1
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Freire MV, Martin M, Segers K, Sepulchre E, Leroi N, Coupier J, Kalantari HR, Wolter P, Collignon J, Polus M, Plomteux O, Josse C, Bours V. Digenic Inheritance of Mutations in Homologous Recombination Genes in Cancer Patients. J Pers Med 2024; 14:584. [PMID: 38929805 PMCID: PMC11204488 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, and CHEK2 are known cancer predisposition genes (CPGs), but tumor risk in patients with simultaneous pathogenic variants (PVs) in CPGs remains largely unknown. In this study, we describe six patients from five families with multiple cancers who coinherited a combination of PVs in these genes. METHODS PVs were identified using NGS DNA sequencing and were confirmed by Sanger. RESULTS Families 1, 2, and 3 presented PVs in BRCA2 and ATM, family 4 in BRCA2 and BRCA1, and family 5 in BRCA2 and CHEK2. PVs were identified using NGS DNA sequencing and were confirmed by Sanger. The first family included patients with kidney, prostate, and breast cancer, in addition to pancreatic adenocarcinomas. In the second family, a female had breast cancer, while a male from the third family had prostate, gastric, and pancreatic cancer. The fourth family included a male with pancreatic cancer, and the fifth family a female with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS The early age of diagnosis and the development of multiple cancers in the reported patients indicate a very high risk of cancer in double-heterozygous patients associated with PVs in HR-related CPGs. Therefore, in families with patients who differ from other family members in terms of phenotype, age of diagnosis, or type of cancer, the cascade testing needs to include the study of other CPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Freire
- Department of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège and CHU Liège, Av. Hippocrate 1/11, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Marie Martin
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.M.); (K.S.); (E.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Karin Segers
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.M.); (K.S.); (E.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Edith Sepulchre
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.M.); (K.S.); (E.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Natacha Leroi
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.M.); (K.S.); (E.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Jérôme Coupier
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.M.); (K.S.); (E.S.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Pascal Wolter
- Onco-Hematology Department, St Nikolaus Hospital, Hufengasse 4/8, 4700 Eupen, Belgium;
| | - Joëlle Collignon
- Department of Medical Oncology, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège and CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Marc Polus
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Liège, Av. Hippocrate 1/11, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Olivier Plomteux
- Gastro-Enterology Department, CHC, Boulevard Patience et Beaujonc 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claire Josse
- Department of Medical Oncology, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège and CHU Liège, Domaine Universitaire, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège and CHU Liège, Av. Hippocrate 1/11, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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2
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Patro I, Sahoo A, Nayak BR, Das R, Majumder S, Panigrahi GK. Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay: Mechanistic Insights and Physiological Significance. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00927-4. [PMID: 37930508 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism across eukaryotes and also regulates the expression of physiological transcripts, thus involved in gene regulation. It essentially ensures recognition and removal of aberrant transcripts. Therefore, the NMD protects the cellular system by restricting the synthesis of truncated proteins, potentially by eliminating the faulty mRNAs. NMD is an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism across eukaryotes and also regulates the expression of physiological transcripts, thus involved in gene regulation as well. Primarily, the NMD machinery scans and differentiates the aberrant and non-aberrant transcripts. A myriad of cellular dysfunctions arise due to production of truncated proteins, so the NMD core proteins, the up-frameshift factors (UPFs) recognizes the faulty mRNAs and further recruits factors resulting in the mRNA degradation. NMD exhibits astounding variability in its ability in regulating cellular mechanisms including both pathological and physiological events. But, the detailed underlying molecular mechanisms in NMD remains blurred and require extensive investigation to gain insights on cellular homeostasis. The complexity in understanding of NMD pathway arises due to the involvement of numerous proteins, molecular interactions and their functioning in different steps of this process. Moreover methods such as alternative splicing generates numerous isoforms of mRNA, so it makes difficulties in understanding the impact of alternative splicing on the efficiency of NMD functioning. Role of NMD in cancer development is very complex. Studies have shown that in some cases cancer cells use NMD pathway as a tool to exploit the NMD mechanism to maintain tumor microenvironment. A greater level of understanding about the intricate mechanism of how tumor used NMD pathway for their benefits, a strategy can be developed for targeting and inhibiting NMD factors involved in pro-tumor activity. There are very little amount of information available about the NMD pathway, how it discriminate mRNAs that are targeted by NMD from those that are not. This review highlights our current understanding of NMD, specifically the regulatory mechanisms and attempts to outline less explored questions that warrant further investigations. Taken as a whole, a detailed molecular understanding of the NMD mechanism could lead to wide-ranging applications for improving cellular homeostasis and paving out strategies in combating pathological disorders leaping forward toward achieving United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG 3: Good health and well-being).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Patro
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Annapurna Sahoo
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Bilash Ranjan Nayak
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rutupurna Das
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjoy Majumder
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gagan Kumar Panigrahi
- School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Biegała Ł, Gajek A, Marczak A, Rogalska A. Olaparib-Resistant BRCA2MUT Ovarian Cancer Cells with Restored BRCA2 Abrogate Olaparib-Induced DNA Damage and G2/M Arrest Controlled by the ATR/CHK1 Pathway for Survival. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071038. [PMID: 37048111 PMCID: PMC10093185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib is currently the drug of choice for serous ovarian cancer (OC), especially in patients with homologous recombination (HR) repair deficiency associated with deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations. Unfortunately, OC patients who fail to respond to PARPi or relapse after treatment have limited therapeutic options. To elucidate olaparib resistance and enhance the efficacy of olaparib, intracellular factors exploited by OC cells to achieve decreased sensitivity to PARPi were examined. An olaparib-resistant OC cell line, PEO1-OR, was established from BRCA2MUT PEO1 cells. The anticancer activity and action of olaparib combined with inhibitors of the ATR/CHK1 pathway (ceralasertib as ATRi, MK-8776 as CHK1i) in olaparib-sensitive and -resistant OC cell lines were evaluated. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that PEO1-OR cells acquire resistance through subclonal enrichment of BRCA2 secondary mutations that restore functional full-length protein. Moreover, PEO1-OR cells upregulate HR repair-promoting factors (BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51) and PARP1. Olaparib-inducible activation of the ATR/CHK1 pathway and G2/M arrest is abrogated in olaparib-resistant cells. Drug sensitivity assays revealed that PEO1-OR cells are less sensitive to ATRi and CHK1i agents. Combined treatment is less effective in olaparib-resistant cells considering inhibition of metabolic activity, colony formation, survival, accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks, and chromosomal aberrations. However, synergistic antitumor activity between compounds is achievable in PEO1-OR cells. Collectively, olaparib-resistant cells display co-existing HR repair-related mechanisms that confer resistance to olaparib, which may be effectively utilized to resensitize them to PARPi via combination therapy. Importantly, the addition of ATR/CHK1 pathway inhibitors to olaparib has the potential to overcome acquired resistance to PARPi.
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4
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Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay as a Mediator of Tumorigenesis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020357. [PMID: 36833284 PMCID: PMC9956241 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved and well-characterized biological mechanism that ensures the fidelity and regulation of gene expression. Initially, NMD was described as a cellular surveillance or quality control process to promote selective recognition and rapid degradation of erroneous transcripts harboring a premature translation-termination codon (PTC). As estimated, one-third of mutated and disease-causing mRNAs were reported to be targeted and degraded by NMD, suggesting the significance of this intricate mechanism in maintaining cellular integrity. It was later revealed that NMD also elicits down-regulation of many endogenous mRNAs without mutations (~10% of the human transcriptome). Therefore, NMD modulates gene expression to evade the generation of aberrant truncated proteins with detrimental functions, compromised activities, or dominant-negative effects, as well as by controlling the abundance of endogenous mRNAs. By regulating gene expression, NMD promotes diverse biological functions during development and differentiation, and facilitates cellular responses to adaptation, physiological changes, stresses, environmental insults, etc. Mutations or alterations (such as abnormal expression, degradation, post-translational modification, etc.) that impair the function or expression of proteins associated with the NMD pathway can be deleterious to cells and may cause pathological consequences, as implicated in developmental and intellectual disabilities, genetic defects, and cancer. Growing evidence in past decades has highlighted NMD as a critical driver of tumorigenesis. Advances in sequencing technologies provided the opportunity to identify many NMD substrate mRNAs in tumor samples compared to matched normal tissues. Interestingly, many of these changes are tumor-specific and are often fine-tuned in a tumor-specific manner, suggesting the complex regulation of NMD in cancer. Tumor cells differentially exploit NMD for survival benefits. Some tumors promote NMD to degrade a subset of mRNAs, such as those encoding tumor suppressors, stress response proteins, signaling proteins, RNA binding proteins, splicing factors, and immunogenic neoantigens. In contrast, some tumors suppress NMD to facilitate the expression of oncoproteins or other proteins beneficial for tumor growth and progression. In this review, we discuss how NMD is regulated as a critical mediator of oncogenesis to promote the development and progression of tumor cells. Understanding how NMD affects tumorigenesis differentially will pave the way for the development of more effective and less toxic, targeted therapeutic opportunities in the era of personalized medicine.
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Zhu Y, Chen J, Zhou L, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Peng L, Huang YT. A Platinum Resistance-Related lncRNA Signature for Risk Classification and Prognosis Prediction in Patients with Serous Ovarian Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7625138. [PMID: 37223641 PMCID: PMC10202609 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7625138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accurate risk stratification for patients with serous ovarian cancer (SOC) is pivotal for treatment decisions. In this study, we identified a lncRNA-based signature for predicting platinum resistance and prognosis stratification for SOC patients. We analyzed the RNA-sequencing data and the relevant clinical information of 295 SOC samples obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and 180 normal ovarian tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. A total of 284 differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened out between platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant groups by univariate Cox regression analysis. Then, a signature consisting of eight prognostic lncRNAs was used to construct a lncRNA score model by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The ROC analysis showed that this signature had a good predictive performance for chemotherapy response in the training set (AUC = 0.8524) and the testing and whole sets with 0.8142 and 0.8393 of AUC, respectively. Dichotomized by the risk score of lncRNAs (lncScore), the high-risk patients showed significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Based on the final Cox model, a nomogram comprising the 8-lncRNA signature and 3 clinicopathological risk factors was then established for clinical application to predict the 1, 2, and 3-year PFS of SOC patients. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that genes in the high-risk group were active in ATP synthesis, coupled electron transport, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly. Overall, our findings demonstrated the potential clinical significance of the 8-lncRNA-based classifier as a novel biomarker for outcome prediction and therapy decisions in SOC patients with platinum treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiongyu Chen
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Teng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
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6
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Tan K, Stupack DG, Wilkinson MF. Nonsense-mediated RNA decay: an emerging modulator of malignancy. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:437-451. [PMID: 35624152 PMCID: PMC11009036 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) is a highly conserved RNA turnover pathway that selectively degrades RNAs harbouring truncating mutations that prematurely terminate translation, including nonsense, frameshift and some splice-site mutations. Recent studies show that NMD shapes the mutational landscape of tumours by selecting for mutations that tend to downregulate the expression of tumour suppressor genes but not oncogenes. This suggests that NMD can benefit tumours, a notion further supported by the finding that mRNAs encoding immunogenic neoantigen peptides are typically targeted for decay by NMD. Together, this raises the possibility that NMD-inhibitory therapy could be of therapeutic benefit against many tumour types, including those with a high load of neoantigen-generating mutations. Complicating this scenario is the evidence that NMD can also be detrimental for many tumour types, and consequently tumours often have perturbed NMD. NMD may suppress tumour generation and progression by degrading subsets of specific normal mRNAs, including those encoding stress-response proteins, signalling factors and other proteins beneficial for tumours, as well as pro-tumour non-coding RNAs. Together, these findings suggest that NMD-modulatory therapy has the potential to provide widespread therapeutic benefit against diverse tumour types. However, whether NMD should be stimulated or repressed requires careful analysis of the tumour to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Miles F Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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7
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Assessing the Variations in Breast/Ovarian Cancer Risk for Chinese BRCA1/2 Carriers. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9390539. [PMID: 35378767 PMCID: PMC8976609 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9390539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Cancer risks vary in different BRCA1/2 mutations. We are interested in identifying regions associated with elevated/reduced risks of breast/ovarian cancers in the Chinese population and comparing with previously reported Caucasian-based breast/ovarian cancer cluster regions (OCCR/BCCR). We also aim to characterize the distribution and estimate the cancer risks of different Chinese recurrent mutations. Methods. A total of 3,641 cancer-free women and 4,278 female cancer patients were included in the study. Germline BRCA1/2 status was detected with amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer and OR of ovarian cancer, and their ratio of the two ORs (ROR) for each region. ROR >1 indicated elevated odds of breast cancer and/or decreasing odds of ovarian cancer, and vice versa. The frequency, distribution, and penetrance of six known Chinese founder mutations were characterized, respectively. Haplotype analysis and age estimation were performed on the most prevalent founder mutation BRCA1: c.5470_5477del. Results. A total of 729 subjects were detected with germline BRCA1/2 deleterious mutations. The putative Chinese OCCR/BCCR partially overlapped with Caucasian-based OCCR/BCCR and shared structural-functional characteristics. The six known Chinese founder mutations greatly vary in both distribution and penetrance. The two widely spread mutations are estimated to convey low penetrance, while the area-restricted founder mutations seemed to confer higher/complete penetrance. BRCA1: c.5470_5477del is estimated to have emerged ∼2,090 years ago (70 B.C.) during the Han dynasty. Conclusions. BRCA1/2 carriers with different genotypes have significantly different cancer risks. An optimal risk assessment should be mutation specific, rather than concerning a single figure.
