1
|
Sun X, Gu R, Bai J. Differentiation and regulation of CD4 + T cell subsets in Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:352. [PMID: 39153043 PMCID: PMC11335276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and its hallmark pathological features are the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). It has been shown that the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged in PD patients, and a large number of infiltrating T cells and inflammatory cytokines have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma of PD patients and PD animal models, including significant change in the number and proportion of different CD4+ T cell subsets. This suggests that the neuroinflammatory response caused by CD4+ T cells is an important risk factor for the development of PD. Here, we systematically review the differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets, and focus on describing the functions and mechanisms of different CD4+ T cell subsets and their secreted cytokines in PD. We also summarize the current immunotherapy targeting CD4+ T cells with a view to providing assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan MA, Khan ZA, Charles M, Pratap P, Naeem A, Siddiqui Z, Naqvi N, Srivastava S. Cytokine Storm and Mucus Hypersecretion in COVID-19: Review of Mechanisms. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:175-189. [PMID: 33519225 PMCID: PMC7838037 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s271292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is an integral part of the respiratory physiology. It protects the respiratory tract by acting as a physical barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. Excessive inflammation in conditions such as COVID-19 can result in over-production of mucus which obstructs the airway. Build-up of mucus can also contribute to recurrent airway infection, causing further obstruction. This article summarizes the current understanding and knowledge of respiratory mucus production and proposes the role of cytokine storm in inducing sudden mucus hypersecretion in COVID-19. Based on these cascades, the active constituents that inhibit or activate several potential targets are outlined for further research. These may be explored for the discovery and design of drugs to combat cytokine storm and its ensuing complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zaw Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark Charles
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Pratap
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Naeem
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nigar Naqvi
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Viruses commonly antagonize the antiviral type I interferon response by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2, key mediators of interferon signaling. Other STAT family members mediate signaling by diverse cytokines important to infection, but their relationship with viruses is more complex. Importantly, virus-STAT interaction can be antagonistic or stimulatory depending on diverse viral and cellular factors. While STAT antagonism can suppress immune pathways, many viruses promote activation of specific STATs to support viral gene expression and/or produce cellular conditions conducive to infection. It is also becoming increasingly clear that viruses can hijack noncanonical STAT functions to benefit infection. For a number of viruses, STAT function is dynamically modulated through infection as requirements for replication change. Given the critical role of STATs in infection by diverse viruses, the virus-STAT interface is an attractive target for the development of antivirals and live-attenuated viral vaccines. Here, we review current understanding of the complex and dynamic virus-STAT interface and discuss how this relationship might be harnessed for medical applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohanty S, Harhaj EW. Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by HTLV-1 Tax. Pathogens 2020; 9:E543. [PMID: 32645846 PMCID: PMC7399876 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a neoplasm of CD4+CD25+ T cells that occurs in 2-5% of infected individuals after decades of asymptomatic latent infection. Multiple HTLV-1-encoded regulatory proteins, including Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), play key roles in viral persistence and latency. The HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein interacts with a plethora of host cellular proteins to regulate viral gene expression and also promote the aberrant activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB to drive clonal proliferation and survival of T cells bearing the HTLV-1 provirus. Tax undergoes various post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination that regulate its function and subcellular localization. Tax shuttles in different subcellular compartments for the activation of anti-apoptotic genes and deregulates the cell cycle with the induction of DNA damage for the accumulation of genomic instability that can result in cellular immortalization and malignant transformation. However, Tax is highly immunogenic and therefore HTLV-1 has evolved numerous strategies to tightly regulate Tax expression while maintaining the pool of anti-apoptotic genes through HBZ. In this review, we summarize the key findings on the oncogenic mechanisms used by Tax that set the stage for the development of ATLL, and the strategies used by HTLV-1 to tightly regulate Tax expression for immune evasion and viral persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward W. Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Keikha M, Ghazvini K, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Casseb J, Yousefi M, Karbalaei M. Molecular targeting of PD-1 signaling pathway as a novel therapeutic approach in HTLV-1 infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104198. [PMID: 32283259 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-1, the first human oncogenic retrovirus, is a type C retrovirus that belongs to the Deltaretrovirus genus. The HTLV-1 genome has 8.5 kbp length, and consists of major genes such as gag, pol, pro, env, and pX region. This retrovirus is considered as one of the most deadly infectious agent for peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The infection of HTLV-1 can lead to dangerous complications, such as infective dermatitis (ID), uveitis, arthritis, lymphadenitis, arthropathies, Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), and particularly HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or Adult T-Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL). At the moment, Zidovudine (AZT) plus IFN-α is the only treatment available for HTLV-1 infections. Based on scientific studies, alongside the therapeutic regimens, intrinsic mechanisms also play a determinant role in reducing the signs of disease. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) signaling pathway, one of the most important checkpoints, has recently received interest, such as the development of a novel generation of anti-tumors. In the present study, we discuss the role of PD-1 signaling pathway in HTLV-1 infection as well as its application as a novel approach for treatment of HTLV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Keikha
