 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are cancer cells that originate from the transformation of normal stem cells. The most important property of any stem cell is the ability to self-renew. Through this property, there are striking parallels between normal stem cells and cancer stem cells. Both cell types share various markers of "stemness". In particular, normal stem cells and cancer stem cells utilize similar molecular mechanisms to drive self-renewal, and similar signaling pathways may induce their differentiation. The fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) pathway is one of the most significant regulators of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal and cancer cell tumorigenesis. Here we summarize recent data on the effects of FGF-2 and its receptors on hESCs and leukemic stem/progenitor cells. Also, we discuss the similarities of these findings with stem cell renewal and differentiation phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dvorak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tassi E, Henke RT, Bowden ET, Swift MR, Kodack DP, Kuo AH, Maitra A, Wellstein A. Expression of a fibroblast growth factor-binding protein during the development of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and colon. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1191-8. [PMID: 16424058 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The activity of growth factors is crucial for tumor progression. We previously characterized a secreted fibroblast growth factor-binding protein (FGF-BP1) as a chaperone molecule, which enhances the biological functions of FGFs by releasing FGFs from the extracellular matrix. Here, we characterize the frequency and pattern of FGF-BP1 expression during the malignant progression of pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. For this, we generated monoclonal antibodies that detect FGF-BP1 protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and applied in situ hybridization to detect FGF-BP1 mRNA in adjacent tissue sections. FGF-BP1 protein and mRNA were found up-regulated (>70% positive) in parallel (r = 0.70, P < 0.0001) in colon adenoma (n = 9) as well as primary (n = 46) and metastatic (n = 71) colorectal cancers relative to normal colon epithelia (all P < 0.0001, versus normal). Similarly, pancreatitis (n = 17), pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 80), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 67) showed a significant up-regulation of FGF-BP1 compared with normal pancreas (n = 42; all P < 0.0001, relative to normal). Furthermore, the biological activity of FGF-BP1 is neutralized by one of the antibodies, suggesting the potential for antibody-based therapeutic targeting. We propose that the up-regulation of the secreted FGF-BP1 protein during initiation of pancreas and colon neoplasia could make this protein a possible serum marker indicating the presence of high-risk premalignant lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tassi
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim J, Adam RM, Freeman MR. Trafficking of nuclear heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor into an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent autocrine loop in response to oxidative stress. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8242-9. [PMID: 16166300 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) accumulates in the nucleus in aggressive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells and this histologic feature is a marker of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer tissues. Here we report that HB-EGF can be exported from the nucleus during stimulated processing and secretion of the growth factor. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in mobilization of the HB-EGF precursor, proHB-EGF, from the nucleus of TCCSUP bladder cancer cells to a detergent-resistant membrane compartment, where the growth factor was cleaved by a metalloproteinase-mediated mechanism and shed into the extracellular space. Inhibition of nuclear export suppressed HB-EGF shedding. Production of ROS resulted in EGF receptor (EGFR) and Akt1 phosphorylation in HB-EGF-expressing cells. HB-EGF also stimulated cell proliferation and conferred cytoprotection when cells were challenged with cisplatin. These findings show that the nucleus can serve as an intracellular reservoir for a secreted EGFR ligand and, thus, can contribute to an autocrine loop leading to cell proliferation and protection from apoptotic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Childrens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ackermann J, Beermann F. The fibroblast growth factor-2 is not essential for melanoma formation in a transgenic mouse model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 18:315-9. [PMID: 16029424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has been assigned a role in melanocyte proliferation and in development of human cutaneous melanoma. We have used a transgenic mouse melanoma model in combination with mice lacking mouse FGF2 to analyse the possible implication of FGF2 in melanomagenesis. Tyr::N-rasQ61K transgenic mice which are deficient for FGF2 and the tumor suppressors p16INK4a and p19ARF are hyperpigmented and develop cutaneous metastasizing melanoma, with no difference to mice wildtype for FGF2. We conclude from our data, that FGF2 is not essential for melanoma progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ackermann
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Oncology, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Claus P, Bruns AF, Grothe C. Fibroblast growth factor-2(23) binds directly to the survival of motoneuron protein and is associated with small nuclear RNAs. Biochem J 2005; 384:559-65. [PMID: 15222879 PMCID: PMC1134141 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The SMN (survival of motoneuron) protein is mutated in patients with the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy. We have shown previously that a high-molecular-mass isoform of FGF (fibroblast growth factor) 2 (FGF-2(23)) is in a complex with SMN [Claus, Doring, Gringel, Muller-Ostermeyer, Fuhlrott, Kraft and Grothe (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 479-485]. FGF-2 is a neurotrophic factor for motoneurons, and is known not only as a classical extracellular growth factor, but also as a nuclear protein. In the present study, we demonstrate that SMN binds to the arginine-rich N-terminus of FGF-2(23). In turn, FGF-2(23) interacts with amino acid residues 1-90 of the human SMN protein. This sequence displays nucleic-acid-binding capacity and overlaps partially with known binding sites for Gemin2/SIP1 (SMN-interacting protein 1) and p53. Finally, as a functional consequence of FGF-2(23) binding to SMN, FGF-2(23) is in a complex with the small nuclear RNAs U2 and U4. Since SMN functions as an assembly factor for snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles), these results suggest binding of FGF-2(23) to snRNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Claus
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Badawi RA, Birns J, Watson T, Kalra L. Growth factors and their relationship to neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Eur J Intern Med 2005; 16:83-94. [PMID: 15833673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are extracellular signaling molecules that act in an autocrine and paracrine fashion to regulate growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells. Dysregulation of the growth factor networks is intimately related to the molecular pathogenesis of neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth factors and their actions on cell cycling, cell division, and cell death is shedding light on new therapeutic avenues for molecular targeting of tumors. Epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor both offer examples of how growth factor biology and its relationship to cancer can be harnessed to create effective clinical therapeutic tools such as monoclonal antibodies. This approach heralds a future in which rational molecular oncological therapy may increasingly become the norm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Badawi
- Department of Medicine, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lejbkowicz F, Goldberg-Cohen I, Levy AP. New horizons for VEGF. Is there a role for nuclear localization? Acta Histochem 2005; 106:405-11. [PMID: 15707649 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation, is a physiological response of tissues to hypoxia or ischemia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor that is up-regulated by hypoxia. The mechanisms responsible for hypoxic induction of VEGF are still not completely understood, though both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms are involved. In recent years, we have investigated cis-regulatory sequences and trans-acting factors which mediate the hypoxia-induced increase in VEGF mRNA stability. In particular, we have identified a 40 bp sequence motif in the 3'-untranslated region of VEGF mRNA, which is critical for the increase in VEGF mRNA stability with hypoxia and have shown that the RNA-binding protein, HuR, binds to this region. By means of indirect immunofluorescence experiments using monoclonal antibodies against HuR, we demonstrated that HuR localizes to the nucleus under hypoxia. As HuR binds to VEGF mRNA and appears to mediate stabilization of VEGF mRNA, it was of interest to show whether a fraction of VEGF protein localizes similarly to the nucleus. Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that VEGF protein colocalizes with HuR in discrete nuclear compartments and nuclear VEGF protein was increased in hypoxia. These results indicate that VEGF may have a nuclear function, especially during hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Lejbkowicz
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|