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8
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Nogueira G, Fernandes R, García-Moreno JF, Romão L. Nonsense-mediated RNA decay and its bipolar function in cancer. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:72. [PMID: 33926465 PMCID: PMC8082775 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) was first described as a quality-control mechanism that targets and rapidly degrades aberrant mRNAs carrying premature termination codons (PTCs). However, it was found that NMD also degrades a significant number of normal transcripts, thus arising as a mechanism of gene expression regulation. Based on these important functions, NMD regulates several biological processes and is involved in the pathophysiology of a plethora of human genetic diseases, including cancer. The present review aims to discuss the paradoxical, pro- and anti-tumorigenic roles of NMD, and how cancer cells have exploited both functions to potentiate the disease. Considering recent genetic and bioinformatic studies, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different NMD modulation-based approaches in cancer therapy, reflecting on the challenges imposed by the complexity of this disease. Furthermore, we discuss significant advances in the recent years providing new perspectives on the implications of aberrant NMD-escaping frameshifted transcripts in personalized immunotherapy design and predictive biomarker optimization. A better understanding of how NMD differentially impacts tumor cells according to their own genetic identity will certainly allow for the application of novel and more effective personalized treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Nogueira
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI - Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafael Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI - Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juan F García-Moreno
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI - Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Romão
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal. .,BioISI - Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Nyberg T, Frost D, Barrowdale D, Evans DG, Bancroft E, Adlard J, Ahmed M, Barwell J, Brady AF, Brewer C, Cook J, Davidson R, Donaldson A, Eason J, Gregory H, Henderson A, Izatt L, Kennedy MJ, Miller C, Morrison PJ, Murray A, Ong KR, Porteous M, Pottinger C, Rogers MT, Side L, Snape K, Tripathi V, Walker L, Tischkowitz M, Eeles R, Easton DF, Antoniou AC. Prostate Cancer Risk by BRCA2 Genomic Regions. Eur Urol 2020; 78:494-497. [PMID: 32532514 PMCID: PMC7532700 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A BRCA2 prostate cancer cluster region (PCCR) was recently proposed (c.7914 to 3') wherein pathogenic variants (PVs) are associated with higher prostate cancer (PCa) risk than PVs elsewhere in the BRCA2 gene. Using a prospective cohort study of 447 male BRCA2 PV carriers recruited in the UK and Ireland from 1998 to 2016, we estimated standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) compared with population incidences and assessed variation in risk by PV location. Carriers of PVs in the PCCR had a PCa SIR of 8.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46-15.6) and were at a higher risk of PCa than carriers of other BRCA2 PVs (SIR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.97-5.57; hazard ratio = 2.34, 95% CI 1.09-5.03). PCCR PV carriers had an estimated cumulative PCa risk of 44% (95% CI 23-72%) by the age of 75 yr and 78% (95% CI 54-94%) by the age of 85 yr. Our results corroborate the existence of a PCCR in BRCA2 in a prospective cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report, we investigated whether the risk of prostate cancer for men with a harmful mutation in the BRCA2 gene differs based on where in the gene the mutation is located. We found that men with mutations in one region of BRCA2 had a higher risk of prostate cancer than men with mutations elsewhere in the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Regional Genetics Service, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Munaza Ahmed
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- North Trent Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Donaldson
- South Western Regional Genetics Service, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Nottingham Centre for Medical Genetics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Gregory
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- St James's Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Claire Miller
- Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alex Murray
- Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Kai-Ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Pottinger
- Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bodelwyddan, UK
| | - Mark T Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Service, NHS Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Side
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Katie Snape
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vishakha Tripathi
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Kurosaki T, Popp MW, Maquat LE. Quality and quantity control of gene expression by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:406-420. [PMID: 30992545 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is one of the best characterized and most evolutionarily conserved cellular quality control mechanisms. Although NMD was first found to target one-third of mutated, disease-causing mRNAs, it is now known to also target ~10% of unmutated mammalian mRNAs to facilitate appropriate cellular responses - adaptation, differentiation or death - to environmental changes. Mutations in NMD genes in humans are associated with intellectual disability and cancer. In this Review, we discuss how NMD serves multiple purposes in human cells by degrading both mutated mRNAs to protect the integrity of the transcriptome and normal mRNAs to control the quantities of unmutated transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Kurosaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian W Popp
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lynne E Maquat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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11
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Beißel C, Grosse S, Krebber H. Dbp5/DDX19 between Translational Readthrough and Nonsense Mediated Decay. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031085. [PMID: 32041247 PMCID: PMC7037193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The DEAD-box protein Dbp5 (human DDX19) remodels RNA-protein complexes. Dbp5 functions in ribonucleoprotein export and translation termination. Termination occurs, when the ribosome has reached a stop codon through the Dbp5 mediated delivery of the eukaryotic termination factor eRF1. eRF1 contacts eRF3 upon dissociation of Dbp5, resulting in polypeptide chain release and subsequent ribosomal subunit splitting. Mutations in DBP5 lead to stop codon readthrough, because the eRF1 and eRF3 interaction is not controlled and occurs prematurely. This identifies Dbp5/DDX19 as a possible potent drug target for nonsense suppression therapy. Neurodegenerative diseases and cancer are caused in many cases by the loss of a gene product, because its mRNA contained a premature termination codon (PTC) and is thus eliminated through the nonsense mediated decay (NMD) pathway, which is described in the second half of this review. We discuss translation termination and NMD in the light of Dbp5/DDX19 and subsequently speculate on reducing Dbp5/DDX19 activity to allow readthrough of the PTC and production of a full-length protein to detract the RNA from NMD as a possible treatment for diseases.
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12
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Thumser-Henner P, Nytko KJ, Rohrer Bley C. Mutations of BRCA2 in canine mammary tumors and their targeting potential in clinical therapy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:30. [PMID: 32005245 PMCID: PMC6995156 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop cancer spontaneously with age, with breed-specific risk underlying differences in genetics. Mammary tumors are reported as the most frequent neoplasia in intact female dogs. Their high prevalence in certain breeds suggests a genetic component, as it is the case in human familial breast cancer, distinctly in BRCA2-associated cancers. However, the molecular genetics of BRCA2 in the pathogenesis of canine cancer are still under investigation.Genetic variations of canine BRCA2 comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions. The BRCA2 level has been shown to be reduced in tumor gland samples, suggesting that low expression of BRCA2 is contributing to mammary tumor development in dogs. Additionally, specific variations of the BRCA2 gene affect RAD51 binding strength, critically damage the BRCA2-RAD51 binding and further provoke a defective repair. In humans, preclinical and clinical data revealed a synthetic lethality interaction between BRCA2 mutations and PARP inhibition. PARP inhibitors are successfully used to increase chemo- and radiotherapy sensitivity, although they are also associated with numerous side effects and acquired resistance. Cancer treatment of canine patients could benefit from increased chemo- and radiosensitivity, as their cancer therapy protocols usually include only low doses of drugs or radiation. Early investigations show tolerability of iniparib in dogs. PARP inhibitors also imply higher therapy costs and consequently are less likely to be accepted by pet owners.We summarized the current evidence of canine BRCA2 gene alterations and their association with mammary tumors. Mutations in the canine BRCA2 gene have the potential to be exploited in clinical therapy through the usage of PARP inhibitors. However, further investigations are needed before introducing PARP inhibitors in veterinary clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Thumser-Henner
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katarzyna J Nytko
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Friebel TM, Andrulis IL, Balmaña J, Blanco AM, Couch FJ, Daly MB, Domchek SM, Easton DF, Foulkes WD, Ganz PA, Garber J, Glendon G, Greene MH, Hulick PJ, Isaacs C, Jankowitz RC, Karlan BY, Kirk J, Kwong A, Lee A, Lesueur F, Lu KH, Nathanson KL, Neuhausen SL, Offit K, Palmero EI, Sharma P, Tischkowitz M, Toland AE, Tung N, van Rensburg EJ, Vega A, Weitzel JN, Hoskins KF, Maga T, Parsons MT, McGuffog L, Antoniou AC, Chenevix-Trench G, Huo D, Olopade OI, Rebbeck TR. BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic sequence variants in women of African origin or ancestry. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1781-1796. [PMID: 31112363 PMCID: PMC6764847 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) pathogenic sequence variants (PSVs) confer elevated risks of multiple cancers. However, most BRCA1/2 PSVs reports focus on European ancestry individuals. Knowledge of the PSV distribution in African descent individuals is poorly understood. We undertook a systematic review of the published literature and publicly available databases reporting BRCA1/2 PSVs also accessed the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) database to identify African or African descent individuals. Using these data, we inferred which of the BRCA PSVs were likely to be of African continental origin. Of the 43,817 BRCA1/2 PSV carriers in the CIMBA database, 469 (1%) were of African descent. Additional African descent individuals were identified in public databases (n = 291) and the literature (n = 601). We identified 164 unique BRCA1 and 173 unique BRCA2 PSVs in individuals of African ancestry. Of these, 83 BRCA1 and 91 BRCA2 PSVs are of likely or possible African origin. We observed numerous differences in the distribution of PSV type and function in African origin versus non-African origin PSVs. Research in populations of African ancestry with BRCA1/2 PSVs is needed to provide the information needed for clinical management and decision-making in African descent individuals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Friebel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Boston, MA: USA; 02115
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Boston, MA: USA; 02215
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics. Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto, ON: Canada; M5G 1X5
- Department of Molecular Genetics. University of Toronto. Toronto, ON: Canada; M5S 1A8
| | - Judith Balmaña
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention Group. Vall dHebron Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Vall dHebron. Barcelona: Spain; 08035
| | - Amie M. Blanco
- Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program. University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, CA: USA; 94143-1714
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. Mayo Clinic. Rochester, MN: USA; 55905
| | - Mary B. Daly
- Department of Clinical Genetics. Fox Chase Cancer Center. Philadelphia, PA: USA; 19111
| | - Susan M. Domchek
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA: USA; 19104
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology. University of Cambridge. Cambridge: UK; CB1 8RN
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care. University of Cambridge. Cambridge: UK; CB1 8RN
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology. McGill University. Montréal, QC: Canada; H4A 3J1
| | - Patricia A. Ganz
- Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Cancer Prevention & Control Research. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, UCLA. Los Angeles, CA: USA; 90096-6900
| | - Judy Garber
- Cancer Risk and Prevention Clinic. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Boston, MA: USA; 02215
| | - Gord Glendon
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics. Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto, ON: Canada; M5G 1X5
| | - Mark H. Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD: USA; 20850-9772
| | - Peter J. Hulick
- Center for Medical Genetics. NorthShore University HealthSystem. Evanston, IL: USA; 60201
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine. Chicago, IL: USA; 60637
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University. Washington, DC: USA; 20007
| | - Rachel C. Jankowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology. UPMC Hillman Cancer Center; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh: USA; PA 15232
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Womens Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Los Angeles, CA: USA; 90048
| | - Judy Kirk
- Familial Cancer Service. Weatmead Hospital. Vol P.O. Box 533. Wentworthville, New South Wales: Australia; 2145
| | - Ava Kwong
- Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Genetics Centre. Happy Valley: Hong Kong
- Department of Surgery. The University of Hong Kong. Pok Fu Lam: Hong Kong
- Department of Surgery. Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital. Happy Valley: Hong Kong
| | - Annette Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research. Manhasset, NY: USA; 11030
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer team. Inserm U900. Paris: France; 75005
- Service de Génétique. Institut Curie. Paris: France; 75005
- Institut Curie. Paris: France; 75005
- Mines ParisTech. Fontainebleau: France; 77305
| | - Karen H. Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Houston, TX: USA; 77030
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA: USA; 19104
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope. Duarte, CA: USA; 91010
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. New York, NY: USA; 10065
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. New York, NY: USA; 10065
| | - Edenir I. Palmero
- Molecular Oncology Research Center. Barretos Cancer Hospital. São Paulo: Brazil; 784-400
- Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB. São Paulo: Brazil; 785-002
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology. University of Kansas Medical Center. Westwood, KS: USA; 66205
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology. McGill University. Montréal, QC: Canada; H4A 3J1
- Department of Medical Genetics. University of Cambridge. Vol Box 134, Level 6 Addenbrookes Treatment Centre, Addenbrookes Hosptital. Cambridge: UK; CB2 0QQ
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics. The Ohio State University. Columbus, OH: USA; 43210
| | - Nadine Tung
- Department of Medical Oncology. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Boston, MA: USA; 02215
| | | | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica. Santiago De Compostela: Spain; 15706
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago De Compostela: Spain; 15706
- Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER). Madrid: Spain; 28029
| | | | | | - Kent F. Hoskins
- Department of Medicine. University of Illinois. Chicago, IL: USA
| | - Tara Maga
- Department of Medicine. University of Illinois. Chicago, IL: USA
| | - Michael T. Parsons
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute. Vol Locked Bag 2000, Herston, QLD 4029. Brisbane, Queensland: Australia; 4006
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care. University of Cambridge. Cambridge: UK; CB1 8RN
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care. University of Cambridge. Cambridge: UK; CB1 8RN
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute. Vol Locked Bag 2000, Herston, QLD 4029. Brisbane, Queensland: Australia; 4006
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics. The University of Chicago. Chicago, IL: USA; 60637
| | | | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Boston, MA: USA; 02115
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Boston, MA: USA; 02215
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14
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Fernandes R, Nogueira G, da Costa PJ, Pinto F, Romão L. Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay in Development, Stress and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1157:41-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19966-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Celik E, Ermis Tekkus K, Akcay IM, Alkurt Sal G, Ezberci F, Dinler Doganay G, Doganay L. Identification of a BRCA2 mutation in a Turkish family with early-onset breast cancer. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:1751-1755. [PMID: 30214756 PMCID: PMC6132100 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a multi-gene panel testing to identify the germline variants in a mother-daughter pair with early-onset breast cancer, and detected one pathogenic protein-truncating variant in BRCA2. Our results highlight the importance of genetic testing in identifying the pathogenic mutation running in cancer families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifnaz Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology‐Genetics & BiotechnologyIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
| | - Kubra Ermis Tekkus
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
- Department of General SurgeryUmraniye Teaching and Research HospitalUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Izzet Mehmet Akcay
- Department of Molecular Biology‐Genetics & BiotechnologyIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
| | - Gizem Alkurt Sal
- Department of Molecular Biology‐Genetics & BiotechnologyIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
| | - Fikret Ezberci
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Clinical GeneticsUmraniye Teaching and Research HospitalUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
| | - Gizem Dinler Doganay