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo/Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, 01246-100, Brazil
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Futsch N, Prates G, Mahieux R, Casseb J, Dutartre H. Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120691. [PMID: 30563084 PMCID: PMC6315340 DOI: 10.3390/v10120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a neural chronic inflammation, called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and of a malignant lymphoproliferation, called the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The mechanisms through which the HTLV-1 induces these diseases are still unclear, but they might rely on immune alterations. HAM/TSP is associated with an impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL9, or CXCL10. ATLL is associated with high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. These immunosuppressive cytokines could promote a protumoral micro-environment. Moreover, HTLV-1 infection impairs the IFN-I production and signaling, and favors the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 expression. This contributes both to immune escape and to infected cells proliferation. Here, we review the landscape of cytokine dysregulations induced by HTLV-1 infection and the role of these cytokines in the HTLV-1-associated diseases progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Gabriela Prates
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diamantopoulos PT, Sofotasiou M, Georgoussi Z, Giannakopoulou N, Papadopoulou V, Galanopoulos A, Kontandreopoulou E, Zervakis P, Pallaki P, Kalala F, Kyrtsonis MC, Dimitrakopoulou A, Vassilakopoulos T, Angelopoulou M, Spanakis N, Viniou NA. Prognostic significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and 5b expression in Epstein-Barr virus-positive patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2240-8. [PMID: 27367207 PMCID: PMC5055175 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been intensively studied in hematologic malignancies, and the efficacy of agents against STATs in lymphomas is already under research. We investigated the expression of total STAT5 and STAT5b in peripheral blood samples of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in correlation with the presence of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and its major oncoprotein (latent membrane protein 1, LMP1). The EBV load was measured in the peripheral blood by real-time PCR for the BXLF1 gene and the levels of LMP1 by PCR and ELISA. Western blotting was performed for total STAT5 and STAT5b in protein extracts. STAT5b was only expressed in patients (not in healthy subjects) and STAT5 but particularly STAT5b expression was correlated with the presence of the virus (77.3% vs. 51.2%, P = 0.006 for STAT5b) and to the expression of LMP1 (58.3% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.011 for STAT5b). Moreover, the expression of STAT5b and the presence of EBV and LMP1 were strongly negatively correlated with the overall survival of the patients (log-rank test P = 0.011, 0.015, 0.006, respectively). Double positive (for EBV and STAT5b) patients had the lowest overall survival (log-rank test P = 0.013). This is the first report of a survival disadvantage of EBV+ patients with CLL, and the first time that STAT5b expression is correlated with survival. The correlation of STAT5 expression with the presence of the virus, along with our survival correlations defines a subgroup of patients with CLL that may benefit from anti-STAT agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis T Diamantopoulos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Sofotasiou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zafiroula Georgoussi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Giannakopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Papadopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Elina Kontandreopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Zervakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paschalina Pallaki
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Fani Kalala
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aglaia Dimitrakopoulou
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Angelopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spanakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nora-Athina Viniou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5a and STAT5b) are highly homologous proteins that are encoded by 2 separate genes and are activated by Janus-activated kinases (JAK) downstream of cytokine receptors. STAT5 proteins are activated by a wide variety of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cytokines and growth factors, all of which use the JAK-STAT signalling pathway as their main mode of signal transduction. STAT5 proteins critically regulate vital cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The physiological importance of STAT5 proteins is underscored by the plethora of primary human tumors that have aberrant constitutive activation of these proteins, which significantly contributes to tumor cell survival and malignant progression of disease. STAT5 plays an important role in the maintenance of normal immune function and homeostasis, both of which are regulated by specific members of IL-2 family of cytokines, which share a common gamma chain (γ(c)) in their receptor complex. STAT5 critically mediates the biological actions of members of the γ(c) family of cytokines in the immune system. Essentially, STAT5 plays a critical role in the function and development of Tregs, and consistently activated STAT5 is associated with a suppression in antitumor immunity and an increase in proliferation, invasion, and survival of tumor cells. Thus, therapeutic targeting of STAT5 is promising in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster , London, United Kingdom
| | - John J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster , London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Interactions between Myc and Mediators of Inflammation in Chronic Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:276850. [PMID: 26508814 PMCID: PMC4609837 DOI: 10.1155/2015/276850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chronic liver diseases (CLDs) are characterized by inflammatory processes with aberrant expressions of various pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the liver. These mediators are the driving force of many inflammatory liver disorders, which often result in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver tumorigenesis. c-Myc is involved in many cellular events such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. c-Myc upregulates IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β, while IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, and TGF-β promote c-Myc expression. Their interactions play a central role in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Molecular interference of their interactions offers possible therapeutic potential for CLDs. In this review, current