- Department of Molecular Biology‐Genetics & BiotechnologyIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
| | - Levent Doganay
- GLAB (Genomic Laboratory)Istanbul Association of Northern Anatolian Public HospitalsIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUmraniye Teaching and Research HospitalUniversity of Health SciencesIstanbulTurkey
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16
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Rebbeck TR, Friebel TM, Friedman E, Hamann U, Huo D, Kwong A, Olah E, Olopade OI, Solano AR, Teo SH, Thomassen M, Weitzel JN, Chan TL, Couch FJ, Goldgar DE, Kruse TA, Palmero EI, Park SK, Torres D, van Rensburg EJ, McGuffog L, Parsons MT, Leslie G, Aalfs CM, Abugattas J, Adlard J, Agata S, Aittomäki K, Andrews L, Andrulis IL, Arason A, Arnold N, Arun BK, Asseryanis E, Auerbach L, Azzollini J, Balmaña J, Barile M, Barkardottir RB, Barrowdale D, Benitez J, Berger A, Berger R, Blanco AM, Blazer KR, Blok MJ, Bonadona V, Bonanni B, Bradbury AR, Brewer C, Buecher B, Buys SS, Caldes T, Caliebe A, Caligo MA, Campbell I, Caputo S, Chiquette J, Chung WK, Claes KB, Collée JM, Cook J, Davidson R, de la Hoya M, De Leeneer K, de Pauw A, Delnatte C, Diez O, Ding YC, Ditsch N, Domchek SM, Dorfling CM, Velazquez C, Dworniczak B, Eason J, Easton DF, Eeles R, Ehrencrona H, Ejlertsen B, Engel C, Engert S, Evans DG, Faivre L, Feliubadaló L, Ferrer SF, Foretova L, Fowler J, Frost D, Galvão HCR, Ganz PA, Garber J, Gauthier-Villars M, Gehrig A, Gerdes AM, Gesta P, Giannini G, Giraud S, Glendon G, Godwin AK, Greene MH, Gronwald J, Gutierrez-Barrera A, Hahnen E, Hauke J, Henderson A, Hentschel J, Hogervorst FB, Honisch E, Imyanitov EN, Isaacs C, Izatt L, Izquierdo A, Jakubowska A, James P, Janavicius R, Jensen UB, John EM, Joseph V, Kaczmarek K, Karlan BY, Kast K, Kim SW, Konstantopoulou I, Korach J, Laitman Y, Lasa A, Lasset C, Lázaro C, Lee A, Lee MH, Lester J, Lesueur F, Liljegren A, Lindor NM, Longy M, Loud JT, Lu KH, Lubinski J, Machackova E, Manoukian S, Mari V, Martínez-Bouzas C, Matrai Z, Mebirouk N, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Meindl A, Mensenkamp AR, Mickys U, Miller A, Montagna M, Moysich KB, Mulligan AM, Musinsky J, Neuhausen SL, Nevanlinna H, Ngeow J, Nguyen HP, Niederacher D, Nielsen HR, Nielsen FC, Nussbaum RL, Offit K, Öfverholm A, Ong KR, Osorio A, Papi L, Papp J, Pasini B, Pedersen IS, Peixoto A, Peruga N, Peterlongo P, Pohl E, Pradhan N, Prajzendanc K, Prieur F, Pujol P, Radice P, Ramus SJ, Rantala J, Rashid MU, Rhiem K, Robson M, Rodriguez GC, Rogers MT, Rudaitis V, Schmidt AY, Schmutzler RK, Senter L, Shah PD, Sharma P, Side LE, Simard J, Singer CF, Skytte AB, Slavin TP, Snape K, Sobol H, Southey M, Steele L, Steinemann D, Sukiennicki G, Sutter C, Szabo CI, Tan YY, Teixeira MR, Terry MB, Teulé A, Thomas A, Thull DL, Tischkowitz M, Tognazzo S, Toland AE, Topka S, Trainer AH, Tung N, van Asperen CJ, van der Hout AH, van der Kolk LE, van der Luijt RB, Van Heetvelde M, Varesco L, Varon-Mateeva R, Vega A, Villarreal-Garza C, von Wachenfeldt A, Walker L, Wang-Gohrke S, Wappenschmidt B, Weber BHF, Yannoukakos D, Yoon SY, Zanzottera C, Zidan J, Zorn KK, Hutten Selkirk CG, Hulick PJ, Chenevix-Trench G, Spurdle AB, Antoniou AC, Nathanson KL. Mutational spectrum in a worldwide study of 29,700 families with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:593-620. [PMID: 29446198 PMCID: PMC5903938 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been reported in single populations, with the majority of reports focused on White in Europe and North America. The Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) has assembled data on 18,435 families with BRCA1 mutations and 11,351 families with BRCA2 mutations ascertained from 69 centers in 49 countries on six continents. This study comprehensively describes the characteristics of the 1,650 unique BRCA1 and 1,731 unique BRCA2 deleterious (disease-associated) mutations identified in the CIMBA database. We observed substantial variation in mutation type and frequency by geographical region and race/ethnicity. In addition to known founder mutations, mutations of relatively high frequency were identified in specific racial/ethnic or geographic groups that may reflect founder mutations and which could be used in targeted (panel) first pass genotyping for specific populations. Knowledge of the population-specific mutational spectrum in BRCA1 and BRCA2 could inform efficient strategies for genetic testing and may justify a more broad-based oncogenetic testing in some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 1101 Dana Building, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tara M. Friebel
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 1101 Dana Building, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dezheng Huo
- 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ava Kwong
- The Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Angela R. Solano
- INBIOMED, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET and CEMIC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Direction, Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 1 Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Sonder Boulevard 29, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey N. Weitzel
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010 USA
| | - TL Chan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, 1/F Li Shu Fan Block, 2 Village Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David E. Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, SOM 4B454, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Torben A. Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Sonder Boulevard 29, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Edenir Inêz Palmero
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sue Kyung Park
- 1) Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine; 2) Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School; 3) Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Diana Torres
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7, Bogota, 11001000, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth J. van Rensburg
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael T. Parsons
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Goska Leslie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cora M. Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julio Abugattas
- City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, Padua, Italy
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. BOX 160 (Meilahdentie 2), 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Lesley Andrews
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Adalgeir Arason
- Department of Pathology, hus 9, Landspitali-LSH v/Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Germany
| | - Banu K. Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Pressler Street, CBP 5, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ella Asseryanis
- Dept of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo Auerbach
- Dept of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacopo Azzollini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Instituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Via Giacomo Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Judith Balmaña
- Department of Medical Oncology. University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Barile
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa B. Barkardottir
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, hus 9, Landspitali-LSH v/Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland and BMC (Biomedical Centre), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegi 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group and Genotyping Unit (CEGEN), Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Berger
- Dept of OB/GYN, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raanan Berger
- The Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Amie M. Blanco
- UCSF Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, San Francisco, CA 94143-1714
| | - Kathleen R. Blazer
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010 USA
| | - Marinus J. Blok
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Bonadona
- Unité de Prévention et d’Epidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela R. Bradbury
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Saundra S. Buys
- Department of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Trinidad Caldes
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC. Martin Lagos s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almuth Caliebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria A. Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, University and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ian Campbell
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Gratten Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sandrine Caputo
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jocelyne Chiquette
- CRCHU de Quebec-oncologie, Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement,1050, chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec Canada
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Kathleen B.M. Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J. Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, South Glasgow University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC. Martin Lagos s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kim De Leeneer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Antoine de Pauw
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Capucine Delnatte
- Unité d'oncogénétique, ICO-Centre René Gauducheau, Boulevard Jacques Monod, 44805 Nantes Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Clinical and Molecular Genetics Area, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Susan M. Domchek
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Dorfling
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Carolina Velazquez
- Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, UVA-CSIC. Valladolid, Spain
| | - Bernd Dworniczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - EMBRACE
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Engert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - D. Gareth Evans
- Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue Professeur Marion, BP 77 980, Dijon Cedex, France and Genomic and Immunotherapy Medical Institute, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Lidia Feliubadaló
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, ICO-IDIBELL (Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), CIBERONC, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203. 08908 L'Hospitalet. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Fert Ferrer
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôtel Dieu Centre Hospitalier, BP 1125 Chambéry, France
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey Fowler
- Ohio State University /Columbus Cancer Council, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Patricia A. Ganz
- UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Cancer Prevention & Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 HS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6900, USA
| | - Judy Garber
- Cancer Risk and Prevention Clinic, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Gehrig
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Würzburg, Germany
| | - GEMO Study Collaborators
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France; Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet 4062, Blegdamsvej 9, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Paul Gesta
- Service Régional Oncogénétique Poitou-Charentes, Centre Hospitalier, 79021 Niort
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, and Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Bâtiment Cheney D, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France
| | - Gord Glendon
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard,4019 Wahl Hall East, MS 3040, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mark H. Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, DCEG, NCI, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E-454, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Angelica Gutierrez-Barrera
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Pressler Street, CBP 5, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Hauke
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - HEBON
- The Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Group Netherlands (HEBON), Coordinating center: Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Hentschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frans B.L. Hogervorst
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Honisch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Angel Izquierdo
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBGI (Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona), Catalan Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Av. França s/n. 1707 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paul James
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Gratten Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Hereditary Cancer Competence Center Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center Room P519 Santariskiu st. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 21C, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Esther M. John
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vijai Joseph
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarek
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 290W, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karin Kast
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - KConFab Investigators
- Research Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- Department of Surgery, Daerim St. Mary's Hospital, 657 Siheung-daero, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Irene Konstantopoulou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES (Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos str., Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Jacob Korach
- The Gyneco-Oncology Department, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Yael Laitman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adriana Lasa
- Servicio de Genética-CIBERER U705, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona
| | - Christine Lasset
- Unité de Prévention et d’Epidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, ICO-IDIBELL (Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), CIBERONC, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203. 08908 L'Hospitalet. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annette Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research 350 Community Drive Manhasset NY
| | - Min Hyuk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University and Seoul Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-Ro, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 290W, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Mines ParisTech, Inserm U900, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Annelie Liljegren
- Department of Oncology Radiumhemmet and Institution of Oncology and Patology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet
| | - Noralane M. Lindor
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Scottsdale Blvd., Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Michel Longy
- Oncogénétique, Institut Bergonié, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer T. Loud
- Clinical Genetics Branch, DCEG, NCI, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E-536, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen H. Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Pressler Street, CPB 6, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eva Machackova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Instituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Via Giacomo Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Véronique Mari
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, Nice, France
| | - Cristina Martínez-Bouzas
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - Zoltan Matrai
- Department of Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noura Mebirouk
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Mines ParisTech, Inserm U900, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hanne E.J. Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Arjen R. Mensenkamp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ugnius Mickys
- Vilnius university Santariskiu hospital, National Center of Pathology, Baublio st. 5, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Austin Miller
- NRG Oncology, Statistics and Data Management Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm St & Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, Padua, Italy
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob Musinsky
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. BOX 700 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henriette Roed Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Sonder Boulevard 29, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Finn Cilius Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Anna Öfverholm
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kai-ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Papi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Janos Papp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 19, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Reberbansgade 15, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ana Peixoto
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal, and Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nina Peruga
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, The FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Esther Pohl
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nisha Pradhan
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Karolina Prajzendanc
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Service de Génétique Clinique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint Etienne, St Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), c/o Amaedeolab, via GA Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia
| | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital L5:03, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC) 7A, Block R3, Johar Town, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark Robson
- Clinical Genetics Services, Dept. of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo C. Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, North Shore University Health System, Clinical Professor, University of Chicago, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Suite 1507 Walgreens, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Mark T. Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vilius Rudaitis
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Centre of Woman's Health and pathology, Department of Gynecology, Santariskiu st. 2, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ane Y. Schmidt
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rita Katharina Schmutzler
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leigha Senter
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Payal D. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Suite 210, 2330 Shawnee Mission Parkway, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - Lucy E. Side
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City (Quebec), Canada
| | - Christian F. Singer
- Dept of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne-Bine Skytte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 21C, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas P. Slavin
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010 USA
| | - Katie Snape
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Hagay Sobol
- Département Oncologie Génétique, Prévention et Dépistage, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard Sainte-Margueritte, Marseille, France
| | - Melissa Southey
- Département Oncologie Génétique, Prévention et Dépistage, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard Sainte-Margueritte, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Sukiennicki
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Christian Sutter
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Csilla I. Szabo
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Building 50, Room 5312, 50 South Drive, MSC 004, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yen Y. Tan
- Dept of OB/GYN, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal, and Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Teulé
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), Catalan Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203. 08908 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abigail Thomas
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Darcy L. Thull
- Department of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia Tognazzo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, Padua, Italy
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sabine Topka
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Alison H Trainer
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadine Tung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Christi J. van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rob B. van der Luijt
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Liliana Varesco
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, Department of Epidemiology, Prevention and Special Functions, IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, calle Choupana s/n, Edificio de Consultas, Planta menos dos Santiago de Compostal, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cynthia Villarreal-Garza
- Departamento de Investigacion y de Tumores Mamarios del Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City; and Centro de Cancer de Mama del Hospital Zambrano Hellion, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Nuevo Leon
| | | | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES (Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos str., Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Sook-Yee Yoon
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 1 Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Cristina Zanzottera
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Instituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Via Giacomo Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jamal Zidan
- Institute of Oncology, Rivka Ziv Medical Center, 13000 Zefat, Israel
| | - Kristin K. Zorn
- Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christina G. Hutten Selkirk
- Center for Medical Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem,1000 Central St, Suite 620, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Peter J. Hulick
- Medical Director, Center for Medical Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 1000 Central Street, Suite 620, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Popp MW, Maquat LE. Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay and Cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 48:44-50. [PMID: 29121514 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a conserved mRNA surveillance pathway that cells use to ensure the quality of transcripts and to fine-tune transcript abundance. The role of NMD in cancer development is complex. In some cases, tumors have exploited NMD to downregulate gene expression by apparently selecting for mutations causing destruction of key tumor-suppressor mRNAs. In other cases, tumors adjust NMD activity to adapt to their microenvironment. Understanding how particular tumors exploit NMD for their benefit may augment the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian W Popp
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lynne E Maquat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Yoshikawa Y, Morimatsu M, Ochiai K, Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Wada S, Orino K, Watanabe K. Reduced canine BRCA2 expression levels in mammary gland tumors. BMC Vet Res 2015. [PMID: 26202431 PMCID: PMC4512014 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary tumors are the most common tumor type in intact female dogs. Recently, the breast cancer 2 early onset (BRCA2) gene was proposed to be associated with tumorigenesis in dogs. The expression level of BRCA2 is important for its DNA repair function in mammalian cells, and its expression level is linked to tumorigenesis in mammary tissue. However, the expression of canine BRCA2 in mammary tumors is unclear. RESULTS BRCA2 mRNA levels were compared between seven mammary gland samples and seventeen mammary tumor samples isolated from dogs. The expression level of canine BRCA2 in mammary tumor samples was lower than levels in mammary gland samples. We attempted to identify why the BRCA2 expression level was decreased in mammary tumor samples by promoter sequencing analysis; however, we did not find any mutations in the canine BRCA2 promoter that altered BRCA2 transcription levels. We did detect two types of BRCA2 splice variants in 8 mammary tumor samples. One of the variants induced a frame-shift mutation that could lead to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a ubiquitous cellular mechanism that eliminates mRNA containing a premature termination codon. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of canine BRCA2 mRNA in mammary tumor samples is a possible mechanism to explain mammary tumor development in dogs. One possible reason for reduced BRCA2 mRNA levels in these tumor samples was nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, not mutations in the BRCA2 promoter region. While it remains unclear why canine BRCA2 expression levels are reduced in mammary tumor samples, this study found that the expression level of BRCA2 was associated with canine mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Department of Biological Resources, Integrated Center for Science, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Wada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology and Radiation Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Koichi Orino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Kiyotaka Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
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19
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Rebbeck TR, Mitra N, Wan F, Sinilnikova OM, Healey S, McGuffog L, Mazoyer S, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Nathanson KL, Laitman Y, Kushnir A, Paluch-Shimon S, Berger R, Zidan J, Friedman E, Ehrencrona H, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Einbeigi Z, Loman N, Harbst K, Rantala J, Melin B, Huo D, Olopade OI, Seldon J, Ganz PA, Nussbaum RL, Chan SB, Odunsi K, Gayther SA, Domchek SM, Arun BK, Lu KH, Mitchell G, Karlan BY, Walsh C, Lester J, Godwin AK, Pathak H, Ross E, Daly MB, Whittemore AS, John EM, Miron A, Terry MB, Chung WK, Goldgar DE, Buys SS, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Tung N, Dorfling CM, van Rensburg EJ, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Ding YC, Ejlertsen B, Gerdes AM, Hansen TVO, Ramón y Cajal T, Osorio A, Benitez J, Godino J, Tejada MI, Duran M, Weitzel JN, Bobolis KA, Sand SR, Fontaine A, Savarese A, Pasini B, Peissel B, Bonanni B, Zaffaroni D, Vignolo-Lutati F, Scuvera G, Giannini G, Bernard L, Genuardi M, Radice P, Dolcetti R, Manoukian S, Pensotti V, Gismondi V, Yannoukakos D, Fostira F, Garber J, Torres D, Rashid MU, Hamann U, Peock S, Frost D, Platte R, Evans DG, Eeles R, Davidson R, Eccles D, Cole T, Cook J, Brewer C, Hodgson S, Morrison PJ, Walker L, Porteous ME, Kennedy MJ, Izatt L, Adlard J, Donaldson A, Ellis S, Sharma P, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Becker A, Rhiem K, Hahnen E, Engel C, Meindl A, Engert S, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Plendl HJ, Mundhenke C, Niederacher D, Fleisch M, Sutter C, Bartram CR, Dikow N, Wang-Gohrke S, Gadzicki D, Steinemann D, Kast K, Beer M, Varon-Mateeva R, Gehrig A, Weber BH, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sinilnikova OM, Mazoyer S, Houdayer C, Belotti M, Gauthier-Villars M, Damiola F, Boutry-Kryza N, Lasset C, Sobol H, Peyrat JP, Muller D, Fricker JP, Collonge-Rame MA, Mortemousque I, Nogues C, Rouleau E, Isaacs C, De Paepe A, Poppe B, Claes K, De Leeneer K, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez G, Wakely K, Boggess J, Blank SV, Basil J, Azodi M, Phillips KA, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Romero A, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, van der Hout AH, Hogervorst FBL, Verhoef S, Collée JM, Seynaeve C, Oosterwijk JC, Gille JJP, Wijnen JT, Gómez Garcia EB, Kets CM, Ausems MGEM, Aalfs CM, Devilee P, Mensenkamp AR, Kwong A, Olah E, Papp J, Diez O, Lazaro C, Darder E, Blanco I, Salinas M, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Durda K, Sukiennicki G, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Cybulski C, Toloczko-Grabarek A, Złowocka-Perłowska E, Menkiszak J, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Simard J, Laframboise R, Montagna M, Agata S, Alducci E, Peixoto A, Teixeira MR, Spurdle AB, Lee MH, Park SK, Kim SW, Friebel TM, Couch FJ, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Guidugli L, Wang X, Tischkowitz M, Foretova L, Vijai J, Offit K, Robson M, Rau-Murthy R, Kauff N, Fink-Retter A, Singer CF, Rappaport C, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Pfeiler G, Tea MK, Berger A, Greene MH, Mai PL, Imyanitov EN, Toland AE, Senter L, Bojesen A, Pedersen IS, Skytte AB, Sunde L, Thomassen M, Moeller ST, Kruse TA, Jensen UB, Caligo MA, Aretini P, Teo SH, Selkirk CG, Hulick PJ, Andrulis I. Association of type and location of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with risk of breast and ovarian cancer. JAMA 2015; 313:1347-61. [PMID: 25849179 PMCID: PMC4537700 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Limited information about the relationship between specific mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) and cancer risk exists. OBJECTIVE To identify mutation-specific cancer risks for carriers of BRCA1/2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational study of women who were ascertained between 1937 and 2011 (median, 1999) and found to carry disease-associated BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The international sample comprised 19,581 carriers of BRCA1 mutations and 11,900 carriers of BRCA2 mutations from 55 centers in 33 countries on 6 continents. We estimated hazard ratios for breast and ovarian cancer based on mutation type, function, and nucleotide position. We also estimated RHR, the ratio of breast vs ovarian cancer hazard ratios. A value of RHR greater than 1 indicated elevated breast cancer risk; a value of RHR less than 1 indicated elevated ovarian cancer risk. EXPOSURES Mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Breast and ovarian cancer risks. RESULTS Among BRCA1 mutation carriers, 9052 women (46%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 2317 (12%) with ovarian cancer, 1041 (5%) with breast and ovarian cancer, and 7171 (37%) without cancer. Among BRCA2 mutation carriers, 6180 women (52%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 682 (6%) with ovarian cancer, 272 (2%) with breast and ovarian cancer, and 4766 (40%) without cancer. In BRCA1, we identified 3 breast cancer cluster regions (BCCRs) located at c.179 to c.505 (BCCR1; RHR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.22-1.74; P = 2 × 10(-6)), c.4328 to c.4945 (BCCR2; RHR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.78; P = .04), and c. 5261 to c.5563 (BCCR2', RHR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.22-1.55; P = 6 × 10(-9)). We also identified an ovarian cancer cluster region (OCCR) from c.1380 to c.4062 (approximately exon 11) with RHR = 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.70; P = 9 × 10(-17)). In BRCA2, we observed multiple BCCRs spanning c.1 to c.596 (BCCR1; RHR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.06-2.78; P = .03), c.772 to c.1806 (BCCR1'; RHR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.40; P = .01), and c.7394 to c.8904 (BCCR2; RHR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.69-3.16; P = .00002). We also identified 3 OCCRs: the first (OCCR1) spanned c.3249 to c.5681 that was adjacent to c.5946delT (6174delT; RHR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.44-0.60; P = 6 × 10(-17)). The second OCCR spanned c.6645 to c.7471 (OCCR2; RHR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.80; P = .001). Mutations conferring nonsense-mediated decay were associated with differential breast or ovarian cancer risks and an earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Breast and ovarian cancer risks varied by type and location of BRCA1/2 mutations. With appropriate validation, these data may have implications for risk assessment and cancer prevention decision making for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia2Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Fei Wan
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR Inserm, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sue Healey
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR Inserm, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia6Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Anya Kushnir
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Raanan Berger
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jamal Zidan
- Oncology Institute, Rivkah Ziv Medical Center Zefat, Israel
| | | | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden12Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Stenmark-Askmalm
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zakaria Einbeigi
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Loman
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katja Harbst
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce Seldon
- UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patricia A Ganz
- UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Salina B Chan
- Cancer Risk Program, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia6Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Banu K Arun
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Karen H Lu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Gillian Mitchell
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 25Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Harsh Pathak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Eric Ross
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary B Daly
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Cancer Risk Program, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont
| | | | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Saundra S Buys
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Innovative Medicine Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Nadine Tung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Departments of Oncology or Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Departments of Oncology or Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas v O Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group and Genotyping Unit, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Godino
- Hospital clinico Universitario "Lozano Blesa," Instituto de investigación sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria-Isabel Tejada
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory (Department of Genetics), Cruces University Hospital Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Duran
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics. Universidad de Valladolid (IBGM-UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Kristie A Bobolis
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Sharon R Sand
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Annette Fontaine
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Antonella Savarese
- Unit of Genetic Counselling, Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, and AO Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Zaffaroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Bernard
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy57Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University, "A. Gemelli" Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy60IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCSCRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Pensotti
- Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy60IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Gismondi
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Florentia Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Judy Garber
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diana Torres
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia65Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany 66Department of Basic Sciences, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susan Peock
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Radka Platte
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Eccles
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St Georges Hospital, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Eire
| | - Louise Izatt
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Donaldson
- South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Ellis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Rita Katharina Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Becker
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Engert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans Jörg Plendl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Mundhenke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Fleisch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Sutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C R Bartram
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Dikow
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorothea Gadzicki
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Kast
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marit Beer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Gehrig
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France98Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris, France99Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France101INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France99Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Muriel Belotti
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
| | | | - Francesca Damiola
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nadia Boutry-Kryza
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Lasset
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Lyon, France103Unité de Prévention et d'Epidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Hagay Sobol
- Département Oncologie Génétique, Prévention et Dépistage, INSERM CIC-P9502, Institut Paoli-Calmettes/Université d'Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Peyrat
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Danièle Muller
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CLCC Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Collonge-Rame
- Service de Génétique Biologique-Histologie-Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Catherine Nogues
- Oncogénétique Clinique, Hôpital René Huguenin/Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Hôpital René Huguenin/Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruce Poppe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Leeneer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jack Basil