knowledge of the molecular interactions between c-Myc and various well known inflammatory mediators is discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohr CF, Gross C, Bros M, Reske-Kunz AB, Biesinger B, Thoma-Kress AK. Regulation of the tumor marker Fascin by the viral oncoprotein Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) depends on promoter activation and on a promoter-independent mechanism. Virology 2015; 485:481-91. [PMID: 26363219 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a highly infiltrative neoplasia of CD4(+) T-lymphocytes that occurs in about 5% of carriers infected with the deltaretrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The viral oncoprotein Tax perturbs cellular signaling pathways leading to upregulation of host cell factors, amongst them the actin-bundling protein Fascin, an invasion marker of several types of cancer. However, transcriptional regulation of Fascin by Tax is poorly understood. In this study, we identified a triple mode of transcriptional induction of Fascin by Tax, which requires (1) NF-κB-dependent promoter activation, (2) a Tax-responsive region in the Fascin promoter, and (3) a promoter-independent mechanism sensitive to the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2. Thus, Tax regulates Fascin by a multitude of signals. Beyond, using Tax-expressing and virus-transformed lymphocytes as a model system, our study is the first to identify the invasion marker Fascin as a novel target of PP2, an inhibitor of metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Mohr
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christine Gross
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Angelika B Reske-Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Biesinger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gui H, Tong Q, Qu W, Mao CM, Dai SM. The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic implications in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:86-91. [PMID: 25791728 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the endogenous receptor for Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, a main constituent of marijuana, the endocannabinoid system (comprising cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, as well as the enzymes involved in their metabolic processes) has been implicated as having multiple regulatory functions in many central and peripheral conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that is associated with the involvement of many kinds of cells (such as fibroblastlike synoviocytes [FLSs], osteoclasts, T cells, B cells, and macrophages) and molecules (such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs], and chemokines). Increasing evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system, especially cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), has an important role in the pathophysiology of RA. Many members of the endocannabinoid system are reported to inhibit synovial inflammation, hyperplasia, and cartilage destruction in RA. In particular, specific activation of CB2 may relieve RA by inhibiting not only the production of autoantibodies, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs, but also bone erosion, immune response mediated by T cells, and the proliferation of FLSs. In this review, we will discuss the possible functions of the endocannabinoid system in the modulation of RA, which may be a potential target for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gui
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Tong
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchun Qu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chen-Mei Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aupperlee MD, Zhao Y, Tan YS, Leipprandt JR, Bennett J, Haslam SZ, Schwartz RC. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is a key mediator of hormone-induced leukocyte infiltration in the pubertal female mammary gland. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2301-13. [PMID: 24693965 PMCID: PMC4020926 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that macrophages and eosinophils play important roles in normal murine pubertal mammary gland development. Although it is accepted that estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) are key players in mammary gland development, the roles these hormones might play in regulating the actions of leukocytes in that process is an understudied area. We show here that P and E, respectively, induce unique, but overlapping, sets of proinflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and chemokines, in the pubertal female BALB/c mammary gland, as well as induce infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils to the mammary periepithelium. This extends earlier studies showing P induction of proinflammatory products in pubertal and adult mammary epithelial organoids and P-induced in vivo infiltration of leukocytes to the adult mammary periepithelium. Importantly, epidermal growth factor receptor-signaling, which is likely mediated by amphiregulin (Areg), a downstream mediator of E and P, is both necessary and sufficient for both E- and P-induced recruitment of macrophages and eosinophils to the pubertal mammary periepithelium. We further show that receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), although not sufficient of itself to cause macrophage and eosinophil recruitment, contributes to an optimal response to P. The potency of Areg is highlighted by the fact that it is sufficient to induce macrophage and eosinophil recruitment at levels equivalent to that induced by either E or P. Our finding of a dominant role for Areg in hormonally induced leukocyte recruitment to the pubertal mammary gland parallels its dominance in regulating ductal outgrowth and its role in P-induced proliferation in the pubertal gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Aupperlee
- Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, Departments of Physiology (M.D.A., Y.Z., Y.S.T., J.R.L., J.B., S.Z.H.) and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (R.C.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rani A, Greenlaw R, Runglall M, Jurcevic S, John S. FRA2 is a STAT5 target gene regulated by IL-2 in human CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90370. [PMID: 24587342 PMCID: PMC3938719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5(STAT5) are cytokine induced signaling proteins, which regulate key immunological processes, such as tolerance induction, maintenance of homeostasis, and CD4 T-effector cell differentiation. In this study, transcriptional targets of STAT5 in CD4 T cells were studied by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Genomic mapping of the sites cloned and identified in this study revealed the striking observation that the majority of STAT5-binding sites mapped to intergenic (>50 kb upstream) or intronic, rather than promoter proximal regions. Of the 105 STAT5 responsive binding sites identified, 94% contained the canonical (IFN-γ activation site) GAS motifs. A number of putative target genes identified here are associated with tumor biology. Here, we identified Fos-related antigen 2 (FRA2) as a transcriptional target of IL-2 regulated STAT5. FRA2 is a basic -leucine zipper (bZIP) motif ‘Fos’ family transcription factor that is part of the AP-1 transcription factor complex and is also known to play a critical role in the progression of human tumours and more recently as a determinant of T cell plasticity. The binding site mapped to an internal intron within the FRA2 gene. The epigenetic architecture of FRA2, characterizes a transcriptionally active promoter as indicated by enrichment for histone methylation marks H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3, and transcription/elongation associated marks H2BK5me1 and H4K20me1. FRA2 is regulated by IL-2 in activated CD4 T cells. Consistently, STAT5 bound to GAS sequence in the internal intron of FRA2 and reporter gene assays confirmed IL-2 induced STAT5 binding and transcriptional activation. Furthermore, addition of JAK3 inhibitor (R333) or Daclizumab inhibited the induction in TCR stimulated cells. Taken together, our data suggest that FRA2 is a novel STAT5 target gene, regulated by IL-2 in activated CD4 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roseanna Greenlaw
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manohursingh Runglall
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stipo Jurcevic
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SJurcevic); (SJohn)
| | - Susan John
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SJurcevic); (SJohn)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper cells regulate immunity and inflammation through the acquisition of potential to secrete specific cytokines. The acquisition of cytokine-secreting potential, in a process termed T-helper cell differentiation, is a response to multiple environmental signals including the cytokine milieu. The most recently defined subset of T-helper cells are termed Th9 and are identified by the potent production of interleukin-9 (IL-9). Given the pleiotropic functions of IL-9, Th9 cells might be involved in pathogen immunity and immune-mediated disease. In this review, I focus on recent developments in understanding the signals that promote Th9 differentiation, the transcription factors that regulate IL-9 expression, and finally the potential roles for Th9 cells in immunity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yao W, Zhang Y, Jabeen R, Nguyen ET, Wilkes DS, Tepper RS, Kaplan MH, Zhou B. Interleukin-9 is required for allergic airway inflammation mediated by the cytokine TSLP. Immunity 2013; 38:360-72. [PMID: 23376058 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine important for the initiation and development of T helper (Th2) cell-mediated allergic inflammation. In this study, we identified a positive association between interleukin-9 (IL-9) and TSLP concentration in the serum of infants with atopic dermatitis. In primary cell cultures, the addition of TSLP led to an increase in IL-9 production from human and mouse Th9 cells, and induced an increase in signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) activation and binding to the Il9 promoter. In vivo, use of an adoptive transfer model demonstrated that TSLP promoted IL-9-dependent, Th9 cell-induced allergic inflammation by acting directly on T cells. Moreover, transgenic expression of TSLP in the lung stimulated IL-9 production in vivo, and anti-IL-9 treatment attenuated TSLP-induced airway inflammation. Together, our results demonstrate that TSLP promotes Th9 cell differentiation and function and define a requirement for IL-9 in TSLP-induced allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hasui K, Wang J, Tanaka Y, Izumo S, Eizuru Y, Matsuyama T. Development of ultra-super sensitive immunohistochemistry and its application to the etiological study of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:83-106. [PMID: 22685351 PMCID: PMC3365307 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen retrieval (AR) and ultra-super sensitive immunohistochemistry (ultra-IHC) have been established for application to archival human pathology specimens. The original ultra-IHC was the ImmunoMax method or the catalyzed signal amplification system (ImmunoMax/CSA method), comprising the streptavidin-biotin complex (sABC) method and catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) reaction with visualization of its deposition. By introducing procedures to diminish non-specific staining in the original ultra-IHC method, we developed the modified ImmunoMax/CSA method with AR heating sections in an AR solution (heating-AR). The heating-AR and modified ImmunoMax/CSA method visualized expression of the predominantly simple present form of HTLV-1 proviral DNA pX region p40Tax protein (Tax) in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cells in archival pathology specimens in approximately 75% of cases. The simple present form of Tax detected exhibited a close relation with ATLL cell proliferation. We also established a new simplified CSA (nsCSA) system by replacing the sABC method with the secondary antibody- and horse radish peroxidase-labeled polymer reagent method, introducing the pretreatments blocking non-specific binding of secondary antibody reagent, and diminishing the diffusion of deposition in the CARD reaction. Combined with AR treating sections with proteinase K solution (enzymatic-AR), the nsCSA system visualized granular immunostaining of the complex present form of Tax in a small number of ATLL cells in most cases, presenting the possibility of etiological pathological diagnosis of ATLL and suggesting that the complex present form of Tax-positive ATLL cells were young cells derived from ATLL stem cells. The heating-AR and ultra-IHC detected physiological expression of the p53 protein and its probable phosphorylation by Tax in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of peripheral blood tissue specimens from HTLV-1 carriers, as well as physiological and pathological expression of the molecules involved with G1 phase progression and G1–S phase transition (E2F-1, E2F-4, DP-1, and cyclin E) in ATLL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma cells. The ultra-IHC with AR is useful for etiological pathological diagnosis of ATLL since HTLV-1 pathogenicity depends on that of Tax, and can be a useful tool for studies translating advanced molecular biology and pathology to human pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Hasui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Jia Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Shuji Izumo
- Chronic Viral Diseases Div. of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases (Infection and Immunity), Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- Chronic Viral Diseases Div. of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases (Infection and Immunity), Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yoshito Eizuru
- Chronic Viral Diseases Div. of Persistent & Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases (Infection and Immunity), Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- Chronic Viral Diseases Div. of Persistent & Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases (Infection and Immunity), Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Takami Matsuyama