- Ohio State, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 25Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trinidad Caldes
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Romero
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemarie H van der Hout
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Senno Verhoef
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Seynaeve
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Oosterwijk
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J P Gille
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juul T Wijnen
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Encarna B Gómez Garcia
- Department of Clinical Genetics and GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien M Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet G E M Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen R Mensenkamp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ava Kwong
- Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong135Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong136Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Papp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain139University Hospital of Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Darder
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBGI-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Salinas
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jaworska-Bieniek
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland144Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sukiennicki
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Byrski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Surgical Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adalgeir Arason
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland147BMC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rosa B Barkardottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland147BMC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jacques Simard
- Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics, Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada149Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Laframboise
- Medical Genetics Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada151Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Alducci
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Ana Peixoto
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal153Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Min Hyuk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue K Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- Department of Surgery, Daerim St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tara M Friebel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota159Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lucia Guidugli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada161Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Clinical Genetics Service, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mark Robson
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rohini Rau-Murthy
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Noah Kauff
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anneliese Fink-Retter
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F Singer
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Rappaport
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg Pfeiler
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muy-Kheng Tea
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Berger
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Phuong L Mai
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Divison of Human Cancer Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Leigha Senter
- Divison of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Aretini
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia176Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Christina G Selkirk
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Department of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Peter J Hulick
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Department of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Irene Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
For most of our 25,000 genes, the removal of introns by pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing represents an essential step toward the production of functional messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA results in the production of different mRNAs. Although complex organisms use alternative splicing to expand protein function and phenotypic diversity, patterns of alternative splicing are often altered in cancer cells. Alternative splicing contributes to tumorigenesis by producing splice isoforms that can stimulate cell proliferation and cell migration or induce resistance to apoptosis and anticancer agents. Cancer-specific changes in splicing profiles can occur through mutations that are affecting splice sites and splicing control elements, and also by alterations in the expression of proteins that control splicing decisions. Recent progress in global approaches that interrogate splicing diversity should help to obtain specific splicing signatures for cancer types. The development of innovative approaches for annotating and reprogramming splicing events will more fully establish the essential contribution of alternative splicing to the biology of cancer and will hopefully provide novel targets and anticancer strategies. Metazoan genes are usually made up of several exons interrupted by introns. The introns are removed from the pre-mRNA by RNA splicing. In conjunction with other maturation steps, such as capping and polyadenylation, the spliced mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm to be translated into a functional protein. The basic mechanism of splicing requires accurate recognition of each extremity of each intron by the spliceosome. Introns are identified by the binding of U1 snRNP to the 5' splice site and the U2AF65/U2AF35 complex to the 3' splice site. Following these interactions, other proteins and snRNPs are recruited to generate the complete spliceosomal complex needed to excise the intron. While many introns are constitutively removed by the spliceosome, other splice junctions are not used systematically, generating the phenomenon of alternative splicing. Alternative splicing is therefore the process by which a single species of pre-mRNA can be matured to produce different mRNA molecules (Fig. 1). Depending on the number and types of alternative splicing events, a pre-mRNA can generate from two to several thousands different mRNAs leading to the production of a corresponding number of proteins. It is now believed that the expression of at least 70 % of human genes is subjected to alternative splicing, implying an enormous contribution to proteomic diversity, and by extension, to the development and the evolution of complex animals. Defects in splicing have been associated with human diseases (Caceres and Kornblihtt, Trends Genet 18(4):186-93, 2002, Cartegni et al., Nat Rev Genet 3(4):285-98, 2002, Pagani and Baralle, Nat Rev Genet 5(5):389-96, 2004), including cancer (Brinkman, Clin Biochem 37(7):584-94, 2004, Venables, Bioessays 28(4):378-86, 2006, Srebrow and Kornblihtt, J Cell Sci 119(Pt 13):2635-2641, 2006, Revil et al., Bull Cancer 93(9):909-919, 2006, Venables, Transworld Res Network, 2006, Pajares et al., Lancet Oncol 8(4):349-57, 2007, Skotheim and Nees, Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:1432-1449, 2007). Numerous studies have now confirmed the existence of specific differences in the alternative splicing profiles between normal and cancer tissues. Although there are a few cases where specific mutations are the primary cause for these changes, global alterations in alternative splicing in cancer cells may be primarily derived from changes in the expression of RNA-binding proteins that control splice site selection. Overall, these cancer-specific differences in alternative splicing offer an immense potential to improve the diagnosis and the prognosis of cancer. This review will focus on the functional impact of cancer-associated alternative splicing variants, the molecular determinants that alter the splicing decisions in cancer cells, and future therapeutic strategies.
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Anczuków O, Buisson M, Léoné M, Coutanson C, Lasset C, Calender A, Sinilnikova OM, Mazoyer S. BRCA2 Deep Intronic Mutation Causing Activation of a Cryptic Exon: Opening toward a New Preventive Therapeutic Strategy. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4903-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maia AT, Antoniou AC, O'Reilly M, Samarajiwa S, Dunning M, Kartsonaki C, Chin SF, Curtis CN, McGuffog L, Domchek SM, Easton DF, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Eeles R, Izatt L, Adlard J, Eccles D, Sinilnikova OM, Mazoyer S, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Gauthier-Villars M, Faivre L, Venat-Bouvet L, Delnatte C, Nevanlinna H, Couch FJ, Godwin AK, Caligo MA, Barkardottir RB, Chen X, Beesley J, Healey S, Caldas C, Chenevix-Trench G, Ponder BAJ. Effects of BRCA2 cis-regulation in normal breast and cancer risk amongst BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R63. [PMID: 22513257 PMCID: PMC3446398 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cis-acting regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at specific loci may modulate penetrance of germline mutations at the same loci by introducing different levels of expression of the wild-type allele. We have previously reported that BRCA2 shows differential allelic expression and we hypothesize that the known variable penetrance of BRCA2 mutations might be associated with this mechanism. METHODS We combined haplotype analysis and differential allelic expression of BRCA2 in breast tissue to identify expression haplotypes and candidate cis-regulatory variants. These candidate variants underwent selection based on in silico predictions for regulatory potential and disruption of transcription factor binding, and were functionally analyzed in vitro and in vivo in normal and breast cancer cell lines. SNPs tagging the expression haplotypes were correlated with the total expression of several genes in breast tissue measured by Taqman and microarray technologies. The effect of the expression haplotypes on breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers was investigated in 2,754 carriers. RESULTS We identified common haplotypes associated with differences in the levels of BRCA2 expression in human breast cells. We characterized three cis-regulatory SNPs located at the promoter and two intronic regulatory elements which affect the binding of the transcription factors C/EBPα, HMGA1, D-binding protein (DBP) and ZF5. We showed that the expression haplotypes also correlated with changes in the expression of other genes in normal breast. Furthermore, there was suggestive evidence that the minor allele of SNP rs4942440, which is associated with higher BRCA2 expression, is also associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72 to 1.00, P-trend = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Our work provides further insights into the role of cis-regulatory variation in the penetrance of disease-causing mutations. We identified small-effect genetic variants associated with allelic expression differences in BRCA2 which could possibly affect the risk in mutation carriers through altering expression levels of the wild-type allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Teresa Maia
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Gambelas Campus, Building 7, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Martin O'Reilly
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Shamith Samarajiwa
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mark Dunning
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Christina N Curtis
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Portugal
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - EMBRACE
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Susan Peock
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd, Belmont, Sutton Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 7th floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Ward 10, 3rd Floor, Chapel Allerton Hospital Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | - GEMO Study Collaborators
- GEMO Study Collaborators: Cancer Genetics Network "Groupe Génétique et Cancer", Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69008 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Service de Génétique Oncologique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
- Unité INSERM U830, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 12, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, CHU Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon F-21000, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1 Rue Professeur Marion 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Venat-Bouvet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Capucine Delnatte
- Centre René Gauducheau, Boulevard Jacques Monod 44805 St Herblain Cedex, Nantes, France
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. BOX 700, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, KS City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- Division of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and Pisa University Hospital, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti, 43 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Rosa B Barkardottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, level 4 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - kConFab Investigators
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sue Healey
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Bruce AJ Ponder
- Cambridge Research Institute - CRUK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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23
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Laitman Y, Kuchenbaecker KB, Rantala J, Hogervorst F, Peock S, Godwin AK, Arason A, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Isaacs C, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Nevanlinna H, Chen X, Chenevix-Trench G, Healey S, Couch F, Peterlongo P, Radice P, Nathanson KL, Caligo MA, Neuhausen SL, Ganz P, Sinilnikova OM, McGuffog L, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Wolf I, Friedman E. The KL-VS sequence variant of Klotho and cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 132:1119-26. [PMID: 22212556 PMCID: PMC3352679 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Klotho (KL) is a putative tumor suppressor gene in breast and pancreatic cancers located at chromosome 13q12. A functional sequence variant of Klotho (KL-VS) was previously reported to modify breast cancer risk in Jewish BRCA1 mutation carriers. The effect of this variant on breast and ovarian cancer risks in non-Jewish BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers has not been reported. The KL-VS variant was genotyped in women of European ancestry carrying a BRCA mutation: 5,741 BRCA1 mutation carriers (2,997 with breast cancer, 705 with ovarian cancer, and 2,039 cancer free women) and 3,339 BRCA2 mutation carriers (1,846 with breast cancer, 207 with ovarian cancer, and 1,286 cancer free women) from 16 centers. Genotyping was accomplished using TaqMan(®) allelic discrimination or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed within a retrospective cohort approach, stratified by country of origin and Ashkenazi Jewish origin. The per-allele hazard ratio (HR) for breast cancer was 1.02 (95% CI 0.93-1.12, P = 0.66) for BRCA1 mutation carriers and 0.92 (95% CI 0.82-1.04, P = 0.17) for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Results remained unaltered when analysis excluded prevalent breast cancer cases. Similarly, the per-allele HR for ovarian cancer was 1.01 (95% CI 0.84-1.20, P = 0.95) for BRCA1 mutation carriers and 0.9 (95% CI 0.66-1.22, P = 0.45) for BRCA2 mutation carriers. The risk did not change when carriers of the 6174delT mutation were excluded. There was a lack of association of the KL-VS Klotho variant with either breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Laitman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit 1, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Karoline B. Kuchenbaecker
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, CIMBA Coordinating Center, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frans Hogervorst
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Peock
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Adalgeir Arason
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Rita K. Schmutzler
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Centre for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - Sue Healey
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fergus Couch
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predicted Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predicted Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Patricia Ganz
- UCLA Schools of Public Health & Medicine, Division of Cancer Prevention & Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6900, USA
| | - Olga M. Sinilnikova
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle Des Cancers Fréquents, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, and Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2008, UMR5201 CNRS, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, CIMBA Coordinating Center, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, CIMBA Coordinating Center, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, CIMBA Coordinating Center, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ido Wolf
- The Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit 1, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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24
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Caputo S, Benboudjema L, Sinilnikova O, Rouleau E, Béroud C, Lidereau R. Description and analysis of genetic variants in French hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families recorded in the UMD-BRCA1/BRCA2 databases. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:D992-1002. [PMID: 22144684 PMCID: PMC3245050 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two main genes responsible for predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers, as a result of protein-inactivating monoallelic mutations. It remains to be established whether many of the variants identified in these two genes, so-called unclassified/unknown variants (UVs), contribute to the disease phenotype or are simply neutral variants (or polymorphisms). Given the clinical importance of establishing their status, a nationwide effort to annotate these UVs was launched by laboratories belonging to the French GGC consortium (Groupe Génétique et Cancer), leading to the creation of the UMD-BRCA1/BRCA2 databases (http://www.umd.be/BRCA1/ and http://www.umd.be/BRCA2/). These databases have been endorsed by the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) and are designed to collect all variants detected in France, whether causal, neutral or UV. They differ from other BRCA databases in that they contain co-occurrence data for all variants. Using these data, the GGC French consortium has been able to classify certain UVs also contained in other databases. In this article, we report some novel UVs not contained in the BIC database and explore their impact in cancer predisposition based on a structural approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Caputo
- Institut Curie-Hôpital René Huguenin, Service d'Oncogénétique, U735 INSERM-Saint-Cloud, France.