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Institute Research Center (Health Research Course), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jabeen R, Kaplan MH. The symphony of the ninth: the development and function of Th9 cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:303-7. [PMID: 22365614 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper cells are obligate regulators of inflammatory disease. An expanding cadre of T helper (Th) subsets, specialized for promoting particular types of inflammation, function through the secretion of a restricted set of cytokines. The latest addition to the list of subsets is the Th9 cell that secretes IL-9 as a signature cytokine and contributes to several classes of inflammatory disease. In this review we focus on recent advances in understanding the development of Th9 cells, and how Th9 cells contribute to the orchestration of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Systems biology approaches reveal a specific interferon-inducible signature in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002480. [PMID: 22291590 PMCID: PMC3266939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that persists lifelong in the host. In ∼4% of infected people, HTLV-1 causes a chronic disabling neuroinflammatory disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is unknown and treatment remains ineffective. We used gene expression microarrays followed by flow cytometric and functional assays to investigate global changes in blood transcriptional profiles of HTLV-1-infected and seronegative individuals. We found that perturbations of the p53 signaling pathway were a hallmark of HTLV-1 infection. In contrast, a subset of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes was over-expressed in patients with HAM/TSP but not in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers or patients with the clinically similar disease multiple sclerosis. The IFN-inducible signature was present in all circulating leukocytes and its intensity correlated with the clinical severity of HAM/TSP. Leukocytes from patients with HAM/TSP were primed to respond strongly to stimulation with exogenous IFN. However, while type I IFN suppressed expression of the HTLV-1 structural protein Gag it failed to suppress the highly immunogenic viral transcriptional transactivator Tax. We conclude that over-expression of a subset of IFN-stimulated genes in chronic HTLV-1 infection does not constitute an efficient host response but instead contributes to the development of HAM/TSP. Infection with the Human T Lymphotropic virus is widespread in the tropics and subtropics, where it causes a chronic disabling disease of the nervous system abbreviated as HAM/TSP. There is no effective treatment available for HAM/TSP, because it is not understood how the virus causes the neuronal damage that results in the clinical symptoms of weakness and paralysis of the legs. Here, we compared the frequencies of cell populations and gene expression profiles from diseased and asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers to identify abnormalities in biological pathways that cause HAM/TSP. We discovered a distinct group of genes that is over-expressed in white blood cells in patients with HAM/TSP, but not asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers or patients with the clinically similar disease multiple sclerosis. The expression of these genes is induced by interferons, a group of anti-viral proteins that are usually beneficial to the host but can also cause inflammation. We also found that interferons did not efficiently suppress HTLV-1 protein expression in vitro. We conclude that interferons do not control chronic HTLV-1 infection but instead contribute to the development of HAM/TSP. Our study provides new insights into the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases and opens new areas of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
19
|
FERM domain mutations induce gain of function in JAK3 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2011; 118:3911-21. [PMID: 21821710 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-319467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an incurable disease where most patients succumb within the first year of diagnosis. Both standard chemotherapy regimens and mAbs directed against ATLL tumor markers do not alter this aggressive clinical course. Therapeutic development would be facilitated by the discovery of genes and pathways that drive or initiate ATLL, but so far amenable drug targets have not been forthcoming. Because the IL-2 signaling pathway plays a prominent role in ATLL pathogenesis, mutational analysis of pathway components should yield interesting results. In this study, we focused on JAK3, the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that signals from the IL-2R, where activating mutations have been found in diverse neoplasms. We screened 36 ATLL patients and 24 ethnically matched controls and found 4 patients with mutations in JAK3. These somatic, missense mutations occurred in the N-terminal FERM (founding members: band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin) domain and induced gain of function in JAK3. Importantly, we show that these mutant JAK3s are inhibited with a specific kinase inhibitor already in human clinical testing. Our findings underscore the importance of this pathway in ATLL development and offer a therapeutic handle for this incurable cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Thioredoxin-binding protein-2 (TBP-2/VDUP1/TXNIP) regulates T-cell sensitivity to glucocorticoid during HTLV-I-induced transformation. Leukemia 2010; 25:440-8. [PMID: 21151022 PMCID: PMC3072512 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although glucocorticoid (GC) is widely used for treating hematopoietic malignancies including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), the mechanism by which leukemic cells become resistant to GC in the clinical course remains unclear. Using a series of T-cell lines infected with human T lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I), the causative virus of ATL, we have dissected the transformation from interleukin (IL)-2-dependent to -independent growth stage. The transformation associates the loss of thioredoxin-binding protein-2 (TBP-2), a tumor suppressor and regulator of lipid metabolism. Here we show that TBP-2 is responsible for GC-induced apoptosis in ATL cells. In the IL-2-dependent stage, dexamethasone induced TBP-2 expression and apoptosis, both of which were blocked by GC receptor (GR) antagonist RU486. Knockdown of TBP-2 consistently reduced the amount of GC-induced apoptosis. In IL-2-independent stage, however, expression of GR and TBP-2 was suppressed and GC failed to induce apoptosis. Forced expression of GR led the cells to mild sensitivity to GC, which was also accomplished by treatment with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a TBP-2 inducer. A transfection experiment showed that TBP-2 expression induced apoptosis in IL-2-independent ATL cells. Thus, TBP-2 is likely to be one of the key molecules for GC-induced apoptosis and a potential target for treating the advanced stage of ATL.