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25
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Cox DG, Simard J, Sinnett D, Hamdi Y, Soucy P, Ouimet M, Barjhoux L, Verny-Pierre C, McGuffog L, Healey S, Szabo C, Greene MH, Mai PL, Andrulis IL, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Caligo MA, Friedman E, Laitman Y, Kaufman B, Paluch SS, Borg Å, Karlsson P, Askmalm MS, Bustinza GB, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Rebbeck TR, Benítez J, Hamann U, Rookus MA, van den Ouweland AMW, Ausems MGEM, Aalfs CM, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Gille HJJP, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Eeles R, Izatt L, Adlard J, Paterson J, Eason J, Godwin AK, Remon MA, Moncoutier V, Gauthier-Villars M, Lasset C, Giraud S, Hardouin A, Berthet P, Sobol H, Eisinger F, Bressac de Paillerets B, Caron O, Delnatte C, Goldgar D, Miron A, Ozcelik H, Buys S, Southey MC, Terry MB, Singer CF, Dressler AC, Tea MK, Hansen TVO, Johannsson O, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez GC, Basil JB, Blank S, Toland AE, Montagna M, Isaacs C, Blanco I, Gayther SA, Moysich KB, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Gadzicki D, Fiebig B, Caldes T, Laframboise R, Nevanlinna H, Chen X, Beesley J, Spurdle AB, Neuhausen SL, Ding YC, Couch FJ, Wang X, Peterlongo P, Manoukian S, Bernard L, Radice P, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G, Antoniou AC, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Mazoyer S, Sinilnikova OM. Common variants of the BRCA1 wild-type allele modify the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4732-47. [PMID: 21890493 PMCID: PMC3733139 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the BRCA1 gene substantially increase a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. However, there is great variation in this increase in risk with several genetic and non-genetic modifiers identified. The BRCA1 protein plays a central role in DNA repair, a mechanism that is particularly instrumental in safeguarding cells against tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that polymorphisms that alter the expression and/or function of BRCA1 carried on the wild-type (non-mutated) copy of the BRCA1 gene would modify the risk of breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1 mutations. A total of 9874 BRCA1 mutation carriers were available in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) for haplotype analyses of BRCA1. Women carrying the rare allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs16942 on the wild-type copy of BRCA1 were at decreased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77-0.95, P = 0.003). Promoter in vitro assays of the major BRCA1 haplotypes showed that common polymorphisms in the regulatory region alter its activity and that this effect may be attributed to the differential binding affinity of nuclear proteins. In conclusion, variants on the wild-type copy of BRCA1 modify risk of breast cancer among carriers of BRCA1 mutations, possibly by altering the efficiency of BRCA1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cox
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
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26
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Characterisation of unclassified variants in the BRCA1/2 genes with a putative effect on splicing. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 129:971-82. [PMID: 21638052 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A subset of the unclassified variants (UVs) identified during genetic screening of BRCA1/2 genes may affect splicing. We assessed at RNA level the effect of four BRCA1 and ten BRCA2 UVs with a putative splice effect, as predicted in silico. The variants selected for this study were beyond the positions -1, -2 or +1, +2 from the exon, and were not previously described (n = 8) or their effect on splicing was not assessed previously (n = 6). Lymphocytes from UV carriers and healthy controls were cultured and treated with puromycin to prevent nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The relative contribution of each allele to the various transcripts was assessed using combinations of allele-specific and transcript-specific primers. BRCA2 c.425G>T, c.7976+3_7976+4del and c.8754+3G>C give rise to aberrant transcripts BRCA2Δ4, BRCA2Δ17 and retention of 46nt of intron 21, respectively, and were considered pathogenic. BRCA1 c.4987-3C>G gives rise to BRCA1Δ17 that is likely pathogenic; however, residual expression of the full-length transcript from the variant allele could not be excluded. BRCA1 c.692C>T, c.693G>A and BRCA2 c.6935A>T, besides expressing the full-length transcript, increased expression of BRCA1Δ11 and BRCA2Δ12, respectively. As these are naturally occurring isoforms, also observed in controls, the clinical relevance is unclear. The seven remaining UVs did not affect splicing and three intronic variants were therefore classified as neutral. In conclusion, the RNA analysis results clarified the clinical relevance of 6 of the 14 studied UVs and thereby greatly improve the genetic counselling of high-risk breast/ovarian cancer patients carrying these classified variants.
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27
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Detecting differential allelic expression using high-resolution melting curve analysis: application to the breast cancer susceptibility gene CHEK2. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:39. [PMID: 21569354 PMCID: PMC3112061 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene CHEK2 encodes a checkpoint kinase playing a key role in the DNA damage pathway. Though CHEK2 has been identified as an intermediate breast cancer susceptibility gene, only a small proportion of high-risk families have been explained by genetic variants located in its coding region. Alteration in gene expression regulation provides a potential mechanism for generating disease susceptibility. The detection of differential allelic expression (DAE) represents a sensitive assay to direct the search for a functional sequence variant within the transcriptional regulatory elements of a candidate gene. We aimed to assess whether CHEK2 was subject to DAE in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from high-risk breast cancer patients for whom no mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 had been identified. METHODS We implemented an assay based on high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis and developed an analysis tool for DAE assessment. RESULTS We observed allelic expression imbalance in 4 of the 41 LCLs examined. All four were carriers of the truncating mutation 1100delC. We confirmed previous findings that this mutation induces non-sense mediated mRNA decay. In our series, we ruled out the possibility of a functional sequence variant located in the promoter region or in a regulatory element of CHEK2 that would lead to DAE in the transcriptional regulatory milieu of freely proliferating LCLs. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that HRM is a sensitive and accurate method for DAE assessment. This approach would be of great interest for high-throughput mutation screening projects aiming to identify genes carrying functional regulatory polymorphisms.
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28
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Borg A, Haile RW, Malone KE, Capanu M, Diep A, Törngren T, Teraoka S, Begg CB, Thomas DC, Concannon P, Mellemkjaer L, Bernstein L, Tellhed L, Xue S, Olson ER, Liang X, Dolle J, Børresen-Dale AL, Bernstein JL. Characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deleterious mutations and variants of unknown clinical significance in unilateral and bilateral breast cancer: the WECARE study. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:E1200-40. [PMID: 20104584 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 screening in women at high-risk of breast cancer results in the identification of both unambiguously defined deleterious mutations and sequence variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS). We examined a population-based sample of young women with contralateral breast cancer (CBC, n=705) or unilateral breast cancer (UBC, n=1398). We identified 470 unique sequence variants, of which 113 were deleterious mutations. The remaining 357 VUS comprised 185 unique missense changes, 60% were observed only once, while 3% occurred with a frequency of >10%. Deleterious mutations occurred three times more often in women with CBC (15.3%) than in women with UBC (5.2%), whereas combined, VUS were observed in similar frequencies in women with CBC and UBC. A protein alignment algorithm defined 16 rare VUS, occurring at highly conserved residues and/or conferring a considerable biochemical difference, the majority located in the BRCA2 DNA-binding domain. We confirm a multiplicity of BRCA1 and BRCA2 VUS that occur at a wide range of allele frequencies. Although some VUS inflict chemical differences at conserved residues, suggesting a deleterious effect, the majority are not associated with an increased risk of CBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ake Borg
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Breast and ovarian cancer risk evaluation in families with a disease-causing mutation in BRCA1/2. J Community Genet 2010; 1:91-9. [PMID: 22460208 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-010-0014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 confer high risks of breast and ovarian cancer, and their identification allows genetic testing of at-risk relatives. However, estimates of these risks illustrate controversies, depending on the published series. The penetrance, the earlier onset of the disease and the effect of mutations on the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer were evaluated in 344 females belonging to 34 families from the Basque Country in Spain, in which BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were transmitted. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to derive cumulative probability curves for breast and ovarian cancer by mutation status, birth cohort and mutation position, and significance of the differences was assessed using the log-rank test. The estimated probability for breast cancer by age 70 is about 64% in BRCA1 and 69% in BRCA2, whereas the probability of developing ovarian cancer is about 37% and 25% for BRCA1 and BRCA2, respectively. There is a marginally significant higher risk of developing ovarian cancer in BRCA1 families than in BRCA2 families. The effect of birth cohort on breast cancer cumulative incidence presents an increased risk for females born after 1966 and a decreased risk for those born before 1940. There is no association between mutation position and breast cancer; however, ovarian cancer is associated to BRCA1, presenting exon 11 as an ovarian cluster. These results are important for the breast and ovarian cancer diagnosis and prevention in at-risk families.
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30
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Sun C, Southard C, Witonsky DB, Olopade OI, Di Rienzo A. Allelic imbalance (AI) identifies novel tissue-specific cis-regulatory variation for human UGT2B15. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:99-107. [PMID: 19847790 PMCID: PMC2922057 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Allelic imbalance (AI) is a powerful tool to identify cis-regulatory variation for gene expression. UGT2B15 is an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of multiple endobiotics and xenobiotics. In this study, we measured the relative expression of two alleles at this gene by using SNP rs1902023:G>T. An excess of the G over the T allele was consistently observed in liver (P<0.001), but not in breast (P=0.06) samples, suggesting that SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium with G253T regulate UGT2B15 expression in liver. Seven such SNPs were identified by resequencing the promoter and exon 1, which define two distinct haplotypes. Reporter gene assays confirmed that one haplotype displayed approximately 20% higher promoter activity compared to the other major haplotype in liver HepG2 (P<0.001), but not in breast MCF-7 (P=0.540) cells. Reporter gene assays with additional constructs pointed to rs34010522:G>T and rs35513228:C>T as the cis-regulatory variants; both SNPs were also evaluated in LNCaP and Caco-2 cells. By ChIP, we showed that the transcription factor Nrf2 binds to the region spanning rs34010522:G>T in all four cell lines. Our results provide a good example for how AI can be used to identify cis-regulatory variation and gain insights into the tissue specific regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - David B. Witonsky
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Anna Di Rienzo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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31
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The Leu33Pro polymorphism in the ITGB3 gene does not modify BRCA1/2-associated breast or ovarian cancer risks: results from a multicenter study among 15,542 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:639-49. [PMID: 19876733 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Integrins containing the beta(3) subunit are key players in tumor growth and metastasis. A functional Leu33Pro polymorphism (rs5918) in the beta(3) subunit of the integrin gene (ITGB3) has previously been suggested to act as a modifier of ovarian cancer risk in Polish BRCA1 mutation carriers. To investigate the association further, we genotyped 9,998 BRCA1 and 5,544 BRCA2 mutation carriers from 34 studies from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for the ITGB3 Leu33Pro polymorphism. Data were analysed within a Cox-proportional hazards framework using a retrospective likelihood approach. There was marginal evidence that the ITGB3 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers (per-allele Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.23, p-trend 0.05). However, when the original Polish study was excluded from the analysis, the polymorphism was no longer significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.96-1.19, p-trend 0.25). There was no evidence of an association with ovarian cancer risk for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.89-1.32). The polymorphism was not associated with breast cancer risk for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. The ITGB3 Leu33Pro polymorphism does not modify breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers.
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Antoniou AC, Sinilnikova OM, McGuffog L, Healey S, Nevanlinna H, Heikkinen T, Simard J, Spurdle AB, Beesley J, Chen X, Neuhausen SL, Ding YC, Couch FJ, Wang X, Fredericksen Z, Peterlongo P, Peissel B, Bonanni B, Viel A, Bernard L, Radice P, Szabo CI, Foretova L, Zikan M, Claes K, Greene MH, Mai PL, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Andrulis IL, Ozcelik H, Glendon G, Gerdes AM, Thomassen M, Sunde L, Caligo MA, Laitman Y, Kontorovich T, Cohen S, Kaufman B, Dagan E, Baruch RG, Friedman E, Harbst K, Barbany-Bustinza G, Rantala J, Ehrencrona H, Karlsson P, Domchek SM, Nathanson KL, Osorio A, Blanco I, Lasa A, Benítez J, Hamann U, Hogervorst FBL, Rookus MA, Collee JM, Devilee P, Ligtenberg MJ, van der Luijt RB, Aalfs CM, Waisfisz Q, Wijnen J, van Roozendaal CEP, Peock S, Cook M, Frost D, Oliver C, Platte R, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Eeles R, Izatt L, Davidson R, Chu C, Eccles D, Cole T, Hodgson S, Godwin AK, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Buecher B, Léoné M, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Remenieras A, Caron O, Lenoir GM, Sevenet N, Longy M, Ferrer SF, Prieur F, Goldgar D, Miron A, John EM, Buys SS, Daly MB, Hopper JL, Terry MB, Yassin Y, Singer C, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Staudigl C, Hansen TVO, Barkardottir RB, Kirchhoff T, Pal P, Kosarin K, Offit K, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez GC, Wakeley K, Boggess JF, Basil J, Schwartz PE, Blank SV, Toland AE, Montagna M, Casella C, Imyanitov EN, Allavena A, Schmutzler RK, Versmold B, Engel C, Meindl A, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Deissler H, Fiebig B, Suttner C, Schönbuchner I, Gadzicki D, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Pooley KA, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G. Common variants in LSP1, 2q35 and 8q24 and breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4442-56. [PMID: 19656774 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of breast cancer have identified multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with increased breast cancer risks in the general population. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the minor alleles at three of these SNPs, in FGFR2, TNRC9 and MAP3K1, also confer increased risks of breast cancer for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Three additional SNPs rs3817198 at LSP1, rs13387042 at 2q35 and rs13281615 at 8q24 have since been reported to be associated with breast cancer in the general population, and in this study we evaluated their association with breast cancer risk in 9442 BRCA1 and 5665 BRCA2 mutation carriers from 33 study centres. The minor allele of rs3817198 was associated with increased breast cancer risk only for BRCA2 mutation carriers [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07-1.25, P-trend = 2.8 x 10(-4)]. The best fit for the association of SNP rs13387042 at 2q35 with breast cancer risk was a dominant model for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (BRCA1: HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.25, P = 0.0047; BRCA2: HR = 1.18 95% CI: 1.04-1.33, P = 0.0079). SNP rs13281615 at 8q24 was not associated with breast cancer for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, but the estimated association for BRCA2 mutation carriers (per-allele HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.98-1.14) was consistent with odds ratio estimates derived from population-based case-control studies. The LSP1 and 2q35 SNPs appear to interact multiplicatively on breast cancer risk for BRCA2 mutation carriers. There was no evidence that the associations vary by mutation type depending on whether the mutated protein is predicted to be stable or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis C Antoniou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Watson P, Lieberman R, Snyder C, Clark VJ, Lynch HT, Holt JT. Detecting BRCA2 protein truncation in tissue biopsies to identify breast cancers that arise in BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:3894-900. [PMID: 19620486 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.20.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the BRCA2 gene are dominantly inherited but cause cancers when the wild-type allele has loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within the cancer. Because most disease-associated BRCA2 mutations are protein-truncating mutations, a test for truncated BRCA2 proteins should identify most BRCA2 hereditary cancers. METHODS We have developed a tissue truncation test to identify truncated BRCA2 proteins in breast cancer tissue biopsies in vivo that does not use amplification or genetic manipulations. N-terminal and C-terminal antibodies are used to visualize protein truncation by demonstrating that the beginning of the protein is present but the end (ie, terminus) is absent. RESULTS A quantitative C-terminal immunostaining score or a C-terminal to N-terminal truncation ratio correctly classified 20 of 21 breast cancers arising in BRCA2 mutation carriers and 57 of 58 cancers arising outside the context of a multiple-case breast cancer family. This represents a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 98%. Because of the presence of C-terminal BRCA2 protein and atypical clinical features of the misclassified cancer in a BRCA2 mutation carrier, we performed polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses on this cancer. The results showed continued presence of the BRCA2 wild-type allele in the cancer, which indicated that intact BRCA2 protein was present in this cancer. CONCLUSION This immunohistochemistry-based test (which takes only 4 hours) appears to identify BRCA2 hereditary cancer with high accuracy. The test also appears to diagnose the biochemical loss of BRCA2 protein in cancers (ie, BRCA2-mutant genotype), which will usually but not always agree with the presence of a germline BRCA2 mutation found by susceptibility testing by DNA sequencing of blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Impact of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants on splicing: clues from an allelic imbalance study. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1471-80. [PMID: 19471317 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one-half of BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequence variations are variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) and are candidates for splice alterations for example, by disrupting/creating splice sites. As out-of-frame splicing defects lead to a marked reduction of the level of the mutant mRNA cleared through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a cDNA-based test was developed to show the resulting allelic imbalance (AI). Fifty-four VUSs identified in 53 hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC) patients without BRCA1/2 mutation were included in the study. Two frequent exonic single-nucleotide polymorphisms on both BRCA1 and BRCA2 were investigated by using a semiquantitative single-nucleotide primer extension approach and the cDNA allelic ratios obtained were corrected using genomic DNA ratios from the same sample. A total of five samples showed AI. Subsequent transcript analyses ruled out the implication of VUS on AI and identified a deletion encompassing BRCA2 exons 12 and 13 in one sample. No sequence abnormality was found in the remaining four samples, suggesting implication of cis- or trans-acting factors in allelic expression regulation that might be disease causative in these HBOC patients. Overall, this study showed that AI screening is a simple way to detect deleterious splicing defects and that a major role for VUSs and deep intronic mutations in splicing anomalies is unlikely in BRCA1/2 genes. Methods to analyze gene expression and identify regulatory elements in BRCA1/2 are now needed to complement standard approaches to mutational analysis.
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Ramus SJ, Gayther SA. The contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 to ovarian cancer. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:138-50. [PMID: 19383375 PMCID: PMC5527889 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes confer a high life-time risk of ovarian cancer. They represent the most significant and well characterised genetic risk factors so far identified for the disease. The frequency with which BRCA1/2 mutations occur in families containing multiple cases of ovarian cancer or breast and ovarian cancer, and in population-based ovarian cancer series varies geographically and between different ethnic groups. There are differences in the frequency of common mutations and in the presence of specific founder mutations in different populations. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for half of all families containing two or more ovarian cancer cases. In population-based studies, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are present in 5-15% of all ovarian cancer cases. Often, individuals in which mutations are identified in unselected cases have no family history of either ovarian or breast cancer. The ability to identify BRCA1/2 mutations has been one of the few major success stories over the last few years in the clinical management of ovarian cancer. Currently, unaffected individuals can be screened for mutations if they have a family history of the disease. If a mutation is identified in the family, and if an individual is found be a mutation carrier, they can be offered clinical intervention strategies that can dramatically reduce their ovarian cancer risks. In some populations with frequent founder mutations screening may not be dependent on whether a mutation is identified in an affected relative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Ramus
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Laboratory, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, United Kingdom
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The silent mutation nucleotide 744 G --> A, Lys172Lys, in exon 6 of BRCA2 results in exon skipping. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 119:547-50. [PMID: 19267246 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in BRCA2 predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. Mutations are widespread throughout the gene and include disease-causing mutations as frameshift, nonsense, splicing mutations and large genomic rearrangements. However a large number of mutations, including missense, silent and intron variants are of unknown significance. Here, we describe the functional characterization of a silent mutation (nucleotide 744 G --> A/c.516 G --> A, Lys172Lys) in exon 6 of BRCA2 in a Danish family with breast and ovarian cancer. Exon trapping analysis showed that the mutation results in skipping of exon 6 and/or both exon 5 and 6, which was verified by RT-PCR analysis on RNA isolated from whole blood of the affected patient. We therefore conclude that the BRCA2 silent mutation Lys172Lys is a disease-causing mutation.
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Zetoune AB, Fontanière S, Magnin D, Anczuków O, Buisson M, Zhang CX, Mazoyer S. Comparison of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay efficiency in various murine tissues. BMC Genet 2008; 9:83. [PMID: 19061508 PMCID: PMC2607305 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) pathway detects and degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons, thereby preventing the accumulation of potentially detrimental truncated proteins. Intertissue variation in the efficiency of this mechanism has been suggested, which could have important implications for the understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations in various genetic disorders. However, compelling evidence in favour of this hypothesis is lacking. Here, we have explored this question by measuring the ratio of mutant versus wild-type Men1 transcripts in thirteen tissues from mice carrying a heterozygous truncating mutation in the ubiquitously expressed Men1 gene. Results Significant differences were found between two groups of tissues. The first group, which includes testis, ovary, brain and heart, displays a strong decrease of the nonsense transcript (average ratio of 18% of mutant versus wild-type Men1 transcripts, identical to the value measured in murine embryonic fibroblasts). The second group, comprising lung, intestine and thymus, shows much less pronounced NMD (average ratio of 35%). Importantly, the extent of degradation by NMD does not correlate with the expression level of eleven genes encoding proteins involved in NMD or with the expression level of the Men1 gene. Conclusion Mouse models are an attractive option to evaluate the efficiency of NMD in multiple mammalian tissues and organs, given that it is much easier to obtain these from a mouse than from a single individual carrying a germline truncating mutation. In this study, we have uncovered in the thirteen different murine tissues that we examined up to a two-fold difference in NMD efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almoutassem B Zetoune
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer UMR5201 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée par Ligue Nationale contre Cance, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France.