Collapse
|
21
|
Autocrine/paracrine cytokine stimulation of leukemic cell proliferation in smoldering and chronic adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 2010; 116:5948-56. [PMID: 20858854 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-277418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a heterogeneous disease, can be divided into smoldering, chronic, lymphoma, and acute types clinically. In addition to different clinical manifestations, different stages of ATL have different molecular signatures. Here, we demonstrated that smoldering/chronic ATL peripheral blood mononuclear cells spontaneously proliferated ex vivo in a cytokine (interleukin-12 [IL-12]/IL-9/IL-15)-dependent manner, while acute-type ATL peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not proliferate or proliferated independent of cytokines. Smoldering/chronic ATL cells produced IL-2 and IL-9 in 6-day ex vivo cultures. Interestingly, the addition of an anti-IL-2R-α monoclonal antibody profoundly inhibited IL-9 expression, suggesting optimal expression of IL-9 was dependent on IL-2 signaling in these patients. To determine whether there would be autonomous proliferation of ATL leukemic cells, we purified leukemic cells from patients with smoldering/chronic ATL. Purified leukemic cells cultured alone produced IL-2/IL-9, and the downstream Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway was activated. However, the leukemic cells did not proliferate independently, but required coculture with autologous monocytes to induce proliferation. Moreover, interaction between leukemic cells and monocytes was contact dependent, and major histocompatibility complex class II expression may have contributed to this interaction. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that there is autocrine/paracrine cytokine stimulation of leukemic cell proliferation in patients with smoldering/chronic ATL that could be targeted for treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gualco G, Chioato L, Weiss LM, Harrington WJ, Bacchi CE. Analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus in CD25+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma in children. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:28-33. [PMID: 19864230 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp6q7qmuvgmvmf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is recognized as 2 distinct diseases: anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ ALCL and ALK- ALCL. ALK+ ALCL occurs in younger patients and has a better prognosis. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which frequently expresses CD25. CD25 is significantly expressed in childhood ALCL. In Brazil, HTLV-1 infection is endemic, and vertical transmission is responsible for spread to children. Of HTLV-1 carriers, 90% or more remain asymptomatic. Some cases of adult HTLV-1-related lymphomas have characteristics of ALCL but are considered CD30+ ATLL subtypes. No similar cases have been described in children. We analyzed 33 cases of pediatric ALCL, CD25+ and CD25-, for proviral HTLV-1 DNA. All cases corresponded to the common histologic ALCL type and were CD30+ in virtually all neoplastic cells. ALK expression was observed in 31 (94%) of 33 cases; CD25 was positive in 27 (82%), including 1 ALK- ALCL case. There was a strong positive correlation between ALK and CD25 expression. None of the cases showed proviral HTLV-1 DNA. ALCL in children has no relationship with HTLV-1; the frequent CD25 expression must be explained by a mechanism different from that in ATLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lawrence M. Weiss
- Division of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - William J. Harrington
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Cancer Center, Fogarty International Center (AIDS and Tuberculosis Program), Miami, FL
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jewett A, Teruel A, Romero M, Head C, Cacalano N. Rapid and potent induction of cell death and loss of NK cell cytotoxicity against oral tumors by F(ab')2 fragment of anti-CD16 antibody. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1053-66. [PMID: 18188563 PMCID: PMC11030859 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Freshly isolated untreated NK cells undergo rapid apoptosis and lose their cytotoxic function upon the addition of F(ab')2 fragment of anti-CD16 antibodies. Loss of NK cell cytotoxic function after treatment with F(ab')2 fragment of anti-CD16 antibody can be seen against K562 and UCLA-2 oral tumor cells when either added immediately in the co-cultures of NK cells with the tumor cells or after pre-treatment of NK cells with the antibody before their addition to the tumor cells. Addition of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in combination with anti-CD16 antibody to NK cells delayed the induction of DNA fragmentation in NK cells, and even though decreased cytotoxicity could still be observed against K562 and UCLA-2 oral tumors when compared to IL-2 alone treated NK cells, the cytotoxicity levels remained relatively higher and approached those obtained by untreated NK cells in the absence of antibody treatment. No increases in IFN-gamma, Granzymes A and B, Perforin and TRAIL genes could be seen in NK cells treated with anti-CD16 antibody. Neither secretion of IFN-gamma nor increased expression of CD69 activation antigen could be observed after the treatment of NK cells with anti-CD16 antibody. Furthermore, IL-2 mediated increase in CD69 surface antigens was down-modulated by anti-CD16 antibody. Finally, the addition of anti-CD16 antibody to co-cultures of NK cells with tumor target cells was not inhibitory for the secretion of VEGF by oral tumor cells, unlike those co-cultured with untreated or IL-2 treated NK cells. Thus, binding and triggering of CD16 receptor on NK cells may enhance oral tumor survival and growth by decreased ability of NK cells to suppress VEGF secretion or induce tumor cell death during the interaction of NK cells with oral tumor cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies/chemistry