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Spurdle AB, Couch FJ, Hogervorst FBL, Radice P, Sinilnikova OM. Prediction and assessment of splicing alterations: implications for clinical testing. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:1304-13. [PMID: 18951448 PMCID: PMC2832470 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variants that may result in splicing alterations are a particular class of inherited variants for which consequences can be more readily assessed, using a combination of bioinformatic prediction methods and in vitro assays. There is also a general agreement that a variant would invariably be considered pathogenic on the basis of convincing evidence that it results in transcript(s) carrying a premature stop codon or an in-frame deletion disrupting known functional domain(s). This commentary discusses current practices used to assess the clinical significance of this class of variants, provides suggestions to improve assessment, and highlights the issues involved in routine assessment of potential splicing aberrations. We conclude that classification of sequence variants that may alter splicing is greatly enhanced by supporting in vitro analysis. Additional studies that assess large numbers of variants for induction of splicing aberrations and exon skipping are needed to define the contribution of splicing/exon skipping to cancer and disease. These studies will also provide the impetus for development of algorithms that better predict splicing patterns. To facilitate variant classification and development of more specific bioinformatic tools, we call for the deposition of all laboratory data from splicing analyses into national and international databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Spurdle
- Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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39
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Jordheim LP, Nguyen-Dumont T, Thomas X, Dumontet C, Tavtigian SV. Differential Allelic Expression in Leukoblast from Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Suggests Genetic Regulation of CDA, DCK, NT5C2, NT5C3, and TP53. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2419-23. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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40
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Hung RJ, Baragatti M, Thomas D, McKay J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Zaridze D, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Foretova L, Janout V, Bencko V, Chabrier A, Moullan N, Canzian F, Hall J, Boffetta P, Brennan P. Inherited predisposition of lung cancer: a hierarchical modeling approach to DNA repair and cell cycle control pathways. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 16:2736-44. [PMID: 18086781 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair systems maintain the integrity of the human genome and cell cycle checkpoints are a critical component of the cellular response to DNA damage. We hypothesized that genetic variants in DNA repair and cell cycle control pathways will influence the predisposition to lung cancer, and studied 27 variants in 17 DNA repair enzymes and 10 variants in eight cell cycle control genes in 1,604 lung cancer patients and 2,053 controls. To improve the estimation of risks for specific variants, we applied a Bayesian approach in which we allowed the prior knowledge regarding the evolutionary biology and physicochemical properties of the variant to be incorporated into the hierarchical model. Based on the estimation from the hierarchical modeling, subjects who carried OGG1 326C/326C homozygotes, MGMT 143V or 178R, and CHEK2 157I had an odds ratio of lung cancer equal to 1.45 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.05-2.00], 1.18 (95% CI, 1.01-1.40), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.14-2.17). The association of CHEK2 157I seems to be overestimated in the conventional analysis. Nevertheless, this association seems to be robust in the hierarchical modeling. None of the pathways seem to have a prominent effect. In general, our study supports the notion that sequence variation may explain at least some of the variation of inherited susceptibility. In particular, further investigation of OGG1, MGMT, and CHEK2 focusing on the genetic regions where the present markers are located or the haplotype blocks tightly linked with these markers might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayjean J Hung
- IARC, 150 cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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Use of association studies to define genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Fam Cancer 2008; 7:233-44. [PMID: 18283561 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-008-9181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in understanding the role of two major high-risk breast cancer (BC) susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, it remains unclear what causes the observed variation in risk between mutation carriers. This marked variability in individual cancer risk both between and within BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carrier families may be partly explained by modifier genes that influence mutation penetrance. Defining these modifiers should help refine individual cancer risk estimates and is also expected to be an efficient method to identify further BC susceptibility alleles in general. This approach is predicated on the concept that variants in genes that are low to moderate penetrance predisposition genes are likely to have a larger risk modification effect in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Association studies are usually used to assess the influence of variants in biologically plausible candidate loci on the penetrance of BRCA1/2 mutations (i.e., differences in age of onset or tissue-specificity of disease). Several such modifier loci, including the genes AIB1 and AR involved in hormone metabolism, and the RAD51 gene acting in DNA repair, have been proposed in the literature. A consortium of laboratories (CIMBA) has recently confirmed the RAD51 135 G/C variant as a BC risk modifier in BRCA2 mutation carriers, though not in BRCA1 carriers. This review describes molecular epidemiological efforts to evaluate the potential influence of polymorphic variants in candidate modifier genes on the risk of BC conferred by the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
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Anczuków O, Ware MD, Buisson M, Zetoune AB, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sinilnikova OM, Mazoyer S. Does the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism prevent the synthesis of truncated BRCA1, CHK2, and p53 proteins? Hum Mutat 2008; 29:65-73. [PMID: 17694537 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism is an evolutionarily conserved process ensuring the degradation of transcripts carrying premature termination codon(s). NMD is believed to prevent the synthesis of truncated proteins that could be detrimental to the cell. However, although numerous studies have assessed the efficiency of this mechanism at the mRNA level, data are lacking in regard to whether NMD fulfills its expected goal at the protein level. In this study, we have investigated whether endogenous alleles of breast cancer predisposing genes carrying nonsense codons were able to produce detectable amounts of truncated proteins in lymphoblastoid cell lines. A total of 20 truncating BRCA1 mutations were analyzed, along with the 1100delC CHEK2 and the 770delT TP53 mutations. All the studied alleles triggered NMD, the amount of mutant transcript ranging from 16 to 63% of that of the wild-type species. We found that BRCA1 and CHK2 truncated proteins could not be detected, even when NMD was inhibited. This suggests that BRCA1 and CHK2 truncated proteins are highly unstable. Conversely, the p53 protein encoded by the 770delT allele is as abundant as the wild-type protein, as removal of the C-terminal p53 domain leads to a stabilized mutant protein, whose abundance is markedly increased when NMD is inhibited. Therefore, our results show that it is not possible to infer the presence of truncated proteins in cells from carriers of a truncated mutation without experimental verification, as each case is expected to be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Anczuków
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer UMR5201 CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Brichta L, Garbes L, Jedrzejowska M, Grellscheid SN, Holker I, Zimmermann K, Wirth B. Nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay of survival motor neuron 1 causes spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Genet 2008; 123:141-53. [PMID: 18172693 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from functional loss of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1). Homozygous absence of SMN1 due to deletion or gene conversion accounts for about 96% of SMA cases. In the remaining 4%, subtle SMN1 mutations are commonly identified. Here, we describe two novel intragenic SMN1 mutations in three type I SMA individuals: a point mutation in exon 3 (c.469C > T) and a substitution in intron 4 (c.628-140A > G). In-vivo splicing assays demonstrated that the intronic substitution creates a novel splice donor site, culminating in aberrant splicing and insertion of 65 bp from intron 4 between exons 4 and 5 in SMN1 transcripts (c.627_628ins65). Both mutations render SMN1 transcripts susceptible to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), resulting in mRNA degradation, insufficient SMN protein levels and development of an SMA phenotype. Treatment of patient cell lines with the translation inhibitors puromycin and emetine markedly increased the levels of mutant SMN1 transcripts. A similar effect was observed after siRNA-mediated knockdown of UPF1, a factor essential for NMD. This study provides first evidence that NMD of SMN1 transcripts is responsible for the molecular basis of disease in a subset of SMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Brichta
- Institute of Human Genetics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Neu-Yilik G, Kulozik AE. NMD: multitasking between mRNA surveillance and modulation of gene expression. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 62:185-243. [PMID: 19010255 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)00604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is a highly specific and regulated multilayer process with a plethora of interconnections as well as safeguard and feedback mechanisms. Messenger RNA, long neglected as a mere subcarrier of genetic information, is more recently recognized as a linchpin of regulation and control of gene expression. Moreover, the awareness of not only proteins but also mRNA as a modulator of genetic disorders has vastly increased in recent years. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a posttranscriptional surveillance mechanism that uses an intricate network of nuclear and cytoplasmic processes to eliminate mRNAs, containing premature termination codons. It thus helps limit the synthesis of potentially harmful truncated proteins. However, recent results suggest functions of NMD that go far beyond this role and affect the expression of wild-type genes and the modulation of whole pathways. In both respects--the elimination of faulty transcripts and the regulation of error-free mRNAs--NMD has many medical implications. Therefore, it has earned increasing interest from researchers of all fields of the life sciences. In the following text, we (1) present current knowledge about the NMD mechanism and its targets, (2) define its relevance in the regulation of important biochemical pathways, (3) explore its medical significance and the prospects of therapeutic interventions, and (4) discuss additional functions of NMD effectors, some of which may be networked to NMD. The main focus of this chapter lies on mammalian NMD and resorts to the features and factors of NMD in other organisms if these help to complete or illuminate the picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neu-Yilik
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Im Neuenheimer Feld 156, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Im Neuenheimer Feld 156, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer has advanced significantly. Three classes of predisposition factors, categorized by their associated risks of breast cancer, are currently known. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are high-penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes identified by genome-wide linkage analysis and positional cloning. Mutational screening of genes functionally related to BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 has revealed four genes, CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, and PALB2; mutations in these genes are rare and confer an intermediate risk of breast cancer. Association studies have further identified eight common variants associated with low-penetrance breast cancer predisposition. Despite these discoveries, most of the familial risk of breast cancer remains unexplained. In this review, we describe the known genetic predisposition factors, expound on the methods by which they were identified, and consider how further technological and intellectual advances may assist in identifying the remaining genetic factors underlying breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Turnbull
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
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Ramus SJ, Harrington PA, Pye C, DiCioccio RA, Cox MJ, Garlinghouse-Jones K, Oakley-Girvan I, Jacobs IJ, Hardy RM, Whittemore AS, Ponder BAJ, Piver MS, Pharoah PDP, Gayther SA. Contribution ofBRCA1andBRCA2mutations to inherited ovarian cancer. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:1207-15. [PMID: 17688236 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A total of 283 epithelial ovarian cancer families from the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) were screened for coding sequence changes and large genomic alterations (rearrangements and deletions) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Deleterious BRCA1 mutations were identified in 104 families (37%) and BRCA2 mutations in 25 families (9%). Of the 104 BRCA1 mutations, 12 were large genomic alterations; thus this type of change represented 12% of all BRCA1 mutations. Six families carried a previously described exon 13 duplication, known to be a UK founder mutation. The remaining six BRCA1 genomic alterations were previously unreported and comprised five deletions and an amplification of exon 15. One of the 25 BRCA2 mutations identified was a large genomic deletion of exons 19-20. The prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations correlated with the extent of ovarian and breast cancer in families. Of 37 families containing more than two ovarian cancer cases and at least one breast cancer case with diagnosis at less than 60 years of age, 30 (81%) had a BRCA1/2 mutation. The mutation prevalence was appreciably less in families without breast cancer; mutations were found in only 38 out of 141 families (27%) containing two ovarian cancer cases only, and in 37 out of 59 families (63%) containing three or more ovarian cancer cases. These data indicate that BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the major susceptibility genes for ovarian cancer but that other susceptibility genes may exist. Finally, it is likely that these data will be of clinical importance for individuals in families with a history of epithelial ovarian cancer, in providing accurate estimates of their disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Ramus
- Translational Research Laboratory, University College London (UCL), Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (EGA) Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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47
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Abstract
Germline mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumour-suppressor genes are strong predictors of breast and/or ovarian cancer development. The contribution of these mutations to breast cancer risk within any specific population is a function of both their prevalence and their penetrance. Mutation prevalence varies among ethnic groups and may be influenced by founder mutations. Penetrance can be influenced by mutation-specific phenotypes and the potential modifying effects of the patient's own genetic and environmental background. Although estimates of both mutation prevalence and mutation penetrance rates are inconsistent and occasionally controversial, understanding them is crucial for providing accurate risk information to each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Fackenthal
- Department of Medicine and Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Box MC2115, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
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48
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Antoniou AC, Sinilnikova OM, Simard J, Léoné M, Dumont M, Neuhausen SL, Struewing JP, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Barjhoux L, Hughes DJ, Coupier I, Belotti M, Lasset C, Bonadona V, Bignon YJ, Rebbeck TR, Wagner T, Lynch HT, Domchek SM, Nathanson KL, Garber JE, Weitzel J, Narod SA, Tomlinson G, Olopade OI, Godwin A, Isaacs C, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Górski B, Byrski T, Huzarski T, Peock S, Cook M, Baynes C, Murray A, Rogers M, Daly PA, Dorkins H, Schmutzler RK, Versmold B, Engel C, Meindl A, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Deissler H, Spurdle AB, Chen X, Waddell N, Cloonan N, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Friedman E, Kaufmann B, Laitman Y, Galore G, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Raskin L, Andrulis IL, Ilyushik E, Ozcelik H, Devilee P, Vreeswijk MPG, Greene MH, Prindiville SA, Osorio A, Benitez J, Zikan M, Szabo CI, Kilpivaara O, Nevanlinna H, Hamann U, Durocher F, Arason A, Couch FJ, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G. RAD51 135G-->C modifies breast cancer risk among BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from a combined analysis of 19 studies. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:1186-200. [PMID: 17999359 DOI: 10.1086/522611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 is an important component of double-stranded DNA-repair mechanisms that interacts with both BRCA1 and BRCA2. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of RAD51, 135G-->C, has been suggested as a possible modifier of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. We pooled genotype data for 8,512 female mutation carriers from 19 studies for the RAD51 135G-->C SNP. We found evidence of an increased breast cancer risk in CC homozygotes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.92 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.25-2.94) but not in heterozygotes (HR 0.95 [95% CI 0.83-1.07]; P=.002, by heterogeneity test with 2 degrees of freedom [df]). When BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers were analyzed separately, the increased risk was statistically significant only among BRCA2 mutation carriers, in whom we observed HRs of 1.17 (95% CI 0.91-1.51) among heterozygotes and 3.18 (95% CI 1.39-7.27) among rare homozygotes (P=.0007, by heterogeneity test with 2 df). In addition, we determined that the 135G-->C variant affects RAD51 splicing within the 5' UTR. Thus, 135G-->C may modify the risk of breast cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers by altering the expression of RAD51. RAD51 is the first gene to be reliably identified as a modifier of risk among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis C Antoniou
- Cancer Research UK, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
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