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Death
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA Fragmentation
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Tongue Neoplasms/immunology
- Tongue Neoplasms/pathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Dental Research Institute, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Induction of the IL-9 gene by HTLV-I Tax stimulates the spontaneous proliferation of primary adult T-cell leukemia cells by a paracrine mechanism. Blood 2008; 111:5163-72. [PMID: 18339896 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). The HTLV-I protein Tax alters gene expression, including those of cytokines and their receptors, which plays an important role in early stages of ATL. Here we demonstrate that expression of interleukin-9 (IL-9) is activated by Tax via an NF-kappaB motif in its proximal promoter, whereas IL-9 receptor-alpha (IL-9Ralpha) expression is not induced by Tax. However, supporting a role for IL-9/IL-9Ralpha in ATL, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed toward IL-9Ralpha inhibited ex vivo spontaneous proliferation of primary ATL cells from several patients. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients revealed high level expression of IL-9Ralpha on their CD14-expressing monocytes. Furthermore, purified T cells or monocytes alone from these patients did not proliferate ex vivo, whereas mixtures of these cell types manifested significant proliferation through a contact-dependent manner. Taken together, our data suggest that primary ATL cells, via IL-9, support the action of IL-9Ralpha/CD14-expressing monocytes, which subsequently support the ex vivo spontaneous proliferation of malignant T cells. In summary, these data support a role for IL-9 and its receptor in ATL by a paracrine mechanism.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wei W, Yu XD. Comparative analysis of regulatory motif discovery tools for transcription factor binding sites. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2007; 5:131-42. [PMID: 17893078 PMCID: PMC5054109 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(07)60023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, identification of specific regulatory motifs or transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in non-coding DNA sequences, which is essential to elucidate transcriptional regulatory networks, has emerged as an obstacle that frustrates many researchers. Consequently, numerous motif discovery tools and correlated databases have been applied to solving this problem. However, these existing methods, based on different computational algorithms, show diverse motif prediction efficiency in non-coding DNA sequences. Therefore, understanding the similarities and differences of computational algorithms and enriching the motif discovery literatures are important for users to choose the most appropriate one among the online available tools. Moreover, there still lacks credible criterion to assess motif discovery tools and instructions for researchers to choose the best according to their own projects. Thus integration of the related resources might be a good approach to improve accuracy of the application. Recent studies integrate regulatory motif discovery tools with experimental methods to offer a complementary approach for researchers, and also provide a much-needed model for current researches on transcriptional regulatory networks. Here we present a comparative analysis of regulatory motif discovery tools for TFBSs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ahuja J, Kampani K, Datta S, Wigdahl B, Flaig KE, Jain P. Use of human antigen presenting cell gene array profiling to examine the effect of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax on primary human dendritic cells. J Neurovirol 2006; 12:47-59. [PMID: 16595374 DOI: 10.1080/13550280600614981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia and a progressive demyelinating disorder termed HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). One of the most striking features of the immune response in HAM/TSP centers on the expansion of HTLV-1-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) compartment in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid. More than 90% of the HTLV-1-specific CTLs are directed against the viral Tax (11-19) peptide implying that Tax is available for immune recognition by antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs). DCs obtained from HAM/TSP patients have been shown to be infected with HTLV-1 and exhibit rapid maturation. Therefore, we hypothesized that presentation of Tax peptides by activated DCs to naIve CD8(+) T cells may play an important role in the induction of a Tax-specific CTL response and neurologic dysfunction. In this study, a pathway-specific antigen presenting cell gene array was used to study transcriptional changes induced by exposure of monocyte-derived DCs to extracellular HTLV-1 Tax protein. Approximately 100 genes were differentially expressed including genes encoding toll-like receptors, cell surface receptors, proteins involved in antigen uptake and presentation and adhesion molecules. The differential regulation of chemokines and cytokines characteristic of functional DC activation was also observed by the gene array analyses. Furthermore, the expression pattern of signal transduction genes was also significantly altered. These results have suggested that Tax-mediated DC gene regulation might play a critical role in cellular activation and the mechanisms resulting in HTLV-1-induced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Ahuja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Center for Molecular Virology and Neuroimmunology, Center for Cancer Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jewett A, Cacalano NA, Head C, Teruel A. Coengagement of CD16 and CD94 receptors mediates secretion of chemokines and induces apoptotic death of naive natural killer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1994-2003. [PMID: 16609008 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Down-modulation of CD16 (FcgammaRIII) receptors and loss of natural killer (NK) cell function have been observed in oral cancer patients. However, neither the mechanisms nor the significance of the decrease in CD16 receptors have been fully understood. The cytotoxic activity and survival of NK cells are negatively regulated by antibodies directed against CD16 surface receptor. The addition of anti-CD94 antibody in combination with either F(ab')(2) fragment or intact anti-CD16 antibody to NK cells resulted in significant inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic function and induction of apoptosis in resting human peripheral blood NK cells. Addition of interleukin-2 to anti-CD16 and/or anti-CD94 antibody-treated NK cells significantly inhibited apoptosis and increased the function of NK cells. There was a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) but not IFN-gamma secretion in NK cells treated either with anti-CD16 antibody alone or in combination with anti-CD94 antibodies. Consequently, the addition of anti-TNF-alpha antibody partially inhibited apoptosis of NK cells mediated by the combination of anti-CD94 and anti-CD16 antibodies. Increase in apoptotic death of NK cells also correlated with an increase in type 2 inflammatory cytokines and in the induction of chemokines. Thus, we conclude that binding of antibodies to CD16 and CD94 NK cell receptors induces death of the NK cells and signals for the release of chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fraedrich K, Müller B, Grassmann R. The HTLV-1 Tax protein binding domain of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) includes the regulatory PSTAIRE helix. Retrovirology 2005; 2:54. [PMID: 16164752 PMCID: PMC1253534 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Tax oncoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is leukemogenic in transgenic mice and induces permanent T-cell growth in vitro. It is found in active CDK holoenzyme complexes from adult T-cell leukemia-derived cultures and stimulates the G1- to-S phase transition by activating the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) CDK4. The Tax protein directly and specifically interacts with CDK4 and cyclin D2 and binding is required for enhanced CDK4 kinase activity. The protein-protein contact between Tax and the components of the cyclin D/CDK complexes increases the association of CDK4 and its positive regulatory subunit cyclin D and renders the complex resistant to p21CIP inhibition. Tax mutants affecting the N-terminus cannot bind cyclin D and CDK4. Results To analyze, whether the N-terminus of Tax is capable of CDK4-binding, in vitro binding -, pull down -, and mammalian two-hybrid analyses were performed. These experiments revealed that a segment of 40 amino acids is sufficient to interact with CDK4 and cyclin D2. To define a Tax-binding domain and analyze how Tax influences the kinase activity, a series of CDK4 deletion mutants was tested. Different assays revealed two regions which upon deletion consistently result in reduced binding activity. These were isolated and subjected to mammalian two-hybrid analysis to test their potential to interact with the Tax N-terminus. These experiments concurrently revealed binding at the N- and C-terminus of CDK4. The N-terminal segment contains the PSTAIRE helix, which is known to control the access of substrate to the active cleft of CDK4 and thus the kinase activity. Conclusion Since the N- and C-terminus of CDK4 are neighboring in the predicted three-dimensional protein structure, it is conceivable that they comprise a single binding domain, which interacts with the Tax N-terminus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Fraedrich
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birthe Müller
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Grassmann
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The HTLV Tax protein is crucial for viral replication and for initiating malignant transformation leading to the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Tax has been shown to be oncogenic, since it transforms and immortalizes rodent fibroblasts and human T-lymphocytes. Through CREB, NF-kappaB and SRF pathways Tax transactivates cellular promoters including those of cytokines (IL-13, IL-15), cytokine receptors (IL-2Ralpha) and costimulatory surface receptors (OX40/OX40L) leading to upregulated protein expression and activated signaling cascades (e.g. Jak/STAT, PI3Kinase, JNK). Tax also stimulates cell growth by direct binding to cyclin-dependent kinase holenzymes and/or inactivating tumor suppressors (e.g. p53, DLG). Moreover, Tax silences cellular checkpoints, which guard against DNA structural damage and chromosomal missegregation, thereby favoring the manifestation of a mutator phenotype in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Grassmann
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|